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Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Lindström, Birgitta. "Testability of Dynamic Real-Time Systems." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, ESLAB - Laboratoriet för inbyggda system, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-16486.

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This dissertation concerns testability of event-triggered real-time systems. Real-time systems are known to be hard to test because they are required to function correct both with respect to what the system does and when it does it. An event-triggered real-time system is directly controlled by the events that occur in the environment, as opposed to a time-triggered system, which behavior with respect to when the system does something is constrained, and therefore more predictable. The focus in this dissertation is the behavior in the time domain and it is shown how testability is affected by some factors when the system is tested for timeliness. This dissertation presents a survey of research that focuses on software testability and testability of real-time systems. The survey motivates both the view of testability taken in this dissertation and the metric that is chosen to measure testability in an experiment. We define a method to generate sets of traces from a model by using a meta algorithm on top of a model checker. Defining such a method is a necessary step to perform the experiment. However, the trace sets generated by this method can also be used by test strategies that are based on orderings, for example execution orders. An experimental study is presented in detail. The experiment investigates how testability of an event-triggered real-time system is affected by some constraining properties of the execution environment. The experiment investigates the effect on testability from three different constraints regarding preemptions, observations and process instances. All of these constraints were claimed in previous work to be significant factors for the level of testability. Our results support the claim for the first two of the constraints while the third constraint shows no impact on the level of testability. Finally, this dissertation discusses the effect on the event-triggered semantics when the constraints are applied on the execution environment. The result from this discussion is that the first two constraints do not change the semantics while the third one does. This result indicates that a constraint on the number of process instances might be less useful for some event-triggered real-time systems.
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2

Williams, David Michael. "Numerical modelling of real-time sub-structure testing." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c2c9ff13-887f-4065-9ce6-1969375099c7.

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Current dynamic testing methods can prove unrealistic due to the scale at which test components are modelled, the rate at which they are loaded or the boundary conditions to which they are subjected. A new test method, termed "Real-Time Sub-Structure Testing" seeks to provide a more realistic testing environment for energy dissipative components. The method tests structural components at full or large scale and in real-time. The physical test interacts with a computer model of the structure surrounding the test component. In this way, the in-situ behaviour of the test component is evaluated in relation to the overall structural response. The testing method requires fast and realistic modelling of the surrounding structure and a rapid interaction with the physical test specimen. For these reasons, a new non-linear finite element method has been proposed in order to model the surrounding structure behaviour efficiently. The method uses the Central Difference Method time stepping integration scheme together with a newly devised basis. The proposed basis consists of the structure’s elastic modes and additional Ritz vectors, which are calculated from the inelastic static displacement shapes of the structure. The displacement shapes correspond to the same static spatial distribution of loading as the intended dynamic excitation, and are intended to characterise the inelastic behaviour of the structure. The method has been validated against a Newmark event to event algorithm as well as Drain2DX. The non-linear dynamic response of a propped cantilever beam and portal frame structure was investigated. The response evaluated by the algorithm agrees closely with both validation analyses. The new algorithm was also shown to be faster than the Newmark procedure in simple benchmark tests. In addition, a numerical model of the testing apparatus has been developed in order to simulate complete tests for the purposes of testing procedure development and validation. The model is developed using Matlab Simulink. Parameters for the model are deduced from published data, experimental component tests and open loop step response calibrations. The model behaviour was found to be very sensitive to the parameters used. However, after calibration against open loop tests the model reproduces the observed laboratory behaviour to a good degree of accuracy. In an attempt to predict the behaviour of an actual test, the laboratory model has been coupled with the new structural solution algorithm to simulate a virtual test. The simulated results compare well with experimentally observed data demonstrating the usefulness of the overall simulation as a test modelling tool.
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3

Louw, Nicolaas Hendrik. "Real time full circuit driving simulation system." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50077.

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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch Universit, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The requirements regarding the quality of engines and vehicles have increased constantly, requiring more and more sophisticated engine testing. At the same time, there is a strong demand to reduce lead time and cost of development. For many years steady state engine testing was the norm using standard principles of power absorption. Since the mid 1980's increasing importance has been attached to the optimisation of transient engine characteristics and the simulation of dynamic real world driving situations on engine test stands. This has led to the use of bi-directional DC or AC regenerative dynamometers a practice now known as dynamic engine testing. Interfacing a computer with vehicle simulation software to an engine on a dynamic test stand and using "hardware in the loop" techniques, enables the simulation of real world driving situations in a test facility. In dynamic engine testing a distinction can be made between simulation testing and transient testing. In simulation testing the set point values are predetermined whereas in transient testing a model generates set point values in real time. Speeds and loads are calculated in real time on the basis of real time measurements. The model can be in the form of a human or driver simulation. This project involved the application of dynamic engine testing to simulating a racing application. It is termed Real Time Full Circuit Driving Simulation System due to the simulation of a race car circling a race track, controlled by a driver model and running the engine on a dynamic test bench in real time using "hardware in the loop" techniques. By measuring the simulated lap times for a certain engine configuration on the test bench in real time, it is possible to select the optimal engine set-up for every circuit. The real time nature of the simulation subjects the engine on the test bench to similar load and speed conditions as experienced by its racing counterpart in the race car yielding relevant results. The racing simulation was achieved by finding a suitable dynamic vehicle model and a three dimensional race track model, developing a control strategy, programming the software and testing the complete system on a dynamic test stand. In order to verify the simulation results it was necessary to conduct actual track testing on a representative vehicle. A professional racing driver completed three flying laps of the Killarney racing circuit in a vehicle fitted with various sensors including three axis orientation and acceleration sensors, a GPS and an engine control unit emulator for capturing engine data. This included lap time, vehicle accelerations, engine speed and manifold pressure, an indicator of driver input. The results obtained from the real time circuit simulation were compared to actual track data and the results showed good correlation. By changing the physical engine configuration in the hardware and gear ratios in the software, comparative capabilities of the system were evaluated. Again satisfactory results were obtained with the system clearly showing which configuration was best suited for a certain race track. This satisfies the modem trend of minimizing costs and development time and proved the value of the system as a suitable engineering tool for racing engine and drive train optimisation. The Real Time Full Circuit Driving Simulation System opened the door to further development in other areas of simulation. One such area is the driveability of a vehicle. By expanding the model it would be possible to evaluate previously subjective characteristics of a vehicle in a more objective manner.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die vereistes om die kwaliteit van enjins en voertuie te verhoog, word daagliks hoër. Meer gesofistikeerde enjintoetse word daarom vereis. Terselfdertyd is dit 'n groot uitdaging om die tydsduur en koste van ontwikkeling so laag as moontlik te hou. Gestadigde toestand enjintoetse, wat op die prinsiep van krag absorpsie werk, was vir baie jare die norm. Vanaf die middel tagtigerjare het die optimering van dinamiese enjinkarakteristieke en die simulasie van werklike bestuursituasies op enjintoetsbanke van al hoe groter belang geword. Die gevolg was die gebruik van twee rigting wisselof gelykstroomdinamometers en staan vandag bekend as dinamiese enjintoetsing. Deur 'n rekenaar met simulasiesagteware aan 'n enjin op 'n dinamiese toetsbank te koppel, word die moontlikheid geskep om enige werklike bestuursituasies van 'n voertuig te simuleer in die enjintoetsfasiliteit. Dinamiese enjintoetse kan opgedeel word in simulasietoetse en oorgangstoestandtoetse. By laasgenoemde genereer 'n "bestuurdersmodel" die beheerwaardes intyds deur te kyk na intydse metings terwyl by simulasietoetse die beheerwaardes vooraf bepaal word. Die "bestuurder" kan in die vorm van 'n persoon of rekenaarsimulasie wees. Die projek behels die toepassing van dinamiese enjintoetse vir renbaansimulasie en staan bekend as'n Intydse, Volledige Renbaansisteem weens die simulasie van 'n renmotor om 'n renbaan, onder die beheer van 'n bestuurdersmodel. Dit geskied terwyl die enjin intyds op 'n dinamiese enjintoetsbank loop en gekoppel is aan die simulasie. Deur die intydse, gesimuleerde rondtetye te analiseer, word die moontlikheid geskep om die enjinkonfigurasie te optimeer vir 'n sekere renbaan. Dit is bereik deur die keuse van 'n gepaste dinamiese voertuigmodel, 'n driedimensionele renbaanmodel, ontwikkeling van 'n beheermodel, programmering van die sagteware en integrasie van die dinamiese enjintoetsstelsel. Die simulasieresultate verkry is gestaaf deur werklike renbaantoetse. 'n Professionele renjaer het drie rondtes van die Killarney renbaan voltooi in 'n verteenwoordigende voertuig wat toegerus was met verskeie sensors o.a. drie as versnellings- en orientasiesensors, GPS en 'n enjinbeheereenheidemmuleerder vir die verkryging en stoor van enjindata. Die sensors het data versamel wat insluit rondtetyd, voertuigversnellings, enjinspoed en inlaatspruitstukdruk. Die korrelasie tussen die simulasie waardes en werklik gemete data was van hoë gehalte. Deur die fisiese enjinkonfigurasie te verander in die hardeware en ratverhoudings in die sagteware, is die vergelykbare kapasiteite van die renbaansimulasie geevalueer. Die resultate was weer bevredigend en die simulasie was in staat om die beste enjinkonfigurasie vir die renbaan uit te wys. Dit bevredig die moderne neiging om koste en ontwikkelingstyd so laag as moontlik te hou. Sodoende is bewys dat die stelsel waarde in die ingenieurswêreld het. 'n Intydse, Volledige Renbaansisteem die skep die geleentheid vir verdere ontwikkeling op verskeie terreine van simulasie. Een so 'n veld is die bestuurbaarheid van 'n voertuig. Deur die model verder te ontwikkel word die moontlikheid geskep om voorheen subjektiewe karakteristieke van 'n voertuig meer wetenskaplik te analiseer.
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4

Schilling, Bradley Wade. "Advances in real-time optical scanning holography." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09122009-040312/.

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5

Gross, Hans-Gerhard. "Measuring evolutionary testability of real-time software." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365087.

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6

Thane, Henrik. "Monitoring, testing and debugging of distributed real-time systems." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Machine Design, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-2984.

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7

Andersson, Johan, and Katrin Andersson. "Automated Software Testing in an Embedded Real-Time System." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-9772.

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Today, automated software testing has been implemented successfully in many systems, however there does still exist relatively unexplored areas as how automated testing can be implemented in a real-time embedded system. This problem has been the foundation for the work in this master thesis, to investigate the possibility to implement an automated software testing process for the testing of an embedded real-time system at IVU Traffic Technologies AG in Aachen, Germany.

The system that has been the test object is the on board system i.box.

This report contains the result of a literature study in order to present the foundation behind the solution to the problem of the thesis. Questions answered in the study are: when to automate, how to automate and which traps should one avoid when implementing an automated software testing process in an embedded system.

The process of automating the manual process has contained steps as constructing test cases for automated testing, analysing whether an existing tool should be used or a unique test system needs to be developed. The analysis, based on the requirements on the test system, the literature study and an investigation of available test tools, lead to the development of a new test tool. Due to limited devlopement time and characterstics of the i.box, the new tool was built based on post execution evaluation. The tool was therefore divided into two parts, a part that executed the test and a part that evaluated the result. By implementing an automated test tool it has been proved that it is possible to automate the test process at system test level in the i.box.

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8

Briones, Laura Brandán. "Theories for model-based testing: real-time and coverage." Enschede : University of Twente [Host], 2007. http://doc.utwente.nl/57810.

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9

Sundmark, Daniel. "Structural System-Level Testing of Embedded Real-Time Systems." Doctoral thesis, Västerås : School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Mälardalen University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-488.

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10

Bonnet, Paul A. "The development of multi-axis real-time substructure testing." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:39730635-b112-4775-9956-73d26d964178.

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Real-time substructure is a novel hybrid method for the dynamic testing of structures. During an experiment, the structure of interest is divided into two entities. The crucial parts for the project undertaken are physically replicated and loaded dynamically through powerful actuators while the rest is numerically modelled and solved via real-time software. The dynamics of both substructures must be accurately reproduced, as well as their mutual interaction. The applications are multiple but that of earthquake engineering is primarily considered in this research. Beyond the accurate modelling of both substructures, three main issues are crucial to the validity of a real-time hybrid simulation. Firstly, the loading equipment must be capable of imposing large loads and accurate displacements on the laboratory specimen. The behaviour of this loading system must be consistent and predictable over a wide range of frequencies and velocities. Secondly, the computational solver employed to emulate the numerical model dynamics requires stability, computational efficiency and accuracy. It must be able to deal with non-linear multi-degree of freedom systems. Thirdly, the interaction between the two substructures must be reliably emulated by a set of communication devices. The reciprocal boundary conditions must be imposed on the interface of each substructure. This notably implies quasi-instantaneous measurement and application of physical forces and displacements. The two substructures have to be solved simultaneously and in real-time. The three areas mentioned above have been investigated in this research. Initially, the laboratory installations of the hardware and software were focussed on. The servo-controlled hydraulic actuation system was optimised and a development rig was designed and constructed. It was found that hardware settings could greatly improve the general actuator performance, even though some particular situations could compromise it. This work was then complemented by an extensive study of the necessary actuation compensation. Numerous algorithms – either previously published or developed in the course of this research – were implemented and formally compared through a set of real-time experiments. Particularly, some challenging multi-axis experiments with a high level of actuator coupling were conducted. Direct extrapolation coupled with adaptive delay estimation was found to be the most effective approach to ensure synchronisation of the substructures. Attention was then given to the integration algorithms used to solve the numerical substructure problem and output the actuator demand on a real-time basis. Both explicit and implicit schemes were considered, even though an explicit formulation is required for this hybrid application. Computationally simple schemes are more suitable and several were shown to satisfy the necessary accuracy and stability requirements. Successful realtime hybrid tests were carried out with fifty degrees of freedom in the numerical substructure, including non-linear force/displacement relationships and using integration time-steps proving unconditional stability of the algorithms used. Finally, a realistic earthquake engineering application of the real-time substructure method was conducted. A steel column was tested physically as part of 20-storey building structure subject to the 1940 El Centro earthquake. To further display the usefulness of the method, an energy dissipative device was also integrated in the numerical model and its effect on the building response was shown.
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11

Day, Steven M. "A Graphical Approach to Testing Real-Time Embedded Devices." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2009. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/114.

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Software Testing is both a vital and expensive part of the software development lifecycle. Improving the testing process has the potential for large returns. Current testing methodologies used to test real-time embedded devices are examined and the weaknesses in them are exposed. This leads to the introduction of a new graphical testing methodology based on flowcharts. The new approach is both a visual test creation program and an automated execution engine that together frame a new way of testing. The new methodology incorporates flow-based diagrams, visual layouts, and simple execution rules to improve upon traditional testing approaches. The new methodology is evaluated against other methodologies and is shown to provide significant improvements in the area of software testing.
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12

Poncelet, Sanchez Clément. "Model-based testing real-time and interactive music systems." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066548/document.

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Est-il possible de tester automatiquement le comportement temporisé des systèmes interactifs temps réel ? Ces travaux proposent une solution en fournissant un ensemble d’outils de test basé sur modèles pour Systèmes Musicaux Interactifs (SMI). Les SMIs doivent calculer et réagir pendant une performance musicale et ainsi accompagner les musiciens. Certains de ces SMIs peuvent être basés sur partition et doivent, dans ce cas, suivre à tout prix les contraintes temporelles imposées par le document haut-niveau appelé partition. En somme, pendant une performance, le système doit réagir en temps réel aux signaux audio venant des musiciens en suivant cette partition. Ceci demande au système une forte fiabilité temporelle et une robustesse face aux erreurs pouvant arriver en entrée du système. Hors, la vérification formelle de propriétés, comme la fiabilité temporelle avant l’exécution du système lors d’une performance, est insuffisamment traitée par la communauté de l’informatique musicale. Nous présentons dans cette thèse, la réalisation d’un ensemble d’outils de test basé sur modèles appliqué à un SMI. Il est à noter que ces outils de test ont été définis formellement dans le but de tester plus généralement le comportement temporelle des systèmes interactifs temps réel prenant en compte des évènements discrets et des durées définissables sur des échelles multiples. Pour ce résumé nous présentons rapidement l’état de l’art de nos travaux avant d’introduire la définition de notre modèle créé pour spécifier les aspects évènementiel («event-triggerred») et temporel («timed-driven») des SMIs. Ce modèle a la particularité d’être automatiquement construit depuis les conditions temporelles définies dans un document haut-niveau et peut être traduit vers un réseau d’Automates Temporisés (TA). Dans le cadre de la performance musique mixte électronique/instrumentale nous avons introduit une notion de durée multi-temps gérée par notre modèle et une génération de trace d’entrée musicalement pertinente par notre ensemble d’outils de test. Pour tester un SMI selon les différentes attentes de l’utilisateur, notre ensemble d’outils a été implémenté avec plusieurs options possibles. Parmi ces options, la possibilité de tester automatiquement, selon une approche différée ou temps réel, la conformité temporelle du SMI est proposée. En effet, l’approche différée utilise des outils de la gamme du logiciel Uppaal [44] pour générer une suite de traces d’entrées exhaustive et garantir la conformité temporelle du système testé. Il est également possible de tester une trace d’entrée particulière ou une version altérée («fuzzed») de la trace idéale définie par la partition. L’approche temps réel interprète quand-à elle directement le modèle comme des instructions de byte-code grâce à une machine virtuelle. Finalement, des expériences ont été conduites via une étude de cas sur le suiveur de partition Antescofo. Ces expériences ont permis de tester ce système et d’évaluer notre ensemble d’outils et ses différentes options. Ce cas d’étude applique nos outils de test sur Antescofo avec succès et a permit d’identifier des bogues parfois non triviaux dans ce SMI
Can real-time interactive systems be automatically timed tested ? This work proposes an answer to this question by providing a formal model based testing framework for Interactive Music Systems (IMS). IMSs should musically perform computations during live performances, accompanying and acting like real musicians. They can be score-based, and in this case must follow at all cost the timed high-level requirement given beforehand, called score. During performance, the system must react in real-time to audio signals from musicians according to this score. Such goals imply strong needs of temporal reliability and robustness to unforeseen errors in input. Be able to formally check this robustness before execution is a problem insufficiently addressed by the computer music community. We present, in this document, the concrete application of a Model-Based Testing (MBT) framework to a state-of-the-art IMS. The framework was defined on purpose of testing real-time interactive systems in general. We formally define the model in which our method is based. This model is automatically constructed from the high-level requirements and can be translated into a network of time automata. The mixed music environment implies the management of a multi-timed context and the generation of musically relevant input data through the testing framework. Therefore, this framework is both time-based, permitting durations related to different time units, and event-driven, following the musician events given in input. In order to test the IMS against the user’s requirements, multiple options are provided by our framework. Among these options, two approaches, offline and online, are possible to assess the system timed conformance fully automatically, from the requirement to the verdict. The offline approach, using the model-checker Uppaal, can generate a covering input suite and guarantee the system time reliability, or only check its behavior for a specific or fuzzed input sequence. The online approach, directly interprets the model as byte-code instructions thanks to a virtual machine. Finally, we perform experiments on a real-case study: the score follower Antescofo. These experiments test the system with a benchmark of scores and a real mixed-score given as input requirements in our framework. The results permit to compare the different options and scenarios in order to evaluate the framework. The application of our fully automatic framework to real mixed scores used in concerts have permitted to identify bugs in the target IMS
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13

DAMASCENO, Adriana Carla. "Towards a test generation approach for compositional real-time systems." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2015. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/241.

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We can find many examples of Real-time Systems (RTS) in critical applications such as patient monitoring, air traffic control and others. A failure in this kind of system can be catastrophic. For example, it can harm human lives or increase project budgets. Hence, the testing of real-time systems must be accurate. Models are used to perform this task, since they contain information about how the system behaves and when actions may happen. Due to the complexity of the available systems, most RTS are composed of subsystems that interact as part of a bigger system. These subsystems are combined through operators to model their specification behavior. However, works on the testing of compositional models for RTS are practically nonexistent. Among the available approaches to perform testing for non-compositional RTS models, the tioco conformance testing theory focuses on generating test cases based on implementation and specification models. Moreover, a conformance relation defines whether success in testing means conformance between an implementation and a specification. To express specifications and to represent implementations under test, we use Timed Input Output Symbolic Transitions Systems (TIOSTS). These models store symbolic data and clock variables, avoiding the state space and region explosion problems. Regarding the testing of compositional models, some questions may arise: If two subsystem implementations are tioco conformant to their specifications, is it correct to assume that the composition of the implementations is also tioco conformant to the composition of their specifications? In this case, how can operators be defined to work with TIOSTS and tioco? To answer these questions, this thesis proposes the sequential, interruption and parallel operators for the TIOSTS model. For each operator, we study how the tioco conformance relation behaves with respect to subsystems and the composed system. We present results towards properties of compositional operators when the subsystems are composed, as well as implementing them. Besides, we show three examples where each operator can be used and illustrate the applicability of our approach in two exploratory studies. The first models components of a aircraft specification and the second presents application level interruptions in an Android system.
We can nd many examples of Real-time Systems (RTS) in critical applications such as patient monitoring, air tra c control and others. A failure in this kind of system can be catastrophic. For example, it can harm human lives or increase project budgets. Hence, the testing of real-time systems must be accurate. Models are used to perform this task, since they contain information about how the system behaves and when actions may happen. Due to the complexity of the available systems, most RTS are composed of subsystems that interact as part of a bigger system. These subsystems are combined through operators to model their speci cation behavior. However, works on the testing of compositional models for RTS are practically nonexistent. Among the available approaches to perform testing for non-compositional RTS models, the tioco conformance testing theory focuses on generating test cases based on implementation and speci cation models. Moreover, a conformance relation de nes whether success in testing means conformance between an implementation and a speci cation. To express speci cations and to represent implementations under test, we use Timed Input Output Symbolic Transitions Systems (TIOSTS). These models store symbolic data and clock variables, avoiding the state space and region explosion problems. Regarding the testing of compositional models, some questions may arise: If two subsystem implementations are tioco conformant to their speci cations, is it correct to assume that the composition of the implementations is also tioco conformant to the composition of their speci cations? In this case, how can operators be de ned to work with TIOSTS and tioco? To answer these questions, this thesis proposes the sequential, interruption and parallel operators for the TIOSTS model. For each operator, we study how the tioco conformance relation behaves with respect to subsystems and the composed system. We present results towards properties of compositional operators when the subsystems are composed, as well as implementing them. Besides, we show three examples where each operator can be used and illustrate the applicability of our approach in two exploratory studies. The rst models components of a aircraft speci cation and the second presents application level interruptions in an Android system.
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14

Hessel, Anders. "Model-Based Test Case Generation for Real-Time Systems." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7849.

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15

Ryrstedt, Emmy. "Performance Testing and Response Time Validation of a Financial Real-Time Java Application." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-215330.

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System performance determines how fast a system can deliver its services when it is exposed to different loads. In Real-time computing the system performance is a critical aspect, since the usefulness or correctness of a response from a real-time system depends not only on the content of the response, but also on when it is delivered. If the response is delivered to fast or to slow it is considered an error and the system might go into a bad state, even if the value of the response actually is correct. Even though timing is a crucial aspect in real-time computing, it is hard to find any established methods on how to measure and evaluate the performance of a real-time system in terms of timing. This report strives to contribute to development in this research area by describing a project that investigates how to scientifically measure and report the timing performance of a financial real-time Java application. During the project a tool is implemented in a foreign exchange system, that can perform time measurements of different components in the system at application level. Experiments with variations of input values are constructed and executed to validate the system performance during different loads, by analyzing the measurements. The results from the experiments gives a ranking of how much various factors impacts the performance of the system, and shows how it is possible to find threshold values and bottlenecks by studying the value distributions and maximum values. The developed method can be used to compare the performance effects of different factors and to compare the system performance for different parameter values. The method shows to be a useful way to measure and validate the performance of a financial real-time Java application.
Systemprestandan bestämmer hur snabbt ett system kan leverera sina tjänster när det utsätts för olika belastningar. Vid realtidsberäkning är systemets prestanda en kritisk aspektav funktionaliteten, eftersom nyttan av ett svar från ett realtidssystem inte bara beror på svarets innehåll utan även när det levereras. Trots att timing är en viktig aspekt i realtidssystem är det svårt att hitta några etablerade metoder för hur man mäter och utvärderar prestandan hos ett realtidssystem när det gäller timing. Denna rapport strävar efter att bidra till utvecklingen inom detta forskningsområdegenom att beskriva ett projekt som undersöker hur man på ett vetenskapligt sätt kanmäta och rapportera tidsprestandan för en finansiell realtids Java-applikation. Under projektet implementeras ett verktyg i ett valutahandelssystem som på applikationsnivå utför tidsmätningar av olika komponenter i systemet. Experiment med variationer av inmatningsvärden konstrueras och exekveras för att validera systemets prestanda under olika belastningar, genom att analysera resultaten från tidsmätningarna. Resultaten från experimenten ger en rangordning av hur olika faktorer påverkar systemetsprestanda, och visar hur man kan hitta gränsvärden och flaskhalsar i systemet, genom att studera hur värdena var distribuerade och dess maximum värden. Den utvecklade metoden kan användas för att jämföra prestandaeffekterna av olika faktorer och för att jämföra systemets prestanda med olika parametervärden. Metoden visar sig vara ett användbart sätt att mäta och validera prestandan hos en finansiell realtids Java-applikation.
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Aksu, Muharrem Ugur. "Environment behavior models for real-time reactive system testing automation." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Sep%5FAksu.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Computer Science and M.S. in Software Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2006.
Thesis Advisor(s): Mikhail Auguston, Man-Tak Shing. "September 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-). Also available in print.
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Holmqvist, Johan, and Tord Karlsson. "Enhanced Automotive Real-Time Testing Through Increased Development Process Quality." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-9945.

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The purpose of this master thesis is to improve the quality of software testing in a large company developing real-time embedded systems. Software testing is a very important part of software development. By performing comprehensive software testing the quality and validity of a software system can be assured. One of the main issues with software testing is to be sure that the tests are correct. Knowing what to test, but also how to perform testing, is of utmost importance.

In this thesis, we explore different ways to increase the quality of real-time testing by introducing new techniques in several stages of the software development model. Four complementary methods are suggested. The proposed methods are validated by implementing them in an existing and completed project on a subset of the software development process. The original output from the completed project is compared with the new output.

The presented results from the validation are positive in the sense that it is shown that the test stage was more qualitative, mostly due to a higher level of quality on input from earlier stages.

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Oztas, Gokhan. "Testing Distributed Real-time Systems With A Distributed Test Approach." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609492/index.pdf.

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Software testing is an important phase the of software development cycle which reveals faults and ensures correctness of the developed software. Distributed real-time systems are mostly safety critical systems for which the correctness and quality of the software is much more significant. However, majority of the current testing techniques have been developed for sequential (non real-time) software and there is a limited amount of research on testing distributed real-time systems. In this thesis, a proposed approach in the academic literature testing distributed real-time systems using a distributed test architecture is implemented and compared to existing software testing practices in a software development company on a case study. Evaluation of the results show the benefits of using the considered distributed test approach on distributed real-time systems in terms of software correctness.
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Serbanescu, Diana Alina [Verfasser]. "Testing Framework for Real-time And Embedded Systems / Diana Serbanescu." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2014. http://d-nb.info/105810487X/34.

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Footdale, Joseph N. "Multi-axis real-time hybrid testing for precision aerospace structures." Connect to online resource, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3337052.

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21

Nilsson, Holmgren Sebastian. "Real-Time Test Oracles using Event Monitoring." Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-952.

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To gain confidence in that a dynamic real-time system behaves correctly, we test it. Automated verification & validation can be used to conduct testing of such systems in an effective and economic way.

An event monitor can be used as a part of a test oracle to monitor the system that is being tested. The test oracle could use the data (i.e., the streams of events) derived from the tested system, to determine if an executed test case gave a positive or negative result. To do this, the test oracle compares the streams of events received from the event monitor with the event expressions derived from the formal specification, and decides if the executed test case has responded positive or negative. Any deviations between observed behaviour and accepted behaviour should be reported by the test oracle as a negative result. If the executed test case gave a negative result, the monitor part should signal this to the reporter part of the test oracle.

This work aims to investigate how the event expressions can be derived from the formal specification, and in particular, how the event specification language Solicitor can be used to represent these event expressions.

We also discuss the need for parameterized event types in Solicitor, and any other event specification languages used in event monitoring. We also show that support for parameterized event types is a significant requirement for such languages.

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Sun, Jing. "Development and testing of a real-time DGPS/INS integrated system." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0006/MQ35023.pdf.

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Young, Victoria Wai-Chi. "Pre-clinical testing of real-time distortion product otoacoustic emission devices." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0018/MQ53335.pdf.

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Ojaghi, Seyed Mobin Makhzan. "The development of real-time distributed hybrid testing for earthquake engineering." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.543043.

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Wu, Bingbing. "Ensuring Respiratory Protection through Respirator Fit Testing and Real-Time Monitoring." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1535374058309808.

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Pettersson, Anders. "Analysis of execution behavior for testing of multi-tasking real-time systems /." Västerås : Mälardalen University, 2003. http://www.mrtc.mdh.se/publications/0623.pdf.

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Zhuang, Davy. "Real time testing of intelligent relays for synchronous distributed generation islanding detection." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=107857.

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As electric power systems continue to grow to meet ever-increasing energydemand, their security, reliability, and sustainability requirements also become morestringent. The deployment of distributed energy resources (DER), including generationand storage, in conventional passive distribution feeders, gives rise to integrationproblems involving protection and unintentional islanding. Distributed generators need tobe islanded for safety reasons when disconnected or isolated from the main feeder asdistributed generator islanding may create hazards to utility and third-party personnel, andpossibly damage the distribution system infrastructure, including the distributedgenerators.This thesis compares several key performance indicators of a newly developedintelligent islanding detection relay, against islanding detection devices currently used bythe industry. The intelligent relay employs multivariable analysis and data miningmethods to arrive at decision trees that contain both the protection handles and thesettings.A test methodology is developed to assess the performance of these intelligentrelays on a real time simulation environment using a generic model based on a real-lifedistribution feeder. The methodology demonstrates the applicability and potentialadvantages of the intelligent relay, by running a large number of tests, reflecting amultitude of system operating conditions. The testing indicates that the intelligent relayoften outperforms frequency, voltage and rate of change of frequency relays currentlyused for islanding detection, while respecting the islanding detection time constraintsimposed by standing distributed generator interconnection guidelines.
Les réseaux électriques ne cessent d'augmenter en capacité pour répondre à la demande énergétique en constante augmentation. Leur fiabilité et les normes de qualité sont aussi devenues de plus en plus contraignantes. Le déploiement des ressources distribuées, incluant la production et le stockage d'énergie, se répand dans les réseaux conventionnels, et remplace une partie de la production centralisée. Malgré les nombreux avantages pour les utilités à intégrer les ressources distribuées, des problèmes d'intégration doivent être gérés, tel que la nécessité d'îlotage des générateurs lorsqu'une section du réseau de distribution est séparée du réseau principal. Maintenir cette section alimentée les génératrices distribuées peut, potentiellement, créer des effets secondaires non-intentionnels tel qu'une augmentation des probabilités de choc électrique pour lepersonnel de chargé du service et la possibilité d'endommager les infrastructures duréseau de distribution, incluant les génératrices décentralisés. Cette thèse compare les caractéristiques et la performance d'un relais intelligent de détection d'îlotage, nouvellement développé, aux performances des relais de détection présentement utilisés en industrie. Le relais intelligent emploie des méthodes d'analyse à plusieurs variables et d'analyse de données afin d'arriver à des arbres de décision qui contiennent les réglages et les propriétés du relais de protection. La méthodologie d'essai est développée sur un simulateur en temps réel pour évaluer la performance du relais intelligent sur un modèle réduit d'une artère dedistribution existante. La méthodologie expose les applications potentielles du relais intelligent et un grand nombre de tests a été effectué pour représenter une multitude de conditions d'opération du réseau. Les tests indiquent que le relais intelligent estgénéralement plus performant que les relais conventionnels, basés sur la fréquence, latension ou le taux de variation de la fréquence, présentement utilisés pour la détection d'îlotage, tout en respectant les contraintes sur les temps de détection imposées par les normes d'interconnexions de la production distribuée.
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Abou, Trab Mohammad. "Software engineering : testing real-time embedded systems using timed automata based approaches." Thesis, Brunel University, 2012. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/6611.

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Real-time Embedded Systems (RTESs) have an increasing role in controlling society infrastructures that we use on a day-to-day basis. RTES behaviour is not based solely on the interactions it might have with its surrounding environment, but also on the timing requirements it induces. As a result, ensuring that an RTES behaves correctly is non-trivial, especially after adding time as a new dimension to the complexity of the testing process. This research addresses the problem of testing RTESs from Timed Automata (TA) specification by the following. First, a new Priority-based Approach (PA) for testing RTES modelled formally as UPPAAL timed automata (TA variant) is introduced. Test cases generated according to a proposed timed adequacy criterion (clock region coverage) are divided into three sets of priorities, namely boundary, out-boundary and in-boundary. The selection of which set is most appropriate for a System Under Test (SUT) can be decided by the tester according to the system type, time specified for the testing process and its budget. Second, PA is validated in comparison with four well-known timed testing approaches based on TA using Specification Mutation Analysis (SMA). To enable the validation, a set of timed and functional mutation operators based on TA is introduced. Three case studies are used to run SMA. The effectiveness of timed testing approaches are determined and contrasted according to the mutation score which shows that our PA achieves high mutation adequacy score compared with others. Third, to enhance the applicability of PA, a new testing tool (GeTeX) that deploys PA is introduced. In its current version, GeTeX supports Control Area Network (CAN) applications. GeTeX is validated by developing a prototype for that purpose. Using GeTeX, PA is also empirically validated in comparison with some TA testing approaches using a complete industrial-strength test bed. The assessment is based on fault coverage, structural coverage, the length of generated test cases and a proposed assessment factor. The assessment is based on fault coverage, structural coverage, the length of generated test cases and a proposed assessment factor. The assessment results confirmed the superiority of PA over the other test approaches. The overall assessment factor showed that structural and fault coverage scores of PA with respect to the length of its tests were better than the others proving the applicability of PA. Finally, an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) decision-making framework for our PA is developed. The framework can provide testers with a systematic approach by which they can prioritise the available PA test sets that best fulfils their testing requirements. The AHP framework developed is based on the data collected heuristically from the test bed and data collected by interviewing testing experts. The framework is then validated using two testing scenarios. The decision outcomes of the AHP framework were significantly correlated to those of testing experts which demonstrated the soundness and validity of the framework.
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Davis, Edward L., and William E. Grahame. "HELICOPTER FLIGHT TESTING and REAL TIME ANALYSIS with DATA FLOW ARRAY PROCESSORS." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/615414.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 13-16, 1986 / Riviera Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada
When flight testing helicopters, it is essential to process and analyze many parameters spontaneously and accurately for instantaneous feedback in order to make spot decisions on the safety and integrity of the aircraft. As various maneuvers stress the airframe or load oscillatory components, the absolute limits as well as interrelated limits including average and cumulative cycle loading must be continuously monitored. This paper presents a complete acquisition and analysis system (LDF/ADS) that contains modularly expandable array processors which provide real time acquisition, processing and analysis of multiple concurrent data streams and parameters. Simple limits checking and engineering units conversions are performed as well as more complex spectrum analyses, correlations and other high level interprocessing interactively with the operator. An example configuration is presented herein which illustrates how the system interacts with the operator during an actual flight test. The processed and derived parameters are discussed and the part they play in decision making is demonstrated. The LDF/ADS system may perform vibration analyses on many structural components during flight. Potential problems may also be isolated and reported during flight. Signatures or frequency domain representations of past problems or failures may be stored in nonvolatile memory and the LDF/ADS system will perform real time convolutions to determine the degrees of correlation of a present problem with all known past problems and reply instantly. This real time fault isolation is an indispensable tool for potential savings in lives and aircraft as well as eliminating unnecessary down time.
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Benzakein, Allon. "Design and testing of a real time simulation for Trellis Coded Modulation." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8467.

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Bibliography: leaves 75-76.
The aim of this project is to build and test a real time simulation for Trellis Coded Modulation(TCM). The tests to be performed are a comparison between Ungerboeck and pragmatic codes and varying and observing different Viterbi decoder parameters for coded 8PSK. TCM is coded modulation which means the choice of modulation scheme is linked with the encoding technique. Convolutional codes are important for an understanding of TCM. They are described by the rate (which is the number of inputs over the number of outputs) and the number of memory elements, v. For TCM schemes, soft decision decoding, based on euclidean distance, rather than hard decision decoding, based on hamming distance, is used. Ungerboeck developed a mapping of encoder bits to channel signals on a constellation diagram. The mapping is called mapping by set partitioning and aims to find the smallest free euclidean distance for a given code. The free euclidean distance is the minimum euclidean distance between output sequences in a code. The asymptotic coding gain is a measure of coding gain based on the free euclidean distance.
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Stutler, Richard A. "Analysis of Perturbation-based Testing Methodology as applied to a Real-Time Control System Problem." VCU Scholars Compass, 2005. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1118.

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Perturbation analysis is a software analysis technique used to study the tail function of a program by inserting an error into an executing program using data state mutation. The impact of this induced error on the output is then measured. This methodology can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of a given test set and in fact can be used as a means to derive a test set which provides coverage for a given program. Previous research has shown that there is a "coupling effect" such that test sets that identify simple errors will also identify more complex errors. Thus the research would indicate that this methodology would facilitate the generation of test sets that would detect a wide range of possible faults. This research applies a perturbation analysis technique to the Cell Pre-selection algorithm as used in the Tomahawk Weapons Control System.
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El-Gohary, Ahmed M. "Real-time three dimensional coordinate measurement and analysis : system design, implementation and testing." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328154.

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Alvarez, Guillermo Alejandro. "A Centralized simulation approach to testing fault-tolerant and real-time communication protocols /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9906498.

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34

Stroud, Trevor. "Enhancing vehicle dynamics through real-time tyre temperature analysis." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020599.

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Vehicle suspension optimisation is a complex and difficult task, as there are a variety of factors influencing the dynamic performance of a vehicle. During suspension development, the optimisation of a selected few of these factors is often to the detriment of others, as they are all inter-related. In addition, expertise in vehicle setup and suspension tuning is scarce, and is limited to experienced racing teams and large automotive manufacturers with extensive research and development capabilities. The motivation for this research was therefore to provide objective and user-friendly methodologies for vehicle suspension optimisation, in order to support student projects like Formula Student, while having relevance to the needs of the South African automotive industry and racing community. With the onset of digital data acquisition, it has become feasible to take real-time measurements of tyre temperatures, to provide information on how a tyre is performing at a specific point on the track. Measuring the tyre surface temperature can provide a useful indication on whether the tyre is loaded equally or not, and what suspension adjustments should be made to improve tyre load distribution.
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35

LING, ZHANG. "Regression Test Selection in Multi-TaskingReal-Time Systems based on Run-Time logs." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-6690.

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Regression testing plays an important role during the software development life-cycle,especially during maintenance, it provides confidence that the modified parts of softwarebehave as intended and the unchanged parts have no affect by the modification. Regressiontest selection is used to select test cases from the test suites which have been used to test theprevious version of the software. In this thesis, we extend the traditional definition of a testcase with a log file, containing information of which events that occurred when the test casewas last executed. Based on the contents of this log file, we propose a method of regressiontest selection for multi-tasking real-time systems, able to determine which parts of softwarethat have not been affected by the modification. Therefore, the test cases designed for theunchanged parts do not need to be re-tested.

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Ormoš, Michal. "Infrastruktura pro testování a nasazení real-time lokalizační platformy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417266.

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Táto práca je prípadovou štúdiou postupného vývoja a nasadzovania lokačného softwaru v reálnom čase. Cieľom tejto práce je zrýchliť tento proces. Zvolený problém bol vyriešený s konvenčnými testovacími nastrojmi, vlastným nástrojom pre generovanie sieťovej prevádzky lokalizačnej platformy a nástrojmi CI/CD Gitlab. Prínosom tejto práce je zrýchlenie vývoja, zaručenie kvality vyvijaného softwaru a predstavenie spôsobu ako platformu pre lokalizáciu v reálnom čase testovať.
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Graham, Bradley Michael. "Mutation testing of hierarchical finite state machines in the Rational Rose Real Time toolset." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ63309.pdf.

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Sieuwerts, Anita Maria. "Prognostic and predictive testing of molecular markers in breast by real-time quantitative PCR." [S.l.] : Rotterdam : [The Author] ; Erasmus University [Host], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1765/10736.

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Woelfer, Karl Alan 1952. "A high speed network architecture for real time testing of an embedded computer system." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277189.

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The Embedded Computer System Support Improvement Program, or ESIP, was begun by the U.S. Air Force in 1983 to find new cost effective ways of integrating, testing and maintaining the computers embedded in military airborne, spaceborne, and ground electronic systems. A major initiative of this program is the Extendable Integration Support Environment (EISE). The EISE project involves design and development of a high speed network-based hardware and software integration and test environment. The ongoing work is being done jointly by U.S. Air Force civilian engineers at McClellan Air Force Base and TRW in Sacramento, California, in support of embedded avionics computers in the A-10 aircraft. The prototype design will be used to test and integrate various other aircraft and space systems. The author was the EISE project lead system engineer from July 1986 through January 1988.
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Johansson, Gustav. "Real-Time Linux Testbench on Raspberry Pi 3 using Xenomai." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235484.

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Test benches are commonly used to simulate events to an embedded system for validation purposes. Microcontrollers can be used for making test benches and can be programmed with a bare-metal style, i.e. without an Operating System (OS), for simple cases. If the test bench would be too complex for a microcontroller, then a Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) could be used instead of a more complex hardware. A RTOS has limited functionalities to guarantee high predictability. A General-Purpose Operating System (GPOS) has a vast number of functionalities but has low predictability. The literature study looks therefore into approaches to improve the real-time predictability of Linux. The result of the literature study finds an approach called Xenomai Cobalt to be the optimal solution, considering the target usecase and project resources. The Xenomai Cobalt approach was evaluated on a Raspberry Pi (RPi) 3 using its General-Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) pins and a latency test. An application was written using Xenomai's Application Programming Interface (API). The application used the GPIO pins to read from a function generator and to write to an oscilloscope. The measurements from the oscilloscope were then compared to the measurements done by the application. The result showed the measured dierences between the RPi 3 and the oscilloscope. The result of the measurements showed that reading varied 66:20 μs, and writing varied 56:20 μs. The latency test was executed with a stress test and the worst measured latency was 82 μs. The resulting measured dierences were too high for the project requirements. However, the majority of the measurements were much smaller than the worstcases with 23:52 μs for reading and 34:05 μs for writing. This means the system could be used better as a rm real-time system instead of a hard real-time system.
Testbänkar används ofta för att simulera händelser till ett inbyggt system för validering. Till simpla testbänkar kan mikrokontroller användas. För mer avancerade testbänkar kan RTOS användas på mer komplex hårdvara. RTOS har begränsad funktionalitet för att garantera en hög förutsägbarhet. GPOS har stora mängder funktionaliteter men har istället en låg förutsägbarhet.Litteraturstudien undersökte därför möjligheterna till att få Linux att hantera realtid. Resultatet av litteraturstudien fann ett tillvägagångssätt vid namn Xenomai Cobalt att vara den optimala lösningen för att få Linux till Real-Time Linux.Xenomai Cobalt utvärderades på en RPi 3 med hjälp av dess GPIO-pinnar och ett fördröjningstest. En applikation skrevs med Xenomai’s API. Applikationen använde GPIO-pinnarna till att läsa från en funktionsgenerator och till att skriva till ett oskilloskop. Mätningarna från oskilloskopet jämfördes sen med applikationens mätningar.Resultatet visade mätskillnaderna mellan RPi 3 och oskilloskopet med systemet i viloläge. Resultatet av mätningarna visade att läsningen varierade med 66.20 µs och skrivandet med 56.20 µs. Fördröjningstestet utfördes medstresstestning och visade den värsta uppmätta fördröjningen, resultatet blev82 µs.De resulterande mätskillnaderna blev dock för höga för projektets krav. Majoriteten av mätningarna var mycket mindre än de värsta fallen med 23.52 µs för läsning och 34.05 µs för skrivning. Detta innebar att systemet kan användas med bättre precision som ett fast realtidssystem istället för ett hårt realtidssystem.
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Li, Jianxin. "Real-time investigation of fouling phenomena in membrane filtrations by a non-invasive ultrasonic technique." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53027.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the original hard copy.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Membrane fouling is universally accepted as one of the most critical problems limiting the wider application of membranes in liquid separations. The development and utilization of a suitable non-invasive technique for the on-line monitoring of fouling in industrial and laboratory applications may enable the effectiveness of fouling remediation and cleaning strategies to be quantified. The overall objective of this research is to develop ultrasonic time-domain reflectometry (UTDR) and its use as an analytical tool for the real-time study of inorganic-, organic- and protein- fouling of various types of membranes including nylon, polysulfone (PSU) and polyethersulfone (PESU) and modules, including flatsheet and tubular types. Different separation systems including microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF), flat-sheet and tubular modules, and suitable ultrasonic probes were used in this study. Results of this study show a good correlation between the UTDR signal response and the development of a fouling layer on a membrane surface. UTDR effectively detected the appearance, growth and movement of a fouling layer echo as fouling proceeded. Cake (fouling)-layer compressibility was observed by UTDR. The structure and compaction of an asymmetric PSU membrane could be detected by UTDR. UTDR was also successfully used for monitoring membrane cleaning and evaluating the cleaning effectiveness o f various cleaning methods. UTDR results corroborated the flux measurements and SEM analyses. The ultrasonic unit is a programmed microprocessor, and can be used to compare reference and test signals to produce a differential signal (a fouling layer echo). A differential signal indicates the state and progress o f a fouling layer on the membrane surface in actual operations. Both amplitude and arrival time of differential signals as a function of operation time provide useful quantitative information, i.e. changes in thickness and density of a fouling layer, on the fouling processes. A predictive modelling program, ultrasonic reflection modelling (URM), was developed to describe the processes of ultrasonic testing related to the deposition of fouling layers on membrane surfaces. The mathematical model could substantiate changes in the densities of the fouling layer as well as the thickness. This is important as deposit resistance to flow is related to both thickness and density (compressibility). The predicted results of cake layer deposition are in good agreement with the actual UTDR measurements obtained in MF and UF. Furthermore, protein fouling was successfully detected in tubular UF by UTDR. Ultrasonic frequency spectra could be used as an additional tool for fouling detection.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Membraan-aanvuiling of -verstopping is die grootste struikelblok wat die meer algemene aanwending van membrane vir verskillende watersuiweringsprosesse beinvloed. Die ontwikkeling en gebruik van ‘n geskikte nie-inmengende tegniek vir die in-lyn meting van aanvuiling van membrane in laboratorium-en nywerheidstoepassings mag ‘n geleentheid bied vir die kwantifisering van die verwydering van aanvuiling en skoonmaakstrategiee. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was die ontwikkeling van ultrasoniese tydgebiedsweerkaatsing (Eng: ultrasonic time-domain reflectometry, UTDR) en die gebruik daarvan as ‘n analitiese metode vir die studie van anorganiese-, organiese- en bio-besoedeling op verskeie tips membrane, insluitend nylon, polisufoon (PSU) en polietersulfoon (PESU), in beide platvel- en buismodules. Verskeie skeidingsisteme, insluitend mikrofiltrasie (MF) en ultrafiltrasie (UF) is ontwerp en gebruik in hierdie studie. Eksperimentele resultate het goeie ooreenstemming tussen die UTDR seinrespons en die ontwikkeling van ‘n aanvuilingslaag op die membraanoppervlakte bewys. Die ultrasoniese tegniek kon die vorming, groei en beweging van ‘n bevuilingslaagterugkaartsing waarneem namate bevuiling vorder. Aanvuilingslaagsamepersing is deur UTDR waargeneem. Die struktuur en samepersing van ‘n asimmetriese PSU membraan is ook deur UTDR gesien. UTDR is verder suksesvol gebruik om die skoonmaak van membrane te monitor en om die skoonmaakgeskiktheid (cleaning effectiveness) van verskeie skoonmaakmetodes te bepaal. UTDR resultate het permeaatvloeimetings en SEM analyses bevestig. Die ultrasoniese eenheid is ‘n geprogrameerde mikroverwerker, en kan gebruik word om verwysings- en toetsseine te vergelyk, en dan ‘n differensiaalsein te gee (‘n aanvuilingslaagweerklank). ‘n Differensiaalsein dui die toestand en vordering van ‘n aanvuilingslaag op die membraanoppervlakte gedurende gebruik aan. Beide amplitude asook aankomstyd van differensiaalseine as funksies van gebruikstyd verskaf bruikbare kwantatiewe inligting, dws. Veranderings in die dikte en digtheid van ‘n aanvuilingslaag, op die aanvuilingsproses. ‘n Voorspellingsmodelleringprogram - ultrasonieseweerkaatsingsmodellering (Eng: ultrasonic reflection modeling, URM) is ontwikkel om die proses van ultrasoniese toetsing by die deponering van aanvuilingslae op membraanoppervlaktes beter te beskryf. Veranderings in die digtheid en dikte van die aanvuilingslaag teenvloei is verwant aan dikte en digtheid (saampersbaarheid). Die voorspelde resultate van aanvuilingslaagdeponering stem goed ooreen met die werklike UTDR-metings wat in MF en UF gemaak is. Bio-aanvuiling is suksesvol waargeneem deur UTDR in buisvormige UF membrane. Ultrasoniese frekwensiespektra kan dus as ‘n bykomende metode gebruik word vir die waarneming van aanvuiling op skeidingsmembrane.
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42

Nilsson, Robert. "A Mutation-based Framework for Automated Testing of Timeliness." Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Department of Computer and Information Science, Linköping University, 2006. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2006/tek1030s.pdf.

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43

Reinagel, Peter J. "Testing of a CMOS VLSI IC for real-time opto-electronic two-dimensional histogram generation." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1995. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA295290.

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44

Medisetti, Praveen. "REAL TIME SIMULATION AND HARDWARE-IN-LOOP TESTING OF A HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE CONTROL SYSTEM." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1170439524.

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45

Choong, Melissa Yen Ying. "Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 biosensor for preservative efficacy testing." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/15623.

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The preservative challenge test is a regulatory requirement specified in various pharmacopoeias to determine the efficacy of preservatives. However, such testing is a labour-intensive repetitive task and often requires days before results can be generated. Microbial biosensors have the potential to provide a rapid and automated alternative to the traditional viable counting currently in use. However, the selection of appropriate promoters is essential. The bioluminescent reporter strains used in the current study comprise the Photorhabdus luminescence lux CDABE reporter genes under the control of five individual constitutive Escherichia coli promoters: outer lipoprotein (lpp); twin arginine translocase (tatA); lysine decarboxylase (ldc); lysyl t-RNA (lysS); and ribosomal protein (spc). The promoter plus lux CDABE constructs were cloned, ligated into the plasmid vector pBR322 and transformed into E. coli ATCC 8739. The bioluminescence intensity in the decreasing order of constitutive promoter was lpp > spc> tatA> ldc > lysS. The five biosensor strains tested successfully in PET assays and demonstrated accuracy with a minimum detection limit of 103 CFU/ml, a detection range of 6 orders magnitude, and yielded equivalent results to methods currently recommended by the pharmacopoeias. The bioluminescent biosensors were used to monitor the efficacy of preservatives; sorbic acid at concentrations of 0.031% to 0.2% at pH 5.0, and benzalkonium chloride at concentrations of 0.0062% to 0.00039% alone and in combination with 0.03% EDTA. The 99.9% percentage of bioluminescence reduction of tatA-lux, ldc-lux, lysS-lux, and spc-lux was statistically equivalent to the 3 log10 CFU/ml reduction as required by the Pharmacopeias’. Strong significant correlations between bioluminescence and the methods recommended by the pharmacopoeias were obtained when the biosensor strains were challenged with preservatives, for all except lpp-lux E. coli. The bioluminescence expressed by the lpp-lux biosensor was significantly lower during long-term stationary phase than it was for any of the other biosensors and was also significantly lower than for any of the other biosensors in the presence of preservatives. Since the plasmid copy number and viable counts for lpp-lux did not change under these conditions, it suggests that perhaps lpp-lux was down regulated under stress conditions. There were no statistically significant differences between the results of the bioluminescence assays and the results of the viable count and ATP chemiluminescence assay. Virtual foot printing (using Regulon DB database) demonstrated that two crp binding sites overlapping the -10 regions are located on the negative strand of the lysS promoter sequences and that one crp binding site is located in lpp. The biosensor strains ldc-lux exhibited levels of bioluminescence per cell significantly lower than spc in the presence of preservatives whilst there was a significant increase in bioluminescence per cell by tatA-lux under alkaline conditions (pH 8.9) during long-term stationary phase. Amongst the five biosensor strains tested in the current work, it was determined that the spc-lux strain would be the most attractive candidate for further work, since the bioluminescence expressed per cell was significantly greater, by 10-1000 times, than that expressed by the other four promoters when challenged with the preservatives tested with excellent significant correlations between bioluminescence expression and viable counts in the PET assays with the various preservatives in this study (R2: 8.79-1.00). The bioluminescent biosensor strains showed no statistical differences from the control strains (wildtype E.coli ATCC 8739 and E.coli carrying a promoterless [pBR322.lux] for adneylate energy charge (AEC), plasmid copy number (PCN) bioluminescence or viable counts over 28 days. The emission of bioluminescence by the four bioreporter strains across 28 days is reflected by the stability of PCN with correlations of 0.78-0.90, except for lpp-lux with R2: 0.59. The following promoter elements were found likely to assist greater expression of bioluminescence: an A+T level of approximately 50% between the -40 and -60 regions (the UP element); a G+C level of approximately 50% within the -10 and +1 regions; the extended -10 region and -10 region of consensus sequence RpoD (σ70/D).
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46

MENEZES, MARIO O. de. "Radiografia com neutrons em tempo - real." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2000. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9284.

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Tese [Doutoramento]
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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47

Tiwari, Anil. "The development of an interpretive methodology for the application of real-time acousto-ultrasonic NDE technique for monitoring damage in ceramic composites under dynamic loads." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39527.

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48

Sanaboyina, Ram Mohan. "Test Plan for Real-Time Modeling & Simulation of Single Pole Switching Relays." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2016. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2215.

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A real-time simulator (RTS) with digital and analog input/output modules is used to conduct hardware-in-the-loop simulations to evaluate performance of power system equipment such as protective relays by exposing the equipment to the simulated realistic operating conditions. This work investigates the use of RTS to test relays with single-pole-switching (SPS) feature. Single-pole switching can cause misoperations due to fault arc during reclosing of the breakers. Through this investigation, a test procedure appropriate for the testing SPS relays has been developed. The test procedure includes power system modeling for real time simulation, relay test setup, and test plan. HYPERSIM real-time simulator was used to model an actual power system. Transmission lines, three-winding transformers, and induction motor were modeled with actual parameters. Models for fault arc in HYPERSIM real time simulator were developed. Test set-up for evaluating relay performance and wiring drawings for connecting relay in closed-loop to the simulator were developed.
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49

Ollerton, Robert Milton. "Using discrete-event simulation to address the probe effect in software testing of real-time distributed systems." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1998. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA356089.

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Thesis (M.S. in Software Engineering) Naval Postgraduate School, September 1998.
"September 1998." Thesis advisor(s): Timothy Shimeall. Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-71). Also available online.
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50

Duman, Ildeniz. "Design, implementation, and testing of a real-time software system for a quaternion-based attitude estimation filter." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1999. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA361553.

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Thesis (M.S. in Computer Science) Naval Postgraduate School, March 1999.
"March 1999". Thesis advisor(s): Eric R. Bachmann, Robert B. McGhee. Includes bibliographical references (p. 157-160). Also available online.
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