Journal articles on the topic 'Real ternary forms'

AbstractLet denote the kth successive inhomogeneous minima for positive values of real indefinite ternary quadratic forms of type (2, 1). Here it is proved that for the class of zero forms, All the critical forms have also been obtained. is already known. For non-zero forms it is proved that .

AbstractWe study totally positive definite quadratic forms over the ring of integers $\mathcal {O}_K$ of a totally real biquadratic field $K=\mathbb {Q}(\sqrt {m}, \sqrt {s})$. We restrict our attention to classic forms (i.e. those with all non-diagonal coefficients in $2\mathcal {O}_K$) and prove that no such forms in three variables are universal (i.e. represent all totally positive elements of $\mathcal {O}_K$). Moreover, we show the same result for totally real number fields containing at least one non-square totally positive unit and satisfying some other mild conditions. These results provide further evidence towards Kitaoka's conjecture that there are only finitely many number fields over which such forms exist. One of our main tools are additively indecomposable elements of $\mathcal {O}_K$; we prove several new results about their properties.

AbstractLet {uk} be a Lucas sequence. A standard technique for determining the perfect powers in the sequence {uk} combines bounds coming from linear forms in logarithms with local information obtained via Frey curves and modularity. The key to this approach is the fact that the equation uk = xn can be translated into a ternary equation of the form ay2 = bx2n + c (with a, b, c ∈ ℤ) for which Frey curves are available. In this paper we consider shifted powers in Lucas sequences, and consequently equations of the form uk = xn+c which do not typically correspond to ternary equations with rational unknowns. However, they do, under certain hypotheses, lead to ternary equations with unknowns in totally real fields, allowing us to employ Frey curves over those fields instead of Frey curves defined over ℚ. We illustrate this approach by showing that the quaternary Diophantine equation x2n±6xn + 1 = 8y2 has no solutions in positive integers x, y, n with x, n > 1.

DNA sequencing by synthesis (SBS) offers a robust platform to decipher nucleic acid sequences. Recently, we reported a single-molecule nanopore-based SBS strategy that accurately distinguishes four bases by electronically detecting and differentiating four different polymer tags attached to the 5′-phosphate of the nucleotides during their incorporation into a growing DNA strand catalyzed by DNA polymerase. Further developing this approach, we report here the use of nucleotides tagged at the terminal phosphate with oligonucleotide-based polymers to perform nanopore SBS on an α-hemolysin nanopore array platform. We designed and synthesized several polymer-tagged nucleotides using tags that produce different electrical current blockade levels and verified they are active substrates for DNA polymerase. A highly processive DNA polymerase was conjugated to the nanopore, and the conjugates were complexed with primer/template DNA and inserted into lipid bilayers over individually addressable electrodes of the nanopore chip. When an incoming complementary-tagged nucleotide forms a tight ternary complex with the primer/template and polymerase, the tag enters the pore, and the current blockade level is measured. The levels displayed by the four nucleotides tagged with four different polymers captured in the nanopore in such ternary complexes were clearly distinguishable and sequence-specific, enabling continuous sequence determination during the polymerase reaction. Thus, real-time single-molecule electronic DNA sequencing data with single-base resolution were obtained. The use of these polymer-tagged nucleotides, combined with polymerase tethering to nanopores and multiplexed nanopore sensors, should lead to new high-throughput sequencing methods.

BACKGROUND With myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac troponin is released from the heart into circulation, where it can be detected with immunoassays independently quantifying cardiac troponin I (cTnI) or cTnT. There is, however, no single immunoassay that sequentially probes the posttranslational modification status of cTnI or directly characterizes whether circulating cTnI is bound to cTnC and/or cTnT. Here we describe the development of a qualitative immunoassay to directly probe the primary and ternary structure of circulating cTnI through diffractive optics technology (dotLab® System, Axela). METHODS Anti-cTnI antibody 8I-7 was immobilized on a patterned sensor to capture cTnI. One or more detector antibodies were sequentially introduced to probe for amino acid sequence integrity or phosphorylation status of cTnI, or its association with cTnC and/or cTnT. Respective immunocaptures were recorded as real-time diffractive intensities (DIs), and the DI differences were analyzed. Each immunodetection was independent of the others but was done in a single sequential assay. RESULTS This diffraction-based immunoassay successfully characterized cTnI. The unamplified assay determined whether cTnI was degraded at N-terminus and/or C-terminus or phosphorylated. Sequential application of multiple detector antibodies without an antibody-stripping step enables real-time interrogation of 5 different epitopes of cTnI, or direct detection of the cTn complex (cTnI–cTnC–cTnT) in a single sequential assay. Finally, this assay was optimized with amplification to directly detect circulating cTnI bound to cTnC and cTnT in serum from an MI patient. CONCLUSIONS The dot® Immunoassay is the first qualitative sequential immunoassay to address the direct interactions of the troponin subunits and various modified forms of cTnI.

The phase transformations and the microstructure developments in Fe-Cu base alloys during isothermal aging are simulated based on the phase-field method. Since the chemical free energy used in this simulation is obtained from the thermodynamic database of phase diagrams, the calculated microstructure changes are directly related to the phase diagram of the real alloy system. Firstly the phase decomposition and the microstructure changes in the Fe-Cu binary alloy system are demonstrated as the simple example of the phase-field modeling, i.e., the phase decomposition in bcc phase where the Cu-rich phase forms, the structural phase transformation from bcc to fcc phase in the Cu-rich nano-particle, and the shape change of fcc-Cu precipitates from sphere to rod. Secondly, the phase decomposition in bcc phase of the multi-component alloys such as the Fe-Cu-X (X=Mn,Ni) ternary system and the Fe-Cu-Mn-Ni quaternary alloy is simulated. At the early stage of aging, the Cu-rich zone with bcc structure begins to nucleate, and the component X (=Mn, Ni) is partitioned to the Cu-rich phase. When the Cu composition in the precipitate reaches equilibrium, the component X inside the precipitates moves toward to the interface region between the precipitate and matrix. Finally, there appears the shell structure that the Cu precipitates surrounded by the thin layer with high concentration of component X.

Модель универсальных квантовых вычислений, которая задействует квантовые схемы, состоящие из однокубитных и двухкубитных логических элементов реализована в нескольких действующих квантовых вычислительных устройствах. В последнее десятилетие идея использования многокубитных логических элементов стала очень актуальной, поскольку такой подход в перспективе позволит уменьшить зашумленность квантовых схем. Основным ресурсом квантовых вычислений является запутанность отдельных кубитов, образующих кластер. Несмотря на актуальность этого вопроса, пока в теории рассматриваются только несколько примеров простейших логических элементов, реализующих запутанность в системе трех кубитов (элемент Тоффоли и двойное управляемое NOT). Работа посвящена математическому моделированию запутанных состояний квантовых систем, состоящих из нескольких кубитов. Предложен математический метод точного или приближенного конструирования гамильтонианов, порождающих требуемые унитарные преобразования. Оказывается, что подход, основанный на представлении гамильтонианов и унитарных преобразований в базисе Паули, является наиболее подходящим в данном контексте по двум причинам: во-первых, базис Паули образует алгебру Ли соответствующей унитарной группы; во-вторых, в разложениях по этому базису гамильтонианов и операторов плотности состояний присутствуют только вещественные коэффициенты. В деталях метод рассмотрен на примере трехкубитного кластера, управляемого тернарным гамильтонианом, предназначенным для получения запутанного состояния Гринбергера-Хорна-Цайлингера. Кроме того, для этой системы изучено состояние теплового равновесия и получен соответствующий оператор плотности состояния. The model of universal quantum computation, which uses quantum circuits consisting of one-qubit and two-qubit logic elements, is implemented in several existing quantum-computing devices. In the last decade, the idea of using multiqubit gates has become very relevant, since this, in the future, will reduce the noise level of quantum circuits. The main resource of quantum computing is the entanglement of individual qubits that form a cluster. Despite the actuality of this issue, so far only a few examples of the simplest logic elements with entanglement are considered in theory for a system of three qubits (Toffoli element and double controlled NOT). This work is devoted to mathematical modeling of the entangled states of quantum systems composed of several qubits. A mathematical method is proposed for the exact or approximate construction of Hamiltonians generating the required unitary transformations. It turns out that the approach based on the representation of Hamiltonians and unitary transformations in the Pauli basis is the most suitable in this context for two reasons: firstly, the Pauli basis forms the Lie algebra of the corresponding unitary group; secondly, there are only real coefficients in the decompositions of Hamiltonians and state density operators in this basis. The method is considered in detail on the example of a three-qubit cluster driven by a ternary Hamiltonian to obtain the Greenberger-Horn-Zeilinger entangled state. For this system, the thermal state is also studied and the corresponding density operator is obtained.

Abstract A binary connective that can be read as a matching conjunction for conditional connectives found in many conditional logics is considered. The most natural way to read this connective is often as a conjunction and yet, hypothetically, considered to hold of a state of affairs that could be obtained under the hypothesis. The connective can be given an intensional semantics extending a standard semantics of conditional logic that uses propositionally indexed families of binary relations on possible worlds. This semantics is determined by an adjoint relationship between the operations supporting the semantics of the conditional and the new conjunction. The semantics of the hypothetical conjunction connective subsumes the semantics, supported by a ternary relation semantics, of the fusion connective that arises in connection with substructural and relevant logics, and therefore subsumes a number of other forms of conjunction. A number of applications of the hypothetical conjunction connective are discussed, including generalized forms of resource reasoning used in computer science applications.

Abstract Abstract 86 Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM) is a lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma characterized primarily by tumor infiltration of lymphoplasmacytic cells (LPC) in the bone marrow (BM) and presence of an IgM monoclonal gammopathy. WM LPC exhibit deficiencies in the ability to differentiate from mature B-cells to plasma cells. We therefore analyzed the expression of several genes involved in B-cell differentiation by real time RT-PCR, including Ets factors, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) E proteins, as well as inhibitors of DNA binding (Id) proteins which antagonize E protein activity. Comparison of bone marrow CD19+ B cells obtained from 12 untreated WM patients versus 15 age-matched healthy donors showed that in WM LPC, expression of the Ets factor Spi-B was increased four-fold, Id2 and Id1 were decreased three-fold and ten-fold, respectively, while transcript levels of E proteins were similar between these two groups. Following cytokine induced differentiation of primary CD19+ cells into CD38+CD20−plasmablasts, we observed that Spi-B and Id2/Id1 expression levels were significantly decreased and increased, respectively. Furthermore, ectopic expression of Spi-B in primary peripheral blood CD19+ cells from healthy donors inhibited plasma cell differentiation which was associated with decreased transcription levels of BLIMP1, XBP-1 spliced form, and IRF4. Over-expression of Spi-B in BCWM.1 WM cells also resulted in repressed expression of BLIMP1, XBP-1 spliced form, and IRF4. Conversely, knocking down of Spi-B in BCWM.1 WM cells increased IRF4, Id2, and Id1 expression. Importantly, in lentiviral transduced primary WM bone marrow CD19+cells, knocking down of Spi-B induced CD38+CD20−plasmablast formation which was related to increased expression of BLIMP1, XBP-1 spliced form, IRF4, and Id2. Moreover, knocking down of Spi-B in primary WM LPC led to decreased Bcl-2 expression. Since in mice Spi-B is a direct target of OBF-1, which forms a ternary complex with the POU proteins Oct-2 or Oct-1 to interact with the conserved octamer site in promoter region, we next evaluated their roles in WM. While transcript levels of OBF-1 and Oct-1 were similar, transcript levels of Oct-2 were three-fold higher in WM LPC versus healthy donors. Knocking down of Oct-2 in BCWM.1 WM cells decreased Spi-B, Id2, and Id1 expression. In addition, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) confirmed the presence of Oct-2 and OBF-1 in the human Spi-B and Id2 promoter region. These data suggest that Oct-2 together with OBF-1 regulates Id2/Id1 in concert with Spi-B during B-cell differentiation. These findings establish for the first time the molecular hierarchy among Oct-2, Spi-B, and Id2/Id1 in human B-cells. The results also suggest that aberrant expression of these transcription factors plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of WM by repressing factors involved in plasma cell differentiation while promoting WM LPC survival through Bcl-2. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

The compound (–)-(2R,3R)-2,3-dimethoxy-1,1,4,4-tetraphenylbutane-1,4-diol (DMT) forms 2 : 1 host : guest complexes with aniline, N-methylaniline, and N,N-dimethylaniline when recrystallized from these solvents. When the guests competed, as in binary and ternary mixtures, DMT proved to be remarkably selective for the alkylated guests, discriminating consistently against aniline. A host selectivity order of aniline << N-methylaniline < N,N-dimethylaniline was observed. Results from single-crystal diffraction, Hirshfeld surface, and thermal analyses were used to explain the observed preference order. This investigation shows that using the realm of supramolecular chemistry may have future application in the separation of these anilines.

Resumo: Apesar de se tratar de um texto não aproveitado na versão final do romance João Ternura, “O homem e seu capote”, de Aníbal Machado, pode ser lido e estudado de forma independente como um conto. O episódio protagonizado por João Ternura se assemelha a determinadas cenas que o major Cardoso vive na novela coletiva O capote do guarda, da qual participou o próprio Aníbal Machado no início dos anos 1920. No entanto, esta novela permaneceu inacessível aos leitores durante muito tempo, tendo sido reeditada somente nos anos de 2005 e 2006. É possível supor que esta obra tenha sido uma fonte motivadora para a realização de “O homem e seu capote”, o que ainda não foi investigado pela crítica literária. Nessa perspectiva, o objetivo deste artigo é estudar este conto em relação à referida novela, considerando-se o capote e as ocorrências ligadas a esse elemento nas duas narrativas. Espera-se contribuir para uma melhor compreensão do universo literário do escritor, especialmente em relação ao período que antecede a publicação de seu primeiro livro.Palavras-chave: Modernismo brasileiro; Aníbal Machado; Major Cardoso; João Ternura.Abstract: Despite being an unused text in the final version of the novel João Ternura, “O homem e seu capote”, from Aníbal Machado may be independently read - and studied - as a short story. The episode’s protagonist is João Ternura and the text is similar to certain scenes Major Cardoso lives in the collective novella O capote do guarda, with which Aníbal Machado himself contributed to in early 1920’s. However, this novella remained inaccessible to readers for a long time, being reedited only in 2005 and 2006. It is possible that this work was a source of motivation for writing “O homem e seu capote”, which still was not investigated by the literary critique. In this perspective, this article aims to study this short story in its relation to the novella mentioned above, considering the Capote (or the Overcoat) and the instances related to this element in both narratives, in the hope to contribute to better understanding the literary universe of this writer, particularly regarding the period before the publication of his first book.Keywords: Brazilian modernism; Aníbal Machado; Major Cardoso; João Ternura.

El propósito del artículo es promover la reflexión sobre la biopedagogía como una propuesta para visibilizar las nuevas realidades educativas, resultado de diferentes acontecimientos sociales, así como propiciar el avance hacia la tercera cultura y una episteme humanizadora que permita la vinculación del conocimiento a la vida por medio de la percepción del ser vivo, es decir, donde se pueda sentir, comunicar, razonar y construir un mundo posible para todos. El desafío de la biopedagogía es alcanzar, a través de la biología del amor y la ternura, procesos de aprendizaje complejos, holísticos, legítimos y autoorganizados. Esto se logrará si la comunicación, el lenguaje y el diálogo permiten que nuevos aprendizajes surjan en el sujeto, respondan a la transformación en la comprensión de lo real y logren profundizar en la forma como nos relacionamos con el planeta. Esperamos que el ser humano desarrolle un lenguaje de autoorganización, incertidumbre y riesgo, y pueda resolver situaciones a través de vías alternativas desde un universo de bioaprendizajes y pedagogías, que podrían convertirse en el paradigma emergente.

Beyond the predominant paradigm of an essentially rational human cognition, based on the classical binary logic, we want to propose some reflections that are organized around the intuition that the representations we have of the world are weighted with appreciations, for example affective ones. resulting from our integration into a social environment. We see these connotations as essentially ternary in nature, depending on the concepts underlying neutrosophy: either positive, negative or neutral. This form of representation would then influence the very nature of the cognitive process, which in complex real-world situations, has to deal with problems of a combinatorial nature leading to a number of cases too large for our abilities. Forced to proceed by shortcuts on the basis of heuristics, cognition would use these assessments of the representations it manipulates to decide whether partial solutions are attractive for solving the problem or on the contrary are judged negative and are then quickly rejected. There is still the case of a neutral weighting that allows processing to continue. Thus a neutrosophical conception of our representations of the world explains how our cognition functions in its treatment of combinatorial problems in the form of producing processing accelerating heuristics, both in terms of partial solutions selection and processing optimization.

Esta investigación aborda la manera como se ha configurado la relación de tres mujeres diabéticas −cuyo tratamiento médico incluye el recurso a la insulinoterapia− con su condición crónica. Dicha relación es dilucidada, fundamentalmente, tomando como punto de partida el ternario real, imaginario y simbólico planteado por el psicoanalista francés Jacques Lacan. Es un estudio que, además, examina los modos de relación instaurados en las prácticas médicas frente a la diabetes. Metodológicamente opta por una forma de investigación cualitativa a través de entrevistas en profundidad.

Introduction This article situates the dark as a liminal and creative space of experimentation where tensions are generative and people tinker with emerging technologies to create alternative futures. Darkness need not mean chaos and fear of violence – it can mean privacy and protection. We define dark as an experimental space based upon uncertainties rather than computational knowns (Bridle) and then demonstrate via a case study of cryptocurrencies the contribution of dark and liminal social spaces to future(s)-making. Cryptocurrencies are digital cash systems that use decentralised (peer-to-peer) networking to enable irreversible payments (Maurer, Nelms, and Swartz). Cryptocurrencies are often clones or variations on the ‘original’ Bitcoin payment systems protocol (Trump et al.) that was shared with the cryptographic community through a pseudonymous and still unknown author(s) (Nakamoto), creating a founder mystery. Due to the open creation process, a new cryptocurrency is relatively easy to make. However, many of them are based on speculative bubbles that mirror Bitcoin, Ethereum, and ICOs’ wealth creation. Examples of cryptocurrencies now largely used for speculation due to their volatility in holding value are rampant, with online clearing houses competing to trade hundreds of different assets from AAVE to ZIL. Many of these altcoins have little to no following or trading volume, leading to their obsolescence. Others enjoy immense popularity among dedicated communities of backers and investors. Consequently, while many cryptocurrency experiments fail or lack adoption and drop from the purview of history, their constant variation also contributes to the undertow of the future that pulls against more visible surface waves of computational progress. The article is structured to first define how we understand and leverage ‘dark’ against computational cultures. We then apply thematic and analytical tactics to articulate future-making socio-technical experiments in the dark. Based on past empirical work of the authors (Maddox "Netnography") we focus on crypto-cultures’ complex emancipatory and normative tensions via themes of construction, disruption, contention, redirection, obsolescence, and iteration. Through these themes we illustrate the mutation and absorption of dark experimental spaces into larger social structures. The themes we identify are not meant as a complete or necessarily serial set of occurrences, but nonetheless contribute a new vocabulary for students of technology and media to see into and grapple with the dark. Embracing the Dark: Prework & Analytical Tactics for Outside the Known To frame discussion of the dark here as creative space for alternative futures, we focus on scholars who have deeply engaged with notions of socio-technical darkness. This allows us to explore outside the blinders of computational light and, with a nod to Sassen, dig in the shadows of known categories to evolve the analytical tactics required for the study of emerging socio-technical conditions. We understand the Dark Web to usher shifting and multiple definitions of darkness, from a moral darkness to a technical one (Gehl). From this work, we draw the observation of how technologies that obfuscate digital tracking create novel capacities for digital cultures in spaces defined by anonymity for both publisher and user. Darknets accomplish this by overlaying open internet protocols (e.g. TCP/IP) with non-standard protocols that encrypt and anonymise information (Pace). Pace traces concepts of darknets to networks in the 1970s that were 'insulated’ from the internet’s predecessor ARPANET by air gap, and then reemerged as software protocols similarly insulated from cultural norms around intellectual property. ‘Darknets’ can also be considered in ternary as opposed to binary terms (Gehl and McKelvey) that push to make private that which is supposed to be public infrastructure, and push private platforms (e.g. a Personal Computer) to make public networks via common bandwidth. In this way, darknets feed new possibilities of communication from both common infrastructures and individual’s platforms. Enabling new potentials of community online and out of sight serves to signal what the dark accomplishes for the social when measured against an otherwise unending light of computational society. To this point, a new dark age can be welcomed insofar it allows an undecided future outside of computational logics that continually define and refine the possible and probable (Bridle). This argument takes von Neumann’s 1945 declaration that “all stable processes we shall predict. All unstable processes we shall control” (in Bridle 21) as a founding statement for computational thought and indicative of current society. The hope expressed by Bridle is not an absence of knowledge, but an absence of knowing the future. Past the computational prison of total information awareness within an accelerating information age (Castells) is the promise of new formations of as yet unknowable life. Thus, from Bridle’s perspective, and ours, darkness can be a place of freedom and possibility, where the equality of being in the dark, together, is not as threatening as current privileged ways of thinking would suggest (Bridle 15). The consequences of living in a constant glaring light lead to data hierarchies “leaching” (Bridle) into everything, including social relationships, where our data are relationalised while our relations are datafied (Maddox and Heemsbergen) by enforcing computational thinking upon them. Darkness becomes a refuge that acknowledges the power of unknowing, and a return to potential for social, equitable, and reciprocal relations. This is not to say that we envision a utopian life without the shadow of hierarchy, but rather an encouragement to dig into those shadows made visible only by the brightest of lights. The idea of digging in the shadows is borrowed from Saskia Sassen, who asks us to consider the ‘master categories’ that blind us to alternatives. According to Sassen (402), while master categories have the power to illuminate, their blinding power keeps us from seeing other presences in the landscape: “they produce, then, a vast penumbra around that center of light. It is in that penumbra that we need to go digging”. We see darkness in the age of digital ubiquity as rejecting the blinding ‘master category’ of computational thought. Computational thought defines social/economic/political life via what is static enough to predict or unstable enough to render a need to control. Otherwise, the observable, computable, knowable, and possible all follow in line. Our dig in the shadows posits a penumbra of protocols – both of computational code and human practice – that circle the blinding light of known digital communications. We use the remainder of this short article to describe these themes found in the dark that offer new ways to understand the movements and moments of potential futures that remain largely unseen. Thematic Resonances in the Dark This section considers cryptocultures of the dark. We build from a thematic vocabulary that has been previously introduced from empirical examples of the crypto-market communities which tinker with and through the darkness provided by encryption and privacy technologies (Maddox "Netnography"). Here we refine these future-making themes through their application to events surrounding community-generated technology aimed at disrupting centralised banking systems: cryptocurrencies (Maddox, Singh, et al.). Given the overlaps in collective values and technologies between crypto-communities, we find it useful to test the relevance of these themes to the experimental dynamics surrounding cryptocurrencies. We unpack these dynamics as construction, rupture and disruption, redirection, and the flip-sided relationship between obsolescence and iteration leading to mutation and absorption. This section provides a working example for how these themes adapt in application to a community dwelling at the edge of experimental technological possibilities. The theme of construction is both a beginning and a materialisation of a value field. It originates within the cyberlibertarians’ ideological stance towards using technological innovations to ‘create a new world in the shell of the old’ (van de Sande) which has been previously expressed through the concept of constructive activism (Maddox, Barratt, et al.). This libertarian ideology is also to be found in the early cultures that gave rise to cryptocurrencies. Through their interest in the potential of cryptography technologies related to social and political change, the Cypherpunks mailing list formed in 1992 (Swartz). The socio-cultural field surrounding cryptocurrencies, however, has always consisted of a diverse ecosystem of vested interests building collaborations from “goldbugs, hippies, anarchists, cyberpunks, cryptographers, payment systems experts, currency activists, commodity traders, and the curious” (Maurer, Nelms, and Swartz 262). Through the theme of construction we can consider architectures of collaboration, cooperation, and coordination developed by technically savvy populations. Cryptocurrencies are often developed as code by teams who build in mechanisms for issuance (e.g. ‘mining’) and other controls (Conway). Thus, construction and making of cryptocurrencies tend to be collective yet decentralised. Cryptocurrencies arose during a time of increasing levels of distrust in governments and global financial instability from the Global Financial Crisis (2008-2013), whilst gaining traction through their usefulness in engaging in illicit trade (Saiedi, Broström, and Ruiz). It was through this rupture in the certainties of ‘the old system’ that this technology, and the community developing it, sought to disrupt the financial system (Maddox, Singh, et al.; Nelms et al.). Here we see the utility of the second theme of rupture and disruption to illustrate creative experimentation in the liminal and emergent spaces cryptocurrencies afford. While current crypto crazes (e.g. NFTs, ICOs) have their detractors, Cohen suggests, somewhat ironically, that the momentum for change of the crypto current was “driven by the grassroots, and technologically empowered, movement to confront the ills perceived to be powered and exacerbated by market-based capitalism, such as climate change and income inequality” (Cohen 739). Here we can start to envision how subterranean currents that emerge from creative experimentations in the dark impact global social forces in multifaceted ways – even as they are dragged into the light. Within a disrupted environment characterised by rupture, contention and redirection is rife (Maddox "Disrupting"). Contention and redirection illustrate how competing agendas bump and grind to create a generative tension around a deep collective desire for social change. Contention often emerges within an environment of hacks and scams, of which there are many stories in the cryptocurrency world (see Bartlett for an example of OneCoin, for instance; Kavanagh, Miscione, and Ennis). Other aspects of contention emerge around how the technology works to produce (mint) cryptocurrencies, including concern over the environmental impact of producing cryptocurrencies (Goodkind, Jones, and Berrens) and the production of non-fungible tokens for the sale of digital assets (Howson). Contention also arises through the gendered social dynamics of brogramming culture skewing inclusive and diverse engagement (Bowles). Shifting from the ideal of inclusion to the actual practice of crypto-communities begs the question of whose futures are being made. Contention and redirections are also evidenced by ‘hard forks’ in cryptocurrency. The founder mystery resulted in the gifting of this technology to a decentralised and leaderless community, materialised through the distributed consensus processes to approve software updates to a cryptocurrency. This consensus system consequently holds within it the seeds for governance failures (Trump et al.), the first of which occurred with the ‘hard forking’ of Bitcoin into Bitcoin cash in 2017 (Webb). Hard forks occur when developers and miners no longer agree on a proposed change to the software: one group upgraded to the new software while the others operated on the old rules. The resulting two separate blockchains and digital currencies concretised the tensions and disagreements within the community. This forking resulted initially in a shock to the market value of, and trust in, the Bitcoin network, and the dilution of adoption networks across the two cryptocurrencies. The ongoing hard forks of Bitcoin Cash illustrate the continued contention occurring within the community as crypto-personalities pit against each other (Hankin; Li). As these examples show, not all experiments in cryptocurrencies are successful; some become obsolete through iteration (Arnold). Iteration engenders mutations in the cultural framing of socio-technical experiments. These mutations of meaning and signification then facilitate their absorption into novel futures, showing the ternary nature of how what happens in the dark works with what is known by the light. As a rhetorical device, cryptocurrencies have been referred to as a currency (a payment system) or a commodity (an investment or speculation vehicle; Nelms et al. 21). However, new potential applications for the underlying technologies continue emerge. For example, Ethereum, the second-most dominant cryptocurrency after Bitcoin, now offers smart contract technology (decentralised autonomous organisations, DAO; Kavanagh, Miscione, and Ennis) and is iterating technology to dramatically reduce the energy consumption required to mine and mint the non-fungible tokens (NFTs) associated with crypto art (Wintermeyer). Here we can see how these rhetorical framings may represent iterative shifts and meaning-mutation that is as pragmatic as it is cultural. While we have considered here the themes of obsolescence and iteration threaded through the technological differentiations amongst cryptocurrencies, what should we make of these rhetorical or cultural mutations? This cultural mutation, we argue, can be seen most clearly in the resurgence of Dogecoin. Dogecoin is a cryptocurrency launched in 2013 that takes its name and logo from a Shiba Inu meme that was popular several years ago (Potts and Berg). We can consider Dogecoin as a playful infrastructure (Rennie) and cultural product that was initially designed to provide a low bar for entry into the market. Its affordability is kept in place by the ability for miners to mint an unlimited number of coins. Dogecoin had a large resurgence of value and interest just after the meme-centric Reddit community Wallstreetbets managed to drive the share price of video game retailer GameStop to gain 1,500% (Potts and Berg). In this instance we see the mutation of a cryptocurrency into memecoin, or cultural product, for which the value is a prism to the wild fluctuations of internet culture itself, linking cultural bubbles to financial ones. In this case, technologies iterated in the dark mutated and surfaced as cultural bubbles through playful infrastructures that intersected with financial systems. The story of dogecoin articulates how cultural mutation articulates the absorption of emerging techno-potentials into larger structures. Conclusion From creative experiments digging in the dark shadows of global socio-economic forces, we can see how the future is formed beneath the surface of computational light. Yet as we write, cryptocurrencies are being absorbed by centralising and powerful entities to integrate them into global economies. Examples of large institutions hoarding Bitcoin include the crypto-counterbalancing between the Chinese state through its digital currency DCEP (Vincent) and Facebook through the Libra project. Vincent observes that the state-backed DCEP project is the antithesis of the decentralised community agenda for cryptocurrencies to enact the separation of state and money. 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