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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Siregar, Nella Putriyani, and Ella Andhany. "PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN NUMBERED HEAD TOGETHER DAN REALISTICS MATHEMATIC EDUCATION TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS DAN KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH MATEMATIS SISWA DI SMA NEGERI 11 MEDAN." AXIOM : Jurnal Pendidikan dan Matematika 9, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30821/axiom.v9i1.7253.

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<p class="AfiliasiCxSpFirst" align="left"><strong>Abstrak:</strong></p><p class="AfiliasiCxSpMiddle">Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kemampuan berpikir kritis dan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa yang diajar dengan model pembelajaran <em>Numbered Head Together </em>dan model pembelajaran <em>Realistics Mathematic Education </em>di kelas XI SMA Negeri 11 Medan. Penelitian ini merupakan peneltian kuantitatif dengan jenis penelitian kuasi eksperimen. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas XI SMA Negeri 11 Medan yang terdiri dari 2 kelas dan berjumlah 60 siswa, yang juga dijadikan sampel pada penelitian ini yakni sebagai sampel jenuh. Instrumen tes yang digunakan adalah dengan tes kemampuan berpikir kritis dan tes kemampuan pemecahan masalah berbentuk uraian. Analisis data dilakukan dengan analisis vaian (ANAVA). Hasil temuan ini menunjukkan: 1) Kemampuan berpikir kritis matematika siswa yang diajar dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran <em>Numbered Head Together</em> lebih baik dari pada siswa yang diajar dengan model pembelajaran <em>Realistics Mathematic Education </em>pada materi turunan fungsi; 2)Kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematika siswa yang diajar dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran <em>Numbered Head Together</em> tidak lebih baik dari pada siswa yang diajar dengan model pembelajaran <em>Realistics Mathematic Education </em>pada materi turunan fungsi; 3) Kemampuan berpikir kritis dan pemecahan masalah matematika siswa yang diajar dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran <em>Numbered Head Together</em> lebih baik dari pada siswa yang diajar dengan model pembelajaran <em>Realistics Mathematic Education </em>pada materi turunan fungsi; 4) Terdapat interaksi yang signifikan antara model pembelajaran yang digunakan terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis dan pemecahan masalah matematika siswa pada materi turunan fungsi. Simpulan dalam penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa kemampuan berpikir kritis dan pemecahan masalah matematika siswa lebih sesuai diajarkan dengan Model Pembelajaran <em>Numbered Head Together</em> dari pada Model Pembelajaran <em>Realistics Mathematic Education </em>pada materi turunan fungsi<em>.</em></p><p class="AfiliasiCxSpMiddle" align="left"><strong> </strong></p><p class="AfiliasiCxSpLast" align="left"><strong>Kata Kunci</strong>:</p><p>Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis, Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematis, Model Pembelajaran <em>Numbered Head Together</em>, Model Pembelajaran <em>Realistics Mathematic Education</em></p><p> </p><p class="AfiliasiCxSpFirst" align="left"><strong><em>Abstract:</em></strong></p><p class="AfiliasiCxSpMiddle"><em>This study aims to determine the effect of critical thinking skills and mathematical problem solving abilities of students who are taught with the Numbered Head Together learning model and the Realistic Mathematic Education learning model in class XI of SMA Negeri 11 Medan. This research is a quantitative research with the type of research that is quasi experiment. The population of this study was all students of class XI of SMA Negeri 11 Medan consisting of 2 classes and totaling 60 students, who were also sampled in this study as saturated samples. The test instrument used was a critical thinking ability test and a problem solving ability test in the form of a description. Data analysis was performed by analysis of variants (ANAVA). These findings show: 1) The ability to think critically the mathematics of students taught using the Numbered Head Together learning model is better than students taught with the Realistic Mathematic Education learning model on functional derivative material; 2) The ability to solve mathematical problems of students who are taught using the Numbered Head Together learning model is no better than students who are taught with Realistic Mathematic Education learning models on functional derivative material; 3) The ability to think critically and solve mathematical problems of students taught using the Numbered Head Together learning model is better than students taught with Realistic Mathematic Education learning models on functional derivative materials; 4) There is a significant interaction between the learning models used in critical thinking skills and students' mathematical problem solving on functional derivative material. The conclusion in this study explains that the ability to think critically and solve students' mathematical problems is more suitable to be taught with the Numbered Head Together Learning Model than the Realistic Mathematic Education Learning Model on functional derivative material.</em></p><p class="AfiliasiCxSpMiddle"><em> </em></p><p class="AfiliasiCxSpLast" align="left"><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>:</em></p><p><em>Critical Thinking Ability, Mathematical Problem Solving Ability, Numbered Head Together Learning Model, Realistic Mathematic Education Learning Model</em></p>
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2

Sugihatno, A. C. M. S., Budiyono, and I. Slamet. "Realistic Matematic Approach through Numbered Head Together Learning Model." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 895 (September 2017): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/895/1/012026.

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3

Sadleir, Rosalind J., Tracy D. Vannorsdall, David J. Schretlen, and Barry Gordon. "Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in a realistic head model." NeuroImage 51, no. 4 (July 2010): 1310–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.03.052.

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4

Roth, Yiftach, Gaby S. Pell, and Abraham Zangen. "Realistic shape head model and spherical model as methods for TMS coil characterization." Clinical Neurophysiology 126, no. 7 (July 2015): 1455–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.08.027.

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5

Vatta, Federica, Fabio Meneghini, Fabrizio Esposito, Stefano Mininel, and Francesco Di Salle. "Realistic and Spherical Head Modeling for EEG Forward Problem Solution: A Comparative Cortex-Based Analysis." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2010 (2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/972060.

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The accuracy of forward models for electroencephalography (EEG) partly depends on head tissues geometry and strongly affects the reliability of the source reconstruction process, but it is not yet clear which brain regions are more sensitive to the choice of different model geometry. In this paper we compare different spherical and realistic head modeling techniques in estimating EEG forward solutions from current dipole sources distributed on a standard cortical space reconstructed from Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) MRI data. Computer simulations are presented for three different four-shell head models, two with realistic geometry, either surface-based (BEM) or volume-based (FDM), and the corresponding sensor-fitted spherical-shaped model. Point Spread Function (PSF) and Lead Field (LF) cross-correlation analyses were performed for 26 symmetric dipole sources to quantitatively assess models' accuracy in EEG source reconstruction. Realistic geometry turns out to be a relevant factor of improvement, particularly important when considering sources placed in the temporal or in the occipital cortex.
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6

Seo, Hyeon, and Sung Chan Jun. "Computational exploration of epidural cortical stimulation using a realistic head model." Computers in Biology and Medicine 135 (August 2021): 104290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104290.

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7

Jalilvand, M., Chuanren Wu, J. Schmid, and T. Zwick. "Quantitative imaging of numerically realistic human head model using microwave tomography." Electronics Letters 50, no. 4 (February 2014): 255–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2013.4078.

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8

Paulus, W. "Source analysis of visual evoked potentials in a realistic head model." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 103, no. 1 (July 1997): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-4694(97)87997-0.

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9

Xu, Peng, and Dezhong Yao. "A novel method based on realistic head model for EEG denoising." Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 83, no. 2 (August 2006): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2006.06.002.

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10

Tae-Seong Kim, Yongxia Zhou, Sungheon Kim, and M. Singh. "EEG distributed source imaging with a realistic finite-element head model." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 49, no. 3 (June 2002): 745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2002.1039558.

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11

Soufflet, Laurent, and Peter H. Boeijinga. "Linear Inverse Solutions: Simulations from a Realistic Head Model in MEG." Brain Topography 18, no. 2 (December 2005): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10548-005-0278-6.

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12

Munawar, Awais, Zartasha Mustansar, Ahmed E. Nadeem, and Mahmood Akhtar. "AN INVESTIGATION INTO ELECTROMAGNETIC BASED IMPEDANCE TOMOGRAPHY USING REALISTIC HUMAN HEAD MODEL." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 8, no. 2 (September 17, 2016): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2016v8s2.15217.

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<p class="lead">The objective of this research is to investigate the feasibility of Electromagnetic based Impedance Tomography (EMIT) for brain stroke detection, localization and classification. Electromagnetic based Impedance Tomography employing microwave imaging technique is an emerging brain stroke diagnostic modality. It relies on the significant contrast between dielectric properties of the normal and abnormal brain tissues. To study the interaction between micro-wave signals and head tissues, the simulations are performed using a geometrically simple 3-D ellipsoid head model with emulated stroke. Finite Element numerical technique is adopted to find the solution of Maxwell’s equations to measure the transmitted and backscattered signals in forward problem. Contrast Source Inversion technique is proposed to solve the inverse scattering problem and reconstruct brain images based on calculated dielectric profiles. Detailed analysis is performed to determine the safety limits of transmitted signals to minimize ionizing effects while ensuring maximum penetration. The simulations verify the inhomogeneous and frequency-dispersive behavior of brain tissue’s dielectric properties. The solution of the forward problem demonstrates the microwave signals scattering by the multilayer structure of the head model, duly validated by analytical results. The scattering phenomena can be fully capitalized by image reconstruction algorithm to obtain brain images and detect stroke presence. The initial results obtained in this research and prior work indicates that EMIT-based head imaging system has a potential for rapid stroke detection, classification, and continuous brain monitoring and offers a comparatively cost-effective solution.</p>
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13

CAI, ZHIHUA, YUN XIA, and XINGYUAN HUANG. "ANALYSES OF PEDESTRIAN’S HEAD-TO-WINDSHIELD IMPACT BIOMECHANICAL RESPONSES AND HEAD INJURIES USING A HEAD FINITE ELEMENT MODEL." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 20, no. 01 (August 30, 2019): 1950063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519419500635.

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Head injuries in the vehicle crashes or pedestrian accidents can usually cause death or permanent disabilities, and head injuries resulting from the impact of car windshields remain a major problem. Anatomically, more realistic head models are required to more accurately document and evaluate the head-to-windshield impact responses and head injuries. The current study developed a head finite element model and carried out various simulations to investigate the head-to-windshield impact biomechanical responses and assess the head injuries. First, a 50th percentile three-dimensional finite element head model was developed and validated by using previously published cadaver experimental data. Then, the biomechanical responses were predicted under a head-to-windshield impact at different impact velocities (10, 12, and15[Formula: see text]m/s) and different inclination angles of the windshield (35∘, 40∘, and 45∘). Finally, head injuries were investigated through examining various injury parameters. The results indicated that the contact force, the acceleration, the intracranial pressure, the deformation of the skull, and the negative pressure rose when the impact velocity and the inclination angles increased. Thus, the vehicle impact velocity and the inclination angle of the windshield greatly affect the severity of the resulting injuries on pedestrians’ heads, with the severity increasing with the impact velocity and windshield inclination angle.
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14

Schrader, Sophie, Andreas Westhoff, Maria Carla Piastra, Tuuli Miinalainen, Sampsa Pursiainen, Johannes Vorwerk, Heinrich Brinck, Carsten H. Wolters, and Christian Engwer. "DUNEuro—A software toolbox for forward modeling in bioelectromagnetism." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): e0252431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252431.

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Accurate and efficient source analysis in electro- and magnetoencephalography using sophisticated realistic head geometries requires advanced numerical approaches. This paper presents DUNEuro, a free and open-source C++ software toolbox for the numerical computation of forward solutions in bioelectromagnetism. Building upon the DUNE framework, it provides implementations of modern fitted and unfitted finite element methods to efficiently solve the forward problems of electro- and magnetoencephalography. The user can choose between a variety of different source models that are implemented. The software’s aim is to provide interfaces that are extendable and easy-to-use. In order to enable a closer integration into existing analysis pipelines, interfaces to Python and MATLAB are provided. The practical use is demonstrated by a source analysis example of somatosensory evoked potentials using a realistic six-compartment head model. Detailed installation instructions and example scripts using spherical and realistic head models are appended.
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15

Le, J., and A. Gevins. "Method to reduce blur distortion from EEG's using a realistic head model." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 40, no. 6 (June 1993): 517–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/10.237671.

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16

Fletcher, D. J., A. Amir, D. L. Jewett, and G. Fein. "Improved method for computation of potentials in a realistic head shape model." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 42, no. 11 (1995): 1094–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/10.469376.

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17

Wagner, S., S. M. Rampersad, Ü. Aydin, J. Vorwerk, T. F. Oostendorp, T. Neuling, C. S. Herrmann, D. F. Stegeman, and C. H. Wolters. "Investigation of tDCS volume conduction effects in a highly realistic head model." Journal of Neural Engineering 11, no. 1 (December 5, 2013): 016002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/11/1/016002.

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18

Tharayil, Joseph J., Stefan M. Goetz, John M. Bernabei, and Angel V. Peterchev. "Field Distribution of Transcranial Static Magnetic Stimulation in Realistic Human Head Model." Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface 21, no. 4 (October 10, 2017): 340–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ner.12699.

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19

Heiskala, Juha, Ilkka Nissilä, Tuomas Neuvonen, Seppo Järvenpää, and Erkki Somersalo. "Modeling anisotropic light propagation in a realistic model of the human head." Applied Optics 44, no. 11 (April 10, 2005): 2049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.44.002049.

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20

Rampersad, Sumientra, Kimia Shayestehfard, Biel Roig-Solvas, Mathew Yarossi, and Dana H. Brooks. "Abstract #116: Simulations of temporal interference tCS in a realistic head model." Brain Stimulation 12, no. 2 (March 2019): e40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2018.12.123.

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21

Zhai, Yiran, and Dezhong Yao. "A Radial-Basis Function Based Surface Laplacian Estimate for a Realistic Head Model." Brain Topography 17, no. 1 (2004): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:brat.0000047337.25591.32.

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22

Hamalainen, M. S., and J. Sarvas. "Realistic conductivity geometry model of the human head for interpretation of neuromagnetic data." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 36, no. 2 (February 1989): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/10.16463.

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23

Phillips, C., A. Luxen, and P. Maquet. "Generation of a realistic head model from individual SPM-segmented T1-weighted MRI." NeuroImage 7, no. 4 (May 1998): S677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(18)31510-6.

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24

Stenroos, M., and L. M. Koponen. "P160 Computing TMS-induced electric field in realistic head model in real time." Clinical Neurophysiology 131, no. 4 (April 2020): e104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2019.12.271.

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25

Li, Jing, Kun Wang, Shanan Zhu, and Bin He. "Effects of holes on EEG forward solutions using a realistic geometry head model." Journal of Neural Engineering 4, no. 3 (April 20, 2007): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/4/3/004.

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26

Zhai, Yiran, and Dezhong Yao. "A study on the reference electrode standardization technique for a realistic head model." Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 76, no. 3 (December 2004): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2004.07.002.

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27

Herrendorf, G., B. J. Steinhoff, R. Kolle, J. Baudewig, T. D. Waberski, H. Buchner, and W. Paulus. "Dipole-Source Analysis in a Realistic Head Model in Patients with Focal Epilepsy." Epilepsia 41, no. 1 (January 2000): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb01508.x.

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28

Aberra, Aman S., Boshuo Wang, Warren M. Grill, and Angel V. Peterchev. "Simulation of transcranial magnetic stimulation in head model with morphologically-realistic cortical neurons." Brain Stimulation 13, no. 1 (January 2020): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2019.10.002.

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29

Wen, P., and K. Pope. "Realistic human head model for EEG from both the geometry and conductivity aspects." Australasian Physics & Engineering Sciences in Medicine 26, no. 1 (March 2003): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03178689.

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30

Qureshi, Awais Munawar, and Zartasha Mustansar. "Levels of detail analysis of microwave scattering from human head models for brain stroke detection." PeerJ 5 (November 21, 2017): e4061. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4061.

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In this paper, we have presented a microwave scattering analysis from multiple human head models. This study incorporates different levels of detail in the human head models and its effect on microwave scattering phenomenon. Two levels of detail are taken into account; (i) Simplified ellipse shaped head model (ii) Anatomically realistic head model, implemented using 2-D geometry. In addition, heterogenic and frequency-dispersive behavior of the brain tissues has also been incorporated in our head models. It is identified during this study that the microwave scattering phenomenon changes significantly once the complexity of head model is increased by incorporating more details using magnetic resonance imaging database. It is also found out that the microwave scattering results match in both types of head model (i.e., geometrically simple and anatomically realistic), once the measurements are made in the structurally simplified regions. However, the results diverge considerably in the complex areas of brain due to the arbitrary shape interface of tissue layers in the anatomically realistic head model.After incorporating various levels of detail, the solution of subject microwave scattering problem and the measurement of transmitted and backscattered signals were obtained using finite element method. Mesh convergence analysis was also performed to achieve error free results with a minimum number of mesh elements and a lesser degree of freedom in the fast computational time. The results were promising and the E-Field values converged for both simple and complex geometrical models. However, the E-Field difference between both types of head model at the same reference point differentiated a lot in terms of magnitude. At complex location, a high difference value of 0.04236 V/m was measured compared to the simple location, where it turned out to be 0.00197 V/m. This study also contributes to provide a comparison analysis between the direct and iterative solvers so as to find out the solution of subject microwave scattering problem in a minimum computational time along with memory resources requirement.It is seen from this study that the microwave imaging may effectively be utilized for the detection, localization and differentiation of different types of brain stroke. The simulation results verified that the microwave imaging can be efficiently exploited to study the significant contrast between electric field values of the normal and abnormal brain tissues for the investigation of brain anomalies. In the end, a specific absorption rate analysis was carried out to compare the ionizing effects of microwave signals to different types of head model using a factor of safety for brain tissues. It is also suggested after careful study of various inversion methods in practice for microwave head imaging, that the contrast source inversion method may be more suitable and computationally efficient for such problems.
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31

Muravchik, C., O. Bria, and A. Nehorai. "EEG/MEG Error Bounds for a Dynamic Dipole Source with a Realistic Head Model." Methods of Information in Medicine 39, no. 02 (2000): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1634283.

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Abstract:This work presents the background and derivation of Cramér-Rao bounds on the errors of estimating the parameters (moment and location) of a dynamic current dipole source using data from electro- and magneto-encephalography. A realistic head model, based on knowledge of surfaces separating tissues of different conductivities, is used.
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32

Cincotti, F., C. Babiloni, C. Miniussi, F. Carducci, D. Moretti, S. Salinari, R. Pascual-Marqui, P. M. Rossini, and F. Babiloni. "EEG Deblurring Techniques in a Clinical Context." Methods of Information in Medicine 43, no. 01 (2004): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1633846.

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Summary Objectives: EEG scalp potential distributions recorded in humans are affected by low spatial resolution and by the dependence on the electrical reference used. High resolution EEG technologies are available to drastically increase the spatial resolution of the raw EEG. Such technologies include the computation of surface Laplacian (SL) of the recorded potentials, as well as the use of realistic head models to estimate the cortical sources via linear inverse procedure (low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography, LORETA). However, these deblurring procedures are generally used in conjunction with EEG recordings with 64-128 scalp electrodes and with realistic head models obtained via sequential magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of the subjects. Such recording setup it is not often available in the clinical context, due to both the unavailability of these technologies and the scarce compliance of the patients with them. In this study we addressed the use of SL and LORETA deblurring techniques to analyze data from a standard 10-20 system (19 electrodes) in a group of Alzheimer disease (AD) patients. Methods: EEG data related to unilateral finger movements were gathered from 10 patients affected by AD. SL and LORETA techniques were applied for source estimation of EEG data. The use of MRIs for the construction of head models was avoided by using the quasi-realistic head model of the Brain Imaging Neurology Institute of Montreal. Results: A similar cortical activity estimated by the SL and LORETA techniques was observed during an identical time period of the acquired EEG data in the examined population. Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that both SL and LORETA approaches can be usefully applied in the clinical context, by using quasi-realistic head modeling and a standard 10-20 system as electrode montage (19 electrodes). These results represent a reciprocal cross-validation of the two mathematically independent techniques in a clinical environment.
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33

Muravchik, C. H., and A. Nehorai. "EEG/MEC error bounds for a static dipole source with a realistic head model." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 49, no. 3 (March 2001): 470–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/78.905859.

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34

Ding, Lei, Yuan Lai, and Bin He. "Low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography in a realistic geometry head model: a simulation study." Physics in Medicine and Biology 50, no. 1 (December 17, 2004): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/50/1/004.

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35

Stenroos, Matti, and Lari M. Koponen. "Real-time computation of the TMS-induced electric field in a realistic head model." NeuroImage 203 (December 2019): 116159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116159.

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36

Azizollahi, H., A. Aarabi, and F. Wallois. "LP12: Construction of realistic neonatal head model based on co-registered CT-MR images." Clinical Neurophysiology 125 (June 2014): S97—S98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1388-2457(14)50324-0.

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37

Bao, Linchao, Xiangkai Lin, Yajing Chen, Haoxian Zhang, Sheng Wang, Xuefei Zhe, Di Kang, et al. "High-Fidelity 3D Digital Human Head Creation from RGB-D Selfies." ACM Transactions on Graphics 41, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3472954.

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We present a fully automatic system that can produce high-fidelity, photo-realistic three-dimensional (3D) digital human heads with a consumer RGB-D selfie camera. The system only needs the user to take a short selfie RGB-D video while rotating his/her head and can produce a high-quality head reconstruction in less than 30 s. Our main contribution is a new facial geometry modeling and reflectance synthesis procedure that significantly improves the state of the art. Specifically, given the input video a two-stage frame selection procedure is first employed to select a few high-quality frames for reconstruction. Then a differentiable renderer-based 3D Morphable Model (3DMM) fitting algorithm is applied to recover facial geometries from multiview RGB-D data, which takes advantages of a powerful 3DMM basis constructed with extensive data generation and perturbation. Our 3DMM has much larger expressive capacities than conventional 3DMM, allowing us to recover more accurate facial geometry using merely linear basis. For reflectance synthesis, we present a hybrid approach that combines parametric fitting and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to synthesize high-resolution albedo/normal maps with realistic hair/pore/wrinkle details. Results show that our system can produce faithful 3D digital human faces with extremely realistic details. The main code and the newly constructed 3DMM basis is publicly available.
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38

Munawar Qureshi, Awais, Zartasha Mustansar, and Samah Mustafa. "Finite-element analysis of microwave scattering from a three-dimensional human head model for brain stroke detection." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 7 (July 2018): 180319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180319.

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In this paper, a detailed analysis of microwave (MW) scattering from a three-dimensional (3D) anthropomorphic human head model is presented. It is the first time that the finite-element method (FEM) has been deployed to study the MW scattering phenomenon of a 3D realistic head model for brain stroke detection. A major contribution of this paper is to add anatomically more realistic details to the human head model compared with the literature available to date. Using the MRI database, a 3D numerical head model was developed and segmented into 21 different types through a novel tissue-mapping scheme and a mixed-model approach. The heterogeneous and frequency-dispersive dielectric properties were assigned to brain tissues using the same mapping technique. To mimic the simulation set-up, an eight-elements antenna array around the head model was designed using dipole antennae. Two types of brain stroke (haemorrhagic and ischaemic) at various locations inside the head model were then analysed for possible detection and classification. The transmitted and backscattered signals were calculated by finding out the solution of the Helmholtz wave equation in the frequency domain using the FEM. FE mesh convergence analysis for electric field values and comparison between different types of iterative solver were also performed to obtain error-free results in minimal computational time. At the end, specific absorption rate analysis was conducted to examine the ionization effects of MW signals to a 3D human head model. Through computer simulations, it is foreseen that MW imaging may efficiently be exploited to locate and differentiate two types of brain stroke by detecting abnormal tissues’ dielectric properties. A significant contrast between electric field values of the normal and stroke-affected brain tissues was observed at the stroke location. This is a step towards generating MW scattering information for the development of an efficient image reconstruction algorithm.
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39

Pursiainen, S., S. Lew, and C. H. Wolters. "Forward and inverse effects of the complete electrode model in neonatal EEG." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 876–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00427.2016.

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This paper investigates finite element method-based modeling in the context of neonatal electroencephalography (EEG). In particular, the focus lies on electrode boundary conditions. We compare the complete electrode model (CEM) with the point electrode model (PEM), which is the current standard in EEG. In the CEM, the voltage experienced by an electrode is modeled more realistically as the integral average of the potential distribution over its contact surface, whereas the PEM relies on a point value. Consequently, the CEM takes into account the subelectrode shunting currents, which are absent in the PEM. In this study, we aim to find out how the electrode voltage predicted by these two models differ, if standard size electrodes are attached to a head of a neonate. Additionally, we study voltages and voltage variation on electrode surfaces with two source locations: 1) next to the C6 electrode and 2) directly under the Fz electrode and the frontal fontanel. A realistic model of a neonatal head, including a skull with fontanels and sutures, is used. Based on the results, the forward simulation differences between CEM and PEM are in general small, but significant outliers can occur in the vicinity of the electrodes. The CEM can be considered as an integral part of the outer head model. The outcome of this study helps understanding volume conduction of neonatal EEG, since it enlightens the role of advanced skull and electrode modeling in forward and inverse computations. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The effect of the complete electrode model on electroencephalography forward and inverse computations is explored. A realistic neonatal head model, including a skull structure with fontanels and sutures, is used. The electrode and skull modeling differences are analyzed and compared with each other. The results suggest that the complete electrode model can be considered as an integral part of the outer head model. To achieve optimal source localization results, accurate electrode modeling might be necessary.
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Vougioukas, Konstantinos, Stavros Petridis, and Maja Pantic. "Realistic Speech-Driven Facial Animation with GANs." International Journal of Computer Vision 128, no. 5 (October 13, 2019): 1398–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11263-019-01251-8.

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Abstract Speech-driven facial animation is the process that automatically synthesizes talking characters based on speech signals. The majority of work in this domain creates a mapping from audio features to visual features. This approach often requires post-processing using computer graphics techniques to produce realistic albeit subject dependent results. We present an end-to-end system that generates videos of a talking head, using only a still image of a person and an audio clip containing speech, without relying on handcrafted intermediate features. Our method generates videos which have (a) lip movements that are in sync with the audio and (b) natural facial expressions such as blinks and eyebrow movements. Our temporal GAN uses 3 discriminators focused on achieving detailed frames, audio-visual synchronization, and realistic expressions. We quantify the contribution of each component in our model using an ablation study and we provide insights into the latent representation of the model. The generated videos are evaluated based on sharpness, reconstruction quality, lip-reading accuracy, synchronization as well as their ability to generate natural blinks.
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41

Daun, Silvia, and Thorsten Tjardes. "Development of a Species-Specific Model of Cerebral Hemodynamics." Journal of Theoretical Medicine 6, no. 3 (2005): 181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10273660500441324.

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In this paper, a mathematical model for the description of cerebral hemodynamics is developed. This model is able to simulate the regulation mechanisms working on the small cerebral arteries and arterioles, and thus to adapt dynamically the blood flow in brain. Special interest is laid on the release of catecholamines and their effect on heart frequency, cardiac output and blood pressure. Therefore, this model is able to describe situations of severe head injuries in a very realistic way.
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42

Cvetković, Mario, Hrvoje Dodig, and Dragan Poljak. "On the Use of Compound and Extracted Models in Thermal Dosimetry Assessment." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (August 17, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8598010.

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This paper deals with thermal analysis of realistic models of the human eye and brain using the finite element method. The research presented in this paper is the sequel to the electromagnetic dosimetry model presented in the previous work by the authors. The paper presents the numerical results for the specific absorption rate (SAR) and the related temperature increase in various models of the human eye and the brain/head exposed to high-frequency (HF) electromagnetic (EM) radiation. Based on the numerical results for the induced electric field, the distribution of SAR in the human brain and human eye is determined, subsequently used as input to the thermal model. The thermal dosimetry model of both the brain and eye are based on the form of Pennes’ bioheat transfer equation, numerically solved using the finite element method (FEM). The comparison between the extracted models and the compound models of both the eye and brain, placed inside the realistic head model is presented. In case of the human eye, generally, comparable results were obtained for both SAR and temperature increase, while the compound eye model is found to be more suitable when the polarization of incident wave is considered. Moreover, the extracted eye model underestimated the temperature rise, attributed to better heat exchange than the compound model. The results for the compound eye indicate that in some situations, the eye lens could be omitted from simulation, facilitating the model preparation. The numerical results for all three brain models showed similar distributions of SAR and temperature rise. Also, the obtained results show that the peak SAR does not exceed the basic restriction limit for localized SAR, for occupational exposure. The thermal dosimetry assessment of the human brain exposed in four considered scenarios indicates the temperature should not exceed 0.1°C. Finally, the use of a geometrically simplified model may also be found useful in the initial dosimetry assessment prior to dealing with models with more anatomical features.
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43

Lemieux, Louis, Alan McBride, and Jeff W. Hand. "Calculation of electrical potentials on the surface of a realistic head model by finite differences." Physics in Medicine and Biology 41, no. 7 (July 1, 1996): 1079–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/41/7/001.

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44

Jeong, Woo Chul, Hun Wi, Saurav Z. K. Sajib, Tong In Oh, Hyung Joong Kim, Oh In Kwon, and Eung Je Woo. "Evaluation of three-dimensional anisotropic head model for mapping realistic electromagnetic fields of brain tissues." AIP Advances 5, no. 8 (August 2015): 087152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4929473.

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45

Thevenet, M., O. Bertrand, F. Perrin, T. Dumont, and J. Pernier. "The finite element method for a realistic head model of electrical brain activities: preliminary results." Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 12, A (January 1, 1991): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0143-0815/12/a/017.

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46

Silva, C., R. Almeida, T. Oostendorp, E. Ducla-Soares, J. P. Foreid, and T. Pimentel. "Interictal spike localization using a standard realistic head model: simulations and analysis of clinical data." Clinical Neurophysiology 110, no. 5 (May 1999): 846–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1388-2457(99)00025-5.

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47

Fujiwara, Osamu, Masaaki Yano, and Jianqing Wang. "FDTD computation of temperature rise inside a realistic head model for 1.5-GHz microwave exposure." Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part I: Communications) 82, no. 3 (March 1999): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6424(199903)82:3<11::aid-ecja2>3.0.co;2-l.

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48

Saha, Sajib, Rajib Rana, Yakov Nesterets, Murat Tahtali, Frank de Hoog, and Timur Gureyev. "Evaluating the performance of BSBL methodology for EEG source localization on a realistic head model." International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology 27, no. 1 (March 2017): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ima.22209.

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49

Xiong, Lei, Haiyang Miao, and Zhiyi Yao. "Human Body Model for Channel Characterization Based on Ray-Tracing." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2020 (October 26, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5817508.

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The propagation channel around human body will fluctuate due to the body effects, so it is essential to investigate the body channel. As an important method of channel modeling, ray-tracing (RT) is affected by the human body model. In this paper, a realistic human body is modeled with the idea of greedy algorithm. Based on the RT simulation and measurement results of path loss (PL), we derive the approximate shapes of the torso, head, arms, and legs, and propose a reference human body model whose credibility and accuracy have been verified at 2.4 GHz and 60 GHz. These results prove that the simulation results based on the reference human body model are in good agreement with the measurement values. In addition, the reference human body model can be adjusted according to the realistic dimension data of body.
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Andersen, Bruce J., Andreas W. Unterberg, Geoff D. Clarke, and Anthony Marmarou. "Effect of posttraumatic hypoventilation on cerebral energy metabolism." Journal of Neurosurgery 68, no. 4 (April 1988): 601–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1988.68.4.0601.

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✓ Cerebral energy metabolism was studied in cats subjected to fluid-percussion brain trauma followed immediately by 30 minutes of controlled hypoventilation for the purpose of simulating a more realistic model of human head injury. The cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic rates of oxygen (CMRO2) and glucose (CMRGl) were measured, with simultaneous phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy quantifications of cerebral tissue pH, phosphocreatine (PCr), and inorganic phosphate (Pi). Hypoventilation alone did not produce marked changes in CMRGl, tissue pH, or PCr:Pi ratios. When hypoventilation was combined with trauma, marked alterations in CBF, CMRGl, PCr:Pi ratio, and tissue pH were seen, indicating relative ischemia. The alterations of cerebral energy metabolism produced by combining trauma and hypoventilation are more severe than those caused by fluid-percussion trauma alone, and may provide a more realistic model of human head injury.
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