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Journal articles on the topic 'Real time characterisation'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Hadler, Jens, Gunther Müller, Daniel Stern, and Peter Berlet. "Real Time Characterisation of Wear Behaviour." MTZ worldwide 76, no. 6 (May 2, 2015): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38313-015-0015-9.

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2

Best, Matthew C. "Real-time characterisation of driver steering behaviour." Vehicle System Dynamics 57, no. 1 (March 16, 2018): 64–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2018.1447678.

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3

Schüler, Yves S., Paul P. Hiebert, and Tuomas A. Peltonen. "Financial cycles: Characterisation and real-time measurement." Journal of International Money and Finance 100 (February 2020): 102082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2019.102082.

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4

Clark, J. M. "Aerosol characterisation in real time—Achievements and prospects." Journal of Aerosol Science 29, no. 1-2 (January 1998): 232–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(98)90265-8.

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5

Webb, D. Patrick, George Skouteris, and Shahin Rahimifard. "In-plant real-time manufacturing water content characterisation." Water Resources and Industry 20 (December 2018): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wri.2018.08.003.

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6

Wei, Jing, Erkan Ibraim, Nicolas Brüggemann, Harry Vereecken, and Joachim Mohn. "First real-time isotopic characterisation of N2O from chemodenitrification." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 267 (December 2019): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.09.018.

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7

Hague, L., D. Puzzovio, A. Dragoneas, and M. Grell. "Simplified Real-Time Organic Transistor Characterisation Schemes for Sensing Applications." Science of Advanced Materials 3, no. 6 (December 1, 2011): 907–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2011.1216.

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8

Dowell, Peter G., Sam Akehurst, and Richard D. Burke. "Characterisation and optimisation of a real-time diesel engine model." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 231, no. 14 (February 1, 2017): 1913–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017691618.

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Accurate real-time engine models are an essential step to allow the development of control algorithms in parallel to the development of engine hardware using hardware-in-the-loop applications. A physics-based model of the engine high-pressure air path and combustion chamber is presented. The model was parameterised using data from a small set of carefully selected operating conditions for a 2.0 l diesel engine. The model was subsequently validated over the complete engine operating map with exhaust gas recirculation and without exhaust gas recirculation. A high level of fit was achieved with R2 values above 0.94 for the mean effective pressure and above 0.99 for the air flow rate. The model run time was then reduced for real-time application by using forward differencing and single-precision floating-point numbers and by calculating the in-cylinder prediction for only a single cylinder. A further improvement of 25% in the run time was achieved by improving the submodels, including the strategic use of one-dimensional and two-dimensional look-up tables with optimised resolution. The model exceeds the performance of similar models in the literature, achieving a crank angle resolution of 0.5° at 4000 r/min. This simulation step size still yields good accuracy in comparison with a crank angle resolution of 0.1° and was validated against the experimental results from a New European Driving Cycle. The real-time model allows the development of control strategies before the engine hardware is available, meaning that more time can be spent to ensure that the engine can meet the performance and the emissions requirements over its full operating range.

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9

Jamaluddin, A. K. M., C. Dong, P. Hermans, I. A. Khan, A. Carnegie, O. C. Mullins, A. Kurkjian, G. Fujisawa, J. Nighswander, and S. Babajan. "REAL-TIME AND ON-SITE RESERVOIR FLUID CHARACTERISATION USING SPECTRAL ANALYSIS AND PVT EXPRESS." APPEA Journal 44, no. 1 (2004): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj03028.

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Obtaining an adequate fluid characterisation early in the life of a reservoir is becoming a key requirement for successful hydrocarbon development. This work presents and discusses a number of new fluid sampling and fluid characterisation technologies that can be deployed either down hole or at surface in the early stages of the exploration and development cycle to achieve this objective. Techniques discussed include methods to monitor and quantify oil-based mud contamination, gas-liquid-ratio (GLR) and basic fluid composition in real time during open-hole formation testing operations. In addition, we demonstrate the applicability of new surface analysis techniques that allow for rapid, accurate, and reliable measurements of key fluid properties, such as saturation pressure, gas-oil ratio, extended carbon number composition, viscosity, and density, on-site within a few hours of retrieving reservoir fluid samples at surface. Finally, prediction tools used to extend these limited measurements to a traditional PVT fluid characterisation are presented along with example measurements from all the techniques described. In conclusion, it is shown that the implementation of these techniques in a complementary program can reduce the risk associated with making key development decisions that are based on an understanding of reservoir fluid properties.

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10

Finnerty, Niall J., Saidhbhe L. O’Riordan, Erik Palsson, and John P. Lowry. "Brain nitric oxide: Regional characterisation of a real-time microelectrochemical sensor." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 209, no. 1 (July 2012): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.05.023.

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11

Linjewile, Temi M., James Valentine, Kevin A. Davis, N. S. Harding, and William M. Cox. "Prediction and real-time monitoring techniques for corrosion characterisation in furnaces." Materials at High Temperatures 20, no. 2 (January 2003): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mht.2003.021.

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12

Totea, A. M., I. Dorin, G. Gavrilov, P. R. Laity, B. R. Conway, L. Waters, and K. Asare-Addo. "Real time calorimetric characterisation of clay – drug complex dispersions and particles." International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X 1 (December 2019): 100003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpx.2018.100003.

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13

Ren, Dan, Jet Ing Ngie Yeo, Tian-Yin Liu, and Xiaolin Wang. "Time-dependent FTIR microscopy for mechanism investigations and kinetic measurements in interfacial polymerisation: a microporous polymer film study." Polymer Chemistry 10, no. 22 (2019): 2769–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py00257j.

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14

Kurobori, Toshio. "Performance characterisation of a real-time fiber dosimetry system using radiophotoluminescent glasses." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 57, no. 10 (September 5, 2018): 106402. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjap.57.106402.

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15

Caballero, L., F. Albiol Colomer, A. Corbi Bellot, C. Domingo-Pardo, J. L. Leganés Nieto, J. Agramunt Ros, P. Contreras, M. Monserrate, P. Olleros Rodríguez, and D. L. Pérez Magán. "Gamma-ray imaging system for real-time measurements in nuclear waste characterisation." Journal of Instrumentation 13, no. 03 (March 22, 2018): P03016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/13/03/p03016.

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16

Nakamura, T., M. Sasaki, O. Ueda, and T. Suzuki. "Characterisation of a Real-time Personal Neutron Dosemeter with Two Silicon Detectors." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 85, no. 1 (September 1, 1999): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a032894.

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17

Dall'Osto, Manuel, Roy M. Harrison, E. Charpantidou, G. Loupa, and S. Rapsomanikis. "Characterisation of indoor airborne particles by using real-time aerosol mass spectrometry." Science of The Total Environment 384, no. 1-3 (October 2007): 120–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.05.041.

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18

Tian, Jiang-han, Cheng Yan, Zaheer Ahmad Nasir, Sonia Garcia Alcega, Sean Tyrrel, and Frederic Coulon. "Real time detection and characterisation of bioaerosol emissions from wastewater treatment plants." Science of The Total Environment 721 (June 2020): 137629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137629.

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19

Cilliers, A. C., D. Nicholls, and A. S. J. Helberg. "Fault detection and characterisation in Pressurised Water Reactors using real-time simulations." Annals of Nuclear Energy 38, no. 5 (May 2011): 1196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2010.11.025.

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20

Fricke, Stephan, Christian Fricke, Christopher Oelkrug, Rosemarie Blatz, Uta Schönfelder, Dietger Niederwieser, Nadja Hilger, Markus Ruhnke, and Arne C. Rodloff. "A real-time PCR for the detection and characterisation of Aspergillus species." Mycoses 55, no. 5 (December 11, 2011): 416–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2011.02161.x.

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21

Stutzki, F., C. Jauregui, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann. "Real-time characterisation of modal content in monolithic few-mode fibre lasers." Electronics Letters 47, no. 4 (2011): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2010.3255.

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22

Urzì, Christian, Damian Hertig, Christoph Meyer, Sally Maddah, Jean-Marc Nuoffer, and Peter Vermathen. "Determination of Intra- and Extracellular Metabolic Adaptations of 3D Cell Cultures upon Challenges in Real-Time by NMR." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 12 (June 12, 2022): 6555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126555.

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NMR flow devices provide longitudinal real-time quantitative metabolome characterisation of living cells. However, discrimination of intra- and extracellular contributions to the spectra represents a major challenge in metabolomic NMR studies. The present NMR study demonstrates the possibility to quantitatively measure both metabolic intracellular fingerprints and extracellular footprints on human control fibroblasts by using a commercially available flow tube system with a standard 5 mm NMR probe. We performed a comprehensive 3D cell culture system characterisation. Diffusion NMR was employed for intra- and extracellular metabolites separation. In addition, complementary extracellular footprints were determined. The implemented perfused NMR bioreactor system allowed the determination of 35 metabolites and intra- and extracellular separation of 19 metabolites based on diffusion rate differences. We show the reliability and sensitivity of NMR diffusion measurements to detect metabolite concentration changes in both intra- and extracellular compartments during perfusion with different selective culture media, and upon complex I inhibition with rotenone. We also demonstrate the sensitivity of extracellular footprints to determine metabolic variations at different flow rates. The current method is of potential use for the metabolomic characterisation of defect fibroblasts and for improving physiological comprehension.

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23

Virmani, Deepali, Nikita Jain, Ketan Parikh, and Abhishek Srivastava. "HashMiner: Feature Characterisation and analysis of #Hashtag Hijacking using real-time neural network." Procedia Computer Science 115 (2017): 786–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.09.174.

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24

Martin-Abadal, Miguel, Gabriel Oliver-Codina, and Yolanda Gonzalez-Cid. "Real-Time Pipe and Valve Characterisation and Mapping for Autonomous Underwater Intervention Tasks." Sensors 22, no. 21 (October 24, 2022): 8141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218141.

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Nowadays, more frequently, it is necessary to perform underwater operations such as surveying an area or inspecting and intervening on industrial infrastructures such as offshore oil and gas rigs or pipeline networks. Recently, the use of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV) has grown as a way to automate these tasks, reducing risks and execution time. One of the used sensing modalities is vision, providing RGB high-quality information in the mid to low range, making it appropriate for manipulation or detail inspection tasks. This work presents the use of a deep neural network to perform pixel-wise 3D segmentation of pipes and valves on underwater point clouds generated using a stereo pair of cameras. In addition, two novel algorithms are built to extract information from the detected instances, providing pipe vectors, gripping points, the position of structural elements such as elbows or connections, and valve type and orientation. The information extracted on spatially referenced point clouds can be unified to form an information map of an inspected area. Results show outstanding performance on the network segmentation task, achieving a mean F1-score value of 88.0% at a pixel-wise level and of 95.3% at an instance level. The information extraction algorithm also showcased excellent metrics when extracting information from pipe instances and their structural elements and good enough metrics when extracting data from valves. Finally, the neural network and information algorithms are implemented on an AUV and executed in real-time, validating that the output information stream frame rate of 0.72 fps is high enough to perform manipulation tasks and to ensure full seabed coverage during inspection tasks. The used dataset, along with a trained model and the information algorithms, are provided to the scientific community.

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25

Britton, Tom, Ka Yin Leung, and Pieter Trapman. "Who is the infector? General multi-type epidemics and real-time susceptibility processes." Advances in Applied Probability 51, no. 2 (June 2019): 606–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apr.2019.25.

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AbstractWe couple a multi-type stochastic epidemic process with a directed random graph, where edges have random weights (traversal times). This random graph representation is used to characterise the fractions of individuals infected by the different types of vertices among all infected individuals in the large population limit. For this characterisation, we rely on the theory of multi-type real-time branching processes. We identify a special case of the two-type model in which the fraction of individuals of a certain type infected by individuals of the same type is maximised among all two-type epidemics approximated by branching processes with the same mean offspring matrix.

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26

Apps, Andrew, Justin Lau, Mark Peterzan, Stefan Neubauer, Damian Tyler, and Oliver Rider. "Hyperpolarised magnetic resonance for in vivo real-time metabolic imaging." Heart 104, no. 18 (April 27, 2018): 1484–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2017-312356.

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Although non-invasive perfusion and viability imaging often provide the gateway to coronary revascularisation, current non-invasive imaging methods only report the surrogate markers of inducible hypoperfusion and presence or absence of myocardial scar, rather than actually visualising areas of ischaemia and/or viable myocardium. This may lead to suboptimal revascularisation decisions. Normally respiring (viable) cardiomyocytes convert pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO2/bicarbonate (via pyruvate dehydrogenase), but under ischaemic conditions characteristically shift this conversion to lactate (by lactate dehydrogenase). Imaging pyruvate metabolism thus has the potential to improve upon current imaging techniques. Using the novel hyperpolarisation technique of dynamic nuclear polarisation (DNP), the magnetic resonance signal of injected [1-13C]pyruvate can be transiently magnified >10 000 times over that seen in conventional MR spectroscopy, allowing the characteristic metabolic signatures of ischaemia (lactate production) and viability (CO2/bicarbonate production) to be directly imaged. As such DNP imaging of the downstream metabolism of [1-13C]pyruvate could surpass the diagnostic capabilities of contemporary ischaemia and viability testing. Here we review the technique, and with brief reference to the salient biochemistry, discuss its potential applications within cardiology. These include ischaemia and viability testing, and further characterisation of the altered metabolism seen at different stages during the natural history of heart failure.

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27

Montgomery, P. C., F. Anstotz, J. Montagna, D. Montaner, L. Pramatarova, and E. Pecheva. "Towards real time 3D quantitative characterisation ofin situlayer growth using white light interference microscopy." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 253 (November 1, 2010): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/253/1/012017.

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28

Bolger, Fiachra B., Stephen B. McHugh, Rachel Bennett, Jennifer Li, Keita Ishiwari, Jennifer Francois, Michael W. Conway, et al. "Characterisation of carbon paste electrodes for real-time amperometric monitoring of brain tissue oxygen." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 195, no. 2 (February 2011): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.11.013.

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29

Baker, Keeley L., Fiachra B. Bolger, Michelle M. Doran, and John P. Lowry. "Characterisation of a Platinum-based Electrochemical Biosensor for Real-time Neurochemical Analysis of Choline." Electroanalysis 31, no. 1 (November 27, 2018): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.201800642.

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30

Fielden, I. M. "Results from In-Situ, Real-Time SEM Observations of Grain Growth in Polycrystalline Metal." Materials Science Forum 467-470 (October 2004): 875–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.467-470.875.

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The development of the converter plate detector has allowed the generation of real-time, in-situ image sequences of evolving microstructures in model and industrial polycrystalline metals. The principal metals investigated were steel, aluminium and gold. The raw video results allow a number of qualitative statements to be made about grain growth behaviour in these systems and some simplistic quantitative statements. However, the sheer volume and variety of data available in the time-stream of micrographs presents its own problems in identifying and extracting the information most useful for rigorous characterisation of the behaviour of a dynamically evolving microstructure. We present and discuss our approach to the analysis of this data and results of that analysis.

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31

Weissenbach, Thomas, and Renato Sarc. "Particle-specific characterisation of non-hazardous, coarse-shredded mixed waste for real-time quality assurance." Journal of Environmental Management 301 (January 2022): 113878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113878.

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32

Coulson, David T. R., Joseph G. Quinn, Simon Brockbank, Rivka Ravid, Jan Hellemans, G. Brent Irvine, and Janet A. Johnston. "P1-467: Characterisation of BACE1 expression in Alzheimer's disease brain by quantitative real-time PCR." Alzheimer's & Dementia 4 (July 2008): T356—T357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2008.05.1050.

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33

Hopkins, Mark J., George T. Macfarlane, Elizabeth Furrie, Alemu Fite, and Sandra Macfarlane. "Characterisation of intestinal bacteria in infant stools using real-time PCR and northern hybridisation analyses." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 54, no. 1 (September 2005): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsec.2005.03.001.

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34

Redpath, Adam, Celia M. Marr, Caroline Bullard, and Gayle D. Hallowell. "Real‐time three‐dimensional (3D) echocardiographic characterisation of an atrial septal defect in a horse." Veterinary Medicine and Science 6, no. 4 (July 6, 2020): 661–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vms3.317.

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35

Hoffmann, C., and P. Russer. "A low-noise high dynamic-range time-domain EMI measurement system for CISPR Band E." Advances in Radio Science 9 (August 1, 2011): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-9-309-2011.

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Abstract. In this paper, a broadband time-domain EMI measurement system for measurements from 9 kHz to 18 GHz is presented that allows for compliant EMI measurements in CISPR Band E. Combining ultra-fast analog-to-digital-conversion and real-time digital signal processing on a field-programmable-gate-array (FPGA) with ultra-broadband multi-stage down-conversion, scan times can be reduced by several orders of magnitude in comparison to a traditional heterodyne EMI-receiver. The ultra-low system noise floor of 6–8 dB and the real-time spectrogram allow for the characterisation of the time-behaviour of EMI near the noise floor. EMI measurements of electronic consumer devices and electric household appliances are presented.

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36

Shao, Yunqi, Yu Wang, Mao Du, Aristeidis Voliotis, M. Rami Alfarra, Simon P. O'Meara, S. Fiona Turner, and Gordon McFiggans. "Characterisation of the Manchester Aerosol Chamber facility." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15, no. 2 (January 31, 2022): 539–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-539-2022.

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Abstract. This study describes the design of the Manchester Aerosol Chamber (MAC), initially developed in 2005 and presents for the first time its comprehensive characterisation. The MAC is designed to investigate multi-phase chemistry and the evolution of aerosol physico-chemical properties from the real-world emissions (e.g. diesel engine, plants) or of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) produced from pure volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Additionally, the generated aerosol particles in the MAC can be transferred to the Manchester Ice Cloud Chamber (MICC), which enables investigation of cloud formation in warm, mixed-phase, and fully glaciated conditions (with temperature, T, as low as −55 ∘C). The MAC is an 18 m3 fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) Teflon chamber with the potential to conduct experiments at controlled temperature (15–35 ∘C) and relative humidity (RH; 25 %–80 %) under simulated solar radiation or dark conditions. Detailed characterisations were conducted at common experimental conditions (25 ∘C, 50 % RH) for actinometry and determination of background contamination, wall losses of gases (NO2, O3, and selected VOCs), aerosol particles at different sizes, chamber wall reactivity, and aerosol formation. In addition, the influences of chamber contamination on the wall loss rate of gases and particles and the photolysis of NO2 were estimated.

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37

Kouka, Mahdy, and David Cuesta-Frau. "Slope Entropy Characterisation: The Role of the δ Parameter." Entropy 24, no. 10 (October 12, 2022): 1456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24101456.

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Many time series entropy calculation methods have been proposed in the last few years. They are mainly used as numerical features for signal classification in any scientific field where data series are involved. We recently proposed a new method, Slope Entropy (SlpEn), based on the relative frequency of differences between consecutive samples of a time series, thresholded using two input parameters, γ and δ. In principle, δ was proposed to account for differences in the vicinity of the 0 region (namely, ties) and, therefore, was usually set at small values such as 0.001. However, there is no study that really quantifies the role of this parameter using this default or other configurations, despite the good SlpEn results so far. The present paper addresses this issue, removing δ from the SlpEn calculation to assess its real influence on classification performance, or optimising its value by means of a grid search in order to find out if other values beyond the 0.001 value provide significant time series classification accuracy gains. Although the inclusion of this parameter does improve classification accuracy according to experimental results, gains of 5% at most probably do not support the additional effort required. Therefore, SlpEn simplification could be seen as a real alternative.

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38

Kiraly, Peter, Gareth Morris, Liu Quanxiu, and Mathias Nilsson. "Sharpening Up Your Spectra: Broadband Homonuclear Decoupling in HSQC by Real-Time Pure Shift Acquisition." Synlett 30, no. 09 (February 6, 2019): 1015–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1612057.

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Structure elucidation using NMR spectroscopy has become a vital part of the toolkit of modern synthetic chemistry. Characterisation of final products, quality control of production, analysis of complex mixtures in synthetic method development, and structure elucidation of isolated natural products are examples where NMR spectroscopy is a part of daily routine. The two factors that usually limit the applicability of NMR are resolution and sensitivity. The experimental method described in this Account, real-time pure shift acquisition, yields heteronuclear correlation spectra such as HSQC that offer significant improvements in both resolution and sensitivity, at negligible cost to the analyst. The advantages that real-time pure shift acquisition enjoys over conventional experiments are discussed and illustrated with selected examples including carbohydrate and alkaloid mixtures. Advanced data acquisition and processing techniques that reduce experiment time and are easily combined with pure shift NMR methods are also described.1 Introduction2 Simultaneous Sensitivity and Resolution Enhancement Using Real-Time Acquisition in HSQC3 Processing Pure Shift Data4 Pulse Sequences for Real-Time Pure Shift HSQC5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

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39

Zhong, Ruizhi, Raymond Johnson Jr, Zhongwei Chen, and Nathaniel Chand. "Coal identification using neural networks with real-time coalbed methane drilling data." APPEA Journal 59, no. 1 (2019): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18091.

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Currently, coal is identified using coring data or log interpretation. Coring is the most dependable methodology, but it is costly and its characterisation is expensive and time consuming. Logging methods are convenient, reliable, and reproducible, but can be subject to statistical and shouldering effects and often have operational difficulties in deviated or horizontal wells. Drilling data, which are routinely available, can potentially be used to identify coal sections in a machine learning environment when conventional wireline logs are not available. To achieve this, a four-layer artificial neural network (ANN) was used to identify coals in a well at Walloon Sub-Group, Surat Basin. The ANN model used drilling data and some logging-while-drilling (LWD) data. The inputs for the lithological model from high-frequency drilling data include weight on bit, rotary speed, torque, and rate of penetration. Inputs from LWD data include gamma ray and hole diameter. The criterion for coal identification is based on bulk density cutoff. The simulation results show that the ANN can deliver an overall accuracy of 96%. Due to the low net-to-gross ratio of coals within the Walloon sequence, a lower but reasonable F1 score of 0.78 is achievable for the coal sections. The proposed model can potentially be implemented in real-time to identify coal intervals without additional logs and aid validation of minimal log data.

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40

Vrancken, C., P. J. Longhurst, and S. T. Wagland. "Critical review of real-time methods for solid waste characterisation: Informing material recovery and fuel production." Waste Management 61 (March 2017): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.01.019.

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41

Santos, Alexandre M. Caraça, Mohammad Mohammadi, Johan Asp, Tanya M. Monro, and Shahraam Afshar V. "Characterisation of a real-time fibre-coupled beryllium oxide (BeO) luminescence dosimeter in X-ray beams." Radiation Measurements 53-54 (June 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2013.03.003.

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42

Cercenado, E., M. Marin, O. Cuevas, and E. Bouza. "P889 Emergence of linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecalis in Spain and rapid characterisation by real-time PCR." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 29 (March 2007): S230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-8579(07)70730-6.

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43

Rajko-Nenow, Paulina, Sinéad Keaveney, John Flannery, Vincent O'Flaherty, and William Doré. "Characterisation of norovirus contamination in an Irish shellfishery using real-time RT-qPCR and sequencing analysis." International Journal of Food Microbiology 160, no. 2 (November 2012): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.10.001.

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44

Sarfraz, Muhammad Shahzad, Nitin Kumar Tripathi, and Asanobu Kitamoto. "Near real-time characterisation of urban environments: a holistic approach for monitoring dengue fever risk areas." International Journal of Digital Earth 7, no. 11 (May 8, 2013): 916–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2013.786144.

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45

Blobel, Swen, Karin Thielsch, Markus Kaestner, and Volker Ulbricht. "Application of Real-Time Photoelastic Analysis to Single Fibre Fragmentation Tests." Applied Mechanics and Materials 24-25 (June 2010): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.24-25.239.

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One of our main research areas is the trans-scale modelling of damage in composite materials, which consist of a polymer matrix and carbon or glass fibres in different material combinations and geometrical arrangements. From the local stress redistribution in the fibre-matrix interphase and in the surrounding matrix material information on the parameters of microscopic damage models for composite materials can be obtained. Owing to the difficult interface characterisation based on the properties of the single material components, a photoelastic analysis of single fibre fragmentation tests is performed. In addition to the qualitative visual interpretation in polarized light, an enhanced quantitative analysis in combination with digital photoelasticity using a four image phase shifting method will be applied [1]. As the sequential capturing of images might cause incorrect results, these four pictures are grabbed simultaneously. This allows for continuous testing. Additionally, errors due to the relaxation behaviour of the matrix material can be avoided. To this, a modular optical system consisting of a variable long distance microscope and a beam dividing module proposed by [2] was developed. It allows for the simultaneous projection of four different filtered images of one microscopic scene to the four quadrants of a CCD chip. This special equipment gives the possibility to apply quantitative photoelasticity to tensile tests performed on standard testing machines. This paper explains the measurement hardware and discusses the main problems and realised solutions from picture capturing through image processing to real-time photoelastic analysis at the present state of development. Exemplary results for the qualitative analysis of selected material combinations and different manufacturing processes are shown.

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Foster, Euan Alexander, Gary Bolton, Robert Bernard, Martin McInnes, Shaun McKnight, Ewan Nicolson, Charalampos Loukas, et al. "Automated Real-Time Eddy Current Array Inspection of Nuclear Assets." Sensors 22, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 6036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22166036.

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Inspection of components with surface discontinuities is an area that volumetric Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) methods, such as ultrasonic and radiographic, struggle in detection and characterisation. This coupled with the industrial desire to detect surface-breaking defects of components at the point of manufacture and/or maintenance, to increase design lifetime and further embed sustainability in their business models, is driving the increased adoption of Eddy Current Testing (ECT). Moreover, as businesses move toward Industry 4.0, demand for robotic delivery of NDT has grown. In this work, the authors present the novel implementation and use of a flexible robotic cell to deliver an eddy current array to inspect stress corrosion cracking on a nuclear canister made from 1.4404 stainless steel. Three 180-degree scans at different heights on one side of the canister were performed, and the acquired impedance data were vertically stitched together to show the full extent of the cracking. Axial and transversal datasets, corresponding to the transmit/receive coil configurations of the array elements, were simultaneously acquired at transmission frequencies 250, 300, 400, and 450 kHz and allowed for the generation of several impedance C-scan images. The variation in the lift-off of the eddy current array was innovatively minimised through the use of a force–torque sensor, a padded flexible ECT array and a PI control system. Through the use of bespoke software, the impedance data were logged in real-time (≤7 ms), displayed to the user, saved to a binary file, and flexibly post-processed via phase-rotation and mixing of the impedance data of different frequency and coil configuration channels. Phase rotation alone demonstrated an average increase in Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of 4.53 decibels across all datasets acquired, while a selective sum and average mixing technique was shown to increase the SNR by an average of 1.19 decibels. The results show how robotic delivery of eddy current arrays, and innovative post-processing, can allow for repeatable and flexible surface inspection, suitable for the challenges faced in many quality-focused industries.

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Xu, Wenting, Jinjie Cui, Biao Liu, and Litao Yang. "An Event-Specific Real-Time PCR Method for Measuring Transgenic Lysozyme Goat Content in Trace Samples." Foods 10, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10050925.

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Lysozymes are used in sterilisation, antisepsis, dairy additives, inflammation, and cancer. One transgenic goat line expressing high levels of human lysozyme (hLZ) in goat milk has been developed in China. Herein, we established an event-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) method to detect the transgenic hLZ goat line. The developed method has high specificity, sensitivity and accuracy, and a wide quantitative dynamic range. The limit of detection and limit of quantification was 5 and 10 copies per reaction, respectively. The practical sample analysis results showed that the method could identify and quantify transgenic lysozyme content in trace samples in routine lab analyses. Furthermore, the potential applicability in risk assessment, such as molecular characterisation and gene horizontal transfer, was confirmed. We believe that this method is suitable for the detection of transgenic hLZ goat line and its derivate.

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Grime, Rachael L., Joelle Goulding, Romez Uddin, Leigh A. Stoddart, Stephen J. Hill, David R. Poyner, Stephen J. Briddon, and Mark Wheatley. "Single molecule binding of a ligand to a G-protein-coupled receptor in real time using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, rendered possible by nano-encapsulation in styrene maleic acid lipid particles." Nanoscale 12, no. 21 (2020): 11518–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr01060j.

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Zhou, Lu, Henry P. Brunskill, and Roger Lewis. "Real-time non-invasive measurement and monitoring of wheel–rail contact using ultrasonic reflectometry." Structural Health Monitoring 18, no. 5-6 (February 21, 2019): 1953–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921719829882.

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Rail stress levels are vital to the lifespan of rail tracks, and are responsible for the safe operation and ride comfort of train services. In particular, wheel–rail contact stress is a dominating factor affecting wear, cracking, fatigue and failure of both wheel and rail. The wheel–rail interaction problem has long been investigated, yet detailed contact information on real cases remains obscure due to the interface complexity, including the varying wheel and rail profiles and lack of effective stress characterisation methods. Ultrasound image study, as an excellent non-destructive evaluation (NDE) method, is widely used in railway systems for defect detection, stress determination and rail profile checking. Specifically, ultrasonic reflectometry has proved successful in making static machine-element contact measurements. This article introduces a novel measuring method for both short-term and long-term dynamic wheel–rail contact monitoring purposes based on ultrasonic reflectometry. The method is investigated in detail, including the study of ultrasound propagation pathways in the rail, and the optimum placement of ultrasonic elements as well as actuator–receiver combinations. The proposed monitoring technique is expected to characterise and monitor the contact behaviour of operating high-speed rail system in real-time.

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Curtis, A. A., J. F. McCarthy, and C. Balnaves. "THE IMPACT OF INTEGRATED RESERVOIR CHARACTERISATION ON THE BUSINESS PERFORMANCE OF THE MODERN PETROLEUM COMPANY." APPEA Journal 37, no. 1 (1997): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj96006.

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One emerging technology that has the capacity to significantly improve the way the petroleum industry undertakes its business is reservoir characterisation. Compelling business drivers for the adoption of reservoir characterisation by petroleum companies exist, including the reduction of project risk, the optimisation of reservoir performance, and the improvement of work practices, all of which can lead to far shorter project cycle times and better financial performance. Integrated Reservoir Characterisation has been successfully applied by one petroleum company following the implementation of a project designed to promote its adoption. A process description of Integrated Reservoir Characterisation applicable to the company was developed and this was used in the evaluation of computer applications to implement the concepts. The implications for both reservoir technology development and for training are considerable, with the latter being addressed by the use of case studies. The impact that Integrated Reservoir Characterisation is having, and is likely to have, on the business in terms of work practices, the treatment of uncertainty, and on real time well operations is such that it will feature far more prominently in everyday data management and analysis, interpretation and decision making. Integrated Reservoir Characterisation is a 'core-of-the-business' technology that has the potential to yield substantial bottom-line benefits if it is successfully advanced within the modern petroleum company.

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