Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Realisim'
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Esteba, López Joaquin. "La sindicació de les arts plàstiques a Catalunya durant la Guerra Civil (1936-1939). Institucions d’operacions ideològiques i polarització entre l’art d’avantguarda i el realisme." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667199.
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This thesis is focused on conceptions of the avant-garde and realism during the Spanish Civil War in Catalonia from two main mainstays: the conception of the nationalism implicit into the conflict itself, and the mandatory unionisation artists had to follow, from the summer of the 1936. The need of alphabetizing the current civil society had was met by those two mainstays. How did them allow the artist to create from freedom?
Since the widening of aesthetics in fields such as politics based on the dichotomy: committed art/ commitment of art, the position of the artist in front of realism, neo romanticism, "wided aesthetics", and the Avant-garde is analysed. In which way the political question is related with the anti-fascist Popular Front and the Spanish revolution is synchronized on the theoretical basis of realism and avant-garde?El focus de la present tesi el posem en la concepció del realisme i de l'avantguarda durant la Guerra Civil espanyola a Catalunya des de dos grans pilars: la concepció del nacionalisme implícit en el conflicte i la sindicació obligatòria dels artistes plàstics des de l’estiu de l’any 1936, que van suposar la institucionalització de la cultura en la seva necessitat d’alfabetització de la societat civil del moment. De quina manera aquests pilars van permetre una llibertat estètica per part de l’artista? Des de l’eixamplament de l’estètica en àmbits com la política en base la dicotomia art compromès / compromís de l’art, analitzem la posició dels artistes davant del realisme, el neoromanticisme, l’art d’avançada, les Avantguardes. De quina manera la qüestió política relacionada amb el Front Popular antifeixista i la revolució espanyola es sincronitza en la fonamentació teòrica del realisme i de l'avantguarda?
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Abela, Paul R. "Empirical realism : Kant's contribution to the realist/anti-realist debate." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357307.
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Hansen, Carsten Martin. "Semantic realism and the anti-realist challenge." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332961.
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Mathews, Peter David 1975. "Strategies of realism : realist fiction and postmodern theory." Monash University, Centre for Comparative Literature and Cultural Studies, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8656.
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Kent, Samuel. "On Revolution and Realism: A Structural Realist Theory of Revolution." Thesis, Boston College, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/2993.
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Thesis advisor: Paul ChristensenRevolutions have been a neglected subject in Structural Realism. Nevertheless, they have profound impacts in the International System, ranging from immediate state-unit behavior deviation to long-term altering of the balance of power. Revolutions can be explained within the Structural Realist paradigm as a structural contradiction between state and society that depresses state capabilities, allowing it to succumb to intra-territorial competition. Accordingly, revolution can be considered a mechanism for reconstituting state-unit power
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2013
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Political Science Honors Program
Discipline: Political Science
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Koo, Bon-Hyuk. "A realist reply to historically motivated anti-realism about science." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.688346.
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This dissertation attempts to provide a realist position about science that is defensible against anti-realist arguments motivated by the history 'of science. It first investigates two versions of Pessimistic Meta-induction (PMI) for anti-realism: the enumerative inductive argument that our current theories will be shown false as the past ones have, and the argument by counterexample (Ladyman 2002) that only require one recalcitrant case that is successful yet false to sever the triad relations between success, truth and reference, undermining the no-miracles argument (NMA). While the first can be answered, the latter calls realists to study the past scientific theories and provide a realist explanation for their successes. The phlogiston theory is chosen as the case study for this dissertation, and it is shown that the phlogiston theory enjoyed various successes including novel predictive successes, and that a comparison between the theory and our contemporary chemical theory reveals a significant amount of continuity. Then the realist accounts to respond to PMI are examined, starting with attempts to restore referential continuity by means of devising an appropriate theory of reference, with varying degrees of success. The dependence of PMI on reference, and that realism is not hinged upon the issue of reference but that of approximate truth, make this particular approach superfluous to defending realism. Realist accounts with the 'divide and conquer' strategy are then assessed, starting from Psillos (1999) to epistemic structural realism (ESR), ontic structural realism (OSR) and Chakravartty's semirealism, some faring better than others. However, Kyle Stanford's 'trust' argument is presented to show that all the realist accounts that use the' divide and conquer' strategy are susceptible to the charge of being ad hoc in selection over the theoretical constituents. In response to the' trust' argument, I present my own realist account: objective blind realism (OBR). It is a minimal realist position, which appeals to NMA for approximate truth of genuinely successful scientific theories but does not attempt to locate which parts of the theories are approximately true. Potential objections to objective blind realism are explored and answered.
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McEvansoneya, Philip Daniel. ""Dismal Art" or "strong, realistic pictures"? : Luke Fildes, Frank Holl and 'social realism'." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35697.
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Ventura, Pedrol Albert. "La proposta literària de Vicenç Riera Llorca: anàlisi de la seva obra novel·lística (1946-1991)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673092.
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Aquesta tesi doctoral s’aproxima a la figura de Vicenç Riera Llorca (Barcelona, 1903 – Pineda de Mar, 1991) des de dues visions interrelacionades: el vessant biogràfic i la producció de novel·les orientades a establir un mapa de la realitat catalana entre els anys 1931-1936 i 1939-1962. En aquest primer període s’hi narren fets polítics de primer ordre com l’establiment de la República de 1931, els Fets d’Octubre de 1934 o la conflictivitat laboral en els períodes contrarepublicans del bienni negre. Pel que fa a la segona etapa, el desenvolupament s’enfoca des de l’òptica dels exiliats catalans a França, la República Dominicana i Mèxic. Riera Llorca traslladà a la seva obra novel·lística els ambients que conegué de primera mà a la Barcelona republicana i als exilis múltiples que s’allargaren fins a 1969, data en què retornà a Catalunya definitivament. Les seves novel·les d’estètica realista s’integren i s’enxarxen amb un corpus de personatges recurrents. Aquests caràcters són orientats a oferir una vivesa i varietat de la societat en unes èpoques determinades i en uns espais tangibles que acullen esdeveniments històrics reals que marcaren definitivament els fets polítics i socials de la història catalana. Aquest treball ha partit de fonts escrites i orals inèdites que han permès d’establir ponts entre la realitat i la ficció, així com d’endinsar-se en el vessant assagístic i de pensament de l’escriptor i periodista barceloní.Esta tesis doctoral se aproxima a la figura de Vicenç Riera Llorca (Barcelona, 1903 – Pineda de Mar, 1991) desde dos visiones interrelacionadas: la vertiente biográfica y la producción de novelas orientadas a establecer un mapa de la realidad catalana de los periodos de 1931-1936 y 1939-1962. En este primer periodo se narran hechos políticos de primer orden como el establecimiento de la República de 1931, los Hechos de Octubre de 1934 o la conflictividad laboral en los periodos contrarepublicanos del bienio negro. En cuanto a la segunda etapa se enfoca desde la óptica de los exiliados catalanes en Francia, la República Dominicana y México. Riera Llorca trasladó a su obra novelística los ambientes que conoció personalmente en la Barcelona republicana y en los exilios múltiples que se alargaron hasta 1969, fecha en que volvió a Cataluña definitivamente. Sus novelas de estética realista se integran y se entretejen con un elenco de personajes recurrentes. Estos caracteres son orientados a ofrecer una viveza y variedad de la sociedad en unas épocas determinadas y en unos espacios tangibles que acogen acontecimientos históricos reales que marcaron definitivamente los hechos políticos y sociales de la historia catalana. Este trabajo se ha basado en fuentes escritas y orales inéditas que han permitido establecer puentes entre la realidad y la ficción, así como adentrarse en la vertiente del ensayo y de pensamiento del escritor y periodista barcelonés.
This thesis examines the figure of Vicenç Riera Llorca (Barcelona, 1903 – Pineda de Mar, 1991) from two interrelated perspectives, namely his biography and his production of novels, in order to draw up a map of the Catalan reality between 1931–1936 and 1939–1962. Key political events from this first period are narrated, including the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic in 1931, the Events of 6 October in 1934 and the labour disputes seen in the counter-Republican periods of the Bienni Negre [Two Black Years]. For the second stage, the focus is shifted onto Catalan exiles in France, the Dominican Republic and Mexico. In his novels, Riera Llorca reflects the environments he experienced first-hand in a Republican Barcelona and in various periods of exile that lasted until 1969, the year he returned to Catalonia permanently. His novels, of a realist aesthetic, come together and intertwine through a corpus of recurring characters, written to express the liveliness and variety of society at certain times and in tangible spaces that play host to real historical events that shaped the political and social course of Catalan history. The unpublished written and oral sources used for this thesis have allowed a bridge to be built between reality and fiction and provided an insight into the essays and intellectual work of this Barcelona-native writer and journalist.
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Chafim, Fernando 1986. "Estrutura social, instituições e agência na perspectiva do realismo crítico em economia : uma primeira aproximação." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286420.
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Orientador: David Dequech FilhoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: O objetivo desta dissertação é contribuir para uma abordagem pluralista que avance na compreensão da dinâmica entre as entidades sociais e os agentes na vida econômica. Em termos específicos, objetiva-se construir um modelo que forneça uma compreensão refinada da estrutura social, instituição e agência que contribua para o estudo das mudanças estruturais na economia. Para tal, inicialmente adotamos as contribuições ontológicas e metodológicas do Realismo Crítico em Economia para ampliar nossa compreensão de interdisciplinaridade, ciência econômica e das características gerais e abstratas da realidade social. Após discutir o conteúdo dessa abordagem, elaboramos uma ontologia científica, que explicita as propriedades relevantes e específicas de entidades sociais particulares, tais como estrutura social, instituição, convenção, modelo mental socialmente compartilhado, regra social e relação social. Essa mesma ontologia será complementada por uma análise das propriedades dos agentes visando a construção de um modelo teórico que considere simultaneamente as diversas formas existentes de influências sociais sobre as pessoas e vice-versa, sem confundi-las e evitando determinismos por ambas as partes. A seguir, apresentamos uma síntese das principais influências estruturais que incentivam a conformidade, bem como algumas condições sociais que motivam os agentes não só a se desviarem dessas influências, mas a tentar transformá-las através da mobilização de recursos e relativamente de acordo com seus interesses. Por fim, discutiremos as condições específicas de implementação desse tipo de mudança e usaremos o modelo teórico proposto para analisar a mudança empreendida pelos teóricos da agência ao introduzirem o modelo de gestão corporativa conhecido como maximização do valor do acionista
Abstract: The purpose of this dissertation is to contribute to a pluralistic approach that adds to the understanding of the dynamics between social entities and agents in economic life. More specifically, we construct a model that provides a refined understanding of the social structure, institution and agency that contributes to the study of structural changes in the economy. In order to do so, we first adopt the ontological and methodological contributions of Critical Realism in Economics. This allows for enlarging our understanding of interdisciplinarity, economics and the general and abstract features of social reality. After discussing the contents of this approach, we developed a scientific ontology that spells out the relevant specific properties of certain social entities, such as social structure, institutions, conventions, socially shared mental models, social relations and social rules. This same ontology is then complemented by an analysis of the properties of agents. This aims at building a theoretical model that simultaneously considers various forms of social influences on persons and vice-versa, without confusing them and avoiding determinism from either side. The next section is a summary of the main structural influences that encourage compliance, as well as of some social conditions that motivate agents not only to deviate from those influences, but to also mobilise resources and try to transform them in a fashion somewhat akin to their interests. Finally, we discuss the specific conditions for implementing this kind of change and use the proposed model to analyse the modification agency theorists bring about as they introduce the corporate management model known as maximizing shareholder value
Mestrado
Teoria Economica
Mestre em Ciências Econômicas
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Hadi, Mohammad [Verfasser], and Ingrid [Akademischer Betreuer] Hotz-Davies. "Derisive Realism : Towards a Realist Foundation of Humour / Mohammad Hadi ; Betreuer: Ingrid Hotz-Davies." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/119812055X/34.
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Peters, Dean. "How to be a scientific realist (if at all) : a study of partial realism." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/539/.
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"Partial realism" is a common position in the contemporary philosophy of science literature. It states that the "essential" elements of empirically successful scientific theories accurately represent corresponding features the world. This thesis makes several novel contributions related to this position. Firstly, it offers a new definition of the concept of “empirical success”, representing a principled merger between the use-novelty and unification accounts. Secondly, it provides a comparative critical analysis of various accounts of which elements are "essential" to the success of a theory, including structural realism and the divide et impera strategy. A novel account of essentialness, entitled the “empirically successful sub-theory "account", is defended. Thirdly, it is argued that the realism/anti-realism debate should put to the side metaphysical questions and focus instead on partial realism's commitment to the continuity of science. Because this commitment lacks metaphysical implications, it is referred to as "deflationary realism". Anti-realists cannot reject deflationary realism as a matter of a priori principle; its overall viability (and therefore that of partial realism) can therefore only be assessed by a careful examination of the history of science. Finally, another consequence of partial realism, named "partial rationalism", is defended. Partial rationalism states that, in cases where several competing theories have been suggested, scientists are rational just in case they accept the essential elements of each of the scientific theories on offer. This novel position subverts the existing literature on scientific "revolutions", as it sometimes demands that scientists devise a synthesis between competing scientific theories, instead of "choosing" only one. The philosophical points defended in this thesis are illustrated and supported by case studies from the history of science, including Fresnel’s wave theory of light, the Copernican revolution, the "neo-Darwinian synthesis" in evolutionary biology, the "prion revolution" in molecular biology, the miasma theory of disease, and the chemical revolution.
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Sabella, Jeremy Luis. "The Politics of Original Sin: Reinhold Niebuhr's Christian Realism and its Cold War Realist Reception." Thesis, Boston College, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104410.
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Thesis advisor: Michael J. HimesReinhold Niebuhr is among the most politically and theologically influential--and most misunderstood--American thinkers of the twentieth century. This misunderstanding is the product of a tendency among Niebuhr's admirers and critics alike to overlook the elaborate interplay of the theology and politics in Niebuhr's thought. I argue that Niebuhr understood himself as a preacher to religion's "cultured despisers," and that Niebuhr construed this role in fundamentally theological terms. As a consequence, there is a dynamic theology underlying his political engagement with the broader culture. Chief among the "cultured despisers" drawn to Niebuhr's thought were the political realists who dominated early Cold War politics. They were particularly compelled by the political insights of Niebuhr's Christian Realism, and proceeded to incorporate these insights into own realist visions. I argue that in the act of appropriating Niebuhr the political realists unwittingly absorbed much of his theology; and in neglecting to recognize the theological underpinnings to Niebuhr's political insights, they ended up misconstruing Niebuhr in important ways. I seek to demonstrate that fully appreciating Niebuhr's contributions to political discourse requires an awareness of how theology suffuses even his most overtly political writings. This project consists of two parts. Part One examines the theological formation of the concept at the heart of Niebuhr's Christian Realism: namely, the doctrine of original sin. From the outset, Niebuhr maintained that elaborating the full political implications of original sin required a theological structure. Through sustained conversations with theological contemporaries Karl Barth, Paul Tillich, Emil Brunner, and his brother H. Richard Niebuhr, Reinhold elaborated the distinctive theological anthropology, understanding of grace and redemption, and account of the dynamic interplay between faith and history underlying his exploration of original sin and its political implications. Niebuhr's Christian Realism, I suggest, is inextricably theological. Part Two analyses Niebuhr's reception among three of the most prominent midcentury political realists: Hans Morgenthau, George Kennan, and Arthur Schlesinger. Although they were among Niebuhr's most astute interpreters, all three figures wrongly presumed that they could extricate the political elements of Niebuhr's thinking on original sin from the theological structure in which this thinking was embedded, and import only these political elements into their own realist visions. Their uses of the concept of original sin indicate that they both adopt far more of Niebuhr's theology than they ever intended to, and misconstrue some of his most profound insights. I close by considering what a theologically grounded Christian Realism has to offer political discourse
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2013
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Theology
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Maufort, Jessica. "Ecological Magic Realism and Magic Realist Ecopoetics: Storying Place in Postcolonial Canadian and Australasian Novels." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/276457/5/Contrat.pdf.
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This comparative reading of contemporary Australasian and Canadian fiction privileges a reciprocal interaction between ecocriticism and magic realism within the field of postcolonial studies. My research shows that few works examine magic realism as a distinct aesthetic mode, while many ecocritical and postcolonial studies favour colonialist and pessimistic perspectives. Seeking to balance thematic and aesthetic concerns, my concepts of ecological magic realism and magic realist ecopoetics re-evaluate this still often misunderstood mode: its techniques in postcolonial narratives not only transcribe the cultural plight of the postcolonial subject, but also translate the missing ecological link between the environment and human beings. Informed by ecopoetic reflections on figurative language, Delbaere-Garant’s notion of mythic realism, and material ecocriticism, my concepts take the narrative and physical agency – or poiesis – of the non-human world as their focal point. Recognizing the dialogical web of human and non-human energies raises the issues of eco-imperialism as well as those of environmental and social justice. My thesis discusses two main configurations of ecological magic realism common to Anglo-Celtic and Indigenous texts within my corpus: synergy and crisis. These shifting interspecies relations are explored through the contexts of eco-spiritualities, scientific approaches to Nature, Nature writing, gothic-like metamorphoses, eco-apocalypse, and the Anthropocene. Rejecting dualistic worldviews, magic realism in these collaborative or competitive humans/Nature interactions remains ambivalent: on the one hand, it re-enacts human beings’ failed embeddedness in their non-human surroundings; on the other, it also re-opens the possibility of a mutually-enriching symbiosis.Doctorat en Langues, lettres et traductologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Pearson, Philip. "Realism and anti-realism." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/27715.
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Michael Dummett has proposed a means of characterising a range of traditional philosophical disputes. This method is intended to highlight the similarities which exist between these disputes and by this means to facilitate their solution. Within the characterisation each dispute is regarded as a conflict between proponents of different theories of meaning. This proposed characterisation, its validity and usefulness, form the main topic of consideration within this thesis. An exposition of the realist/anti-realist characterisation is presented which attempts to summarise the important features of Dummett's writings on this' topic. Subsequently attention is given over to a critical appraisal of this approach. The appraisal falls into two phases. The first of these is parochial in the sense that the topics discussed are internal to the framework of the characterisation. In the second phase the characterisation is viewed from further back and the relationship between it and its Wittgensteinian origins are examined. The first phase of the appraisal initially centres around issues which have arisen within the literature. One feature which emerges at this stage is that certain concepts which are central to the characterisation are in need of more precise specification. Further concerns regarding the specification are uncovered as the assessment extends beyond the published literature. In the second phase Wittgenstein's work on privacy is reviewed in some detail. It is concluded from this phase that some of the main disputes intended to be covered by the characterisation are in fact forestalled by Wittgenstein's work. Also it is suggested that the intended adoption of Wittgenstein's approach to meaning, within the characterisation, runs counter to Wittgenstein's intent. Overall it is concluded that the proposed characterisation is in need of better specification but that even if this is achieved, the approach to meaning which is being advocated is one which may not be sustainable.
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Santos, Daniele Ribeiro dos. "Do realismo sujo ao realismo vazio: um estudo comparativo entre a ficção de Rubem Fonseca e Pedro Juan Gutiérrez." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2007. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=212.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorA tese analisa a obra de Rubem Fonseca e Pedro Juan Gutiérrez sob o ponto de vista da abjeção, do nojo, do choque e do trauma, suas aproximações e diferenças, partindo das várias noções de realismo até chegar ao realismo sujo, termo cunhado para designar toda uma a geração de jovens escritores americanos e latino-americanos, surgidos a partir dos anos 80. Aborda ainda as estratégias utilizadas por Fonseca (nas décadas de 60, 70 e 80) e Gutiérrez (nos anos 90 e 00) para lidar com a ditadura, respectivamente no Brasil e em Cuba, traçando um breve panorama do cenário literário cubano contemporâneo. Por fim, o trabalho discute o realismo vazio, que se caracteriza pela perda da fé nas utopias. O trabalho se apóia nas categorias teóricas utilizadas por Hal Foster, Julia Kristeva e Mário Perniola.
The thesis analyses Rubem Fonsecas and Pedro Juan Gutiérrezs fiction under the point of view of abjection, disgust, shock and trauma, their similarities and differences, starting with the different notions of Realism and reaching dirty realism expression used to identify a generation of young American and Latinamerican writers that started to publish in the 1980s. It also broaches the strategies to deal with dictatorship in Brazil and in Cuba, drawing a brief map of the contemporary Cuban literary scenario. Finally, the work discusses the empty realism, which is marked by the loss of the faith in the Utopia. The project is supported by the theoretical categories used by Hal Foster, Julia Kristeva and Mário Perniola.
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Lisbôa, Roseny Aparecida Miranda de. "Concepções sobre ciência e natureza: uma investigação das visões filosóficas de professores de física do ensino superior." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/81/81131/tde-17122015-105810/.
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O objetivo deste trabalho é pesquisar e classificar as diversas concepções filosóficas sobre o mundo físico e a ciência em um grupo específico de físicos: professores do Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo. O trabalho começou com a criação de um questionário envolvendo julgamentos ou opiniões sobre alguns assuntos da física, sempre procurando abordar conceitos fundamentais da filosofia da ciência, como verdade, realismo, reducionismo, determinismo, natureza do tempo físico, objetivos da ciência e visões religiosas. De posse desse questionário realizamos entrevistas com dez professores do Instituto de Física da USP e então partimos para as análises dessas respostas. A metodologia utilizada seguiu os princípios da pesquisa qualitativa associada à análise de conteúdo. Isso que nos permitiu o estabelecimento de critérios de classificação para as diversas concepções filosóficas encontradas nas respostas dos entrevistados e a criação de categorias que foram ilustradas com representações diagramáticas. Com esta pesquisa, pretende-se deixar abertos caminhos para que, no futuro, possam ser investigadas conexões com o ensino na sala de aula, os livros didáticos, práticas pedagógicas, estratégias de ensino, novas sequências didáticas, etc. Além disso, espera-se que essa pesquisa possa tornar-se um forte aliado no processo de ensino-aprendizagem de determinados fenômenos, influenciando também a maneira como a natureza da ciência é apresentada e como a Física é ensinada.The aim of this study is to investigate and classify the various philosophical conceptions about the physical world and science in a specific group of physicists: teachers of the Institute of Physics at the University of São Paulo (USP). The work began with the creation of a questionnaire involving judgments or opinions on some subjects of physics, addressing fundamental concepts of philosophy of science, such as truth, realism, reductionism, determinism, nature of physical time, aims of science, and religious views. With this questionnaire, interviews were conducted with ten professors from the Institute of Physics of USP, and then an analysis of the answers was made. The methodology used followed the principles of qualitative research associated with content analysis. This enabled us to establish criteria for classification for the various philosophical concepts found in the answers of the respondents, and to create categories that were illustrated with diagrammatic representations. We hope that in the future this research can be connected to issues in classroom teaching, textbooks, teaching practices, teaching strategies, new didactic sequences, etc. In addition, we hope that this research can become a strong ally in the teaching-learning process of certain phenomena, influencing the way the nature of science is presented and how physics is taught.
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Smith, Steven. "Metaphysical realism and moral realism." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358535.
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Larkins, Jeremy. "The idea of the territorial state : discourses of political space in Renaissance Italy." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1999. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2617/.
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This thesis, presented as a theoretical contribution to the discipline of International Relations, describes the intellectual origins of the idea of the territorial state. The idea of the territorial state has a privileged place in International Relations for it is an integral element of Realism, the discipline's dominant intellectual tradition. Realism assumes that the primary actors in the modern international system are states, as identified by their exercise of sovereignty over a delimited space or territory. In Realist history, the territorial state and the modern territorial international order emerged together, twin products of seventeenth century political theory and practice, as signified by political settlement of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. This thesis challenges the Realist narrative of the idea of the territorial state on two counts: methodologically and historically. First, it rejects the view that it is possible to account for the idea of the territorial state exclusively in terms of political practice and knowledge. It argues that the Realist idea of the territorial state needs to be understood as one expression of a much broader and more complex matrix of narratives - social, political, philosophical and cultural - about man's capacity to know, represent and order the spaces of modernity. Second, the thesis rejects the Realist history that dates the emergence of the territorial state to the seventeenth century. An alternative chronology is put forward that dates the origins of the idea of the territorial state to fifteenth and sixteenth century Renaissance Italy. The thesis argues that the first signs of the idea of the territorial state can be identified in various Renaissance spatial discourses: political, cosmological, artistic and cartographic. These spatial discourses and the practices they led to established the templates for thinking about and representing space in modernity, including those underlying the articulation of the idea of the modern territorial state.
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Daie, Fabio Salem. "A glória e a queda: construção e desagregação do romance na periferia do capitalismo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8156/tde-10042014-114554/.
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O presente trabalho visa explorar a forma do romance na periferia do capitalismo no século XX e XXI, tendo como paradigmas dois de seus mais destacados escritores, Alejo Carpentier e Mia Couto. Para tanto, analisa-se aqui as obras Los Pasos Perdidos (Carpentier) e O Outro Pé da Sereia (Couto) à luz da teoria do realismo de György Lukács. O que se deseja demonstrar é: visto que o romance é a epopéia do mundo burguês, autores como Carpentier se valeram do período de desenvolvimentismo industrial no continente latino-americano inserido no crescimento mundial do capitalismo pós-Segunda Guerra (1945-1975) para lançar o conflito entre a afirmação definitiva da modernidade e seu universo pré-moderno: a isto muitos deram o nome de realismo maravilhoso. Por sua vez, em Moçambique, o histórico colonial e a independência tardia na época da crise estrutural do capital (a partir de 1975) determinaram uma frágil afirmação dos padrões sociais burgueses. Tal condição tem conseqüências na produção romanesca de autores como Mia Couto. Entre elas: o maravilhoso aparece como princípio formal, elidindo tensões necessárias ao romance e restringindo assim o alcance de sua ficção.The present work aims to explore the form of the novel in capitalisms periphery in the XX and XXI centuries, using as paradigms two of its most illustrious writers, Alejo Carpentier and Mia Couto. To do so, Los Pasos Perdidos (Carpentier) and O Outro Pé da Sereia (Couto) are studied from the perspective of György Lukácss realism theory. The intent is to demonstrate the following: since the novel is the bourgeois worlds epopee, authors such as Carpentier made use of the industrial development period in Latin America in the context of post-Second World War capitalisms growth in the world (1945-1975) to draw the conflict between modernitys definitive affirmation and its pre-modern universe: which many have named magical realism. In turn, in Mozambique, the colonial past and the late independence by the time of capitalisms structural crisis (starting in 1975) have defined a fragile affirmation of bourgeois social patterns. Such situation has consequences in the novel production of authors such as Mia Couto. Amongst which: the magical element appears as formal principle, suppressing necessary tensions to the novel, thus restricting its fictional reach.
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Santos, Kátia Hale dos. "Violência e realismo na particularidade russa." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/21259.
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Violence is an integral principle of capitalism from its historical origins to its modern development. The violence toward the semifeudal peasantry that came from English capitalists in the 14th to 17th centuries shaped the pre-history of capitalism. The continuity of this violence toward more primitive peoples shaped the modern history of capitalism. In the first case, this violence is used in order to establish capitalism; in the other, it develops and universalizes its concept. In both cases, violence is inevitable and inseparable from capital. However, in the case of peripheral countries, where the capitalist mode of production is combined with another mode of production, violence becomes even more evident. This paper has the objective of investigating violence in the particular case of Russia and its effect on Maxim Gorky’s realist literature. We start from the premise that structural and ‘naturalized’ violence in Russia between the last quarter of the 19th century to early 20th century – focus of this paper – is inherent to the implementation of the capitalist mode of production and liberal ideals in a feudal society, with different coexisting modes of production, when the brutal violence among the populace was even bigger than in the formality that characterized human relations in capitalism. The unequal rhythm of capitalist development in the international arena in locations that are lagging behind, according to Trotsky, ended up creating its own history in underdeveloped nations, when the late capitalism will be marked by the assimilation of more modern elements from advanced nations and its adaptation to archaic material and cultural conditions. Realist literature is by definition the one that, from reality itself, can go beyond an appearance of reality and meet its essence, representing it in its dynamic totality, in which beginning and end are man himself in his authenticity. Gorky’s work was chosen for its reflection upon the violence brought about in this period, revealing russian society’s contradictions in its process of adherence to capitalism in its imperialist phase, keeping traces of the old regime
A violência é um princípio do capitalismo que o compõe desde a sua gênese ao seu desenvolvimento moderno. A violência originária do capitalismo inglês dos séculos XIVXVII sobre o campesinato semifeudal forma a pré-história do capitalismo. A continuidade desta violência sobre os povos atrasados forma a história moderna do capitalismo. Em um caso, a violência atua para formar o capitalismo; noutro, para desenvolver e universalizar seu conceito. Em ambos, a violência é inevitável e inseparável do capital, mas, no caso dos países periféricos, onde o modo de produção capitalista está associado a outro modo de produção, a violência se faz ainda mais presente. A pesquisa ora apresentada tem como objeto de investigação a violência na particularidade russa e seu reflexo na literatura realista de Máximo Gorki. Partimos do pressuposto de que a violência estrutural e “naturalizada” na Rússia entre o último quartil do século XIX e início do século XX – recorte da pesquisa – é inerente à implementação do modo de produção capitalista e dos ideais liberais numa sociedade de base feudal, coexistindo modos de produção distintos, quando a brutal violência entre os extratos populares era ainda maior que no formalismo que caracteriza as relações humanas no capitalismo. A desigualdade de ritmo do desenvolvimento do capitalismo no plano internacional acabou por impor uma historicidade própria nas localidades atrasadas, segundo Trotsky (1977), quando o capitalismo tardio será marcado pela assimilação de elementos mais modernos das nações avançadas e sua adaptação a condições materiais e culturais arcaicas. A literatura realista é, por definição, aquela que, a partir da própria realidade, consegue ultrapassar a aparência da realidade e ir ao encontro de sua essência, figurando-a em sua totalidade dinâmica, na qual o início e o fim são o próprio homem em sua autenticidade. A obra de Gorki foi eleita por refletir a violência gerada nesse momento, revelando as contradições da sociedade russa no seu processo de aderência ao capitalismo em sua fase imperialista, guardando traços do antigo regime
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Cherñavsky, Emilio. "No mundo da fantasia: uma investigação sobre o irrealismo na ciência econômica e suas causas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12138/tde-15082011-200354/.
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Sugere-se neste trabalho que o irrealismo constitui uma característica marcante da corrente dominante na ciência econômica que explica o desempenho decepcionante das atividades de previsão e explanação realizadas com base nesse paradigma. Após desenvolver o pouco claro conceito de irrealismo na ciência econômica, mostrando quando ele ocorre e quais são suas causas, busca-se relacionar sua presença com aquele desempenho decepcionante. Defende-se que ele pode ser explicado pela negligência da maior parte da corrente dominante em relação ao realismo de suas proposições, negligência traduzida na utilização amplamente difundida nas práticas dessa corrente de modelos irrealistas, que são aqueles que não buscam ou, se o fazem, não são bem-sucedidos em capturar uma parcela relevante da realidade. Sugere-se que o emprego de modelos irrealistas é geralmente - mas não sempre - o resultado da insistência do mainstream na ciência econômica em aderir à abordagem dedutivista em um mundo caracterizado pela não-ubiqüidade de regularidades estritas que ela invariavelmente pressupõe, e se manifesta tipicamente na aplicação generalizada em situações concretas de modelos econômicos fortemente abstratos cujos pressupostos implicam a operação de mecanismos que são inválidos nessas situações específicas. A explicação para esta tendência ao irrealismo do mainstream, por sua vez, se encontra no fato de que a grande maioria dos modelos elaborados a partir dessa perspectiva pressupõe a onipresença de estruturas de mercado competitivas a despeito de que em muitas - e mesmo na maioria das - situações reais elas estão claramente ausentes, o que decorre do viés ideológico que os economistas associados à corrente dominante possuem e que se caracteriza pela crença inequivoca nas insuperáveis virtudes do mecanismo de mercado e da propriedade privada como princípios orientadores centrais da organização da produção e mesmo da vida em sociedade. Essa crença se encontra na origem do liberalismo econômico tradicional e do neoliberalismo, e sua defesa obrigatoriamente requer que os mercados sejam, pelo menos em sua grande maioria, competitivos. Para satisfazer essa hipótese a ideologia neoliberal impõe à realidade a onipresença de estruturas de mercado competitivas, possíveis em abstrato mas geralmente ausentes em situações reais, o que faz com que os modelos construídos a partir da abordagem que a ela adere assim como a própria abordagem sejam freqüentemente irrealistas.This work suggests that irrealism is a remarkable feature of mainstream in economics and explains the poor performance of both activities of prediction and explanation that heavily draw from this paradigm. After elaborating the unclear concept of irrealism in economics, showing when it occurs and what are its causes, I try to relate its presence to that poor performance. It\"s sustained that this performance can be explained by the negligence of most of mainstream practioners concerning the realism of their propositions, negligence that translates into the widely spread use of unrealistic models, those that do not try or, if they do, they don\"t succeed in capturing a relevant portion of the reality, in their practices. It\"s suggested that the use of such an unrealistic models is mostly - but not always - due to the insistence of mainstream economics in sticking to the deductivistic approach in a world where the strict regularities that it inevitably assumes are extremely scarce, and tipically shows itself in abstract models widely applied to concrete situations where their assumptions imply the operation of mechanisms that happen to be invalid in those specific situations. The account of that tendency to irrealism in mainstream economics should be looked for in the fact that the large majority of models they create assumes the ubiquity of competitive market structures despite in many real situations - probably in most of them - they are clearly absent, what is a result of the ideological bias that mainstream economists have, defined by the strong belief in the insurmountable virtues of the market mechanism and private property as general principles for the organization of production and even for life in society. This belief is found in the origin of traditional economical liberalism and of neoliberalism, and its defense inevitably requires markets to be, at least in their large majority, competitive. In order to satisfy that assumption neoliberal ideology imposes into reality the ubiquity of competitive market structures, possible as an abstraction but generally absent in real situations, what frequently making those models that heavily draw from this paradigm as well as the whole approach totally unrealistic.
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SILVA, Frederico José Machado da. "O teatro romântico, o realismo teatral e o teatro de comédia realista no Brasil (1855-1865)." UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE PERNAMBUCO, 2015. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/15368.
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Tomando como certas as proposições de que Martins Pena foi um dos principais autores do teatro durante o século XIX no Brasil, a presente tese avalia a influência do teatro costumbrista martimpenista na obra teatral de um dos maiores autores do Romantismo brasileiro, José de Alencar, com o objetivo de reposicionar a história da literatura teatral brasileira no tocante às produções cômicas oitocentistas, instituindo uma relação entre o teatro de Alencar e suas demais produções ficcionais. Para tanto, fizemos uma retomada da definição de Realismo, apresentando considerações sobre o conceito e sua relação com uma visão de mundo antiburguesa, leituras dos textos críticos formadoras das ideias teatrais do século XIX e analisamos Os dois ou o inglês maquinista e O demônio familiar para mostrar a influência do teatro romântico sobre o que se costuma chamar de teatro realista. O resultado de nossas pesquisas mostrou que aquilo classificado como comédia realista brasileira é na realidade comédia romântica.
In the belief that Martins Pena was one of the most important theatrical Brazilian authors of the 19th century, this text purposes that he influenced the major author of the Brazilian romanticism, José de Alencar. It focuses in discuss the history of Brazilian theater in its matter of comedy plays of the 19th century. To accomplish that, we made a study the concept of ‘Realism’ and its relation with an anti-bourgeois worldview. After that, we read some critic texts of the 19th century whose influenced the theatrical thoughts of the 19th century and made an analysis of ‘Os dois ou o inglês maquinista’, by Martins Pena, and ‘O demônio familiar’, by José de Alencar, to show that the romantic worldview is similar to that we call Realistic Theatre. Our research showed that the term Brazilian realistic play of comedy is – as a matter of fact –, a romantic play of comedy.
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Roberts, D. E. "Two realistic interpretations of the Second World War : Karl Barth and neo-orthodoxy, H. Richard Niebuhr and Christian Realism." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.661221.
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Karl Barth and H. Richard Niebuhr both attempted to understand the Second World War in theologically realistic fashions. Barth has been termed a critically realistic thinker in recent scholarship, most notably in Bruce McCormack's book: Karl Barth's Critically Realistic Dialectical Theology. Barth uses both realism and idealism to argue against anthropocentric theology, and ethics including traditional just-war theories. He maintains that God must always be primary, the one who determines good and evil; therefore theology and ethics must always to theocentric not anthropocentric. Good is, according to Barth, that which God commands. This leads him to argue for a divine-command ethic in which God speaks to concrete persons in concrete situations. H. Richard Niebuhr, who belonged to the Christian Realists in the United States, argues from a very similar theological basis as Barth, but ends up with an ethics of responsibility rather than a divine-command morality. According to Niebuhr, human beings are responders, who respond in answer to prior action upon them. The primary question for ethics is therefore what is happening, to what must I respond in this situation and how must I respond to it. In attempting to determine the fitting response, one must also attempt to understand what the response to my responding action will be. This model assists in understanding the events that lead up to and occur during war and can help to build a move stable peace. Both Barth and Niebuhr attempted to understand the particular events of the Second World War in a theological and Christian way. Their insights provide assistance in our response to situations that may require the governmental use of force, i.e. military action, peacekeeping missions and humanitarian missions. The world situation, however, has changed since World War II; there are now more and conflicts between non-State groups, such as civil and ethnic wars. Therefore, both Barth and Niebuhr's ethics of the war from that time require some modification to deal with current events. Barth's theological rejection of anthropocentrism remains the framework for any Christian ethic dealing with contemporary uses of military force, but his divine-command morality leaves little room for moral debate and discussion, especially in a multi-cultural setting.
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Hall, Bryan. "Kant, realism, and anti-realism (Immanuel Kant)." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3178361.
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Kuhn, William Carlos. "Os programas metafísicos de investigação em Popper como berçário da ciência." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2017. http://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/3133.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This work aims the investigation of the relationship between metaphysics and science using the popperian concepts of metaphysical realism and the metaphysical research programs. The place of metaphysics was reevaluated throughout the developments of popperian philosophy and changed the situation of excluded from the domain of science, by its non-testability at first, to be incorporated directly into the scientific methodology at second. A cause for this is that Popper thought the methodology is not empirical, but possibly metaphysical and normative, besides the realism, while metaphysical in nature, and non-testable, is open to criticism. The philosopher thought the methodology of science saying that induction must be rejected as a characteristic method of science and replaced by falsifiability, whose assumption is that universal theories are accepted as conjectures, considering the fallibility of our knowledge. We see that Popper, in developing his falseationist theory of method he accepted the correspondential truth theory due to the understanding that it was the only well suited option to the falsifiability and its metaphysical realism and had no choice but admitting the problems arising as a mystery. Popper didn´t realize that in doing so he created problems for the rest of his own philosophy, especially for the thesis of knowledge as a human invention. Thus it seems that popperian realism and its presupposition of natural laws seems to have been sustained by the belief in the connection of this with the latent aim of science, which is in his point of view the search for truth. But it seems this conception of truth, as Caponi (1996) also pointed out, can be understood as an idealization of rational acceptance, which seems to be an acceptable internalist alternative as more compatible with falseasionism and, at the same time, as an outline of difficulties arising from the metaphysical commitments of popperian realism. We understand that the defense of realism for Popper is also motivated by the attempt to avoid one of the negative ethical consequences of solipsism that is the human suffering. At this point we see the metaphysical programs of investigation seemmingly occupying the function of the methodology in terms of their programmatic character. Therefore, the methodology will depend on a metaphysics. We see that a reasonable explanation for this shift in Popper's perspective of metaphysics is the understanding that criticism regulates both metaphysics and empirical science. Thus, the demarcation that makes sense at all is that between criticisms and non-criticism, that is, falsification is not a strict criterion make possible the idea about the influence of metaphysics in science. The predominance of criticism over knowledge allows imaginative theories such as some metaphysical programs to provide content-rich insights and contribute on problems selection and its interpretation. Criticism, therefore, is the link between metaphysics and science.
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a investigação da relação entre metafísica e ciência utilizando os conceitos popperianos de realismo metafísico e programa metafísico de investigação. O lugar da metafísica foi reavaliado ao longo dos desenvolvimentos da filosofia popperiana e passou da condição de excluída da esfera da ciência, pela sua não testabilidade em um primeiro momento, para ser incorporada diretamente na metodologia científica em seguida. Um motivo para pensarmos isso é o fato de Popper ter constatado que a metodologia não é empírica, mas possivelmente metafísica e normativa, além de o realismo, apesar de ter caráter metafísico, e não ser testável, ser criticável. O filósofo pensou a metodologia da ciência no seguinte sentido: a indução deve ser rejeitada como método característico da ciência e substituída pela falseabilidade, cujo pressuposto é de que as teorias universais são aceitas como conjecturas, considerando a falibilidade do nosso conhecimento. Entendemos que Popper, ao desenvolver sua teoria falseasionista do método, aceitou a tese da verdade como correspondência por entender que era a única opção compatível com a falseabilidade e seu realismo metafísico e não teve outra opção senão admitir os problemas decorrentes como um mistério. O que Popper não percebeu é que, ao fazer isso criou problemas para o restante de sua filosofia, sobretudo para a ideia do conhecimento como invenção humana. Assim nos parece que o realismo popperiano e seu pressuposto de leis naturais, parece ter sido sustentado pela crença da vinculação deste com o objetivo latente da ciência, que é, para ele, a busca da verdade. Mas essa concepção de verdade nos parece, conforme Caponi (1996) também assinalou, pode ser entendida como uma idealização da aceitação racional, a qual parece ser uma alternativa internalista aceitável como mais compatível com o falseasionismo e, ao mesmo tempo, como um contorno das dificuldades decorrentes dos compromissos metafísicos do realismo popperiano. Entendemos que a defesa do realismo para Popper é motivada também pela tentativa de evitar uma das consequências éticas negativas do solipsismo, a saber: o sofrimento humano. Em torno dessa discussão, pensamos que os programas metafísicos de investigação parecem ocupar a função da metodologia, por terem o caráter programático. Assim sendo, a metodologia dependerá de uma metafísica. Entendemos que uma explicação razoável para essa mudança da perspectiva popperiana sobre a metafísica é entender que a crítica regula tanto a metafísica quanto a ciência empírica. Portanto, a demarcação que importa realmente é entre teorias criticáveis e não criticáveis, ou seja, a falseabilidade não é um critério rigoroso e permite pensar a possibilidade de influência de uma metafísica na ciência. A predominância da crítica sobre o conhecimento permite que teorias ricas em imaginação como alguns programas metafísicos possam fornecer intuições ricas em conteúdo e contribuir na seleção de problemas e na interpretação destes. A crítica, portanto é o elo entre a metafísica e a ciência.
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Jungk, Isabel Victoria Galleguillos. "Por uma ontologia plana: Harman, Simondon, Peirce." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2017. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/19905.
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By the emergence of the Internet of Things as a physical extension of the network, characterized by the interconnection of intelligent, autonomous and sentient objects, man has lost the position of absolute master in those interrelations to be another actor in the theater of the intricate transformations that take place, evincing the need to rethink the ontological status of both human and technical beings. In the scope of Speculative Realism, the proposal of an Object Oriented Ontology by Graham Harman arose, claiming an ontology which does not depart from pre-established hierarchies between different types of beings. However, despite the undeniable value of the contributions that this movement has made, such as the intense questioning of the subject-object relationship, the importance given to the relation and the disregard of representational issues stricto sensu, such contributions do not seem to suffice for building a philosophy on a truly realistic ground. In this context, it is raised the question about the possibility of the existence of a common denominator between human beings and technical entities, which would be capable of grounding a realistic ontology devoid of pre-established hierarchies. In the present study, it is hypothesized that this gap can be fulfilled by the ontologies elaborated in the works of Gilbert Simondon and Charles Sanders Peirce, authors whose philosophies stand out for metaphysics of an eminently logic and scientific nature, but which do not yet appear in the theoretical framework of contemporary realism in a significant manner, pointing to the relevance of this research. The results of this hypothetical-deductive research are expected to lead to the scientificmetaphysical foundation of a renewed ontological perspective, capable of addressing the consequences of the coexistence between humans and technical beings, as a result of the emerging intelligence technologies, on a realistic and non-hierarchical basis
Pela eclosão de Internet das Coisas como extensão física da rede, caracterizada pela interconexão de objetos inteligentes, sencientes e autônomos, o homem perdeu a posição de senhor absoluto nessas interrelações para ser mais um ator no teatro das intrincadas transformações que se processam, evidenciando-se a necessidade de repensar o estatuto ontológico tanto de seres humanos como de seres técnicos. No âmbito do Realismo Especulativo, surgiu a proposta de Graham Harman de uma Ontologia Orientada a Objetos que não parta de hierarquias preestabelecidas entre os diferentes tipos de seres. Contudo, não obstante o valor inegável das contribuições que esse movimento tem aportado, tais como o questionamento intenso da relação sujeito-objeto, a importância dada à relação e a desconsideração das questões representacionais stricto sensu, tais contribuições não parecem dar conta de construir uma filosofia sobre bases verdadeiramente realistas. Nesse contexto, destaca-se a questão sobre a possibilidade de existência de um denominador comum entre seres humanos e entes técnicos capaz de fundamentar uma ontologia realista desprovida de hierarquias preestabelecidas. Neste estudo, parte-se da hipótese de que essa lacuna pode ser preenchida pelas ontologias elaboradas nas obras de Gilbert Simondon e Charles Sanders Peirce, autores cujas filosofias se destacam por metafísicas de cunho eminentemente lógico-científico, mas que ainda não comparecem no quadro teórico do realismo contemporâneo de maneira significativa, apontando para a relevância desta pesquisa. Espera-se que os resultados desta pesquisa, de natureza hipotético-dedutiva, levem à fundamentação científico-metafísica de uma perspectiva renovada da ontologia, capaz de abordar as consequências da coexistência entre seres humanos e seres técnicos, em função das tecnologias da inteligência emergentes, sobre bases realistas e não hierarquizadas
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Gonçalves, Raquel Vieira de Macedo. "Pequenas criaturas e o efeito de real : a estética da crueldade em Rubem Fonseca /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91577.
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Orientador: Wilma Patrícia Marzari Dinardo MaasResumo: Pequenas criaturas e o efeito de real: a estética da crueldade em Rubem Fonseca trata da relação entre as opções estéticas do escritor e a temática de alguns contos de Pequenas criaturas (2002). O estudo inicia-se com a análise de algumas características gerais da obra de Fonseca, dentre as quais destaca-se a abordagem do tema da opressão e de alguns subtemas: a violência e a alienação generalizada na sociedade de massas. Observa-se que, na linha denominada realismo feroz, o escritor afasta-se dos moldes tradicionais da literatura policial e que, com uma literatura de grande vendagem, ultrapassa os esquemas típicos da literatura de mercado. No que se refere à análise dos contos, parte-se do resumo e comentário dos temas para a observação dos recursos estéticos. Estes são responsáveis pelo que Petar Petrov denominou efeito de real, que resulta da objetividade do autor e da vivacidade da narrativa, garantidas mediante uma série de recursos, tais como: largo uso de linguagem coloquial através do discurso direto; narração em primeira pessoa; mínima intervenção dos narradores ausentes da diegese; caracterização indireta das personagens, entre outros. Como conseqüência do efeito de real, que articula a brutalidade dos temas à brutalidade da forma de narrar, chegou-se ao efeito de distanciamento, que, segundo Brecht, pelo espanto, permite que o leitor se distancie da matéria narrada para assumir um posicionamento crítico.
Abstract: Pequenas criaturas and the real effect: the esthetics of cruelty on Rubem Fonseca deals with writer's esthetics option and the theme of some short stories from his book Pequenas criaturas (2002). This paper starts analyzing the general characteristics of Fonseca's books, which highlights the theme of oppression and other subtitles such as violence and alienation commonly found at mass society. It is observed that in the research field known as "realismo feroz" - fierce realism - writer breaks off the traditional frame of crime novels and, as a bestselling writer, overtakes ordinary schemes of mass literature. The analysis of short stories starts from the abstract and themes comments to observing the esthetics resources. These resources were named by Petar Petrov as "the real effect" (efeito de real) that results in the writer's objectivity and his vivacious narrative, thanks to several resources such as: wide employment of direct speech, the least intervention of narrators, not formal language etc. As a consequence of real effect that plays the brutality of themes to the brutality of narration, it ends up to the effect of being apart from the text. According to Brecht, by astonishment, it allows the reader to be apart from the narrative to assume a critique position.
Mestre
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França, Clístenes Chaves de. "Pragmática formal, verdade e realismo: do conceito epistêmico à indeterminação da verdade em Jürgen Habermans." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2017. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/27160.
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FRANÇA, Clístenes Chaves de. Pragmática formal, verdade e realismo: do conceito epistêmico à indeterminação da verdade em Jürgen Habermans. 2017. 284f. - Tese (Doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pós-Graduação em Filosofia, Fortaleza (CE), 2017.Submitted by sebastiao barroso (jrwizard2209@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-04T12:37:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_tese_ccfrança.pdf: 1989334 bytes, checksum: aee408ece4b644c3838224272d5b1e15 (MD5)
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The present work exposes and analyzes the theoretical-argumentative route that led Habermas to sustain an antirealist consensual-discursive concept of truth to defend a pragmatic concept that aims to account for the realistic presuppositions inherent to the communicative practices of subjects capable of action and speech. Having initially identified truth as the product of a rational agreement between arguers forged within an ideal speech situation, Habermas was convinced by the criticisms of authors such as Donald Davidson, Ansgar Beckermann, Albrecht Wellmer and Cristina Lafont, of the unsustainability of an antirealist grasp of the truth if, with this concept, we intend to clarify the communicative practices of understanding and intervention in the world of members from a linguistic community. The revision of his concept of truth is performed along with the establishment of a more adequate space in formal pragmatics for non-representational realism and weak naturalism. Knowledge cannot be reduced to mere representation of reality, but rather must incorporate the learning process effected by overcoming the failures concretely experienced in the sphere of action. The revision of his concept of truth is performed along with the establishment of a more adequate space in formal pragmatics for non-representational realism and weak naturalism. Knowledge cannot be reduced to mere representation of reality, but rather must incorporate the learning process effected by overcoming the failures concretely experienced in the action sphere. On the other hand, the de-transcendentalisation of the cognitive structures of the life-world that mediate our experience with the objective world does not authorize a causal explanation of life-world‘s normativity. The distinction between the epistemic concept of justification (rational acceptability) and the non-epistemic concept of truth is at the basis of Habermas's rejection of Richard Rorty's contextualism, since it results from a bad theoretical step that would make it impossible to elucidate our effective communicative practices and would require the reformulation of one's own common sense which would be based on a démodé platonic difference. However, with his pragmatic conception of truth, Habermas defends the existence of an unrenounceable epistemic relationship between truth and justification that finds no support in the discourse sphere. We need to recognize that, in this, what sets in is an epistemic relationship between the process of justification of our beliefs and their rational acceptability and not between the realistically apprehended concept of truth and the justification. In this way, we come to the conclusion that Habermas's pragmatic concept of truth suffers from a fundamental indetermination. This derives from Habermas' refusal to theoretically discuss the relationship between language and world demanded by the realistic non-epistemic apprehension of truth. Habermas argues that the attempt to theoretically explain this relationship would involve metaphysical premises incompatible with a post-metaphysical thought, which implies that our author prefers to bequeath us an indeterminate concept of truth, to advance theoretically in the explanation of what is presupposed by the formal pragmatics itself.
O presente trabalho expõe e analisa o percurso teórico-argumentativo que levou Habermas da defesa de um conceito consensual-discursivo antirrealista da verdade para a defesa de um conceito pragmático que visa dar conta das pressuposições realistas inerentes às práticas comunicativas de sujeitos capazes de ação e fala. Por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e análise crítica das obras indicadas nas referências, o trabalho mostra que Habermas, tendo inicialmente identificado a verdade como produto de um acordo racional entre argumentantes, forjado no interior de uma situação ideal de fala, vem a ser convencido posteriormente, pelas críticas de autores como Donald Davidson, Ansgar Beckermann, Albrecht Wellmer e Cristina Lafont, da insustentabilidade de uma apreensão antirrealista da verdade se, com este conceito, se pretende esclarecer as práticas comunicativas de entendimento e intervenção no mundo dos membros de uma comunidade linguística. A revisão de seu conceito da verdade é realizada de par com o estabelecimento de um espaço mais adequado na pragmática formal para o realismo não-representacionista e o naturalismo fraco. O conhecimento não pode ser reduzido à mera representação da realidade, mas antes deve incorporar o processo de aprendizagem efetivado pela superação dos malogros concretamente experienciados na esfera da ação. Por outro lado, a destranscendentalização das estruturas cognitivas do mundo da vida que medeiam nossa experiência com o mundo objetivo não autoriza uma explicação causal da normatividade do mundo da vida. A distinção entre o conceito epistêmico da justificação (aceitabilidade racional) e o conceito não-epistêmico da verdade está na base da rejeição de Habermas do contextualismo de Richard Rorty, pois este resulta de um mal passo teórico que inviabilizaria o esclarecimento de nossas práticas comunicativas efetivas e exigiria a reformulação do próprio senso comum o qual se sustentaria em uma diferença platônica démodé. Habermas, contudo, com seu conceito pragmático da verdade, defende a existência de uma relação epistêmica irrenunciável entre verdade e justificação que não encontra amparo na esfera do discurso. Nessa, é necessário reconhecer, o que se instala é uma relação epistêmica entre o processo de justificação de nossas crenças e sua aceitabilidade racional e não entre o conceito da verdade apreendido de maneira realista e a justificação. Dessa forma, este trabalho chega à conclusão de que o conceito pragmático da verdade de Habermas padece de uma indeterminação fundamental. Esta deriva da recusa de Habermas de discutir teoricamente a relação entre linguagem e mundo exigida pela apreensão realista não-epistêmica da verdade. Habermas alega que a tentativa de explicitar teoricamente essa relação envolver-se-ia com premissas metafísicas incompatíveis com um pensamento pós-metafísico, o que implica dizer que ele prefere legar um conceito indeterminado da verdade a avançar teoricamente na explicação daquilo que está pressuposto pela própria pragmática formal.
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Salerno, Joseph Roy. "semantic anti-realism, quasi-realism and logical revisionism /." The Ohio State University, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488192119263037.
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Myles, Robert. "Chaucerian realism /." Woodbridge [GB] : D.S. Brewer, 1994. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35711956t.
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Boyden, Aaron-Dirk. "Reducing realism." View abstract/electronic edition; access limited to Brown University users, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3318296.
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Honey, Michael Graham. "Subjunctive Realism." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/95313.
Full textAbstract:
I examine a metaphysical theory which accounts for the indeterminism
of which quantum mechanics is both cause and symptom. This theory,
which I call subjunctive realism, is based on a many-worlds
interpretation of quantum mechanics, where the multiple possible results
of observations describe branching states of the object system. Our
universe is but one branch of a larger “multiverse”: quantum-mechanical
observations provide information regarding the area of the multiverse
where the observer is located. An account of personal identity which can
cope with the demands of the theory is also provided, along with an
exploration of some ramifications of the theory for questions regarding
quantum theory and personal identity.
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Flynn, Rachael Elizabeth. "“Releasing/Realising her story” : a family story of migration released and realised through a journey of creative practice." Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 2017. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.742411.
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Luciano, Kelli Mesquita. "Referências históricas e o realismo mágico : as confluências em "Il barone rampante", de Italo Calvino e "El Siglo de las Luces", de Alejo Carpentier /." Araraquara, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151095.
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Orientador: Claudia Fernanda de Campos MauroBanca: Fernanda Aquino Sylvestre
Banca: Ivair Carlos Castelan
Banca: Maria Dolores Aybar Ramírez
Banca: Érika Bergamasco Guesse Borges
Resumo: Esta tese objetiva a comparação dos romances Il barone rampante (1957), de Italo Calvino e El Siglo de las Luces (1962), de Alejo Carpentier, pois ambos apresentam confluências no que diz respeito a existência de referencias históricas, uma vez que os enredos transcorrem no século XVIII, em meio a Revolução Francesa e aos ideais iluministas. Além disso, as duas narrativas apresentam indicações de figuras da história oficial assim como a indicação de Instituições históricas. É fundamental destacar que nos dois romances, há acontecimentos insólitos que se referem ao realismo mágico, em Il barone rampante, o protagonista Cosimo vive um estilo de vida incomum sobre as árvores, onde estuda, tem atitudes altruístas e acredita nos ideias revolucionários, enquanto em El Siglo de las Luces, o protagonista é Víctor Hugues que foi inspirado em uma figura da história oficial, um francês que foi comerciante e responsável por disseminar a ideologia revolucionária na região das Antilhas. Sua chegada a Havana, movimenta ativamente a vida dos primos Esteban, Carlos e Sofía, que passam a nutrir interesses pela Revolução, fazem diversos estudos e leituras de autores filosóficos e são moldados pelo pensamento racionalista. No romance carpentiano, Esteban é curado da asma graças a rituais curandeiros fator que pode ser associado ao realismo maravilhoso. Em outros momentos, buscamos evidenciar alguns aspectos fabulistas em Il barone rampante e do barroquismo latino americano em El Siglo de las Luc... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This thesis aims at the comparison of the novels Il barone rampante (1957), by Italo Calvino and El Siglo de las Luces (1962), by Alejo Carpentier, since both have confluences regarding the existence of historical references, since the entanglements both of which take place in the eighteenth century, amidst the French Revolution and the Enlightenment ideals. In addition, the two narratives present indications of figures of the official history as well as the indication of Historical Institutions. It is important to note that in the two novels, there are unusual events that refer to magical realism, in Il barone rampante, the protagonist Cosimo lives an unusual lifestyle on the trees, where he studies, has altruistic attitudes and believes in revolutionary ideas, while in El Siglo de las Luces, the protagonist is Víctor Hugues who was inspired by an official history figure, a french who was a merchant and responsible for spreading the revolutionary ideology in the Antilles region. His arrival in Havana actively moves the lives of the cousins Esteban, Carlos and Sofía, who begin to nurture interests for the Revolution, do various studies and readings of philosophical authors and are shaped by rationalist thinking. In the Carpentian novel, Esteban is cured of asthma thanks to ritual healers, factor that can be associated with magical realism. At other times, we tried to evidence some fabulous aspects in Il barone rampante and the Latin American baroque in El Siglo de las Luces. ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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FranÃa, ClÃstenes Chaves de. "PragmÃtica formal, verdade e realismo: do conceito epistÃmico à indeterminaÃÃo da verdade em JÃrgen Habermas." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2017. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=20078.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorO presente trabalho expÃe e analisa o percurso teÃrico-argumentativo que levou Habermas da defesa de um conceito consensual-discursivo antirrealista da verdade para a defesa de um conceito pragmÃtico que visa dar conta das pressuposiÃÃes realistas inerentes Ãs prÃticas comunicativas de sujeitos capazes de aÃÃo e fala. Por meio de pesquisa bibliogrÃfica e anÃlise crÃtica das obras indicadas nas referÃncias, o trabalho mostra que Habermas, tendo inicialmente identificado a verdade como produto de um acordo racional entre argumentantes, forjado no interior de uma situaÃÃo ideal de fala, vem a ser convencido posteriormente, pelas crÃticas de autores como Donald Davidson, Ansgar Beckermann, Albrecht Wellmer e Cristina Lafont, da insustentabilidade de uma apreensÃo antirrealista da verdade se, com este conceito, se pretende esclarecer as prÃticas comunicativas de entendimento e intervenÃÃo no mundo dos membros de uma comunidade linguÃstica. A revisÃo de seu conceito da verdade à realizada de par com o estabelecimento de um espaÃo mais adequado na pragmÃtica formal para o realismo nÃo-representacionista e o naturalismo fraco. O conhecimento nÃo pode ser reduzido à mera representaÃÃo da realidade, mas antes deve incorporar o processo de aprendizagem efetivado pela superaÃÃo dos malogros concretamente experienciados na esfera da aÃÃo. Por outro lado, a destranscendentalizaÃÃo das estruturas cognitivas do mundo da vida que medeiam nossa experiÃncia com o mundo objetivo nÃo autoriza uma explicaÃÃo causal da normatividade do mundo da vida. A distinÃÃo entre o conceito epistÃmico da justificaÃÃo (aceitabilidade racional) e o conceito nÃo-epistÃmico da verdade està na base da rejeiÃÃo de Habermas do contextualismo de Richard Rorty, pois este resulta de um mal passo teÃrico que inviabilizaria o esclarecimento de nossas prÃticas comunicativas efetivas e exigiria a reformulaÃÃo do prÃprio senso comum o qual se sustentaria em uma diferenÃa platÃnica dÃmodÃ. Habermas, contudo, com seu conceito pragmÃtico da verdade, defende a existÃncia de uma relaÃÃo epistÃmica irrenunciÃvel entre verdade e justificaÃÃo que nÃo encontra amparo na esfera do discurso. Nessa, à necessÃrio reconhecer, o que se instala à uma relaÃÃo epistÃmica entre o processo de justificaÃÃo de nossas crenÃas e sua aceitabilidade racional e nÃo entre o conceito da verdade apreendido de maneira realista e a justificaÃÃo. Dessa forma, este trabalho chega à conclusÃo de que o conceito pragmÃtico da verdade de Habermas padece de uma indeterminaÃÃo fundamental. Esta deriva da recusa de Habermas de discutir teoricamente a relaÃÃo entre linguagem e mundo exigida pela apreensÃo realista nÃo-epistÃmica da verdade. Habermas alega que a tentativa de explicitar teoricamente essa relaÃÃo envolver-se-ia com premissas metafÃsicas incompatÃveis com um pensamento pÃs-metafÃsico, o que implica dizer que ele prefere legar um conceito indeterminado da verdade a avanÃar teoricamente na explicaÃÃo daquilo que està pressuposto pela prÃpria pragmÃtica formal.
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Lopes, Tania Mara Antonietti. "O realismo mágico na comunhão estética entre Memorial do convento e Cem anos de solidão /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91548.
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Orientador: Márcia Valéria Zamboni GobbiBanca: Maria Dolores Aybar Ramirez
Banca: Lílian Lopondo
Resumo: Memorial do Convento (1982), de José Saramago (1922), é a obra primordial que constitui o corpus de nossa pesquisa, na qual o autor português lança mão de um dos elementos representativos da expressão que, de certa forma, se associa à literatura hispano-americana e que se denomina como realismo mágico. É sob a perspectiva dessa categoria literária que propomos uma análise do romance do autor português. O mais importante na configuração do realismo mágico é a descoberta da misteriosa relação existente entre o homem e as circunstâncias em que está inserido. É importante esclarecermos que o realismo mágico não é hoje exclusivo da América Latina, mas foi apropriado por outras literaturas; sua preocupação elementar é constatar uma nova atitude do narrador diante do real. A produção de José Saramago e a de Gabriel García Márquez (1928) - autor cuja obra, Cem Anos de Solidão (1967), também integra, secundariamente, o nosso corpus - se assemelham em determinados procedimentos narrativos - tais como o realismo mágico, a desintegração da lógica linear de construção e a diversidade das vozes narrativas, que justificam sua aproximação. Considerando esses procedimentos, comuns na literatura hispano-americana, pretendemos estudar a comunhão estética entre as duas narrativas em questão, observando como o realismo mágico singulariza a relação entre história e ficção no romance de José Saramago.
Abstract: Memorial do Convento (1982), by José Saramago (1922), is the main work in our research corpus, in which the Portuguese author uses one of the representative elements of the expression that is associated, in a way, with the Hispano-American literature and is called magical realism. It is through the perspective of this literary category that we propose an analysis of Saramago's novel. The most important element in the configuration of magical realism is the discovery of the mysterious relationship between man and the circumstances that surround him. It is important to clarify that magical realism today is not confined to Latin America, but was absorbed by other literatures; its main concern is to show a new attitude of the narrator towards reality. The work of José Saramago and Gabriel García Márquez (1928) - a writer whose novel Cem Anos de Solidão (1967) is also, secondarily, a part of our corpus - resemble each other in certain narrative procedures, like magical realism itself, the breakdown of linear logic and the diversity of narrative voices, all of which warrant their proximity. By considering those procedures, common in Hispano-American literature, we intend to study the aesthetic communion between the two narratives, showing how magical realism informs the relationship between history and fiction in José Saramago's novel.
Mestre
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Fleta, Monzón David. "Periodismo mágico." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/291822.
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La presente tesis doctoral pretende probar que existen en el género periodístico de la crónica deportiva, especialmente la publicada actualmente en el diario El País, diversos elementos característicos y definitorios del realismo mágico, corriente literaria perteneciente al ámbito de la ficción y alejada del concepto de veracidad. Para confirmar nuestra hipótesis recurriremos a la epistemología y la teoría del periodismo (enriquecida por las aportaciones de la nueva lingüística, la filosofía del lenguaje, la sociología y la antropología), con el objetivo de cuestionar la perspectiva objetivista de raíz positivista dominante en la teoría del periodismo durante décadas. Con estas aportaciones trataremos de distinguir entre los conceptos de verdad literaria y verdad periodística, así como entre los de veracidad, verosimilitud y verdad. Así, interpretaremos los hechos sociales como construcción social, cultural, simbólica y mediática. Intentaremos definir tanto la crónica como el subgénero de la crónica deportiva a partir de una propuesta de características propias.
Nos apoyaremos en las perspectivas más relevantes del estudio del mito desde un enfoque antropológico para señalar de qué manera se manifiesta y qué función cumple tanto en el realismo mágico como en la crónica deportiva, teniendo en cuenta la intensa carga emotiva y mitopoética presente en el fenómeno deportivo y en su plasmación mediática. Nos aproximaremos al realismo mágico desde el campo de los estudios literarios que analizan la corriente mágicorrealista en el contexto de la literatura hispanoamericana del siglo XX, prestando atención a sus influencias más poderosas y al concepto de magia que propone. A partir de la narratología, la literatura comparada, los estudios literarios y el comparatismo periodístico literario intentaremos destacar los lazos comunes entre el periodismo y la narrativa, y cómo esta ha influido de forma decisiva en aquel.
Para acabar, llevaremos a cabo un análisis, cuantitativo primero y cualitativo después, de 93 crónicas deportivas, la mayoría publicadas en El País. En él, aplicaremos diversas herramientas metodológicas propuestas por nosotros para tal fin, derivadas de la elaboración de una serie de puntos de encuentro entre el realismo mágico y la crónica deportiva.This doctoral thesis wants to prove the existence of characteristic and defining elements of magic realism in the current sports chronicles published by the press, specially in the Spanish newspaper “El País”. It is well known that magic realism is a literary movement related to fiction and completely apart from the concept of veracity, so crucial in journalism. In order to confirm this hypothesis, epistemology and theory of journalism will be used, both enriched by the contributions of new linguistics, philosophy of language and anthropology. The whole point is to question the objectivistic perspective, which comes from positivist origin, that has prevailed in journalism for decades. Through these premises, the main goal will be to draw a distinction between the concepts of literary truth and journalistic truth, as well as to distinguish between other concepts related to journalism such as veracity, verisimilitude and truth. Therefore, social facts will be interpreted as a social, cultural, and media construction. It will be also an objective of this doctoral thesis to come up with a series of specific features that complement the canonical definitions of both the chronicle and the sports chronicle. This thesis will be supported by the most relevant perspectives from the study of the myth, based on an anthropological approach to point out how it appears and what its function is both in magic realism and sports chronicle, given the increased emotional and mythopoetic intensity present in sports events and its media visualization. Magic realism will be approached from literary studies which analyze the magical-realistic school of thought within the context of Spanish-American Literature in the twentieth century. Special attention will be paid to its most powerful influences and to the concept of magic that this school of thought suggests. Departing from narratology, Comparative Literature, literary studies and journalistic-literary “comparatism” (as described by professor Albert Chillón) the objective will be to enhance the common ties between journalism and narrative as well as to indicate how the latter has influenced the first. Finally, an analysis of 93 sports chronicles, most of them published by “El País”, will be conducted in a quantitative and qualitative way.
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Wang, Shu-Chin. "Realist agency in the art field of twentieth-century China : realism in the art and writing of Xu Beihong (1895-1953)." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2009. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.547458.
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Eng, David 1966. "The role of idealizations in the realism/anti-realism debate /." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69579.
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The thesis focuses on what impact the use of idealizations has on the realism/anti-realism debate concerning the fundamental laws of physics. My aim is modest. It is not to present an argument for either the realist or the anti-realist position but rather to show where the debate stands once we have considered recent arguments by Laymon and Cartwright which have made use of the notion of idealization assumptions. My intent is to point out the difficulties of Laymon's argument for realism in the hope of showing what must be accomplished in providing a more convincing argument for realism. I will also suggest that although Laymon's proposal is problematic, it still poses a serious problem for van Fraassen's form of anti-realism, constructive empiricism.
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Boyd, Joan. "From realism to magical realism : the American Vietnam War novel." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.551596.
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This thesis argues that changes in the form of the novel in post Second World War America, particularly certain novelists' considerations of realism as a viable mode of expression, have had a profound and lasting effect on Vietnam War literature and have been sustained into the twenty first century by a new generation of writers from ethnic minority groups. It examines prior criticism and points of view concerning the work of a number of established authors and considers the recent opinions on contemporary writers addressing the Vietnam experience for the first time. Where necessary the work will be contextualized with social history. The contribution to knowledge is fulfilled by the inclusion of Mexican- American writing within the past decade and by explaining its place in the overall literary contribution to the American Vietnam War novel. The method of investigation is literary critical analysis of selected novels from 1968 to 2002 as applied to examples of the authors' use of realism and magical realism, their imaginative language, the effect of trauma on literary expression and the manifestation of trauma in memory. When necessary, reference is made to myth criticism. The thesis outlines the tendency to go beyond realism and the forces which contributed to it, and argues that the more recent evolution from realism to magical realism, within the wide range of the Vietnam narrative, has facilitated a potentially more powerful and valid means of expression. The investigation concludes that despite being overtaken by other theatres of war, the conflict in Vietnam still maintains its place in American consciousness and that the recent examples of magical realism offered by ethnic minority writers have made a significant contribution to ensuring that the voices from a wider cultural mix are being added to the literary representations of the Vietnam experience.
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Read, March Brett Ashley. "Realism and non-realism in astronomy from Ptolemy to Kepler." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2001. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/realism-and-nonrealism-in-astronomy-from-ptolemy-to-kepler(76ef691f-f39e-49d5-9f65-a6379a386d35).html.
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Le, Roux Evert. "Realism and anti-realism in the work of George Lukács." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21878.
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Bibliography: pages 111-118.This essay sets out to explore Lukács's views on realism and its polar opposite. anti-realism, in nineteenth and twentieth-century literature. As a Marxist, Lukács's views on literature are closely interwoven with his views of society and and social development. This necessitates first looking at Lukács's theory of society and history as expressed in the epochal History and Class Consciousness. The essay firstly attempts to present and criticize the central Lukácsian concept of concrete totality. Totality, for Lukács, is not a static concept but a dynamically evolving, ever-changing idea. However, he tends to view totality as simply a concept of contemplation. Lukács indicates the proletariat as the subject-object of Western European history.
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Huth, Brian R. "MODELS, PERSPECTIVES, AND SCIENTIFIC REALISM: ON RONALD GIERE’S PERSPECTIVAL REALISM." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1397572435.
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Newman, Mark Philip. "Beyond structural realism." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3219847.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed September 5, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 227-234).
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Persson, Björn. "Putnam's Moral Realism." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för kommunikation och information, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-8494.
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Moral realism is the view that there are such things as moral facts. Moral realists have attempted to combat the skeptical problem of relativism, which is that the truth of an ethical value judgment is often, or always, subjective, that is, relative to the parties it involves. This essay presents, discusses, and criticizes Hilary Putnam’s attempt at maintaining moral realism while at the same time maintaining a degree of epistemological relativism. Putnam’s positive account originates in moral epistemology, at the heart of which lies truth, as idealized rational acceptability or truth under ideal conditions. The bridge between moral epistemology and normative ethics stems from Putnam’s disintegration of facts and values. His theory is finalized in the construction of a normative moral theory, in which the central notion is incessant self-criticism in order to maintain rationality. After presenting Putnam’s core thesis, the criticism raised by Richard Rorty, is deliberated upon. Rorty is critical of Putnam’s attempt at holding on to objectivity, because he does not understand how objective knowledge can be both relative to a conceptual scheme, and at the same time objective. The conclusion is that Putnam is unable to maintain his notion of truth as idealized rational acceptability and is forced into epistemological relativism. Putnam’s normative ethics has characteristics in common with virtue ethics, and is of much interest regardless of whether it can be grounded epistemologically or not.
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Moretti, Luca. "Putnam's internal realism." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2003. http://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/1015/.
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This work is intended to ascertain whether Putnam’s internal realism is actually a realist doctrine. Putnam has opposed internal realism, which maintains that truth is an epistemic notion (specifically, idealised rational acceptability), to metaphysical realism, which holds that truth is a non-epistemic notion (in particular, a correspondence relationship between sentences and extra-linguistic facts). Putnam has argued that, even if metaphysical realism is untenable, realism is still defensible, for internal realism is a form of realism. In my work, I leave aside the question of the correctness of Putnam’s arguments against metaphysical realism and I directly focus upon internal realism. I first present this position and I set out its realist characteristics: Putnam’s position can be characterised as one that originated in an attempt to develop Dummett’s anti-realist notion of truth in a realist direction. I show that this effort is in part successful. Next, I raise objections against internal realism and I show that, despite its merits, Putnam’s position is not a form of realism. This is so mainly because internal realism may collapse into relativism, which – I argue – is not realism, and because the internal realist cannot explain how the world, which is causally independent of our minds, makes statements true or false. Since Putnam’s probably constitutes the best possible attempt to produce an epistemic view of truth compatible with realism, I conclude that truth conceived as an epistemic notion is incompatible with realism. I finally suggest that realism can be restored if Putnam’s arguments against metaphysical realism can be shown to be incorrect, so that a non-epistemic notion of truth can be rehabilitated.
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Gibbons, J. "Against visual realism." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.599371.
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I establish two things in this thesis. First, I argue that visual realism - the beliefs in a world populated by mind-independent, visible things - is false. Second, I show that the only viable form of visual idealism is one that recognises visual awareness to be essentially conceptual in nature, and regards seeing as a kind of thinking. As visual realism is a widely held and defended view, much of the thesis is devoted to exposing its falsehood. It do this by introducing a novel argument - the Argument from After-Images - which draws the conclusion that visual realism is false from the empirical fact that after-images are mind-dependent. It takes five of the six chapters that make up the work to establish that no visual realist can afford to reject any one of the premises of that argument. Along the way, the three main traditions in realistic thought about visual perception are examined: adverbialism (the belief that visual awareness can be non-relational in nature); representationalism (the belief that to be visually aware of anything is to have a mental state which represents the world as being a certain way); and indirect realism (the view that visual awareness of the external world is mediated by visual awareness of something distinct from that world). I show that not one of these approaches has the resources to defuse the Argument from After-Images. Throughout that part of the thesis where I defend the Argument from After-Images, I work with the assumption (shared and required by all versions of visual realism) that visual awareness is relational in nature. If this is true, then the Argument from After-Images shows that the objects of such awareness must be mind-dependent. In my last chapter, however, I argue that the only tenable kind of visual idealism is one that recognises visual awareness to be essentially non-relational in nature. This is established in three steps. First, I argue that the relational account requires that visual awareness be non-conceptual. I then show that this entails a commitment to the existence of indiscriminable differences in visible properties such as colour. Finally, I establish that there can be no such indiscriminable differences. By the end of the thesis, therefore, a considerable amount of ground has been cleared, allowing for an idealistic metaphysics to flourish.
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Restrepo, Echavarria Ricardo. "Realism in Mind." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Humanities, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4471.
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The thesis develops solutions to two main problems for mental realism. Mental realism is the theory that mental properties, events, and objects exist, with their own set of characters and causal powers. The first problem comes from the philosophy of science, where Psillos proposes a notion of scientific realism that contradicts mental realism, and consequently, if one is to be a scientific realist in the way Psillos recommends, one must reject mental realism. I propose adaptations to the conception of scientific realism to make it compatible with mental realism. In the process, the thesis defends computational cognitive science from a compelling argument Searle can be seen to endorse but has not put forth in an organized logical manner. A new conception of scientific realism emerges out of this inquiry, integrating the mental into the rest of nature. The second problem for mental realism arises out of non-reductive physicalism- the view that higher-level properties, and in particular mental properties, are irreducible, physically realized, and that physical properties are sufficient non-overdetermining causes of any effect. Kim’s Problem of Causal Exclusion aims to show that the mental, if unreduced, does no causal work. Consequently, given that we should not believe in the existence of properties that do not participate in causation, we would be forced to drop mental realism. A solution is needed. The thesis examines various positions relevant to the debate. Several doctrines of physicalism are explored, rejected, and one is proposed; the thesis shows the way in which Kim’s reductionist position has been constantly inconsistent throughout the years of debate; the thesis argues that trope theory does not compete with a universalist conception of properties to provide a solution; and shows weakness in the Macdonald’s non-reductive monist position and Pereboom’s constitutional coincidence account of mental causation. The thesis suggests that either the premises of Kim’s argument are consistent, and consequently his reductio is logically invalid, or at least one of the premises is false, and therefore the argument is not sound. Consequently, the Problem of Causal Exclusion that Kim claims emerges out of non-reductive physicalism does not force us to reject mental realism. Mental realism lives on.
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Rae, Andrew Kenneth McKenzie. "Psychoanalysis and realism." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003035.
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International politics has always been characterised by conflict. This has been true regardless of the political systems in place or of any specific time in the history of humanity. Inter-state conflict exists today despite the fact that the vast majority of the states of the world are members of the United Nations and signatories to various treaties aimed at removing conflict as a means of state action. The realist school of thought argues that the international system is characterised by continual state conflict, caused by competition over scarce resources. The propensity towards conflict is argued to be an essential characteristic of human nature and, as such, human nature is considered to be aggressive and conflictual. Thus, for the realist, inter-state competition, coupled with aggressive human nature, constitutes the primary cause of interstate conflict. This thesis aims to examine two criticisms of the realist position in depth. The first concerns the attribution of human nature to states. This logical progression is problematic because it creates a type of „state-nature‟ that cannot be defended without providing a logical link between the individual, the group and the state. It is therefore an aim of this thesis to provide this link, using methodological individualism, in order to provide a basis for the attribution of human nature to states. The second aim of this thesis is to examine the notion of human nature that is offered by the realists. It is not enough to claim that human nature is aggressive and conflictual merely because conflict has characterised international relations throughout history. Rather, one should examine the individual‟s psychological development, in order to gain an understanding of aggressive instincts apparent in human nature. The thesis therefore examines psychoanalysis in order to attempt an understanding both of human nature, and of the conditions under which human nature may manifest itself in an aggressive, conflictual manner. The intention of this thesis, then, is to provide a defence of political realism, highlighting the shortcomings of the two criticisms outlined above.
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Corvino, John. "Hume's moral realism /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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