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1
Kunzelmann, Simone, and Martin R. Webb. "Fluorescence detection of GDP in real time with the reagentless biosensor rhodamine–ParM." Biochemical Journal 440, no. 1 (October 27, 2011): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20110349.
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The development of novel fluorescence methods for the detection of key biomolecules is of great interest, both in basic research and in drug discovery. Particularly relevant and widespread molecules in cells are ADP and GDP, which are the products of a large number of cellular reactions, including reactions catalysed by nucleoside triphosphatases and kinases. Previously, biosensors for ADP were developed in this laboratory, based on fluorophore adducts with the bacterial actin homologue ParM. It is shown in the present study that one of these biosensors, tetramethylrhodamine–ParM, can also monitor GDP. The biosensor can be used to measure micromolar concentrations of GDP on the background of millimolar concentrations of GTP. The fluorescence response of the biosensor is fast, the response time being <0.2 s. Thus the biosensor allows real-time measurements of GTPase and GTP-dependent kinase reactions. Applications of the GDP biosensor are exemplified with two different GTPases, measuring the rates of GTP hydrolysis and nucleotide exchange.
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Shalannanda, Wervyan, Ardianto Satriawan, Muhammad Fairuziko Nurrajab, Anchelmia Chyntia Hanna Ayulestari, Diah Ayu Safitri, Finna Alivia Nabila, Casi Setianingsih, and Isa Anshori. "Biosensors for therapeutic drug monitoring: a review." F1000Research 12 (February 13, 2023): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.130863.1.
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Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a crucial and essential step for patient care when an accurate medication dosage is necessary. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and immunoassays are commonly used methods for TDM, but they are expensive and incapable of real-time monitoring. Biosensor technology is believed to have the potential to perform TDM effectively. Biosensors are flexible and can be tailored to individual patient needs. This article reviews the development of biosensors for TDM, including the types of biosensors that have been fabricated and the drugs they have successfully monitored. Biosensor technology is expected to have a bright future, particularly for real-time monitoring and integration with internet of things (IoT) systems.
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Rasooly, Avraham, and Keith E. Herold. "Biosensors for the Analysis of Food- and Waterborne Pathogens and Their Toxins." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 89, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 873–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/89.3.873.
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Abstract Biosensors are devices which combine a biochemical recognition element with a physical transducer. There are various types of biosensors, including electrochemical, acoustical, and optical sensors. Biosensors are used for medical applications and for environmental testing. Although biosensors are not commonly used for food microbial analysis, they have great potential for the detection of microbial pathogens and their toxins in food. They enable fast or real-time detection, portability, and multipathogen detection for both field and laboratory analysis. Several applications have been developed for microbial analysis of food pathogens, including E. coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes, as well as various microbial toxins such as staphylococcal enterotoxins and mycotoxins. Biosensors have several potential advantages over other methods of analysis, including sensitivity in the range of ng/mL for microbial toxins and <100 colony-forming units/mL for bacteria. Fast or real-time detection can provide almost immediate interactive information about the sample tested, enabling users to take corrective measures before consumption or further contamination can occur. Miniaturization of biosensors enables biosensor integration into various food production equipment and machinery. Potential uses of biosensors for food microbiology include online process microbial monitoring to provide real-time information in food production and analysis ofmicrobial pathogens and their toxins in finished food. Biosensors can also be integrated into Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point programs, enabling critical microbial analysis of the entire food manufacturing process. In this review, the main biosensor approaches, technologies, instrumentation, and applications for food microbial analysis are described.
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Saha, Soumyadeep, Manoj Sachdev, and Sushanta K. Mitra. "Recent advances in label-free optical, electrochemical, and electronic biosensors for glioma biomarkers." Biomicrofluidics 17, no. 1 (January 2023): 011502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0135525.
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Gliomas are the most commonly occurring primary brain tumor with poor prognosis and high mortality rate. Currently, the diagnostic and monitoring options for glioma mainly revolve around imaging techniques, which often provide limited information and require supervisory expertise. Liquid biopsy is a great alternative or complementary monitoring protocol that can be implemented along with other standard diagnosis protocols. However, standard detection schemes for sampling and monitoring biomarkers in different biological fluids lack the necessary sensitivity and ability for real-time analysis. Lately, biosensor-based diagnostic and monitoring technology has attracted significant attention due to several advantageous features, including high sensitivity and specificity, high-throughput analysis, minimally invasive, and multiplexing ability. In this review article, we have focused our attention on glioma and presented a literature survey summarizing the diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers associated with glioma. Further, we discussed different biosensory approaches reported to date for the detection of specific glioma biomarkers. Current biosensors demonstrate high sensitivity and specificity, which can be used for point-of-care devices or liquid biopsies. However, for real clinical applications, these biosensors lack high-throughput and multiplexed analysis, which can be achieved via integration with microfluidic systems. We shared our perspective on the current state-of-the-art different biosensor-based diagnostic and monitoring technologies reported and the future research scopes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review focusing on biosensors for glioma detection, and it is anticipated that the review will offer a new pathway for the development of such biosensors and related diagnostic platforms.
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Christini, David J., Jeff Walden, and Jay M. Edelberg. "Direct biologically based biosensing of dynamic physiological function." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 280, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): H2006—H2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.2001.280.5.h2006.
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Dynamic regulation of biological systems requires real-time assessment of relevant physiological needs. Biosensors, which transduce biological actions or reactions into signals amenable to processing, are well suited for such monitoring. Typically, in vivo biosensors approximate physiological function via the measurement of surrogate signals. The alternative approach presented here would be to use biologically based biosensors for the direct measurement of physiological activity via functional integration of relevant governing inputs. We show that an implanted excitable-tissue biosensor (excitable cardiac tissue) can be used as a real-time, integrated bioprocessor to analyze the complex inputs regulating a dynamic physiological variable (heart rate). This approach offers the potential for long-term biologically tuned quantification of endogenous physiological function.
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Raykova, Magdalena R., Damion K. Corrigan, Morag Holdsworth, Fiona L. Henriquez, and Andrew C. Ward. "Emerging Electrochemical Sensors for Real-Time Detection of Tetracyclines in Milk." Biosensors 11, no. 7 (July 9, 2021): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11070232.
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Antimicrobial drug residues in food are strictly controlled and monitored by national laws in most territories. Tetracyclines are a major broad-spectrum antibiotic class, active against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and they are the leading choice for the treatment of many conditions in veterinary medicine in recent years. In dairy farms, milk from cows being treated with antibiotic drugs, such as tetracyclines, is considered unfit for human consumption. Contamination of the farm bulk tank with milk containing these residues presents a threat to confidence of supply and results in financial losses to farmers and dairy. Real-time monitoring of milk production for antimicrobial residues could reduce this risk and help to minimise the release of residues into the environment where they can cause reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance. In this article, we review the existing literature for the detection of tetracyclines in cow’s milk. Firstly, the complex nature of the milk matrix is described, and the test strategies in commercial use are outlined. Following this, emerging biosensors in the low-cost biosensors field are contrasted against each other, focusing upon electrochemical biosensors. Existing commercial tests that identify antimicrobial residues within milk are largely limited to beta-lactam detection, or non-specific detection of microbial inhibition, with tests specific to tetracycline residues less prevalent. Herein, we review a number of emerging electrochemical biosensor detection strategies for tetracyclines, which have the potential to close this gap and address the industry challenges associated with existing tests.
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Jang, Chorom, Hee-Jo Lee, and Jong-Gwan Yook. "Radio-Frequency Biosensors for Real-Time and Continuous Glucose Detection." Sensors 21, no. 5 (March 6, 2021): 1843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051843.
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This review paper focuses on radio-frequency (RF) biosensors for real-time and continuous glucose sensing reported in the literature, including our recent research. Diverse versions of glucose biosensors based on RF devices and circuits are briefly introduced, and their performances are compared. In addition, the limitations of the developed RF glucose biosensors are discussed. Finally, we present perspectives on state-of-art RF biosensing chips for point-of-care diagnosis and describe their future challenges.
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Wilson, George S., and Raeann Gifford. "Biosensors for real-time in vivo measurements." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 20, no. 12 (June 2005): 2388–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2004.12.003.
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Eiferman, Daniel S., Long Nguyen, and R. Anthony Perez-Tamayo. "Real-Time Myocardial Glucose Measurement Using Biosensors." ASAIO Journal 54, no. 1 (January 2008): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mat.0b013e318160f809.
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Eiferman, D., L. Nguyen, K. Abe, J. Bohannen, E. Okum, and R. A. Perez-Tamayo. "REAL-TIME MYOCARDIAL GLUCOSE MEASUREMENT USING BIOSENSORS." ASAIO Journal 52, no. 2 (March 2006): 25A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002480-200603000-00117.
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Pourbasheer, Eslam, Zhila Azari, and Mohammad Reza Ganjali. "Recent Advances in Biosensors Based Nanostructure for Pharmaceutical Analysis." Current Analytical Chemistry 15, no. 2 (February 19, 2019): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573411014666180319152853.
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Background: The development of novel nanostructures for pharmaceutical analysis has received great attention. Biosensors are a class of analytical techniques competent in the rapid quantification of drugs. Recently, the nanostructures have been applied for modification of biosensors. Objective: The goal of the present study is to review novel nanostructures for pharmaceutical analysis by biosensors. Method: In this review, the application of different biosensors was extensively discussed. Results: Biosensors based nanostructures are a powerful alternative to conventional analytical techniques, enabling highly sensitive, real-time, and high-frequency monitoring of drugs without extensive sample preparation. Several examples of their application have been reported. Conclusion: The present paper reviews the recent advances on the pharmaceutical analysis of biosensor based nanostructures.
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Gilani Mohamed, Mohamed Ahmed, Ashok Vajravelu, and Nurmiza Binti Othman. "Biosensors Preliminary Concepts and Its Principles with Applications in the Engineering Perspective." International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research 6, no. 2 (May 3, 2021): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijshr.20210415.
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Biosensor is rapid detection of any infectious disease at the early stages is critical for supporting public health and ensuring effective healthcare outcomes. A timely and accurate diagnosis of a disease is necessary for an effective medical response where is biosensor takes place. The design and development of biosensors have taken a centre stage for researchers or scientists in the recent decade owing to the wide range of biosensor applications, such as health care and disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring, water and food quality monitoring, and drug delivery and lately it shown great potential for use in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Biosensors are ideally suited to many diagnostic and real-time detection problems due to their use of biological molecules, tissues, and cells, and their high capacity for precision and accuracy promises to continue this trend. Biosensors will become even more widespread and essential to the industrial, agricultural, scientific, and health care as biotechnology tools advance to allow additional biosensor growth. Keywords: biosensor, biosensor historical perspective, biosensor parameters, biosensor application.
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Kim, Jayoung, Gabriela Valdés-Ramírez, Amay J. Bandodkar, Wenzhao Jia, Alexandra G. Martinez, Julian Ramírez, Patrick Mercier, and Joseph Wang. "Non-invasive mouthguard biosensor for continuous salivary monitoring of metabolites." Analyst 139, no. 7 (2014): 1632–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3an02359a.
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A wearable mouthguard electrochemical biosensor for salivary metabolites is described. Such non-invasive mouthguard metabolite biosensors provide real-time information regarding a wearer's health, performance and stress level, and thus hold considerable promise for diverse biomedical and fitness applications.
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Zhang, Lili, Jian Liu, Zhenling Fu, and Liguo Qi. "A Wearable Biosensor Based on Bienzyme Gel-Membrane for Sweat Lactate Monitoring by Mounting on Eyeglasses." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 1495–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.16952.
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A new enzymatic biosensor worn on eyeglasses has been developed for low-noise and noninvasive determination of lactate in human sweat during physical exercise. The Os (osmium)-complex, the electron mediator between the enzyme and the electrode, was first immobilized on a flexibly printed carbon electrode. Then, a gel membrane with the stereoscopic reticular structure of lactate oxidase and horseradish peroxidase was casted on the electrode to form the biosensor. Linearity of the biosensor was observed for up to 25 mM lactate in a phosphate buffered solution of pH 7.0. Chemical selectivity was evaluated by adding common interferent species such as ascorbic acid, glucose and uric acid to the lactate. The negligible current interference indicated excellent discriminatory selectivity of the biosensor. Applied to an analysis of the real sweat lactate dynamics of healthy subjects during cycling exercise, the amperometric profiles of the biosensors reflected changes in sweat lactate that depended on physical exercise intensity. Compared with other reported epidermal biosensors attached to the arm or leg, our biosensor not only exhibited a similar current change tendency but also rarely suffered from deformational interference due to their forehead measurement position. Such a successful application of real-time monitoring of sweat lactate means that eyeglass-bound biosensors hold considerable promise in the physical exercise and biomedical fields.
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Jimenez, Valery Ortiz, Kee Young Hwang, Dang Nguyen, Yasif Rahman, Claire Albrecht, Baylee Senator, Ongard Thiabgoh, et al. "Magnetoimpedance Biosensors and Real-Time Healthcare Monitors: Progress, Opportunities, and Challenges." Biosensors 12, no. 7 (July 12, 2022): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12070517.
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A small DC magnetic field can induce an enormous response in the impedance of a soft magnetic conductor in various forms of wire, ribbon, and thin film. Also known as the giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) effect, this phenomenon forms the basis for the development of high-performance magnetic biosensors with magnetic field sensitivity down to the picoTesla regime at room temperature. Over the past decade, some state-of-the-art prototypes have become available for trial tests due to continuous efforts to improve the sensitivity of GMI biosensors for the ultrasensitive detection of biological entities and biomagnetic field detection of human activities through the use of magnetic nanoparticles as biomarkers. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the development of GMI biosensors and review medical devices for applications in biomedical diagnostics and healthcare monitoring, including real-time monitoring of respiratory motion in COVID-19 patients at various stages. We also discuss exciting research opportunities and existing challenges that will stimulate further study into ultrasensitive magnetic biosensors and healthcare monitors based on the GMI effect.
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Akgönüllü, Semra, Erdoğan Özgür, and Adil Denizli. "Recent Advances in Quartz Crystal Microbalance Biosensors Based on the Molecular Imprinting Technique for Disease-Related Biomarkers." Chemosensors 10, no. 3 (March 10, 2022): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10030106.
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The molecular imprinting technique is a quickly developing field of interest regarding the synthesis of artificial recognition elements that enable the specific determination of target molecule/analyte from a matrix. Recently, these smart materials can be successfully applied to biomolecule detection in biomimetic biosensors. These biosensors contain a biorecognition element (a bioreceptor) and a transducer, like their biosensor analogs. Here, the basic difference is that molecular imprinting-based biosensors use a synthetic recognition element. Molecular imprinting polymers used as the artificial recognition elements in biosensor platforms are complementary in shape, size, specific binding sites, and functionality to their template analytes. Recent progress in biomolecular recognition has supplied extra diagnostic and treatment methods for various diseases. Cost-effective, more robust, and high-throughput assays are needed for monitoring biomarkers in clinical settings. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) biosensors are promising tools for the real-time and quick detection of biomolecules in the past two decades A quick, simple-to-use, and cheap biomarkers detection technology based on biosensors has been developed. This critical review presents current applications in molecular imprinting-based quartz crystal microbalance biosensors for the quantification of biomarkers for disease monitoring and diagnostic results.
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Zhang, Jing, Song Lin Chua, and Bee Luan Khoo. "Worm-Based Microfluidic Biosensor for Real-Time Assessment of the Metastatic Status." Cancers 13, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13040873.
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Background: Metastasis is a complex process that affects patient treatment and survival. To routinely monitor cancer plasticity and guide treatment strategies, it is highly desired to provide information about metastatic status in real-time. Here, we proposed a worm-based (WB) microfluidic biosensor to rapidly monitor biochemical cues related to metastasis in a well-defined environment. Compared to conventional biomarker-based methods, the WB biosensor allowed high throughput screening under low cost, requiring only visual quantification of outputs; Methods: Caenorhabditis elegans were placed in the WB biosensor and exposed to samples conditioned with cancer cell clusters. The chemotactic preference of these worms was observed under discontinuous imaging to minimize the impact on physiological activity; Results: A chemotaxis index (CI) was defined to standardize the quantitative assessment from the WB biosensor, where moderate (3.24–6.5) and high (>6.5) CI levels reflected increased metastasis risk and presence of metastasis, respectively. We demonstrated that the secreted metabolite glutamate was a chemorepellent, and larger clusters associated with increased metastatic potential also enhanced CI levels; Conclusions: Overall, this study provided a proof of concept for the WB biosensors in assessing metastasis status, with the potential to evaluate patient-derived cancer clusters for routine management.
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Smith, Dustin D., Joshua P. King, D. Wade Abbott, and Hans-Joachim Wieden. "Development of a Real-Time Pectic Oligosaccharide-Detecting Biosensor Using the Rapid and Flexible Computational Identification of Non-Disruptive Conjugation Sites (CINC) Biosensor Design Platform." Sensors 22, no. 3 (January 26, 2022): 948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030948.
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Fluorescently labeled, solute-binding proteins that change their fluorescent output in response to ligand binding are frequently used as biosensors for a wide range of applications. We have previously developed a “Computational Identification of Non-disruptive Conjugation sites” (CINC) approach, an in silico pipeline utilizing molecular dynamics simulations for the rapid design and construction of novel protein–fluorophore conjugate-type biosensors. Here, we report an improved in silico scoring algorithm for use in CINC and its use in the construction of an oligogalacturonide-detecting biosensor set. Using both 4,5-unsaturated and saturated oligogalacturonides, we demonstrate that signal transmission from the ligand-binding pocket of the starting protein scaffold to the CINC-selected reporter positions is effective for multiple different ligands. The utility of an oligogalacturonide-detecting biosensor is shown in Carbohydrate Active Enzyme (CAZyme) activity assays, where the biosensor is used to follow product release upon polygalacturonic acid (PGA) depolymerization in real time. The oligogalacturonide-detecting biosensor set represents a novel enabling tool integral to our rapidly expanding platform for biosensor-based carbohydrate detection, and moving forward, the CINC pipeline will continue to enable the rational design of biomolecular tools to detect additional chemically distinct oligosaccharides and other solutes.
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Pohanka, Miroslav, Daniel Jun, and Kamil Kuca. "Amperometric Biosensors for Real Time Assays of Organophosphates." Sensors 8, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 5303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s8095303.
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Sun, Lixun, Yuquan Zhang, Yijia Wang, Yong Yang, Chonglei Zhang, Xiaoyu Weng, Siwei Zhu, and Xiaocong Yuan. "Real-time subcellular imaging based on graphene biosensors." Nanoscale 10, no. 4 (2018): 1759–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr07479d.
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Roche, Ellen T. "A protein sandwich enables real-time in vivo biomarker measurement." Science Translational Medicine 13, no. 575 (January 6, 2021): eabg1758. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abg1758.
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Aydin, Elif Burcu, Muhammet Aydin, and Mustafa Kemal Sezginturk. "Biosensors in Drug Discovery and Drug Analysis." Current Analytical Chemistry 15, no. 4 (July 3, 2019): 467–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573411014666180912131811.
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Background: The determination of drugs in pharmaceutical formulations and human biologic fluids is important for pharmaceutical and medical sciences. Successful analysis requires low sensitivity, high selectivity and minimum interference effects. Current analytical methods can detect drugs at very low levels but these methods require long sample preparation steps, extraction prior to analysis, highly trained technical staff and high-cost instruments. Biosensors offer several advantages such as short analysis time, high sensitivity, real-time analysis, low-cost instruments, and short pretreatment steps over traditional techniques. Biosensors allow quantification not only of the active component in pharmaceutical formulations, but also the degradation products and metabolites in biological fluids. The present review gives comprehensive information on the application of biosensors for drug discovery and analysis. Moreover, this review focuses on the fabrication of these biosensors. Methods: Biosensors can be classified as the utilized bioreceptor and the signal transduction mechanism. The classification based on signal transductions includes electrochemical optical, thermal or acoustic. Electrochemical and optic transducers are mostly utilized transducers used for drug analysis. There are many biological recognition elements, such as enzymes, antibodies, cells that have been used in fabricating of biosensors. Aptamers and antibodies are the most widely used recognition elements for the screening of the drugs. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors have several advantages such as low detection limits, a wide linear response range, good stability and reproducibility. Optical biosensors have several advantages such as direct, real-time and label-free detection of many biological and chemical substances, high specificity, sensitivity, small size and low cost. Modified electrodes enhance sensitivity of the electrodes to develop a new biosensor with desired features. Chemically modified electrodes have gained attention in drug analysis owing to low background current, wide potential window range, simple surface renewal, low detection limit and low cost. Modified electrodes produced by modifying of a solid surface electrode via different materials (carbonaceous materials, metal nanoparticles, polymer, biomolecules) immobilization. Recent advances in nanotechnology offer opportunities to design and construct biosensors. Unique features of nanomaterials provide many advantages in the fabrication of biosensors. Nanomaterials have controllable chemical structures, large surface to volume ratios, functional groups on their surface. To develop proteininorganic hybrid nanomaterials, four preparation methods have been used. These methods are immobilization, conjugation, crosslinking and self-assembly. In the present manuscript, applications of different biosensors, fabricated by using several materials, for drug analysis are reviewed. The biosensing strategies are investigated and discussed in detail. Results: Several analytical techniques such as chromatography, spectroscopy, radiometry, immunoassays and electrochemistry have been used for drug analysis and quantification. Methods based on chromatography require timeconsuming procedure, long sample-preparation steps, expensive instruments and trained staff. Compared to chromatographic methods, immunoassays have simple protocols and lower cost. Electrochemical measurements have many advantages over traditional chemical analyses and give information about drug quantity, metabolic fate of drugs, and pharmacological activity. Moreover, the electroanalytical methods are useful to determine drugs sensitively and selectivity. Additionally, these methods decrease analysis cost and require low-cost instruments and simple sample pretreatment steps. Conclusion: In recent years, drug analyses are performed using traditional techniques. These techniques have a good detection limit, but they have some limitations such as long analysis time, expensive device and experienced personnel requirement. Increased demand for practical and low-cost analytical techniques biosensor has gained interest for drug determinations in medical sciences. Biosensors are unique and successful devices when compared to traditional techniques. For drug determination, different electrode modification materials and different biorecognition elements are used for biosensor construction. Several biosensor construction strategies have been developed to enhance the biosensor performance. With the considerable progress in electrode surface modification, promotes the selectivity of the biosensor, decreases the production cost and provides miniaturization. In the next years, advances in technology will provide low cost, sensitive, selective biosensors for drug analysis in drug formulations and biological samples.
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Seitz, Kati, and Patrick J. Krysan. "Expanding the Toolkit of Fluorescent Biosensors for Studying Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases in Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 15 (July 28, 2020): 5350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155350.
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Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are key regulators of numerous biological processes in plants. To better understand the mechanisms by which these kinases function, high resolution measurement of MAPK activation kinetics in different biological contexts would be beneficial. One method to measure MAPK activation in plants is via fluorescence-based genetically-encoded biosensors, which can provide real-time readouts of the temporal and spatial dynamics of kinase activation in living tissue. Although fluorescent biosensors have been widely used to study MAPK dynamics in animal cells, there is currently only one MAPK biosensor that has been described for use in plants. To facilitate creation of additional plant-specific MAPK fluorescent biosensors, we report the development of two new tools: an in vitro assay for efficiently characterizing MAPK docking domains and a translocation-based kinase biosensor for use in plants. The implementation of these two methods has allowed us to expand the available pool of plant MAPK biosensors, while also providing a means to generate more specific and selective MAPK biosensors in the future. Biosensors developed using these methods have the potential to enhance our understanding of the roles MAPKs play in diverse plant signaling networks affecting growth, development, and stress response.
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Ivanov, A. S., and A. E. Medvedev. "Optical surface plasmon resonance biosensors in molecular fishing." Biomeditsinskaya Khimiya 61, no. 2 (2015): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18097/pbmc20156102231.
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An optical biosensor employing surface plasmon resonance is a highly efficient instrument applicable for direct real time registration of molecular interactions without additional use of any labels or coupled processes. As an independent approach it is especially effective in analysis of various ligand receptor interactions. SPR-biosensors are used for validation of studies on intermolecular interactions in complex biological systems (affinity profiling of various groups of proteins, etc.). Recently, potential application of the SPR-biosensor for molecular fishing (direct affinity binding of target molecules from complex biological mixtures on the optical biosensor surface followed by their elution for identification by LC-MS/MS) has been demonstrated. Using SPR-biosensors in such studies it is possible to solve the following tasks: (a) SPR-based selection of immobilization conditions required for the most effective affinity separation of a particular biological sample; (b) SPR-based molecular fishing for subsequent protein identification by mass spectrometry; (c) SPR-based validation of the interaction of identified proteins with immobilized ligand. This review considers practical application of the SPR technology in the context of recent studies performed in the Institute of Biomedical Chemistry on molecular fishing of real biological objects.
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Florez, Arantzazu, Elena Murga, Itziar Ortiz de Zarate, Arrate Jaureguibeitia, Arkaitz Artetxe, and Basilio Sierra. "Measurement Time Reduction by Means of Mathematical Modeling of Enzyme Mediated RedOx Reaction in Food Samples Biosensors." Sensors 21, no. 9 (April 24, 2021): 2990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21092990.
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The possibility of measuring in real time the different types of analytes present in food is becoming a requirement in food industry. In this context, biosensors are presented as an alternative to traditional analytical methodologies due to their specificity, high sensitivity and ability to work in real time. It has been observed that the behavior of the analysis curves of the biosensors follow a trend that is reproducible among all the measurements and that is specific to the reaction that occurs in the electrochemical cell and the analyte being analyzed. Kinetic reaction modeling is a widely used method to model processes that occur within the sensors, and this leads to the idea that a mathematical approximation can mimic the electrochemical reaction that takes place while the analysis of the sample is ongoing. For this purpose, a novel mathematical model is proposed to approximate the enzymatic reaction within the biosensor in real time, so the output of the measurement can be estimated in advance. The proposed model is based on adjusting an exponential decay model to the response of the biosensors using a nonlinear least-square method to minimize the error. The obtained results show that our proposed approach is capable of reducing about 40% the required measurement time in the sample analysis phase, while keeping the error rate low enough to meet the accuracy standards of the food industry.
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Wang, Yi, Tong Li, Yangfeng Li, Rong Yang, and Guangyu Zhang. "2D-Materials-based Wearable Biosensor Systems." Biosensors 12, no. 11 (October 27, 2022): 936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12110936.
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As an evolutionary success in life science, wearable biosensor systems, which can monitor human health information and quantify vital signs in real time, have been actively studied. Research in wearable biosensor systems is mainly focused on the design of sensors with various flexible materials. Among them, 2D materials with excellent mechanical, optical, and electrical properties provide the expected characteristics to address the challenges of developing microminiaturized wearable biosensor systems. This review summarizes the recent research progresses in 2D-materials-based wearable biosensors including e-skin, contact lens sensors, and others. Then, we highlight the challenges of flexible power supply technologies for smart systems. The latest advances in biosensor systems involving wearable wristbands, diabetic patches, and smart contact lenses are also discussed. This review will enable a better understanding of the design principle of 2D biosensors, offering insights into innovative technologies for future biosensor systems toward their practical applications.
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Rzhevskii, Alexander. "The Recent Advances in Raman Microscopy and Imaging Techniques for Biosensors." Biosensors 9, no. 1 (February 12, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios9010025.
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Raman microspectroscopy is now well established as one of the most powerful analytical techniques for a diverse range of applications in physical (material) and biological sciences. Consequently, the technique provides exceptional analytical opportunities to the science and technology of biosensing due to its capability to analyze both parts of a biosensor system—biologically sensitive components, and a variety of materials and systems used in physicochemical transducers. Recent technological developments in Raman spectral imaging have brought additional possibilities in two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) characterization of the biosensor’s constituents and their changes on a submicrometer scale in a label-free, real-time nondestructive method of detection. In this report, the essential components and features of a modern confocal Raman microscope are reviewed using the instance of Thermo Scientific DXRxi Raman imaging microscope, and examples of the potential applications of Raman microscopy and imaging for constituents of biosensors are presented.
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Li, Yi-Chen Ethan, and I.-Chi Lee. "The Current Trends of Biosensors in Tissue Engineering." Biosensors 10, no. 8 (August 3, 2020): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios10080088.
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Biosensors constitute selective, sensitive, and rapid tools for disease diagnosis in tissue engineering applications. Compared to standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analytical technology, biosensors provide a strategy to real-time and on-site monitor micro biophysiological signals via a combination of biological, chemical, and physical technologies. This review summarizes the recent and significant advances made in various biosensor technologies for different applications of biological and biomedical interest, especially on tissue engineering applications. Different fabrication techniques utilized for tissue engineering purposes, such as computer numeric control (CNC), photolithographic, casting, and 3D printing technologies are also discussed. Key developments in the cell/tissue-based biosensors, biomolecular sensing strategies, and the expansion of several biochip approaches such as organs-on-chips, paper based-biochips, and flexible biosensors are available. Cell polarity and cell behaviors such as proliferation, differentiation, stimulation response, and metabolism detection are included. Biosensors for diagnosing tissue disease modes such as brain, heart, lung, and liver systems and for bioimaging are discussed. Finally, we discuss the challenges faced by current biosensing techniques and highlight future prospects of biosensors for tissue engineering applications.
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Khor, Sook Mei, Joonhwa Choi, Phillip Won, and Seung Hwan Ko. "Challenges and Strategies in Developing an Enzymatic Wearable Sweat Glucose Biosensor as a Practical Point-Of-Care Monitoring Tool for Type II Diabetes." Nanomaterials 12, no. 2 (January 10, 2022): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12020221.
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Recently, several studies have been conducted on wearable biosensors. Despite being skin-adhesive and mountable diagnostic devices, flexible biosensor patches cannot truly be considered wearable biosensors if they need to be connected to external instruments/processors to provide meaningful data/readings. A realistic and usable wearable biosensor should be self-contained, with a fully integrated device framework carefully designed and configured to provide reliable and intelligent diagnostics. There are several major challenges to achieving continuous sweat monitoring in real time for the systematic and effective management of type II diabetes (e.g., prevention, screening, monitoring, and treatment) through wearable sweat glucose biosensors. Consequently, further in-depth research regarding the exact interrelationship between active or passive sweat glucose and blood glucose is required to assess the applicability of wearable glucose biosensors in functional health monitoring. This review provides some useful insights that can enable effective critical studies of these unresolved issues. In this review, we first classify wearable glucose biosensors based on their signal transduction, their respective challenges, and the advanced strategies required to overcome them. Subsequently, the challenges and limitations of enzymatic and non-enzymatic wearable glucose biosensors are discussed and compared. Ten basic criteria to be considered and fulfilled in the development of a suitable, workable, and wearable sweat-based glucose biosensor are listed, based on scientific reports from the last five years. We conclude with our outlook for the controllable, well-defined, and non-invasive monitoring of epidermal glucose for maximum diagnostic potential in the effective management of type II diabetes.
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Campuzano, Susana, María Pedrero, Maria Gamella, Verónica Serafín, Paloma Yáñez-Sedeño, and José Manuel Pingarrón. "Beyond Sensitive and Selective Electrochemical Biosensors: Towards Continuous, Real-Time, Antibiofouling and Calibration-Free Devices." Sensors 20, no. 12 (June 16, 2020): 3376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123376.
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Nowadays, electrochemical biosensors are reliable analytical tools to determine a broad range of molecular analytes because of their simplicity, affordable cost, and compatibility with multiplexed and point-of-care strategies. There is an increasing demand to improve their sensitivity and selectivity, but also to provide electrochemical biosensors with important attributes such as near real-time and continuous monitoring in complex or denaturing media, or in vivo with minimal intervention to make them even more attractive and suitable for getting into the real world. Modification of biosensors surfaces with antibiofouling reagents, smart coupling with nanomaterials, and the advances experienced by folded-based biosensors have endowed bioelectroanalytical platforms with one or more of such attributes. With this background in mind, this review aims to give an updated and general overview of these technologies as well as to discuss the remarkable achievements arising from the development of electrochemical biosensors free of reagents, washing, or calibration steps, and/or with antifouling properties and the ability to perform continuous, real-time, and even in vivo operation in nearly autonomous way. The challenges to be faced and the next features that these devices may offer to continue impacting in fields closely related with essential aspects of people’s safety and health are also commented upon.
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Tan, Ee Lim, Brandon Pereles, Brock Horton, Ranyuan Shao, Mohammed Zourob, and Keat Ghee Ong. "Implantable Biosensors for Real-time Strain and Pressure Monitoring." Sensors 8, no. 10 (October 15, 2008): 6396–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s8106396.
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Kim, Ji-Yong, Yong Ju Yun, Joshua Jeong, C. Yoon Kim, Klaus-Robert Müller, and Seong-Whan Lee. "Leaf-inspired homeostatic cellulose biosensors." Science Advances 7, no. 16 (April 2021): eabe7432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe7432.
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An incompatibility between skin homeostasis and existing biosensor interfaces inhibits long-term electrophysiological signal measurement. Inspired by the leaf homeostasis system, we developed the first homeostatic cellulose biosensor with functions of protection, sensation, self-regulation, and biosafety. Moreover, we find that a mesoporous cellulose membrane transforms into homeostatic material with properties that include high ion conductivity, excellent flexibility and stability, appropriate adhesion force, and self-healing effects when swollen in a saline solution. The proposed biosensor is found to maintain a stable skin-sensor interface through homeostasis even when challenged by various stresses, such as a dynamic environment, severe detachment, dense hair, sweat, and long-term measurement. Last, we demonstrate the high usability of our homeostatic biosensor for continuous and stable measurement of electrophysiological signals and give a showcase application in the field of brain-computer interfacing where the biosensors and machine learning together help to control real-time applications beyond the laboratory at unprecedented versatility.
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Fei, Sitao, and Hao Ren. "Determining the Dose–Response Curve of Exoelectrogens: A Microscale Microbial Fuel Cell Biosensor for Water Toxicity Monitoring." Micromachines 13, no. 10 (September 21, 2022): 1560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13101560.
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Nowadays, the development of real-time water quality monitoring sensors is critical. However, traditional water monitoring technologies, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), liquid chromatography, mass spectroscopy, luminescence screening, surface plasma resonance (SPR), and analysis of living bioindicators, are either time consuming or require expensive equipment and special laboratories. Because of the low cost, self-sustainability, direct current output and real-time response, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have been implemented as biosensors for water toxicity monitoring. In this paper, we report a microscale MFC biosensor to study the dose–response curve of exoelectrogen to toxic compounds in water. The microscale MFC biosensor has an anode chamber volume of 200 μL, which requires less sample consumption for water toxicity monitoring compared with macroscale or mesoscale MFC biosensors. For the first time, the MFC biosensor is exposed to a large formaldehyde concentration range of more than 3 orders of magnitudes, from a low concentration of 1 × 10−6 g/L to a high concentration of 3 × 10−3 g/L in water, while prior studies investigated limited formaldehyde concentration ranges, such as a small concentration range of 1 × 10−4 g/L to 2 × 10−3 g/L or only one high concentration of 0.1 g/L. As a result, for the first time, a sigmoid dose–response relationship of normalized dose–response versus formaldehyde concentration in water is observed, in agreement with traditional toxicology dose–response curve obtained by other measurement techniques. The biosensor has potential applications in determining dose–response curves for toxic compounds and detecting toxic compounds in water.
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Liu, Yanting, and Xuming Zhang. "Microfluidics-Based Plasmonic Biosensing System Based on Patterned Plasmonic Nanostructure Arrays." Micromachines 12, no. 7 (July 14, 2021): 826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12070826.
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This review aims to summarize the recent advances and progress of plasmonic biosensors based on patterned plasmonic nanostructure arrays that are integrated with microfluidic chips for various biomedical detection applications. The plasmonic biosensors have made rapid progress in miniaturization sensors with greatly enhanced performance through the continuous advances in plasmon resonance techniques such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and localized SPR (LSPR)-based refractive index sensing, SPR imaging (SPRi), and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Meanwhile, microfluidic integration promotes multiplexing opportunities for the plasmonic biosensors in the simultaneous detection of multiple analytes. Particularly, different types of microfluidic-integrated plasmonic biosensor systems based on versatile patterned plasmonic nanostructured arrays were reviewed comprehensively, including their methods and relevant typical works. The microfluidics-based plasmonic biosensors provide a high-throughput platform for the biochemical molecular analysis with the advantages such as ultra-high sensitivity, label-free, and real time performance; thus, they continue to benefit the existing and emerging applications of biomedical studies, chemical analyses, and point-of-care diagnostics.
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Hasan, Anwarul, Md Nurunnabi, Mahboob Morshed, Arghya Paul, Alessandro Polini, Tapas Kuila, Moustafa Al Hariri, Yong-kyu Lee, and Ayad A. Jaffa. "Recent Advances in Application of Biosensors in Tissue Engineering." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/307519.
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Biosensors research is a fast growing field in which tens of thousands of papers have been published over the years, and the industry is now worth billions of dollars. The biosensor products have found their applications in numerous industries including food and beverages, agricultural, environmental, medical diagnostics, and pharmaceutical industries and many more. Even though numerous biosensors have been developed for detection of proteins, peptides, enzymes, and numerous other biomolecules for diverse applications, their applications in tissue engineering have remained limited. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in application of novel biosensors in cell culture and tissue engineering, for example, real-time detection of small molecules such as glucose, lactose, and H2O2as well as serum proteins of large molecular size, such as albumin and alpha-fetoprotein, and inflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-g and TNF-α. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent advancements in biosensors for tissue engineering applications.
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Kim, Dong Min, Jong Seong Park, Seung-Woon Jung, Jinho Yeom, and Seung Min Yoo. "Biosensing Applications Using Nanostructure-Based Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors." Sensors 21, no. 9 (May 4, 2021): 3191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21093191.
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Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)-based biosensors have recently garnered increasing attention due to their potential to allow label-free, portable, low-cost, and real-time monitoring of diverse analytes. Recent developments in this technology have focused on biochemical markers in clinical and environmental settings coupled with advances in nanostructure technology. Therefore, this review focuses on the recent advances in LSPR-based biosensor technology for the detection of diverse chemicals and biomolecules. Moreover, we also provide recent examples of sensing strategies based on diverse nanostructure platforms, in addition to their advantages and limitations. Finally, this review discusses potential strategies for the development of biosensors with enhanced sensing performance.
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Yu, Wei, Pei Jie Cai, Rui Liu, Fang Ping Shen, and Ting Zhang. "A Flexible Ultrasensitive IgG-Modified rGO-Based FET Biosensor Fabricated by Aerosol Jet Printing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 748 (April 2015): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.748.157.
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High-performance biosensors are the key elements for rapid and real-time detection of specific biomolecules. Herein, an ultrasensitive FET biosensor on a flexible polymer substrate was reported, and the aerosol jet printing (AJP) method offers a unique way for low-cost mass manufacturing of the flexible sensors. The stable PBA functionalized rGO layer and the goat-anti-rabbit IgG layer on the rGO were both printed by AJP method between the source/drain electrodes. The flexibe biosensors exposure to low concentrations of target rabbit IgG showed dramatic increase in the source-drain current, which exhibited great sensing performance with the lowest detection limit of 13 fM.
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Singh, Ravindra P. "Prospects of Nanobiomaterials for Biosensing." International Journal of Electrochemistry 2011 (2011): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/125487.
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Progress and development in biosensor development will inevitably focus upon the technology of the nanomaterials that offer promise to solve the biocompatibility and biofouling problems. The biosensors using smart nanomaterials have applications for rapid, specific, sensitive, inexpensive, in-field, on-line and/or real-time detection of pesticides, antibiotics, pathogens, toxins, proteins, microbes, plants, animals, foods, soil, air, and water. Thus, biosensors are excellent analytical tools for pollution monitoring, by which implementation of legislative provisions to safeguard our biosphere could be made effectively plausible. The current trends and challenges with nanomaterials for various applications will have focus biosensor development and miniaturization. All these growing areas will have a remarkable influence on the development of new ultrasensitive biosensing devices to resolve the severe pollution problems in the future that not only challenges the human health but also affects adversely other various comforts to living entities. This review paper summarizes recent progress in the development of biosensors by integrating functional biomolecules with different types of nanomaterials, including metallic nanoparticles, semiconductor nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, inorganic/organic hybrid, dendrimers, and carbon nanotubes/graphene.
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Edelberg, Jay M., Jason T. Jacobson, David S. Gidseg, Lilong Tang, and David J. Christini. "Enhanced myocyte-based biosensing of the blood-borne signals regulating chronotropy." Journal of Applied Physiology 92, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 581–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00672.2001.
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Biosensors play a critical role in the real-time determination of relevant functional physiological needs. However, typical in vivo biosensors only approximate endogenous function via the measurement of surrogate signals and, therefore, may often lack a high degree of dynamic fidelity with physiological requirements. To overcome this limitation, we have developed an excitable tissue-based implantable biosensor approach, which exploits the inherent electropotential input-output relationship of cardiac myocytes to measure the physiological regulatory inputs of chronotropic demand via the detection of blood-borne signals. In this study, we report the improvement of this application through the modulation of host-biosensor communication via the enhancement of vascularization of chronotropic complexes in mice. Moreover, in an effort to further improve translational applicability as well as molecular plasticity, we have advanced this approach by employing stem cell-derived cardiac myocyte aggregates in place of whole cardiac tissue. Overall, these studies demonstrate the potential of biologically based biosensors to predict endogenous physiological dynamics and may facilitate the translation of this approach for in vivo monitoring.
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Snoek, Tim, Evan K. Chaberski, Francesca Ambri, Stefan Kol, Sara P. Bjørn, Bo Pang, Jesus F. Barajas, Ditte H. Welner, Michael K. Jensen, and Jay D. Keasling. "Evolution-guided engineering of small-molecule biosensors." Nucleic Acids Research 48, no. 1 (November 28, 2019): e3-e3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz954.
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Abstract Allosteric transcription factors (aTFs) have proven widely applicable for biotechnology and synthetic biology as ligand-specific biosensors enabling real-time monitoring, selection and regulation of cellular metabolism. However, both the biosensor specificity and the correlation between ligand concentration and biosensor output signal, also known as the transfer function, often needs to be optimized before meeting application needs. Here, we present a versatile and high-throughput method to evolve prokaryotic aTF specificity and transfer functions in a eukaryote chassis, namely baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. From a single round of mutagenesis of the effector-binding domain (EBD) coupled with various toggled selection regimes, we robustly select aTF variants of the cis,cis-muconic acid-inducible transcription factor BenM evolved for change in ligand specificity, increased dynamic output range, shifts in operational range, and a complete inversion-of-function from activation to repression. Importantly, by targeting only the EBD, the evolved biosensors display DNA-binding affinities similar to BenM, and are functional when ported back into a prokaryotic chassis. The developed platform technology thus leverages aTF evolvability for the development of new host-agnostic biosensors with user-defined small-molecule specificities and transfer functions.
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Pol, Laura, Laura Karen Acosta, Josep Ferré-Borrull, and Lluis F. Marsal. "Aptamer-Based Nanoporous Anodic Alumina Interferometric Biosensor for Real-Time Thrombin Detection." Sensors 19, no. 20 (October 19, 2019): 4543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19204543.
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Aptamer biosensors are one of the most powerful techniques in biosensing. Achieving the best platform to use in aptamer biosensors typically includes crucial chemical modifications that enable aptamer immobilization on the surface in the most efficient manner. These chemical modifications must be well defined. In this work we propose nanoporous anodic alumina (NAA) chemically modified with streptavidin as a platform for aptamer immobilization. The immobilization of biotinylated thrombin binding aptamer (TBA) was monitored in real time by means of reflective interferometric spectroscopy (RIfS). The study has permitted to characterize in real time the path to immobilize TBA on the inner pore walls of NAA. Furthermore, this study provides an accurate label-free method to detect thrombin in real-time with high affinity and specificity.
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Chiorcea-Paquim, Ana-Maria, and Ana Maria Oliveira-Brett. "DNA Electrochemical Biosensors for In Situ Probing of Pharmaceutical Drug Oxidative DNA Damage." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 5, 2021): 1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041125.
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) electrochemical biosensors are devices that incorporate immobilized DNA as a molecular recognition element on the electrode surface, and enable probing in situ the oxidative DNA damage. A wide range of DNA electrochemical biosensor analytical and biotechnological applications in pharmacology are foreseen, due to their ability to determine in situ and in real-time the DNA interaction mechanisms with pharmaceutical drugs, as well as with their degradation products, redox reaction products, and metabolites, and due to their capacity to achieve quantitative electroanalytical evaluation of the drugs, with high sensitivity, short time of analysis, and low cost. This review presents the design and applications of label-free DNA electrochemical biosensors that use DNA direct electrochemical oxidation to detect oxidative DNA damage. The DNA electrochemical biosensor development, from the viewpoint of electrochemical and atomic force microscopy (AFM) characterization, and the bottom-up immobilization of DNA nanostructures at the electrode surface, are described. Applications of DNA electrochemical biosensors that enable the label-free detection of DNA interactions with pharmaceutical compounds, such as acridine derivatives, alkaloids, alkylating agents, alkylphosphocholines, antibiotics, antimetabolites, kinase inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents, metal complexes, nucleoside analogs, and phenolic compounds, which can be used in drug analysis and drug discovery, and may lead to future screening systems, are reviewed.
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Ma, Xiaoyuan, Meichun Gao, Henry F. Vischer, and Rob Leurs. "A NanoBRET-Based H3R Conformational Biosensor to Study Real-Time H3 Receptor Pharmacology in Cell Membranes and Living Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 15 (July 26, 2022): 8211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158211.
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Conformational biosensors to monitor the activation state of G protein-coupled receptors are a useful addition to the molecular pharmacology assay toolbox to characterize ligand efficacy at the level of receptor proteins instead of downstream signaling. We recently reported the initial characterization of a NanoBRET-based conformational histamine H3 receptor (H3R) biosensor that allowed the detection of both (partial) agonism and inverse agonism on living cells in a microplate reader assay format upon stimulation with H3R ligands. In the current study, we have further characterized this H3R biosensor on intact cells by monitoring the effect of consecutive ligand injections in time and evaluating its compatibility with photopharmacological ligands that contain a light-sensitive azobenzene moiety for photo-switching. In addition, we have validated the H3R biosensor in membrane preparations and found that observed potency values better correlated with binding affinity values that were measured in radioligand competition binding assays on membranes. Hence, the H3R conformational biosensor in membranes might be a ready-to-use, high-throughput alternative for radioligand binding assays that in addition can also detect ligand efficacies with comparable values as the intact cell assay.
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Juan-Colás, José, Thomas F. Krauss, and Steven D. Johnson. "Real-Time Analysis of Molecular Conformation Using Silicon Electrophotonic Biosensors." ACS Photonics 4, no. 9 (September 11, 2017): 2320–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.7b00580.
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Tenner, Brian, Jason Z. Zhang, Yonghoon Kwon, Veronica Pessino, Siyu Feng, Bo Huang, Sohum Mehta, and Jin Zhang. "FluoSTEPs: Fluorescent biosensors for monitoring compartmentalized signaling within endogenous microdomains." Science Advances 7, no. 21 (May 2021): eabe4091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe4091.
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Growing evidence suggests that many essential intracellular signaling events are compartmentalized within kinetically distinct microdomains in cells. Genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors are powerful tools to dissect compartmentalized signaling, but current approaches to probe these microdomains typically rely on biosensor fusion and overexpression of critical regulatory elements. Here, we present a novel class of biosensors named FluoSTEPs (fluorescent sensors targeted to endogenous proteins) that combine self-complementing split green fluorescent protein, CRISPR-mediated knock-in, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer biosensor technology to probe compartmentalized signaling dynamics in situ. We designed FluoSTEPs for simultaneously highlighting endogenous microdomains and reporting domain-specific, real-time signaling events including kinase activities, guanosine triphosphatase activation, and second messenger dynamics in live cells. A FluoSTEP for 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) revealed distinct cAMP dynamics within clathrin microdomains in response to stimulation of G protein–coupled receptors, showcasing the utility of FluoSTEPs in probing spatiotemporal regulation within endogenous signaling architectures.
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Fatima, Iram, and Swati Mishra. "Development of Potentiometric Urea Biosensor For Clinical Purposes." Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 01 (2011): 300–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.35652/igjps.2011.30.
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This review summarizes the studies carried on the development of potentiometric urea biosensor in laboratory using urease from Cajanus cajan (local Arhar). The enzyme used was free without any immobilisation over matrix. The electrode used egg membrane or cellophane paper making ionic diffusion possible across the two solutions. Underlying the importance of this study is the fact that urea is toxic above certain concentrations in different biological samples and its continuous real time monitoring in clinical environments is of utmost importance. The conventional analytical techniques used, although precise is time- consuming and laboratory bound whereas biosensors have the advantages of ease of use, portability and the ability to furnish real time signals. © 2011 IGJPS. All rights reserved.
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Nam, Dahyun, Jae Min Cha, and Kiwon Park. "Next-Generation Wearable Biosensors Developed with Flexible Bio-Chips." Micromachines 12, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12010064.
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The development of biosensors that measure various biosignals from our body is an indispensable research field for health monitoring. In recent years, as the demand to monitor the health conditions of individuals in real time have increased, wearable-type biosensors have received more attention as an alternative to laboratory equipment. These biosensors have been embedded into smart watches, clothes, and accessories to collect various biosignals in real time. Although wearable biosensors attached to the human body can conveniently collect biosignals, there are reliability issues due to noise generated in data collection. In order for wearable biosensors to be more widely used, the reliability of collected data should be improved. Research on flexible bio-chips in the field of material science and engineering might help develop new types of biosensors that resolve the issues of conventional wearable biosensors. Flexible bio-chips with higher precision can be used to collect various human data in academic research and in our daily lives. In this review, we present various types of conventional biosensors that have been used and discuss associated issues such as noise and inaccuracy. We then introduce recent studies on flexible bio-chips as a solution to these issues.
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Nam, Dahyun, Jae Min Cha, and Kiwon Park. "Next-Generation Wearable Biosensors Developed with Flexible Bio-Chips." Micromachines 12, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12010064.
Full textAbstract:
The development of biosensors that measure various biosignals from our body is an indispensable research field for health monitoring. In recent years, as the demand to monitor the health conditions of individuals in real time have increased, wearable-type biosensors have received more attention as an alternative to laboratory equipment. These biosensors have been embedded into smart watches, clothes, and accessories to collect various biosignals in real time. Although wearable biosensors attached to the human body can conveniently collect biosignals, there are reliability issues due to noise generated in data collection. In order for wearable biosensors to be more widely used, the reliability of collected data should be improved. Research on flexible bio-chips in the field of material science and engineering might help develop new types of biosensors that resolve the issues of conventional wearable biosensors. Flexible bio-chips with higher precision can be used to collect various human data in academic research and in our daily lives. In this review, we present various types of conventional biosensors that have been used and discuss associated issues such as noise and inaccuracy. We then introduce recent studies on flexible bio-chips as a solution to these issues.
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Pol, Laura, Chris Eckstein, Laura Acosta, Elisabet Xifré-Pérez, Josep Ferré-Borrull, and Lluis Marsal. "Real-Time Monitoring of Biotinylated Molecules Detection Dynamics in Nanoporous Anodic Alumina for Bio-Sensing." Nanomaterials 9, no. 3 (March 23, 2019): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9030478.
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The chemical modification, or functionalization, of the surfaces of nanomaterials is a key step to achieve biosensors with the best sensitivity and selectivity. The surface modification of biosensors usually comprises several modification steps that have to be optimized. Real-time monitoring of all the reactions taking place during such modification steps can be a highly helpful tool for optimization. In this work, we propose nanoporous anodic alumina (NAA) functionalized with the streptavidin-biotin complex as a platform towards label-free biosensors. Using reflective interferometric spectroscopy (RIfS), the streptavidin-biotin complex formation, using biotinylated thrombin as a molecule model, was monitored in real-time. The study compared the performance of different NAA pore sizes in order to achieve the highest response. Furthermore, the optimal streptavidin concentration that enabled the efficient detection of the biotinylated thrombin attachment was estimated. Finally, the ability of the NAA-RIfS system to quantify the concentration of biotinylated thrombin was evaluated. This study provides an optimized characterization method to monitor the chemical reactions that take place during the biotinylated molecules attachment within the NAA pores.
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Usman, Fahad, Kamarul Hawari Ghazali, Razali Muda, John Ojur Dennis, Khalid Hassan Ibnaouf, Osamah A. Aldaghri, Ahmed Alsadig, Nasrul Hadi Johari, and Rajan Jose. "Detection of Kidney Complications Relevant Concentrations of Ammonia Gas Using Plasmonic Biosensors: A Review." Chemosensors 11, no. 2 (February 6, 2023): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11020119.
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Kidney-related health problems cause millions of deaths around the world annually. Fortunately, most kidney problems are curable if detected at the earliest stage. Continuous monitoring of ammonia from exhaled breath is considered as a replacement for the conventional blood-based monitoring of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and kidney failure owing to its cost effectiveness, non-invasiveness, excellent sensitivity, and capabilities for real-time measurement. The detection of ammonia for renal failure requires a biosensor with a detection limit of 1000 ppb (1 ppm). Among biosensors, plasmonic biosensors have attracted considerable research interest due to their potential for ultra-sensitivity, single particle/molecular level detection capability, multiplexing capability, photostability, real-time measurement, label-free measurement, room temperature operation, naked-eye readability, ease of miniaturization via simple sensor chip fabrication, and instrumentation, among other features. In this review, plasmonic sensors for the detection of ammonia gas relevant to kidney problems (LOD ≤ 1 ppm) are reviewed. In addition, the utilized strategies and surface functionalization for the plasmonic sensor are highlighted. Moreover, the main limitations of the reported sensors are stated for the benefit of future researchers. Finally, the challenges and prospects of plasmonic-based ammonia gas biosensors for potential application in the monitoring and screening of renal (kidney) failure, as well as the endpoint of the dialysis session, are stated.