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Lin, Hanti. "Propositional Reasoning that Tracks Probabilistic Reasoning." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2013. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/399.
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Bayesians model one’s doxastic state by subjective probabilities. But in traditional epistemology, in logic-based artificial intelligence, and in everyday life, one’s doxastic state is usually expressed in a qualitative, binary way: either one accepts (believes) a proposition or one does not. What is the relationship between qualitative and probabilistic belief? I show that, besides the familiar lottery paradox (Kyburg 1961), there are two new, diachronic paradoxes that are more serious. A solution to the paradoxes, old and new, is provided by means of a new account of the relationship between qualitative and probabilistic belief. I propose that propositional beliefs should crudely but aptly represent one’s probabilistic credences. Aptness should include responses to new information so that propositional belief revision tracks Bayesian conditioning: if belief state B aptly represents degrees of belief p then the revised belief state K∗E should aptly represent the conditional degrees of belief p(·|E). I explain how to characterize synchronic aptness and qualitative belief revision to ensure the tracking property in the sense just defined. I also show that the tracking property is impossible if acceptance is based on thresholds or if qualitative belief revision is based on the familiar AGM belief revision theory of Alchourr ́on, G ̈ardenfors, and Makinson (1985).
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Chong, Waiyian. "Reflective reasoning." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3709.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.Thesis research directed by: Computer Science. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Dias, M. G. "Logical reasoning." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233533.
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McGreggor, Brian Keith. "Fractal reasoning." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/50337.
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Humans are experts at understanding what they see. Similarity and analogy play a significant role in making sense of the visual world by forming analogies to similar images encountered previously. Yet, while these acts of visual reasoning may be commonplace, the processes of visual analogy are not yet well understood.
In this dissertation, I investigate the utility of representing visual information in a fractal manner for computing visual similarity and analogy. In particular, I develop a computational technique of fractal reasoning for addressing problems of visual similarity and novelty. I illustrate the effectiveness of fractal reasoning on problems of visual similarity and analogy on the Raven’s Progressive Matrices and Miller’s Analogies tests of intelligence, problems of visual novelty and oddity on the Odd One Out test of intelligence, and problems of visual similarity and oddity on the Dehaene test of core geometric reasoning. I show that the performance of my computational model on these various tests is comparable to human performance.
Fractal reasoning provides a new method for computing answers to such problems. Specifically, I show that the choice of the level of abstraction of problem representation determines the degree to which an answer may be regarded as confident, and that that choice of abstraction may be controlled automatically by the algorithm as a means of seeking that confident answer. This emergence of ambiguity and its remedy via problem re-representation is afforded by the fractal representation. I also show how reasoning over sparse data (at coarse levels of abstraction) or homogeneous data (at finest levels of abstraction) could both drive the automatic exclusion of certain levels of abstraction, as well as provide a signal to shift the analogical reasoning from consideration of simple analogies (such as analogies between pairs of objects) to more complex analogies (such as analogies among triplets, or larger groups of objects).
My dissertation also explores fractal reasoning in perception, including both biologically-inspired imprinting and bistable perception. In particular, it provides a computational explanation of bistable perception in the famous Necker cube problem that is directly tied to the process of determining a confident interpretation via re-representation.
Thus, my research makes two primary contributions to AI theories of visual similarity and analogy. The first contribution is the Extended Analogy By Recall (ABR*) algorithm, the computational technique for visual reasoning that automatically adjusts fractal representations to an appropriate level of abstraction. The second contribution is the fractal representation itself, a knowledge representation that add the notion of self-similarity and re-representation to analogy making.
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Falcão, Renato Pinto de Queiroz. "Reasoning Maps." Florianópolis, SC, 2003. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/84814.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Produção.Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-20T12:45:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 225064.pdf: 1186448 bytes, checksum: 0c2e5acf545c7274024a1ada8d2abeb0 (MD5)
Esta dissertação apresenta uma ferramenta de apoio à decisão, baseada na Metodologia Multicritérios de Apoio à Decisão - MCDA, através do desenvolvimento de um software denominado Reasoning Maps. O software permite, de maneira integrada, a construção de mapas cognitivos, suas diversas análises topológicas e o cadastramento e análise de alternativas. Aborda um estudo de caso procurando demonstrar os recursos utilizados na criação, inicialmente, de um mapa cognitivo conciso, os diversos tipos de análises topológicas - caminhos, clusters e análise concisa, que corresponde à análise das causalidades entre conceitos do mapa. Evidencia a transformação do mapa conciso em um mapa difuso através da modelização dos graus de influência percebida pelo tomador de decisão. Procede com a entrada de medidores de performance (descritores), utilizados como parâmetro de avaliação de alternativas. Elabora o cadastro e a análise das alternativas utilizando os operadores fuzzy: Máximo, Média Ponderada, Mediana e Agregação Linear como suporte para efetivação dos cálculos. Gera relatórios das análises em tela e impressos. Permite ao decisor conhecer melhor o ambiente decisório e melhorar o nível de avaliação das alternativas. Formula conclusões e faz sugestões visando o aperfeiçoamento do estudo, no encerramento do texto. Um estudo de caso foi empregado para teste do software em uma situação real de apoio à decisão e é também descrito ao longo da dissertação.
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Etherington, David William. "Reasoning with incomplete information : investigations of non-monotonic reasoning." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27070.
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Intelligent behaviour relies heavily on the ability to reason in the absence of complete information. Until recently, there has been little work done on developing a formal understanding of how such reasoning can be performed. We focus on two aspects of this problem: default or prototypical reasoning, and closed-world or circumscriptive reasoning.
After surveying the work in the field, we concentrate on Reiter's default logic and the various circumscriptive formalisms developed by McCarthy and others. Taking a largely semantic approach, we develop and/or extend model-theoretic semantics for the formalisms in question. These and other tools are then used to chart the capabilities, limitations, and interrelationships of the various approaches.
It is argued that the formal systems considered, while interesting in their own rights, have an important role as specification/evaluation tools vis-a-vis explicitly computational approaches. An application of these principles is given in the formalization of inheritance networks in the presence of exceptions, using default logic.Science, Faculty of
Computer Science, Department of
Graduate
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Simina, Marin. "Enterprise-directed reasoning : opportunism and deliberation in creative reasoning." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/9149.
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Ferdinandova, Ivana. "Models of Reasoning." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4044.
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Esta tesis estudia la aplicación de modelos de racionamiento humano en la área de la economía. El objetivo del análisis es observar el efecto que tienen distintos modelos de adaptación y aprendizaje sobre el resultado final de varios juegos.En los tres trabajos que forman la tesis se analizan distintos juegos.
En el primero el juego es el Dilema del Prisionero y el objetivo es estudiar la influencia del aprendizaje social e individual o imitación sobre el resultado del juego. Los resultados demuestran que la elección de uno de estos modelos determina el resultado final.
El segundo trabajo se dedica a crear en modelo dinámico de formación de coaliciones en el que los individuos no saben el valor que tiene cada coalición para ellos. El modelo crea un proceso de Markov no estacionario. Nuestros resultados demuestran que los puntos fijos del sistema se pueden aproximar por una secuencia de dinámicas perturbadas en los que los jugadores saben el valor de las coaliciones.
En el ultimo trabajo analizamos la dinámica de un mercado usando un modelo computacional. El enfoque del trabajo es la influencia de los hábitos de los consumidores sobre la estructura del mercado. Los resultados demuestran que algunas de las características del comportamiento de los consumidores pueden sostener la diversidad en calidades y tamaño de las empresas en el mercado.
This thesis focuses on studying the way in which individuals' adaptation mechanizms influence their behavior and the outcomes in different games. In all the models presented here the emphasis is put on the adaptation process and its elements, rather than on the equilibrium behavior of the players.
The thesis consists of three papers.
The first one focuses on the importance of the way the information is exchanged in the context of Repeated Prisoner's Dilemma game. In Chapter 2 we build a simulation model imitating the structure of human reasoning in order to study how people face a Repeated Prisoner's Dilemma game. The results are ranged starting from individual learning in which case the worst result -defection- is obtained, passing through a partial imitation, where individuals could end up in cooperation or defection, and reaching the other extreme of social learning, where mutual cooperation can be obtained. The influence of some particular strategies on the attainment of cooperation is also considered. Those differences in the results of the three scenarios we have constructed suggest that one should be very careful when deciding which one to choose.
Chapter 3 studies the process of coalition formation when players are unsure about the true benefit of belonging to a given coalition. Under such strong incomplete information scenario, we use a Case-Based Decision Theory approach to study the underlying dynamic process. We show that such process can be modeled as a non-stationary Markov process. Our main result shows that any rest point of such dynamics can be approached by a sequence of similar "perturbed" dynamics in which players learn all the information about the value of each possible coalition
In Chapter 4 we study the dynamics of an experience good market using a two-sided adaptation Agent Based Computational Economics (ACE) model. The main focus of the analysis is the influence of consumers' habits on market structure. Our results show that given characteristics of consumers' behavior might sustain the diversity in the market both in terms of quality and firms' size. We observe that the more adaptive one side of the market is, the more the market reflects its interests.
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Leevers, Hilary Janet. "Children's logical reasoning." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362050.
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Brandano, Sergio. "Modelling causal reasoning." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2009. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/625.
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Although human causal reasoning is widely acknowledged as an object of scientific enquiry, there is little consensus on an appropriate measure of progress. Up-to-date evidence of the standard method of research in the field shows that this method has been rejected at the birth of modern science. We describe an instance of the standard scientific method for modelling causal reasoning (causal calculators). The method allows for uniform proofs of three relevant computational properties: correctness of the model with respect to the intended model, full abstraction of the model (function) with respect to the equivalence of reasoning scenarios (input), and formal relations of equivalence and subsumption between models. The method extends and exploits the systematic paradigm [Handbook of Logic in Artificial Intelligence and Logic Programming, volume IV, p. 439-498, Oxford 1995] to fit with our interpretation of it. Using the described method, we present results for some major models, with an updated summary spanning seventy-two years of research in the field.
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Merry, Alexander. "Reasoning with !-graphs." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:416c2e6d-2932-4220-8506-50e6b403b660.
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The aim of this thesis is to present an extension to the string graphs of Dixon, Duncan and Kissinger that allows the finite representation of certain infinite families of graphs and graph rewrite rules, and to demonstrate that a logic can be built on this to allow the formalisation of inductive proofs in the string diagrams of compact closed and traced symmetric monoidal categories. String diagrams provide an intuitive method for reasoning about monoidal categories. However, this does not negate the ability for those using them to make mistakes in proofs. To this end, there is a project (Quantomatic) to build a proof assistant for string diagrams, at least for those based on categories with a notion of trace. The development of string graphs has provided a combinatorial formalisation of string diagrams, laying the foundations for this project. The prevalence of commutative Frobenius algebras (CFAs) in quantum information theory, a major application area of these diagrams, has led to the use of variable-arity nodes as a shorthand for normalised networks of Frobenius algebra morphisms, so-called "spider notation". This notation greatly eases reasoning with CFAs, but string graphs are inadequate to properly encode this reasoning. This dissertation firstly extends string graphs to allow for variable-arity nodes to be represented at all, and then introduces !-box notation – and structures to encode it – to represent string graph equations containing repeated subgraphs, where the number of repetitions is abitrary. This can be used to represent, for example, the "spider law" of CFAs, allowing two spiders to be merged, as well as the much more complex generalised bialgebra law that can arise from two interacting CFAs. This work then demonstrates how we can reason directly about !-graphs, viewed as (typically infinite) families of string graphs. Of particular note is the presentation of a form of graph-based induction, allowing the formal encoding of proofs that previously could only be represented as a mix of string diagrams and explanatory text.
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Carvalho, Elsa Cristina Batista Bento. "Probabilistic constraint reasoning." Doctoral thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/8603.
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Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Engenharia Informática, pela Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaThe continuous constraint paradigm has been often used to model safe reasoning in applications where uncertainty arises. Constraint propagation propagates intervals of uncertainty among the variables of the problem, eliminating values that do not belong to any solution. However, constraint programming is very conservative: if initial intervals are wide (reflecting large uncertainty), the obtained safe enclosure of all consistent scenarios may be inadequately wide for decision support. Since all scenarios are considered equally likely, insufficient pruning leads to great inefficiency if some costly decisions may be justified by very unlikely scenarios. Even when probabilistic information is available for the variables of the problem, the continuous constraint paradigm is unable to incorporate and reason with such information. Therefore, it is incapable of distinguishing between different scenarios, based on their likelihoods. This thesis presents a probabilistic continuous constraint paradigm that associates a probabilistic space to the variables of the problem, enabling probabilistic reasoning to complement the underlying constraint reasoning. Such reasoning is used to address probabilistic queries and requires the computation of multi-dimensional integrals on possibly non linear integration regions. Suitable algorithms for such queries are developed, using safe or approximate integration techniques and relying on methods from continuous constraint programming in order to compute safe covers of the integration region. The thesis illustrates the adequacy of the probabilistic continuous constraint framework for decision support in nonlinear continuous problems with uncertain information, namely on inverse and reliability problems, two different types of engineering problems where the developed framework is particularly adequate to support decision makers.
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Lazarovski, Daniel. "Extending the Stream Reasoning in DyKnow with Spatial Reasoning in RCC-8." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, KPLAB - Laboratoriet för kunskapsbearbetning, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-75885.
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Autonomous systems require a lot of information about the environment in which they operate in order to perform different high-level tasks. The information is made available through various sources, such as remote and on-board sensors, databases, GIS, the Internet, etc. The sensory input especially is incrementally available to the systems and can be represented as streams. High-level tasks often require some sort of reasoning over the input data, however raw streaming input is often not suitable for the higher level representations needed for reasoning. DyKnow is a stream processing framework that provides functionalities to represent knowledge needed for reasoning from streaming inputs. DyKnow has been used within a platform for task planning and execution monitoring for UAVs. The execution monitoring is performed using formula progression with monitor rules specified as temporal logic formulas. In this thesis we present an analysis for providing spatio-temporal functionalities to the formula progressor and we extend the formula progression with spatial reasoning in RCC-8. The result implementation is capable of evaluating spatio-temporal logic formulas using progression over streaming data. In addition, a ROS implementation of the formula progressor is presented as a part of a spatio-temporal stream reasoning architecture in ROS.Collaborative Unmanned Aircraft Systems (CUAS)
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Willard, Catherine. "Effects of Collaborative Reasoning on Students' Mathematics Performance and Numerical Reasoning Abilities." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2015. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/328799.
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Math & Science EducationPh.D.
Current reform efforts, which aim to improve the mathematics abilities of American citizens, call for mathematics instruction that emphasizes sense making, reasoning and argumentation. This study was conducted to understand the outcomes of Collaborative Reasoning, a reform-oriented instructional strategy, in seventh and eighth grade mathematics classrooms. An embedded, quasi-experimental, mixed-methods design was used to investigate: the effects of Collaborative Reasoning on students' mathematics performance, and the ways in which students' reasoning abilities change as a result of participating in Collaborative Reasoning. The quantitative results revealed statistically significant changes in mathematics performance from pre-test to post-test. Post-test analysis showed a statistically significant difference in assessment scores, with the treatment group out-performing their comparison group peers. The qualitative results of the study show that as a result of participating in Collaborative Reasoning sessions, students were choosing reasoning strategies that were more appropriate, were using appropriate reasoning strategies more consistently, and were better able to verbally explain their reasoning. Finally, it was found that as students participate in Collaborative Reasoning their discourse becomes less calculational and more conceptual in nature, and more students become active participants within small group discussions.
Temple University--Theses
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Toole, Briana Marie. "Reasoning and moral judgments." Tallahassee, Fla. : Florida State University, 2010. http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/lib/digcoll/undergraduate/honors-theses/2181927.
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Thesis (Honors paper)--Florida State University, 2010.Advisor: Dr. David McNaughton, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Philosophy. Includes bibliographical references.
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Straß, Hannes. "Default Reasoning about Actions." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-89316.
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Action Theories are versatile and well-studied knowledge representation formalisms for modelling dynamic domains. However, traditional action theories allow only the specification of definite world knowledge, that is, universal rules for which there are no exceptions. When modelling a complex domain for which no complete knowledge can be obtained, axiomatisers face an unpleasant choice: either they cautiously restrict themselves to the available definite knowledge and live with a limited usefulness of the axiomatisation, or they bravely model some general, defeasible rules as definite knowledge and risk inconsistency in the case of an exception for such a rule.
This thesis presents a framework for default reasoning in action theories that overcomes these problems and offers useful default assumptions while retaining a correct treatment of default violations. The framework allows to extend action theories with defeasible statements that express how the domain usually behaves. Normality of the world is then assumed by default and can be used to conclude what holds in the domain under normal circumstances. In the case of an exception, the default assumption is retracted, whereby consistency of the domain axiomatisation is preserved.
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Clarke, Jonathan M. "Directed Schema-based Reasoning." Thesis, Birmingham City University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485971.
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This work examines Schema-based Reasoning (SBR) (Turner 1994), a general-purpose problem solver that provides context-centric mediation ofsolutions in open domains~ This thesis will argue that Turner's SBR requires augmentation in commercial and critical applications, in order to obtain a principled adherence to domain-specific, behavioural constraints. An approach is required that balances the preservation ofdomain-specific solution trajectories and context-mediated, opportunistic problem solving found within Turner's SBR. The Directed-SBR model is proposed as the augmentation ofTurner's SBR, with principled extensions that enforce an adherence to such behavioural constraints. The principles augment Turner's SBR by enforcing a further mediation ofthe context-centric p~blem solving, drawing upon a problem domain's viability constraints during solution selection. Furthermore, a problem domain's behavioural constraints are brought into focus as a central consideration during knowledge engineering. This provides focus upon specific domain states, the extraction ofappropriate information from domain ~esources, and at the most appropriate times. The resultant Directed-SBR model establishes a balance between the selection ofthe most appropriate solutions, given the nte~tions ofthe problem solving, while preserving the tasks already unde$ken. be investigation into the adequacies ofTurner's SBRmodel adopts combinatorial pproaches ofquantitative and qualitative research methods. It demonstrates that 'irected-SBR enables the academic and commercial domains examined to be reinforced ith solution mediation that considers domain integrity, in combination with mtext-mediation. Significantly, Directed-SBR has been tested and evaluated in a large ale, distributed, commercial domain, and is operational in a production environment, :ling problem diagnosis, system testing and autonomous support tasks.
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Trites, Monique Marie Gabrielle. "Bilingualism and reasoning ability." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26619.
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The purposes of the present study were (1) to investigate relationships between levels of verbal and non verbal reasoning ability and second language acquisition and (2) to examine the concurrent validity of the Test Of Nonverbal Intelligence (TONI) using the WISC-R and the Children's Word Finding Test as criteria and to verify the equivalence of the two forms of the TONI.
The present study was conducted because of the controversy that exists in the literature, over the relationship between bilingualism and cognitive ability. While previous research used "general intelligence" tests to investigate differences between unilinguals and bilinguals, the present study examined a more precise construct: verbal and non-verbal reasoning ability in Grade 3 French Immersion students as compared to Grade 3 Non French Immersion Students.
All students came from homes in which English was the only language spoken, had been continuously enrolled from kindergarten through the end of Grade 3 in their current academic programs, and were not attending Learning Assistance centers. The two groups came from families with high socioeconomic status.
An analysis of variance was used to compare the two groups on the WISC-R, the TONI and the Children's Word Finding Test. Correlations between scores on the three tests were calculated to verify the level of equivalence of the two forms of the TONI, and of the validity of the TONI concurrently with the WISC-R and with the Children's Word Finding Test.
The French Immersion group scored higher than the Non-French Immersion group on the TONI -A (p = .07) and the Children's Word Finding Test (p = .10) and significantly higher on the Performance Scale and Full Scale of the WISC-R. After controlling for variability on cognitive ability levels (WISC-R), the French Immersion group still scored higher than the Non-French Immersion group on the TONI A and the Children's Word Finding Test (p = .09).
The TONI correlated poorly with the WISC-R, as well as with the Children's Word Finding Test. The low correlation of the TONI with the WISC-R was explained by the difference in the range of the age interval of the norms of each test.
The coefficient of equivalence of the two forms of the TONI was significantly lower than that reported by the authors of the technical manual. Furthermore, an order effect was found for both French Immersion and Non-French Immersion groups, when the Form A of the TONI was administered first (This was not however, the case when the Form B of the TONI was administered first). When the TONI A was given first the correlation between the scores of the TONI A and TONI B was high for the French Immersion group but not for the Non-French Immersion group.
It was concluded that although interpretation of the results is confounded by possible initial differences between groups, the French Immersion group demonstrated a tendency towards better verbal and non-verbal inductive and deductive reasoning ability (p = .09). Further, it was concluded that the two forms of the TONI are not equivalent and that there is an order effect when TONI A is administered first, but not when TONI B is administered first. Further research is needed on this test before it can be considered a reliable substitute for the WISC-R.Education, Faculty of
Graduate
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Osana, Helena Patricia. "Visualization in syllogistic reasoning." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28449.
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The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of three different methods for teaching syllogistic reasoning. Two of the instructional methods contained visual constructs and the other consisted only of non-visual (verbal) explanations. The literature suggested that visual aids enhance performance in problem solving tasks. Of primary concern, therefore, were the effects of the visual methods compared to the non-visual approach. All methods were developed for the micro-computer.
The visual approaches were modelled after two theories of syllogistic reasoning behaviour. Erickson (1974) provided the basis for the Venn diagram method and Johnson-Laird & Steedman (1978) developed the necessary details for the Sample Representation method.
The findings of this study were:
(1) The Venn diagram method resulted in significantly greater syllogistic reasoning than both the Sample Representation and the Non-visual methods.
(2) Surprisingly, the Non-visual method resulted in significantly greater syllogistic reasoning than the Sample Representation method.Education, Faculty of
Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of
Graduate
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Wong, Paul, and paul wong@anu edu au. "Reasoning with Inconsistent Information." The Australian National University. Research School of Information Sciences and Engineering, 2004. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20090611.152017.
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In this thesis we are concerned with developing formal and representational mechanisms for reasoning with inconsistent information. Strictly speaking there are two conceptually distinct senses in which we are interested in reasoning with inconsistent information. In one sense, we are interested in using logical deduction to draw inferences in a symbolic system. More specifically, we are interested in mechanisms that can continue to perform deduction in a reasonable manner despite the threat of inconsistencies as a direct result of errors or misrepresentations. So in this sense we are interested in inconsistency-tolerant or paraconsistent deduction.
¶
However, not every case of inconsistent description is a case of misrepresentation. In many practical situations, logically inconsistent descriptions may be deployed as representations for problems that are inherently conflicting. The issue of error or misrepresentation is irrelevant in these cases. Rather the main concern in these cases is to provide meaningful analyses of the underlying structure and properties of our logical representation which in turn informs us about the salient features of the problem under consideration. So in this second sense, we are interested in deploying logic as a representation to model situations involving conflict.
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In this thesis we adopt a novel framework to unify both logic-as-deduction and logic-as-representation approaches to reasoning with inconsistent information. From a preservational view point, we take deduction as a process by which metalogical properties are preserved from premises to conclusions. Thus methodologically we may begin by identifying inconsistency-tolerant deduction mechanisms and then investigate what additional properties of inconsistent premises are preserved by these mechanisms; or alternatively we may begin by identifying properties of inconsistent logical descriptions and investigate which deductive mechanisms can preserve these properties. We view these as two aspects of the same investigation. A key assumption in this work is that adequate analyses of inconsistencies require provisions to quantitatively measure and compare inconsistent logical representations. While paraconsistent logics have enjoyed considerable success in recent years, proper quantitative analysis of inconsistencies seems to have lapsed behind to some extent. In this thesis well explore different ways in which we can compare and measure inconsistencies. We hope to show that both inference and analysis can fruitfully be brought to bear on the issue of inconsistency handling under the same methodological scheme.
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Wang, Jian. "Interval-based uncertain reasoning." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0014/MQ33462.pdf.
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Shelley, Cameron. "Reasoning by multiple analogies." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0020/NQ38269.pdf.
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Sooriamurthi, Raja. "Multi-case-base reasoning." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3278223.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Computer Science, 2007.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-09, Section: B, page: 6089. Adviser: David B. Leake. Title from dissertation home page (viewed May 9, 2008).
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Khatami, Shiva. "Clinical Reasoning in Dentistry." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27095.
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Background: Clinical reasoning is the core competency of healthcare. It involves cognition and interaction with the environment to understand clinical situations, make diagnostic and therapeutic decisions, and address clinical problems. Defining competency in clinical reasoning is a difficult objective for dental educators because of our limited understanding of this phenomenon which compromises the validity of any curricular model and assessment method that have been used to date.
Objectives: To describe the process and strategies of clinical reasoning used by dental clinicians across different levels of expertise to develop a conceptual framework for curricular design and assessment of competency.
Methods: Using “think-aloud” method, I interviewed 18 dental students about biopsychosocial issues influencing oral health identified in 6 vignettes; and 8 orthodontic residents plus 11 orthodontists about problems of craniofacial growth and malocclusion presented in 2 vignettes. The interview transcripts were analyzed to explore the process and strategies of clinical reasoning used by the participants.
Results: The reasoning process in both groups included: 1) a ritualistic approach to collect information for a treatment plan; 2) forward and backward reasoning to make and test hypotheses from clinical information; 3) pattern recognition and an integrated script of knowledge and experience triggered by related attributes of the script leading to a clinical diagnosis and plan; and 4) decision trees to evaluate treatment options and maximize the probability and utility of outcomes. Seven reasoning strategies (scientific, conditional, collaborative, narrative, ethical, pragmatic and “part-whole”) were used by both groups. However, experienced clinicians were more confident in their appraisal of uncertain situations and dilemmas as they integrated several reasoning strategies in the process; used refined scripts of knowledge and experience in familiar situations; and were able to reflect on the impact on their reasoning of the larger social, cultural and political context.
Conclusions: Clinical reasoning in dentistry is a contextual and interactive phenomenon that requires integration of specific reasoning strategies to address the biopsychosocial factors influencing oral health. Expertise in clinical reasoning develops through continuous framing and solving problems to refine networks of knowledge and experience and develop adaptive strategies to address the contextual determinants of oral health.
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Parkinson, Matthew John. "Local reasoning for Java." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.613674.
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Chang, Che-Hao Albert. "Reasoning about security protocols." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621505.
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Kammüller, Florian. "Modular reasoning in Isabelle." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624446.
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Gaertner, Dorian. "Argumentation and Normative Reasoning." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.503775.
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Assaf, Fatima. "Multilingual Children's Mathematical Reasoning." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30496.
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This research adopts a sociocultural framework (Vygotsky, 1978) to investigate how multilingual children express their mathematical reasoning during collaborative problem solving. The topic is important because North America is becoming increasingly multicultural, and according to mathematics teachers this has complicated the challenges of teaching and learning mathematics. Many educators assume that children should be competent in the language of instruction before they engage with mathematical content (Civil, 2008; Gorgorió & Planas, 2001). A review of recent research in this area challenges the idea that multilingual students need to have mastered the official language of instruction prior to learning mathematics (Barwell, 2005; Civil, 2008; Moschkovich, 2007). These researchers demonstrate that the knowledge of the language of instruction is only one aspect of becoming competent in mathematics. My research was designed to build on the findings of the current research on multilingual children’s reasoning in order to more fully understand how multilingual children express their mathematical understanding and reasoning. For this study, two multilingual families, each with 3 children between the ages of 8 and 12, participated in a mathematical problem-solving activity. Findings show the children’s mathematical reasoning was evidence-based drawing on mathematical knowledge and world knowledge.
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Barrett, Gilbert. "COLLABORATIVE CONTEXT-BASED REASONING." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2007. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2722.
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This dissertation explores modeling collaborative behavior, based on Joint Intentions Theory (JIT), in Context-Based Reasoning (CxBR). Context-Based Reasoning is one of several contextual reasoning paradigms. And, Joint Intentions Theory is the definitive semantic framework for collaborative behaviors. In order to formalize collaborative behaviors in CxBR based on JIT, CxBR is first described in terms of the more popular Belief, Desire, and Intention (BDI) model. Once this description is established JIT is used as a basis for the formalism for collaborative behavior in CxBR. The hypothesis of this dissertation is that this formalism allows for effective collaborative behaviors in CxBR. Additionally, it is also hypothesized that CxBR agents inferring intention from explicitly communicating Contexts allows for more efficient modeling of collaborative behaviors than inferring intention from situational awareness. Four prototypes are built and evaluated to test the hypothesis and the evaluations are favorable. Effective collaboration is demonstrated through cognitive task analysis and through metrics based on JIT definitions. Efficiency is shown through software metric evaluations for volume and complexity of code.Ph.D.
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Engineering and Computer Science
Computer Engineering PhD
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Dudley, Robert Edward James. "Reasoning biases and delusions." Thesis, Durham University, 1996. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5190/.
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We know little about the formation and maintenance of delusional beliefs. Two main approaches have dominated the scant literature. These seek to account for delusions as primarily disturbances of perception (Maher, 1988) or as differences in reasoning (Garety, 1991). The concern here is with reasoning biases. Garety and Hemsley (1994) have proposed a model in which delusions’ are caused by a "failure to utilise previously acquired information". This leads to people with delusions exhibiting characteristic information processing biases in reasoning (i.e. hastiness and overconfidence). The aim of the present research was to compare the performance on reasoning tasks of people with delusions with that of psychiatric and normal control subjects in order to examine whether these subjects exhibited die proposed characteristics of delusional thought. The reasoning tasks were manipulated in both the form of reasoning (deductive, probabilistic etc.) and in content to examine the effect of reasoning with different types of material (neutral or emotional).The results of the six studies demonstrated both abnormal and normal reasoning by people with delusions. These people were no more confident than control subjects in the certainty of the correctness of their answers (Experiment 2). Nor were people with delusions excessively swayed by information currently present in the environment (Experiments 1 and 5) which is a supposed consequence of the inability to use past experience. However, people with delusions were shown to be hasty in their decisions relative to comparison subjects (Experiment 5). This hastiness was further exaggerated when the material reasoned with was self referent in content (Experiment 6). In addition, people with delusions were significantly poorer at reasoning on one of the most researched paradigms the Wason Selection Task (Experiments 3 and 4). The relevance of these findings for theories of delusions was examined.
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Stapleton, Gemmelia Eve. "Reasoning with constraint diagrams." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406766.
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Mimpriss, Robert Charles. "Reasoning : stories and criticism." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416158.
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White, Roger (Roger Lewis) 1967. "Probability, explanation, and reasoning." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8841.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2000.Includes bibliographical references (p. 96).
Three topics are discussed concerning the application probability and explanation to the confirmation of theories. The first concerns the debate over prediction versus accommodation. I argue that we typically have reason to be more confident of a theory given that it was constructed independently of the knowledge of certain data than if it was designed to accommodate those data. The second concerns the puzzle of the apparent 'fine-tuning' of the universe for life. I argue that the fact that our universe meets the extremely improbable yet necessary conditions for life provides no evidence for the thesis that there are, or have been, very many universes. The third chapter concerns the need to explain the existence of life. I argue that if life's existence needs an explanation at all, the place to look is in a teleological explanation. If this option is rejected, we should be content to see the origin of life as an extremely improbable fluke.
by Roger White.
Ph.D.
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Holmes, Dylan Alexander. "Story-enabled hypothetical reasoning." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111866.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2017.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 63-64).
Story understanding is a central competence that illuminates all other aspects of human intelligence. In this work, I demonstrate how our story understanding ability sheds light on our ability to think in terms of hypothetical situations. Using the Genesis story understanding system as a substrate, I develop a story-enabled hypothetical reasoning system that models several high-level human abilities, including judging actions in terms of moral alternatives, contextualizing stories by considering what could have otherwise happened, and deliberating about personality to decide what characters will do next. In developing this system, I built many new computational mechanisms and representations, including a program for answering what-if questions, a side-by-side story comparator, rules for making presumptive inferences, heuristics for evaluating personality fit, and a problem-solving approach for evaluating moral character. Together, they take Genesis's story understanding capabilities to another level and advance our understanding of human intelligence.
by Dylan Alexander Holmes.
S.M.
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Krupnick, Ari L. (Ari Lowell). "Internalism and armchair reasoning." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62412.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-84).
In this thesis, I try to answer some basic questions about the a priori. Namely, what is it supposed to be? Should we believe in its existence? And is it important? Chapter One, "The Problem of Forgotten Evidence," sets the stage. I introduce the distinction between internalism and externalism, which plays a crucial role throughout the thesis. Roughly speaking, internalists think that one is justified in holding a given belief only if one can access adequate evidence for it, upon reflection, while externalists deny this. I argue that only an externalist can explain why we are now justified in believing things, such as facts about world history, which we originally learned on the basis of reasons we have since forgotten. Chapter Two, "Two Notions of A Priori Justified Belief," distinguishes between two ways of understanding what a priori justified beliefs are supposed to be, an internalist way and an externalist way. I argue that the two ways of understanding what a priori justified beliefs are lead to different and somewhat surprising outcomes regarding how much is a priori. When thought of in the internalist way, a priori justified beliefs are unstable and especially hard to come by in the first place. When thought of in the externalist way, however, they are secure and easier to acquire. Chapter Three, "The Importance of the A Priori," argues that there is no reason to think that the a priori is important in the strong sense which some philosophers seem to think it is. They argue for their view on the grounds that our ability to learn about the world depends on our being a priori warranted in relying on certain belief forming procedures, like taking our perceptual experiences at face value, and accepting the testimony of other people. I show that there is a sense in which that is true, but that, in that sense, it does not support the strong conclusion they ultimately want. One would mistakenly think that it does only if one illicitly switched back and forth between internalist and externalist perspectives.
by Ari L. Krupnick.
Ph.D.
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Vidor, Vinicius Costa. "Reasoning about free speech." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31475.
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No one seems to be against freedom of speech. We have profound disagreements, nonetheless, about what people should be allowed to say. Superficially, these disagreements seem to be independent of our own personal views on larger moral issues such as the desirability of state neutrality and the possibility of promoting certain views of the good life. This perception, however, misrepresents the deeper connections that one's views on free speech have with one's interpretation of political morality; connections which shape the very way in which one reasons about free speech. In order to understand these connections, it is important to be conscious of the rich and complex history of the very notion of freedom of speech. While sometimes represented as a modern ideal, the very fabric of the modern view on free speech is the result of earlier social practices and of competing moral claims. To understand how we think about free speech today it is not enough to look into our own world. Some aspects can only be made vivid by revisiting the history of this notion. But not only that. Aside from reconstructing the history of the modern notion of freedom of speech, we also have to grasp the place of liberalism in shaping our views on these matters. Questions of paternalism, neutrality, and the good life, and of liberalism's relationship to these ideas, are all important in defining what it means to have free speech. Any articulation of free speech which disregards these points would be missing an important aspect of the discussions surrounding what we should be allowed to say. To reason about free speech, we need to go beyond the normal justifications for the freedom of speech. Truth, democracy, and autonomy are the familiar reasons for defending freedom of speech, but they are not the defining aspects of one's free speech reasoning. For that, we need to look elsewhere. This is what the argument in the thesis is set to do: to explore and explain how our free speech reasoning is shaped by historical experiences and by the gradual evolution of a certain view of the moral world. By engaging in a reconstruction of the different forms of reasoning on these issues, the argument sets out a systematic account of the competing ways of reasoning about free speech. The argument has four parts. In Part One, I set out the history of the social practices and moral claims which gave birth to the modern idea of freedom of speech and claim that they are still an integral part of what it means to have free speech. Part One shows how some of the normative positions (liberties, claim-rights, and immunities) which are thought to be part of the freedom of speech were the result of certain historical experiences. Then, in Part Two, I introduce some key theoretical distinctions with regard to liberalism, which provide the argumentative platform for the rest of the thesis. In developing the distinction among different strands of the liberal tradition, the variable role and meanings of principles of neutrality is of particular significance. Part Three then goes on to connect the different strands of the liberal tradition with the justifications for valuing freedom of speech, showing how opposing versions of the arguments for a defense of free speech reflect underlying assumptions about political morality. Finally, Part Four explores the three core aspects of the modern view on free speech: the formalization of moral reasoning, the role of a set of individual rights in the identification of neutral reasons, and the place of one's view on political morality in the delimitation of the meaning of the freedom of speech. It is not the purpose of the argument to defend one particular form of reasoning over the others, but to examine the different argumentative resources that are available within competing strands of the contemporary debate. Put simply, this thesis seeks to show that - and the ways in which - our free speech reasoning is fundamentally shaped by our deeper views about political morality.
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Lariguet, Guillermo. "Intuitionism and Moral Reasoning." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115831.
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My goal for this paper can be presented as follows: I will attempt to show that objections to intuitionism, although they are serious, do not undermine entirely its fertility for knowledge and moral reasoning. This is probably the perception of contemporary philosophers like David Enoch, Robert Audi, Russ Shafer-Landau or John McDowell. In order to fulfill the objective mentioned above, I will do the following. First, I will outline broadly two of the paradigmatic features of moral intuitionism in order to identify it as a particular metaethics doctrine. Secondly, I will summarize some of the main objections that have been raised in order to discredit the value of moral intuitionism as a source both of moral knowledge and of valid support for moral reasoning. In third place, I will try, also briefly, to explain some of the possible (not all of course) answers to the objections previously mentioned in the paper. Fourth, I will recapitulate the more fruitful aspects of intuitionism, especially in regard to moral reasoning.Mi objetivo para este trabajo puede presentarse de la siguiente forma: se intentará mostrar que las objeciones al intuicionismo, si bien son serias, no minan en forma absoluta su fertilidad para el conocimiento y el razonamiento moral. Probablemente esta sea la percepción de filósofos contemporáneos como David Enoch, Robert Audi, Russ Shafer-Landau o John McDowell. Para poder cumplir con el antes dicho objetivo, en este trabajo haré lo siguiente. En primer lugar, esbozaré, a grandes rasgos, dos de las características paradigmáticas del intuicionismo moral a fin de que podamos identificarlo como una corriente metaética particular. En segundo lugar, sintetizaré algunas de las principales objeciones que, por diversos conductos, han buscado desacreditar el valor del intuicionismo moral como fuente de conocimiento moral y también de apoyo válido para el razonamiento moral.En tercer lugar, intentaré, también de manera sumaria, explicitar algunas de las posibles (no todas, desde luego) respuestas a las antes mencionadas objeciones. En cuarto lugar, recapitularé los aspectos rescatables del intuicionismo, especialmente en lo que atañe al razonamiento moral.
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Pendergraft, James O. "Planning with hypothetical reasoning." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44687.
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A planner driven by a causal theory and based on hypothetical reasoning is constructed and discussed. The task is approached from the fundamentals of time and event logics, and causality, resulting in a planner suitable for modeling a wide variety of realistic problem domains, and capable of reasoning in an intuitive manner about dynamic domains. The underlying causal theory drives the planning process directly and, in conjunction with the uniform representation of time and causal facts, allows elegant solutions to planning problems. A new type of planning problem, the indirect goal problem, is identified and solved It is also shown that previous planners cannot solve this type of problem. The frame problem is discussed in detail, and given a computational definition, suitable for allowing objective comparison between different approaches. The hypothetical reasoning approach is shown to allow an elegant solution to the frame problem appropriate for planning systems.
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Narayanan, N. Hari. "Imagery, diagrams and reasoning /." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487779120907533.
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Robinson, Paul David. "Social Theories of Reasoning." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1595031126513538.
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Corrêa, da Silva Flávio S. "Automated reasoning with uncertainties." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19647.
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In this work we assume that uncertainty is a multifaceted concept which admits several different measures, and present a system for automated reasoning with multiple representations of uncertainty. Our focus is on problems which present more than one of these facets and therefore in which a multivalued representation of uncertainty and the study of its possibility of computational realisation are important for designing and implementing knowledge-based systems. We present a case study on developing a computational language for reasoning with uncertainty, starting with a semantically sound and computationally tractable language and gradually extending it with specialised syntactic constructs to represent measures of uncertainty, preserving its unambiguous semantic characterisation and computability properties. Our initial language is the language of normal clauses with SLDNF as the inference rule, and we select three facets of uncertainty, which are not exhaustive but cover many situations found in practical problems: vagueness, statistics and degrees of belief. To each of these facets we associate a specific measure: fuzzy measures to vagueness, probabilities on the domain to statistics and probabilities on possible worlds to degrees of belief. The resulting language is semantically sound and computationally tractable, and admits relatively efficient implementations employing α-β pruning and caching.
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Tartakovski, Alexander. "Reasoning with generalized cases." München Verl. Dr. Hut, 2008. http://d-nb.info/990984567/04.
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Sheth, Niyati. "Conditional reasoning in depression /." View online, 2009. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211131598952.pdf.
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Stiegler, Andreas. "Symbolic reasoning in games." Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 2017. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.739393.
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Berreby, Fiona. "Models of Ethical Reasoning." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS137.
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Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet ANR eThicAa, dont les ambitions ont été : de définir ce que sont des agents autonomes éthiques, de produire des représentations formelles des conflits éthiques et de leurs objets (au sein d’un seul agent autonome, entre un agent autonome et le système auquel il appartient, entre un agent autonome et un humain, entre plusieurs agents autonomes) et d’élaborer des algorithmes d’explication pour les utilisateurs humains. L’objet de la thèse plus particulièrement a été d’étudier la modélisation de conflits éthiques au sein d’un seul agent, ainsi que la production d’algorithmes explicatifs. Ainsi, le travail présenté ici décrit l’utilisation de langages de haut niveau dans la conception d’agents autonomes éthiques. Il propose un cadre logique nouveau et modulaire pour représenter et raisonner sur une variété de théories éthiques, sur la base d’une version modifiée du calcul des événements, implémentée en Answer Set Programming. Le processus de prise de décision éthique est conçu comme une procédure en plusieurs étapes, capturée par quatre types de modèles interdépendants qui permettent à l’agent d’évaluer son environnement, de raisonner sur sa responsabilité et de faire des choix éthiquement informés. En particulier, un modèle d’action permet à l’agent de représenter des scénarios et les changements qui s’y déroulent, un modèle causal piste les conséquences des décisions prises dans les scénarios, rendant possible un raisonnement sur la responsabilité et l’imputabilité des agents, un modèle du Bien donne une appréciation de la valeur éthique intrinsèque de finalités ou d’évènements, un modèle du Juste détermine les décisions acceptables selon des circonstances données. Le modèle causal joue ici un rôle central, car il permet d’identifier des propriétés que supposent les relations causales et qui déterminent comment et dans quelle mesure il est possible d’en inférer des attributions de responsabilité. Notre ambition est double. Tout d’abord, elle est de permettre la représentation systématique d’un nombre illimité de processus de raisonnements éthiques, à travers un cadre adaptable et extensible en vertu de sa hiérarchisation et de sa syntaxe standardisée. Deuxièmement, elle est d’éviter l’écueil de certains travaux d’éthique computationnelle qui directement intègrent l’information morale dans l’engin de raisonnement général sans l’expliciter – alimentant ainsi les agents avec des réponses atomiques qui ne représentent pas la dynamique sous-jacente. Nous visons à déplacer de manière globale le fardeau du raisonnement moral du programmeur vers le programme lui-mêmeThis thesis is part of the ANR eThicAa project, which has aimed to define moral autonomous agents, provide a formal representation of ethical conflicts and of their objects (within one artificial moral agent, between an artificial moral agent and the rules of the system it belongs to, between an artificial moral agent and a human operator, between several artificial moral agents), and design explanation algorithms for the human user. The particular focus of the thesis pertains to exploring ethical conflicts within a single agent, as well as designing explanation algorithms. The work presented here investigates the use of high-level action languages for designing such ethically constrained autonomous agents. It proposes a novel and modular logic-based framework for representing and reasoning over a variety of ethical theories, based on a modified version of the event calculus and implemented in Answer Set Programming. The ethical decision-making process is conceived of as a multi-step procedure captured by four types of interdependent models which allow the agent to represent situations, reason over accountability and make ethically informed choices. More precisely, an action model enables the agent to appraise its environment and the changes that take place in it, a causal model tracks agent responsibility, a model of the Good makes a claim about the intrinsic value of goals or events, and a model of the Right considers what an agent should do, or is most justified in doing, given the circumstances of its actions. The causalmodel plays a central role here, because it permits identifying some properties that causal relations assume and that determine how, as well as to what extent, we may ascribe ethical responsibility on their basis. The overarching ambition of the presented research is twofold. First, to allow the systematic representation of an unbounded number of ethical reasoning processes, through a framework that is adaptable and extensible by virtue of its designed hierarchisation and standard syntax. Second, to avoid the pitfall of some works in current computational ethics that too readily embed moralinformation within computational engines, thereby feeding agents with atomic answers that fail to truly represent underlying dynamics. We aim instead to comprehensively displace the burden of moral reasoning from the programmer to the program itself
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Vowels, Christopher L. "Training an implicit reasoning strategy : engaging specific reasoning processes to enhance knowledge acquisition." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/715.
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Silva, L. A. D. L. "Enhancement of case-based reasoning through informal argumentation, reasoning templates and numerical taxonomy." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2010. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/19716/.
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The thesis is a contribution to case-based reasoning (CBR). It rests on the observation that experts who express their knowledge in cases are inclined to state significant amounts of it only as informal arguments, which can be called “folk arguments”. These arguments are undervalued in CBR, sometimes not used at all. This work provides a means of capturing and representing such information in basically the natural form in which an expert states it, as an enhancement for traditional case-based knowledge. The aim is to exploit collections of facts and folk expert arguments in order to improve the quality of results obtained by CBR computations. In the novel CBR framework proposed, reasoning templates from knowledge engineering methodologies are offered as a systematic means of collecting and representing these arguments in cases – the “ArgCases framework”. Exploitation of procedures of numerical taxonomy in the investigation of case similarities and organisation of the case bases where facts and folk arguments are included then leads to a “Taxonomic ArgCases framework”. These contributions are validated in two applications where expert behaviour is primarily about reasoning on cases: allocation of frequencies for reliable reception of shortwave radio broadcasting, and the authentication (dating) of paintings. In both applications, case bases are constructed from information about expert analysis of problems, as captured from past records and with the help of new reasoning templates. Through proposal and inspection of taxonomies involving cases, it is shown how collections of factual and folk argumentation characteristics can be indexed in order to support the answering of alternative forms of query in CBR. The contributions of the thesis demonstrate how both numerical taxonomy and reasoning templates can be exploited within that area of artificial intelligence. In addition to these, its major contribution is to make a place for “folk arguments” within CBR.
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Roth, Abraham Cornelis. "Case-based reasoning in the law a formal theory of reasoning by case comparison /." [Maastricht : Maastricht : Universiteit Maastricht] ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 2003. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=7482.
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Klukas, Jörg [Verfasser]. "Case-based Reasoning with Neuronal Networks : From Pixel via Experiences to Reasoning / Jörg Klukas." Aachen : Shaker, 2004. http://d-nb.info/1172615993/34.
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