Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Real GDP'
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Rybanová, Soňa. "Relation between Globalisation and the Real Convergence: Does convergence of globalisation influence convergence of real GDP per capita?" Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-85839.
Full textNeto, Celso de Campos Toledo. "Ciclos do produto brasileiro: decomposição e análise em 'tempo real'." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12138/tde-28072004-110113/.
Full textThe first paper applies the methodology proposed by Chari, Kehoe and McGrattan (2003) to analyze cyclical fluctuations of the Brazilian industry, usually obtained by means of mechanical filters. The results suggest that filter-obtained cycles using the Hodrick Prescott filter or a band pass filter include components originated from supply and demand disturbances. Particularly, the simulations indicate that most Brazilian cycles are due to supply movements. This result leads to the conclusion that calibrating monetary policy based on a filter-obtained output-gap is potentially flawed. Indeed, IS curve estimations using supply-driven and demand-driven cyclical components show that the impact of monetary policy is more significant in the former than the latter. Thus, it would seem that there is an inflation bias in current monetary policy practice. The paper shows also that a Phillips Curve estimated from demand-driven cyclical components reveals a higher coefficient than one obtained by the usual regressions. The second paper compares the performance of band pass filters with the Hodrick Prescott filter in terms of their ability to extract the cycles of Brazilian GDP in real time. Using actual and artificial data, the simulations indicate that the Hodrick Prescott filter is inferior. This conclusion holds for two alternative models to describe the GDP dynamics: (i) supposing the series is I(0) around a deterministic trend with a few structural breaks and (ii) supposing the series is I(1). The results are also robust with respect to more than one benchmark chosen to evaluate the performance of the filters. The third paper obtains: (i) a seasonally adjusted quarterly GDP series for the period 1980 to 2002, that is perfectly compatible with the annual National Accounts real variations, correcting a step problem present in the electronically available series; (ii) a reliable series going back to 1970, using temporal disaggregation methods with indicators; (iii) a series going back to 1947 that, most likely, preserves a reasonable amount of the cyclical components of the GDP and (iv) a series going back to 1956 that is likely to include part of the irregular components.
Hussein, Siti Almafahaza. "Business and Real Estate Cycles The Kuala Lumpur Office Market." Thesis, KTH, Bygg- och fastighetsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-77472.
Full textRoihjert, Samuel, and Viktor Åhlander. "Real estate as an investment alternative in an environment with low interest rates and inflation – A comparison between Japan and Sweden." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-190176.
Full textDagens situation på fastighetsmarknaden är väldigt unik. Den är präglad av låga och negativa räntor och låg inflation. Många av de existerande ekonomiska teorierna är baserade på positiva räntor och en positiv inflation. Detta har resulterat i osäkerheter på marknaden hur denna situation kan komma att påverka fastighetsmarknaden i framtiden. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur fastigheter som ett investeringsalternativ uppför sig i en miljö med låga räntor och inflation. I arbetet undersöker vi närmare Japans fastighetsmarknad eftersom de har haft låga räntor och inflation enda sedan mitten av 1990-talet. Vi kommer vidare undersöka vad för relation som existerar mellan både avkastningen på fastigheter och fastighetspriserna gentemot olika makroekonomiska variabler. De makroekonomiska variablerna är räntan, inflationen och ekonomisk tillväxt i form av BNP. Detta arbete har skrivits i sammarbete med Vasakronan, Sveriges största fastighetsbolag där de har assisterat oss I nödvänding vägledning under arbetsprocessen. Beträffande hur fastigheter uppför sig i en miljö med låga räntor och inflation som är observerat idag har vi funnit att de fortfarande genererar en avkastning över tid och kan anses som ett bra investeringsalternativ. Vi har funnit att räntorna och inflationen inte verkar ha samma direkta effekt som kunde förväntas gällande avkastningarna för fastigheter i en miljö med låga räntor och inflation. Däremot har vi funnit att det existerar andra variabler som påverkar fastigheters avkastning, vilka är direkt påverkade av räntorna och inflationen. Det betyder att räntorna och inflationen ändå indirekt påverkar fastigheters avkastningar. En av de viktigaste faktorerna är den ekonomiska tillväxten som har en tydlig påverkan på fastigheters avkastning och priser. Utbud och efterfråga tillsammans med framtida förväntningar är också viktiga variabler som påverkar fastighetsmarknaden och deras avkastningar. Så länge det existerar ekonomisk tillväxt tillsammans med optimistiska förväntningar på framtiden och en hög efterfrågan så kan fastigheter betraktas som en god och ett säkert investeringsalternativ
Hlongwane, Tshembhani Mackson. "The effect of South African public debt on economic growth: An ARDL cointegration approach from 1961-2017." University of Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7927.
Full textThis study investigates the effect of public debt on economic growth in South Africa since 1961-2017. Public debt stock is disaggregated into external debt and domestic debt in order to determine the effect of each on economic growth independently. The study employed the ARDL bound test to estimate the long and short run relationship among several macroeconomic variables - real economic growth, domestic debt, external debt, budget deficit, inflation rate and investment. An error correction model was used to analyses the short-run disequilibrium. The results show that there is a short and long run equilibrium relationship between foreign debt, domestic debt, budget deficit, inflation rate and economic growth. The empirical results indicate that external debt negatively affects the real GDP growth in South Africa, both in the short and long-run. Several policy implications emerged from the empirical results. To keep public debt more manageable, South Africa should improve its debt management. Furthermore, the country can make use of debt to equity swaps by privatizing underperforming parastatals. This would make them competitive and efficient.
Janíčko, Martin. "Vliv vývoje ekonomiky Německa na hospodářskou výkonnost České republiky v letech 1993-2005." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-4437.
Full textSvatošová, Ludmila. "Odhad potenciálního produktu v ČR a jeho vztah k hospodářskému cyklu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-163391.
Full textPumpalavičiūtė, Jurgita. "Nekilnojamojo turto rinka Lietuvoje. Jos ryšys su bankininkystės ir kitais sektoriais bei įtaka šalies ekonomikai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060327_161042-47300.
Full textUrman, Maxwell J. "The End of the Three Percent Rule: How Structural Changes in the U.S. Economy have Impacted Economic Growth." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1508.
Full textLackson, Daniel Mudenda. "Pollution, Electricity Consumption, and Income in the Context of Trade Openness in Zambia." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-124715.
Full textJiang, Yu. "Inference and prediction in a multiple structural break model of economic time series." Diss., University of Iowa, 2009. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/244.
Full textTobiczyk, Martin. "Vybrané problémy nominální a reálné konvergence ČR k EU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75309.
Full textŠulc, Vojtěch. "Proces reálné a nominální konvergence v ČR." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-124945.
Full textKaipa, Krishna Vinod. "Topological charge of real finite-gap sine-gordon solutions." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/9466.
Full textThesis research directed by: Applied Mathematics and Scientific Computation Program. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
Viamontes, Esquivel Alcides. "Narrowing the gap between network models and real complex systems." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-89149.
Full textFarahvashi, Vida, and Trude Broström. "Developing an employer index within the real estate industry." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-97829.
Full textOgunc, Fethi. "Estimating The Neutral Real Interest Rate For Turkey By Using An Unobserved Components Model." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607426/index.pdf.
Full textHossain, SK Alamgir. "Design and Development of a Framework to Bridge the Gap Between Real and Virtual." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20346.
Full textAleid, Jamal. "Bridging the gap between pre-planning and real-time decision support in crisis management." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284669.
Full textBaltussen, Robertus Martinus Petrus Maria. "Real world designs in economic evaluation bridging the gap between clinical research and policy making /." [Maastricht : Maastricht : Universiteit Maastricht] ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1998. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=8425.
Full textVasconcelos, Claudia Jovita Garcia. "Desenvolvimento de estratégias de integração de processos em tempo real aplicadas à produção de GLP." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266718.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química
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Resumo: A otimização de processes em tempo real tem como objetivo o estudo de técnicas para a integração dos objetivos de controle aos interesses econômicos em aplicações industriais. Neste trabalho, o problema da otimização em tempo real foi abordado para um sistema complexo, com correntes de reciclo de massa e integração energética...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: The goal of real-time processes optimization studies is the way to integrate control objectives and economic aspects. In this work, the real-time optimization problem was applied to a high complex system, including mass recycle streams and heat integration...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic document
Doutorado
Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos
Doutor em Engenharia Química
Ludidi, Daniel Dumisa. "Home ownership in the gap-housing market in South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/18299.
Full textGulati, Mayank. "Bridging Sim-to-Real Gap in Offline Reinforcement Learning for Antenna Tilt Control in Cellular Networks." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-292948.
Full textAntennlutning är den vinkel som dämpas av strålningsstrålen och det horisontella planet. Denna vinkel spelar en viktig roll för att bestämma täckningen och störningen av nätverket med angränsande celler och intilliggande basstationer. Traditionella metoder för nätverksoptimering förlitar sig på regelbaserad heuristik för att göra beslutsfattande för antennlutningsoptimering för att uppnå önskade nätverksegenskaper. Dessa metoder är dock ganska styva och är oförmögna att fånga dynamiken i kommunikationstrafiken. De senaste framstegen inom förstärkningsinlärning har gjort det till en lönsam lösning att lösa detta problem, men även denna inlärningsmetod är antingen begränsad till dess simuleringsmiljö eller är begränsad till off-policy offline inlärning. Hittills har inga ansträngningar gjorts för att övervinna de tidigare nämnda begränsningarna för att göra det tillämpligt i den verkliga världen. Detta arbete föreslår en metod som består i att överföra förstärkningsinlärningspolicyer från en simulerad miljö till en verklig miljö, dvs. sim-till-verklig överföring genom användning av offline-lärande. Metoden använder en simulerad miljö och en fast dataset för att kompensera för de understrukna begränsningarna. Den föreslagna sim-till-verkliga överföringstekniken använder en hybridpolicymodell, som består av en del utbildad i simulering och en del utbildad på offline-verkliga data från mobilnätverk. Detta gör det möjligt att slå samman prover från verklig data till den simulerade miljön och därmed modifiera standardutbildningsförfarandena för förstärkning genom kunskapsdelning mellan de två miljöernas representationer. Å ena sidan möjliggör simulering att uppnå bättre generaliseringsprestanda med avseende på konventionellt offlineinlärning eftersom det kompletterar offlineinlärning med inlärning genom osynliga simulerade banor. Å andra sidan möjliggör offline-inlärningsförfarandet att stänga sim-till-real-klyftan genom att exponera agenten för verkliga dataprov. Följaktligen möjliggör detta överföringsinlärningsregime att upprätta optimal antennlutningskontroll som i sin tur resulterar i förbättrad täckning och minskad störning med angränsande celler i mobilnätet.
Wanas, Al Hussein. "Narrowing the Gap Between Imaginary and Real Artifacts: A Process for Making and Filming Diegetic Prototypes." VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3142.
Full textSingh, Shiu Raj. "Dynamics of macroeconomic variables in Fiji : a cointegrated VAR analysis." Diss., Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/774.
Full textMert, Emel. "Effect of air gap thickness and contact area on heat transfer through garments in real life situation." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MULH9978.
Full textIn real life, human body and clothing are always in direct interaction with environment, where human body attempts to keep its core temperature constant at around 37 °C by physiological thermoregulatory processes. The heat transfer from the wearer’s body to the environment is affected not only by the fabric properties but also by the presence of air layers and the contact between body and garment. The thermal properties of air layer are related to its size, which in turn, depends on the form of the wearer’s body, mechanical properties of fabric and garment design. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the three dimensional (3D) map and the quantitatively determination of air layers and contact area on the garment in real life situations, such as for various body postures and movement. In the present study, a comparison of the thermal effect of the heterogeneous and homogeneous air layers was sought. Additionally, the distribution of air layers and the contact area for lower body garments were analysed systematically. The effect of various body posture and movement on sought parameters was investigated. Moreover, new method was introduced to post-process the sought parameters for the ready output from 3D simulation software. Consequently, the results of this study indicated that the comfort level of the human body can be adjusted by selection of fabric type and the design of ease allowances in the garment depending on the body region and given purpose. The knowledge gained in this study will be directly used in modelling of the dry and latent heat transfer through garment and contribute to the improvement of clothing design for protective and active sport garments
Mårtensson, Jonathan. "Method development for investigation of real effects on flow around vanes." Thesis, Linköping University, Applied Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-57605.
Full textIn the development of turbo machinery components it's desirable to not spend more time than necessary when setting up aero-thermal calculations to investigate uncertainties in the design. This report aims to describe general thoughts used in the development of an ICEM-mesh script and the possible configurations in the script file which enables the user to build mesh-grids with/without clearance gap at the hub and/or shroud for different blade geometries. It also aims to illustrate the performance analysis made on the Vinci LH2 turbine, a next generation upper stage engine to the Ariane 5 rocket, in which the effect of the tip gap size on the efficiency has been studied.
The calculations made have shown good agreement with experimental data. The efficiency loss due to the mixing of fluid where leakage flow passes the tip gap, which results in growth of a strong vortex, and the fluid passing the blade tip, with almost no work extracted from it, has shown a quite linear efficiency dependence depending on the tip gap size.
Demir, Ali. "Real-time 2d/3d Display Of Dted Maps And Evaluation Of Interpolation Algorithms." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12611729/index.pdf.
Full textCharbonneau, Emiko. "Bridging the Gap Between Fun and Fitness: Instructional Techniques and Real-World Applications for Full-Body Dance Games." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5780.
Full textPh.D.
Doctorate
Computer Science
Engineering and Computer Science
Computer Science
Gyllenberg, Filip, and Johan Koppfeldt. "The rent negotiation process and retail rents : The gap between retail and real estate owners in a transforming market." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-277734.
Full textDenna studie syftar till att undersöka vilka faktorer butiks- och fastighetsägare anser vara viktigast i att bedöma förväntade hyresnivåer mot bakgrund av dagens klimat inom fysisk handel där e-handel tar marknadsandelar. Studien tar avstamp i teorin om rationella förväntningar samt teorin om anchoring. Metoden som har använts är av kvalitativ natur där två fallstudier har utförts. En fallstudie där intervjuer med representanter från tre geografiskt skilda köpcentrum har utförts samt en fallstudie där intervjuer har genomförts med representanter från väletablerade butikskedjor. Genom dessa två fallstudier har insikter gällande den upplevda diskrepansen mellan de två parterna utkristalliserats. Det går att konkludera att förväntningar om framtiden har en betydande påverkan på förväntade hyresnivåer och att en anledning till den ovan nämnda diskrepansen kan vara att förväntningarna om framtiden skiljer sig parterna emellan. Dessutom visar resultaten av studien på att butiks- och fastighetsägare, i vissa fall, kan vara föremål för en självförvållad anchoring-effekt vilket innebär att de blir låsta vid vissa hyresnivåer i samband med hyresförhandlingar. Den här studien bidrar till forskningen i att ytterligare generalisera två väletablerade teorier genom att ge initial vägledning i hur teorin om rationella förväntningar samt anchoring kan tillämpas på hyresförhandlingar.
Cludi, Cassiana de Zorzetto. "HPA adsorvido e morfologia de materiais particulados resultantes de processos de cobustão : queima de oleos combustiveis com elevada razão C/H e de GLP." [s.n.], 2003. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/249986.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Resumo: Este trabalho reporta o estudo realizado com 2 tipos de materiais particulados gerados na combustão: Cenosferas, no caso de combustão de óleos com elevada razão C/H e Fuligem no caso de combustão de GLP e misturas de GLP/1-butanol e GLP/Metanol. Foram determinadas a morfologia destes materiais particulados e a formação de HPA (Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos) nos processos de combustão estudados. A influência da requeima no caso das cenosferas e da adição de álcoois no caso da fuligem sobre estas propriedades, também foram avaliadas. A ação da requeima sobre as cenosferas resultou no aumento da porosidade deste particulado e na diminuição da quantidade de HPA presentes nas cenosferas. A adição de vapor de 1-butanol e de metanol na combustão de GLP resultou no aumento do tamanho dos aglomerados de partículas de fuligem, assim como na diminuição da quantidade de compostos aromáticos presentes neste material. As mudanças observadas nas características da fuligem, coletada na região da chama na qual este material particulado é formado, evidenciaram a ação causada pela adição de vapores de álcool ao GLP sobre o mecanismo de formação de aromáticos e no processo de aglomeração das partículas
Abstract: This work reports the studies performed with two kinds of particulated materiais generated from combustion: cenospheres, in the case of the combustion of oils with high C/H ratio, and soot, in the case of LPG and mixtures of LPG/1butanol and LPG/Methanol combustion. The morphologies of these particulated materiais and the formation of PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in the combustion processes were determined. The influence of reburning, in the case of cenospheres, and the addition of alcohols, in the case of soot, on these properties were also evaluated. The action of reburning on the cenospheres resulted in an increase of the porosity of this particulated material, as well as in a reduction oh the quantity of P AH present in cenospheres. The addiction of both 1-butanol and methanol vapor in the combustion of LPG resulted in an increase in the size of the soot particle agglomerates as well as in a reduction in the quantity of the aromatic compounds present in this material. The changes observed in the characteristics of the soot collected in the flame region, where this particulated material is formed, demonstrated the effect of the alcohol vapor added to the LPG on the mechanism of aromatic compound formation and on the process of particle agglomeration
Mestrado
Mestre em Química
Wang-Rosenke, Yingrui. "Nitric oxide-cGMP signal transduction in the injury, matrix expansion and progression of anti-thy1-induced renal disease of the rat." Saarbrücken VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2008. http://d-nb.info/991345665/04.
Full textCrome, Erhard, and Jochen Franzke. "Die verschwundene Diplomatie : Beiträge zur Außenpolitik der DDR." Universität Potsdam, 2003. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/texte_eingeschraenkt_welttrends/2010/4683/.
Full textJohansson, Elin, and Linnéa Nordin. "Possibilities to Reduce the Information Gap between Foreign Investors & the Swedish Real Estate Market : The Importance of Cooperation with an Operating Partner." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231427.
Full textDetta masterprojekt syftar till att utvärdera vikten av tillgängligheten av operativa samarbetspartners för utländska investerare när de ska besluta huruvida de ska investera på den svenska marknaden eller inte. Studien utvärderar om ett samarbete med operativa partners kan bidra till att minska informationsgapet mellan utländska investerare och den svenska marknaden, och huruvida ett samarbete även skulle kunna leda till ett ökat inflöde av utländskt kapital till Sverige. Studien innehåller en litteraturstudie där relevanta teorier för forskningsfrågan redovisas samt en översikt över den svenska fastighetsmarknaden. Studien innehåller också ekonomisk statistik och transaktionsdata från tillförlitliga källor samt halvstrukturerade intervjuer som genomfördes med ett antal framstående aktörer inom fastighetsbranschen, både i form av representanter från större globala konsultföretag och välkända operativa partners. Intervjuobjekten valdes ut eftersom de ansågs vara mest användbara för studien, med stor kunskap och erfarenhet av verksamheten och fastighetsbranschen. Studien visar att en operativ partner skulle kunna underlätta för en utländsk investerare att etablera sig på den svenska fastighetsmarknaden, mycket tack vare den marknadsspecifika kompetens som operatörsföretaget har, vilket gör det möjligt att uppskatta rätt riskkomponent såväl som förstå den specifika marknaden. Detta kan göra en utländsk investerare mer konkurrenskraftig på den svenska fastighetsmarknaden som till stor del domineras av starka inhemska investerare. Trots detta har tillgången till god marknadsspecifik kompetens endast har en marginell inverkan på huruvida en utländsk investerare väljer att investera i Sverige eller inte, eftersom det finns andra faktorer som har en betydligt större inverkan när investerarna fattar det beslutet. Marknadens skala är en av de viktigaste faktorerna när utländska investerare överväger om de ska investera i Sverige eller inte. Trots att en operativ partner inte nödvändigtvis ökar de utländska investeringarna till Sverige finns det idag en uttalad brist i utbudet av sådana företag i och med att det finns en stor efterfrågan från utländska investerare för denna typ av marknadsspecifik kompetens. Antalet operativa partners kommer sannolikt att öka i framtiden eftersom modellen skapar en likriktning av parternas intressen. Om en utländsk investerare är bra på att utnyttja lokal kompetens och använder en bra modell för likriktning av intressen, erhålls en kombination av en global och lokal syn på marknaden. Detta gör det möjligt för större utländska investerare att skapa en struktur av en större internationell portfölj, men fortfarande med uppmärksamhet på lokala detaljer. Av detta kan man dra slutsatsen att en ökad tillgång på operativa partners i viss mening kan ha en positiv effekt på den svenska ekonomin som helhet.
Kloudová, Dana. "Hledání nejvhodnější metody odhadu produkční mezery pro českou ekonomiku." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264275.
Full textCusinato, Rafael Tiecher. "Ensaios sobre previsão de inflação e análise de dados em tempo real no Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/22654.
Full textThis thesis presents three essays on inflation forecasting and real-time data analysis in Brazil. By using a Phillips curve, the first essay presents an “evolutionary model” to forecast Brazilian inflation. The evolutionary model consists in a combination of a non-linear model (that is formed by a combination of three artificial neural networks - ANNs) and a linear model (that is also a benchmark for comparison purposes). Some parameters of the evolutionary model, including the combination weight, evolve throughout time according to adjustments defined by three algorithms that evaluate the out-of-sample errors. The ANNs were estimated by using a hybrid approach based on a genetic algorithm (GA) and on a Nelder-Mead simplex algorithm. In a 3, 6, 9 and 12 steps ahead out-of-sample forecasting experiment, the performance of the evolutionary model was compared to the performance of the benchmark linear model, according to root mean squared errors (RMSE) and to mean absolute error (MAE) criteria. The evolutionary model performed better than the linear model for all forecasting steps that were analyzed, according to both criteria. The second essay is motivated by recent literature on real-time data analysis, which has shown that several measures of economic activities go through important data revisions throughout time, implying important limitations to the use of these measures. We developed a GDP real-time data set to Brazilian economy and we analyzed the extent to which GDP growth and output gap series are revised over time. We showed that revisions to GDP growth (quarter-onquarter) are economic relevant, although the GDP growth revisions lose part of their importance as aggregation period increases (for example, four-quarter growth). To analyze the output gap revisions, we applied four detrending methods: the Hodrick-Prescott filter, the linear trend, the quadratic trend, and the Harvey-Clark model of unobservable components. It was shown that all methods had economically relevant magnitude of revisions. In a general way, both GDP data revisions and the low accuracy of end-of-sample output trend estimates were relevant sources of output gap revisions. The third essay is also a study about real-time data, but focused on industrial production (IP) data and on industrial production gap estimates. We showed that revisions to IP growth (month-on-month) and to IP quarterly moving average growth are economic relevant, although the IP growth revisions become less important as aggregation period increases (for example, twelve-month growth). To analyze the output gap revisions, we applied three detrending methods: the Hodrick-Prescott filter, the linear trend, and the quadratic trend. It was shown that all methods had economically relevant magnitude of revisions. In general, both IP data revisions and low accuracy of end-of-sample IP trend estimates were relevant sources of IP gap revisions, although the results suggest some prevalence of revisions originated from low accuracy of end-of-sample estimates.
Porter, Jacob Stuart. "Mapping Bisulfite-Treated Short DNA Reads." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82870.
Full textPh. D.
Duke, Cynthia R. "Bridging the gap in the realm of information dominance a concept of operations for the Naval Postgraduate School Center for Cyber Warfare." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5168.
Full textAs the information age continues to evolve and technological expansion persists in creating a marked footprint across the four corners of the world, the need arises to protect our prized assets from potential adversarial motives. The extant threat to cyberspace necessitates the need to aptly man, train, and equip our forces to ably combat any untoward incidents. The Naval Postgraduate School with its very diverse population presents an exact medium to develop this next generation of warriors skilled in the field of Cyber Warfare to project both offensively and defensively against any contingent threat. As its mission statement professes: NPS strives to provide relevant and unique advanced education and research to increase the combat effectiveness and enhance the security of the United States. This thesis will leverage current instructions to bridge the gap and focus on providing a Concept of Operations for the Center for Cyber Warfare that aligns with the Chief of Naval Operations' (CNO) Strategic Focus Areas. This thesis will additionally recommend an architectural framework that addresses the current issues within the cyber domain and/or will allow for future expansion of the NPS mission datasets deemed of importance to the U.S. Military service and its allies.
Aragão, Gabriela Cozin. "A modulação crônica do receptor de GLP-1 altera aos níveis pressóricos, a estrutura e a função renal de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5166/tde-09032017-123135/.
Full textGlucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin intestinal hormone that primarily exerts anti-hyperglycemic actions. In order to possibilitate the clinical use of this peptide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, the incretin based therapies were created, which include the gliptins, drugs that increase the half-life of endogenous GLP-1 through the inhibition of the enzyme dipeptidil peptidase-4, and exogenous agonists of the receptor of GLP-1 (GLP-1R). It is well established that these classes of drugs exert cardiorenal beneficial effects that go beyond glycemic control. Among these cardiorenal effects are diuresis, natriuresis and reduction of blood pressure. We have recently demonstrated that acute blocking of thebaselineGLP-1Rsignaling, via systemic administration of theGLP-1Rantagonist, Exendin-9, causes anti-diuretic and anti-natriuretic effects in normotensive rats. These renal effects are associated with reduction of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and stimulation of proximal tubule Na+/H+ exchanger activity isoform 3 (NHE3). However, the effects of the chronic administration of the GLP-1R blocker on renal function and blood pressure levels remain obscure. Thus, this study aimed to test the hypothesis that GLP-1Rblockade elevates blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and that these effects are associated with upregulation of NHE3 activity. Additionally, we tested the hypothesis that GLP-1R blockade worsens kidney damage in hypertensive rats while pharmacological agonism of GLP-1R exerts renoprotection. To this end, 5-week-oldSHR were treated during 4 weeks with Exendin-9 (EX-9; 25 ug/mouse/day), the agonist of GLP-1R receptor, Exendin-4 (EX-4, 2.5 ?g/rat/day) or saline (control), via osmotic minipumps. Blood pressure was weekly measured by plethysmography and urine and blood samples were collected for renal function evaluation. Direct measurement of blood pressure, collection of biological samples for histological, biochemical and molecular analysis were performed at the end of the treatment. At the end of the treatment, 4-5 rats/group were used for determination of NHE3 proximal tubule activity by in vivo determined by stationary microperfusion. SHRs treated with EX-9 displayed higher blood pressure values than SHRs treated with vehicle (182 ± 4 vs. 172 ± 1 mmHg, p < 0.05), while Exendin-4 treatment attenuated blood pressure compared to controls (161 ± 4 vs. 172 ± 1 mmHg, p < 0.01). Blood pressure increase in SHRs treated with EX-9 was associated with higher NHE3 activity (1.78 ± 0.08 nmol/cm2/s) in proximal renal tubule compared to controls (1.48 ± 0.10 nmol/cm2/s; p < 0.05), whileEX-4-treatedSHR treated displayed lower NHE3 activity (1.19 ± 0.07 nmol/cm2/s, p < 0.01). Additionally, SHRs treated with the GLP-1R antagonist show higher levels of urinary protein excretion, fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress markers and intrarenal renin angiotensin system (RAS) activity compared to control. On the other hand, systemic administration of EX-4 exertedanti-proteinuric, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The renoprotection conferred by EX-4 treatment was accompanied by lower renal cortex angiotensin II levels suggesting that GLP-1R activation reduces intra renal RAS activity. Collectively, these results demonstrate that chronic GLP-1R blockade in hypertensive rats intensifies blood pressure increase and exacerbates renal damage. On the other hand, the GLP-1R agonism exerts anti-hypertensive and renoprotetor effects
Väisänen, Daniel. "Effekten av 10 veckors styrketräning på markörer för hypertrofi, translation och proteolys." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-4587.
Full textThere have been much research on signaling pathways in the human genome, but there still remain many questions. This paper examines some of them. Aim: Investigate changes in gene expression and mRNA levels of hypertrophy (MRF4), translation (5.8S & 18S) and proteolysis regulating genes (GDF-8) after a 10-week strength training period in men and women. Research questions: (1) Is there a change in the total amount of RNA before and after a 10-week strength training intervention. (2) Is there a change in the expression of MRF4, 5.8S, 18S, Murf1 and GDF-8 after 10 weeks of strength training. (3) Is there a gender difference in the change of total RNA and the expression of MRF4, 5.8S, Murf1 and GDF-8 after a 10-week long strength training intervention. Method: The sample for analysis consisted of 16 untrained subjects, of whom 8 were men and 8 were women. The subjects performed unilateral resistance training of lower extremities for 10 weeks, during two of these weeks blood flow restriction training were performed. The training was undulating (70-90% of 1RM, 5-12 cord, 3 times / week). Muscle biopsies were taken from the working leg before the start and 3-7 days after the training period. Gene expression was analyzed by qPCR. Results: There was no significant gender difference in total RNA or gene expression. Total RNA was significantly increased (p <0.01) with 19.2 %. The women had a significant increase (P <0.05) of RNA at 27.6 %, while the men had a significant increase (p <0.05) at 14 %. MRF4 had a significant (P> 0.05) percentage increase in gene expression by 55.7 %, and women had a significant (P> 0.05) increase of 64 %. GDF-8 increased significantly (P> 0.05) with 55.5 %, while GAPDH increased significantly (P> 0.05) for both sexes with 70.6 % and for men with 87.8 %. Murf1 and 5.8S had no significant changes in gene expression. Conclusions: It seems that both men and women experience a similar percentage difference of total RNA and mRNA gene expression 3-7 days after a 10 weeks long strength training period. To measure the gene expression of MRF4 3-7 days after a 10-week weight-training period seems to be a time when there still is a anabolic responses in the skeletal muscle. Of the proteolysis regulating genes GDF-8 and Murf1 there was an upregulation of GDF-8, which could be a sign that the inhibition of hypertrophy started. An unexpected finding is that GAPDH was found to be unsuitable as a control gene at a strength training intervention at 10 weeks and rRNA 18S was very stable, which could mean that GAPDH should not be used as control gene in longer strength training studies.
Ceccarelli, Matteo. "Analisi sperimentale di un sistema di localizzazione UWB per applicazioni robotiche." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/25365/.
Full textKrutina, Michael. "Vývoj mezd v zemích OECD po pádu Lehman Brothers." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-201853.
Full textWeber, Lars [Verfasser], Claus [Akademischer Betreuer] Möbus, and Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Fränzle. "Driver Modeling and Simulation of Lane Change Situations : Influence of Different Rear View Mirror Types on Gap Acceptance Behavior / Lars Weber ; Claus Möbus, Martin Fränzle." Oldenburg : BIS der Universität Oldenburg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1152005251/34.
Full textNeto, Messias SimÃes dos Santos. "Um estudo renal das interaÃÃes entre uroguanilia, urodilatina e bradicinina na presenÃa dos bloqueadores da guanilato ciclase isatin e ODQ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2008. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2231.
Full textIntroduÃÃo: Guanilinas, peptÃdeos natriurÃticos (ANP e urodilatina) e bradicinina estÃo implicados na fisiopatologia, com potencial terapÃutico, do metabolismo do sal e da hipertensÃo. Objetivo: Estudar o mecanismo de aÃÃo e possÃveis interaÃÃes destes peptÃdeos, pelo emprego de inibidores da guanilato ciclase isatina e ODQ. MÃtodo: Foram realizadas experiÃncias no rim isolado e perfundido de rato com ferramentas farmacolÃgicas, isatina (IS; 0,3 ou 10μM) ou com ODQ (37μM), nos estudos com uroguanilina (UGN; 0,3 ou 0,6μM), bradicinina (BK; 0,3 ou 0,9 ou 1,8nM) ou urodilatina (UD; 0,03nM). Investigaram-se ainda possÃveis interaÃÃes entre os referidos petÃdeos. Resultados: Isoladamente, IS (0,3μM), ODQ, UGN (0,3μM), BK (0,9 ou 0,3nM) nÃo interferiram signficativamente na presssÃo de perfusÃo, na diurese ou na reabsorÃÃo tubular fracionada renal de eletrÃlitos (sÃdio - %TNa+; potÃssio - %TK+; cloreto - %TCl- ). Nas condiÃÃes experimentais, ODQ mostrou-se eficaz (p<0,05) em inibir os efeitos de BK (1,8nM) sobre a pressÃo de perfusÃo (ODQ+BK120min: 111+3mmHg; BK120min: 139+5mmHg) e %TNa+ (ODQ+BK120min: 80+1%; BK120min: 76+2%). IS (3μM) mostrou-se parcialmente eficaz em inibir efeitos de UGN (0,6μM; IS+UGN90min: 76+2%; UGN90min: 72+2%) e de BK (1,8nM; IS+BK90min: 81+2%; BK60min: 0,76+2%) sobre %TNa+. UD (0,03nM90min: 86+2%; UGN+UD90min: 73+4%; p<0,05) potencializou a natriurese produzida por UGN (0,3μM90min: 83+2%), cujos efeitos vasculares foram inibidos com BK (0,3nM90min: 104+5mmHg; UGN0,6μM; 90min: 135+4mmHg; UGN+BK90min: 110+2mmHg). ConclusÃes: IS e ODQ comprovaram a participaÃÃo da via de sinalizaÃÃo NO-GMP no mecanismo de aÃÃo dos peptÃdeos estudados. A perfusÃo simultÃnea com mais de um peptÃdio, comprovou que hà interaÃÃes em suas diferentes vias de sinalizaÃÃo.
Introduction: Guanylins, natriuretic peptides (ANP and urodilatina) and bradykinin are involved in the pathophysiology, with therapeutic potential, of salt metabolism and hypertension. Objective: To study the mechanism of action and possible interactions of these peptides, with the employment of guanylate cyclase inhibitors isatina and ODQ. Method: Experiments were performed on isolated perfused rat kidney with pharmacological tools, isatin (IS; 0.3 or 10μM) or with ODQ (37μM), in studies with uroguanylin (UGN, 0.3 or 0.6μM), bradykinin (BK , 0.3 or 0.9 or 1.8nM) or urodilatin (UD, 0.03nM). It was also investigated possible interactions between those peptides. Results: Alone, IS (0.3μM), ODQ, UGN (0.3μM), BK (0.9 or 0.3nM) did not interfere significantly in perfusion perfusion (PP), in diuresis or in fractional renal tubular reabsorption of electrolytes (sodium - %TNa+; potassium - %TK+; chloride - %TCl-). In experimental conditions, ODQ proved to be effective (p<0.05) in inhibiting the effects of BK (1.8nM) on the PP (ODQ+BK120min: 111+3mmHg; BK120min: 139+5mm Hg) and %TNa+ (ODQ+BK120min: 80+1%; BK120min: 76+2%). IS (3μM) proved to be partially effective in inhibiting effects of UGN (0.6μM; IS+UGN90min: 76+2%; UGN90min: 72+2%) and BK (1.8nM; IS+BK90min: 81+2%; BK60min: 0.76+2%) on %TNa+. UD (0.03nM90min: 86+2%; UGN+UD90min: 73+4%, p<0.05) increased the natriuresis produced by UGN (0.3μM90min: 83+2%), whose vascular effects were inhibited with BK (0.3nM90min: 104+5mmHg; UGN0, 6μM; 90min: 135+4mmHg; UGN+BK90min: 110+2mmHg). Conclusions: IS and ODQ confirmed the participation of the NO-GMP signalling pathway in the mechanism of action of peptides studied. The infusion simultaneously over a peptide, proved that there are interactions in their different signalling pathway.
Al, Jallad Mohannad. "REA Business Modeling Language : Toward a REA based Domain Specific Visual Language." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-121295.
Full textBen, Khaled-El Feki Abir. "Simulation temps-réel distribuée de modèles numériques : application au groupe motopropulseur." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENT033/document.
Full textNowadays the validation of Electronic Control Units ECUs generally relies on Hardware-in-The-Loopsimulation where the lacking physical systems are modeled using hybrid differential equations. Theincreasing complexity of this kind of models makes the trade-off between time efficiency and the simulationaccuracy hard to satisfy. This thesis investigates and proposes some analytical and experimentalmethods towards weakly-hard real-time co-simulation of hybrid dynamical models. It seeks in particularto define solutions in order to exploit more efficiently the parallelism provided by multi-core architecturesusing new methods and paradigms of resource allocation. The first phase of the thesis studied the possibilityof using step-size and order control numerical integration methods with events detection in thecontext of real-time modular co-simulation when the time constraints are considered weakly-hard. Moreover,the execution order of the different models was studied to show the influence of keeping or not thedata dependencies between coupled models on the simulation results. We proposed for this aim a newmethod of co-simulation that allows the full parallelism between models implying supra-linear speed-upswithout adding errors related to their execution order. Finally, the delay errors due to the communicationstep-size between the models were improved thanks to a proposed context-based inputs extrapolation.All proposed approaches target constructively to enhance the simulation speed for the compliance toreal-time constraints while keeping the quality and accuracy of simulation results under control and theyare validated through several test and experiments on an internal combustion engine model and integratedto a prototype version of the xMOD software
Tejedor, Herrán Blanca. "Contributions to the determination of thermal behaviour of façades using quantitative internal IRT (Infrared Thermography)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665319.
Full textDins el Marc Europeu, la majoria dels edificis residencials no satisfan les especificacions tèrmiques mínimes. De fet, la taxa de renovació a Europa és estimada en 1% anual. Per complir amb els objectius de les Directives Europees 2010/31/UE i 2012/27/UE, és necessari assegurar una bretxa energètica mínima. A partir d'un estat de l'art exhaustiu, es va detectar que el comportament tèrmic d'un edifici sovint és subestimat o negligit durant les etapes de construcció i operació. Per aquest motiu, una prova no destructiva i precisa hauria de ser requerida, per tal de millorar les deficiències donades per les actuals eines de modelització i diagnosi d'edificis. El propòsit de la tesi era desenvolupar un mètode per determinar in-situ el comportament tèrmic de les façanes sota condicions estacionàries mitjançant la termografia quantitativa interna (IRT). Després d'elaborar un model numèric per estimar la transmitància tèrmica (U-value) com a paràmetre clau de la qualitat construïda, la dissertació va continuar amb un procés de validació executat en dues parets típiques espanyoles de diferents períodes de construcció. Això va permetre: (i) refinar el mètode proposat; (ii) explorar les condicions de contorn; (iii) avaluar la influència dels valors tabulats establerts per les normatives internacionals per l'emissivitat de la paret i els coeficients de transferència de calor per convecció. Els resultats van revelar baixes desviacions respecte als valors teòrics de transmitància tèrmica (1.24 a 3.97%) per duracions de test entre 2 i 3 hores. A més a més, els resultats van demostrar que l’ús de valors tabulats podria implicar altes desviacions (40%) en parets compostes. En general, els projectes de construcció d'edificis existents antics no estan disponibles. Per tant, aquest mètode podria proporcionar informació sobre la façana per futures rehabilitacions. En el cas d’edificis nous, el mètode podria permetre verificar el comportament tèrmic de les parets d’acord amb els paràmetres de disseny. Malgrat això, una revisió bibliogràfica posterior va posar de manifest que encara hi ha una bretxa en la estandardització d’aquest mètode per la diagnosi in-situ. Considerant aquest aspecte, es van desenvolupar tres estudis per tal de millorar l’aplicabilitat de la termografia quantitativa interna dins el camp de la indústria de la construcció. En primer lloc, es va analitzar la influència de les condicions operatives en la determinació de la transmitància tèrmica mesurada a través duna cambra experimental amb una façana simple sota un ampli rang de diferència de temperatura (3.8 < DT < 21ºC). En segon lloc, es van dur a terme tests en un parc d’habitatges públics constituïts per quatre pisos desocupats (sense sistemes elèctrics ni de calefacció en funcionament), amb la finalitat d’analitzar la influència de les propietats termofísiques no transitòries (ex. la capacitat de calor per unitat d’àrea) en la precisió del mètode. En tercer lloc, es va proposar i validar un mètode de processat de dades basat en l’anàlisi de sèries de temps de la U-value mitjançant sis parets compostes. L’objectiu era trobar un criteri comú per aturar la prova quan no són necessàries més dades per obtenir un resultat fiable. Havent investigat els aspectes mencionats anteriorment, es pot extrapolar que: (i) el gradient de temperatura òptim es troba entre 7 i 16ºC; (ii) la variància en la transmitància tèrmica podria ser principalment atribuïda a canvis en la temperatura ambient de l’aire exterior; (iii) la IRT quantitativa interna és més acurada en parets compostes amb altes capacitats de calor per unitat d’àrea, aconseguint unes desviacions màximes del 0.20%; (iv) el test podria ser executat en només 30 minuts; (v) el mètode podria permetre l’avaluació d’aspectes relacionats amb la determinació de la U-value en edificis desocupats per T sota 10ºC, especialment a Espanya o països europeus amb un clima mediterrani on aquestes condicions de test podrien representar una limitació. Per tant, la presa de decisions es podria simplificar en entorns construïts reals. De fet, aquesta recerca podria conduir a una millor execució del procés de rehabilitació en edificis que s’espera que tinguin deficiències l’any 2050, augmentant així la taxa de renovació europea a mig termini. La dissertació conclou resumint les principals aportacions d’aquesta investigació. Els temes que s’han plantejat durant la recerca realitzada, i que no es van poder abordar, es comenten i es proposen com a línies de treball futures.
Montgomery, Connie M. "Caught Between Regulations and Meaning: Fifth Grade Students and Their Teachers Respond to Multicultural Children's Literature." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1245202435.
Full textGrasreiner, Sebastian. "Combustion modeling for virtual SI engine calibration with the help of 0D/3D methods." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-90518.
Full textModerne Ottomotoren spielen heute sowohl in konventionellen als auch hybriden Fahrzeugantrieben eine große Rolle. Aktuelle Konzepte sind hochvariabel bezüglich Ventilsteuerung, Kraftstoffeinspritzung und Laststeuerung und ihre Optimierungspotentiale erwachsen zumeist aus neuen Softwarefunktionen. Deren Applikation ist zeit- und kostenintensiv und soll durch virtuelle Methoden unterstützt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein physikalisches 0D Verbrennungsmodell für Ottomotoren aufgebaut und bis zur praktischen Anwendung geführt. Dafür wurde zuerst die Thermodynamik echtzeitfähig modelliert und im gesamten Motorenkennfeld abgeglichen. Der Aufbau eines neuen Turbulenzmodells auf Basis der quasidimensionalen k-epsilon-Gleichung ermöglicht anschließend, die veränderlichen Einflüsse globaler Ladungsbewegung auf die Turbulenz abzubilden. Für den Brennverzug wurde ein vereinfachtes Modell abgeleitet, welches den Übergang von laminarer zu turbulenter Flammenausbreitung nach der Zündung in den Vordergrund stellt. Der restliche Brennverlauf wird durch die physikalische Ermittlung der turbulenten Brenngeschwindigkeit in einem 0D Entrainment-Ansatz dargestellt. Nach Validierung aller Teilmodelle erfolgt die virtuelle Bedatung der Momentenstruktur und der Abgastemperaturfunktion für das Motorsteuergerät
Jiang, Sin-huei, and 姜欣慧. "The Stationarity of Real GDP : Evidence from OECD Countries." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26408920153189470504.
Full text國立中山大學
經濟學研究所
103
Real GDP is a major measure of national economy. If researchers can estimate business trend accurately, then government will implement correct policy to push ahead with the development of economics and trade. In fact, whether Real GDP is unit root has conflicting conclusion. This paper applies univariate unit root tests and panel unit root tests to analyze Real GDP. Most of tests point out that Real GDP don''t reject unit root. Because economic events have the great effect on Real GDP, it''s data fluctuate drastically. Some papers suggested that the model should be adopted in structural breaks. Hence, this paper considers mainly the breaks and cross-sectional dependence augmented version of the IPS test (BCIPS test), proposed by Lee et al. (2015), to analyze Real GDP in 20 OECD countries. The conclusion is that Real GDP don''t reject unit root. Regarding the policy, the existence of unit root in Real GDP doubts about the appropriateness of running stabilization policies since there is no well-defined steady output path to which the economy would revert after the occurrence of a shock.