Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Real GDP'
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Rybanová, Soňa. "Relation between Globalisation and the Real Convergence: Does convergence of globalisation influence convergence of real GDP per capita?" Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-85839.
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This dissertation poses the question of whether there is a relationship between the speed of convergence of globalisation and the speed of convergence of GDP per capita. Firstly, the concepts of globalisation and real convergence and their relationship are thoroughly explained from both the theoretical and empirical point of view. And secondly, the answer to the question comes in the form of beta and sigma convergence analysis of this relationship. Thirdly, the analysis splits the countries into two groups (developed and developing countries) and finds interesting but ambiguous results in their comparison. Finally, in order to correctly interpret the results of absolute and conditional beta and sigma convergence, their theoretical and empirical overview is discussed in depth. The dissertation concludes by providing some answers to the initial question for every particular analysis. Namely, it shows that this relationship is indeed very ambiguous.
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Neto, Celso de Campos Toledo. "Ciclos do produto brasileiro: decomposição e análise em 'tempo real'." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12138/tde-28072004-110113/.
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Esta tese é composta de três artigos. O primeiro artigo aplica a metodologia proposta por Chari, Kehoe e McGrattan (2003) para decompor as flutuações da indústria brasileira, usualmente medidas por meio da aplicação de filtros mecânicos. Sugere-se que os ciclos encontrados pela utilização do filtro Hodrick Prescott (ou qualquer filtro band pass) englobam oscilações econômicas cuja origem pode ser deslocamentos tanto da demanda quanto da oferta. Em particular, as simulações a partir de dados reais indicam que a maior parte dos ciclos brasileiros têm origem na oferta. Este resultado sugere que a calibração da política monetária a partir da noção usual de hiato do produto é potencialmente falha. De fato, estimativas da curva IS a partir dos componentes cíclicos associados à oferta e à demanda mostra que o impacto negativo de uma elevação de juros é relativamente maior sobre a oferta. De certa forma, portanto, há um viés inflacionário no uso da política monetária. Uma estimativa da Curva de Philips com o componente cíclico associado às mudanças de demanda revela coeficiente positivo maior do que o observado em modelos estimados com a medida usual de hiato do produto. O segundo artigo compara a performance de filtros band pass com a do filtro Hodrick Prescott na determinação dos ciclos do produto brasileiro. Conclui-se, com base em inspeção do desempenho na amostra de dados disponível e em simulações de Monte Carlo, que o filtro Hodrick Prescott é inferior às alternativas consideradas quando o objetivo é extrair os ciclos em tempo real. Essa conclusão é válida para dois modelos estatísticos alternativos de descrição do PIB: (i) supondo que a variável é I(0) em torno de uma tendência linear com quebras e (ii) supondo que a variável é I(1). Há também robustez com relação ao parâmetro de comparação do desempenho dos filtros. O terceiro artigo obtém: (i) uma série do PIB trimestral dessazonalizado perfeitamente compatível com as variações anuais, desde 1980, corrigindo um problema de ajustamento existente na série disponível eletronicamente; (ii) uma série confiável desde 1970, a partir de técnicas de desagregação temporal utilizando indicadores; (iii) uma série trimestral desde 1947 que, provavelmente, preserva uma parcela razoável dos componentes do PIB normalmente associados aos ciclos econômicos e; (iv) uma série alternativa que, provavelmente, incorpora uma parte dos componentes irregulares do período que vai de 1956 a 1969.The first paper applies the methodology proposed by Chari, Kehoe and McGrattan (2003) to analyze cyclical fluctuations of the Brazilian industry, usually obtained by means of mechanical filters. The results suggest that filter-obtained cycles using the Hodrick Prescott filter or a band pass filter include components originated from supply and demand disturbances. Particularly, the simulations indicate that most Brazilian cycles are due to supply movements. This result leads to the conclusion that calibrating monetary policy based on a filter-obtained output-gap is potentially flawed. Indeed, IS curve estimations using supply-driven and demand-driven cyclical components show that the impact of monetary policy is more significant in the former than the latter. Thus, it would seem that there is an inflation bias in current monetary policy practice. The paper shows also that a Phillips Curve estimated from demand-driven cyclical components reveals a higher coefficient than one obtained by the usual regressions. The second paper compares the performance of band pass filters with the Hodrick Prescott filter in terms of their ability to extract the cycles of Brazilian GDP in real time. Using actual and artificial data, the simulations indicate that the Hodrick Prescott filter is inferior. This conclusion holds for two alternative models to describe the GDP dynamics: (i) supposing the series is I(0) around a deterministic trend with a few structural breaks and (ii) supposing the series is I(1). The results are also robust with respect to more than one benchmark chosen to evaluate the performance of the filters. The third paper obtains: (i) a seasonally adjusted quarterly GDP series for the period 1980 to 2002, that is perfectly compatible with the annual National Accounts real variations, correcting a step problem present in the electronically available series; (ii) a reliable series going back to 1970, using temporal disaggregation methods with indicators; (iii) a series going back to 1947 that, most likely, preserves a reasonable amount of the cyclical components of the GDP and (iv) a series going back to 1956 that is likely to include part of the irregular components.
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Hussein, Siti Almafahaza. "Business and Real Estate Cycles The Kuala Lumpur Office Market." Thesis, KTH, Bygg- och fastighetsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-77472.
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Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to apply the concept of business cycle and real estate cycle in term of their characteristics, period and sequence of the cycle to the Kuala Lumpur’s office market. Design/methodology/approach - The paper is based on previous literature review, facts, reports, and data in arriving at the conclusion of the study. Findings - This paper revealed the characteristics, period and sequence between business and real estate cycles to Kuala Lumpur’s office market. Research limitation/ Implications - The framework and flows of this paper act as an introduction for the paper. Lacks of literature and attention on the business and real estate cycles in Kuala Lumpur’s have created difficulties to gains information and data on this paper. Practical implications - This paper is important for the students, government and policy maker in order to further a research and develop a foundation for business and real estate cycles in Kuala Lumpur.
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Roihjert, Samuel, and Viktor Åhlander. "Real estate as an investment alternative in an environment with low interest rates and inflation – A comparison between Japan and Sweden." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-190176.
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Today’s market situation for real estate and property developers in Sweden is very unique. It is characterized by low to negative interest rates and low to no inflation. However, many of the existing economic theories are based on positive interest rates and a positive inflation. This has resulted in uncertainties for investors and market players how to assess this new situation and be able to adequately predict how this will affect the real estate market. The purpose of this thesis has been to investigate how a low interest rate and inflation environment affects real estate, as an investment alternative. The thesis looks closer on the Japanese market since they have had a low interest rate and inflation environment from the middle of 1990’s. The thesis has investigated what kind of relationship that exists between the return but also the prices from real estate and different macroeconomic variables such as the interest rate, the inflation and the GDP growth. The thesis has been performed at Vasakronan, a leading property company in Sweden. Vasakronan management has provided valuable guidance and assisted in making prioritizations of the very extensive data material. Real estate can be considered a good investment alternative and that they still generate a rate of return over time in a low interest rate and inflation environment. Furthermore the findings show that the interest rates and the inflation do not have any direct effect on the real estate returns in a low interest rate and inflation environment. However, we have found that it exist other variables that affect the real estate returns which in turn are affected by the interest rates and the inflation meaning that the returns for real estate are indirectly influenced by the interest rates and inflation. One of the most important variables is the GDP growth, which has an influential impact on the real estate returns. The demand and supply for real estate as well as the expectation concerning the future is also variables that influence the real estate market and returns. As long as the economy is growing as well as the demand is high and future expectations is positive, real estate can still be considered to be a relative secure and good investment.Dagens situation på fastighetsmarknaden är väldigt unik. Den är präglad av låga och negativa räntor och låg inflation. Många av de existerande ekonomiska teorierna är baserade på positiva räntor och en positiv inflation. Detta har resulterat i osäkerheter på marknaden hur denna situation kan komma att påverka fastighetsmarknaden i framtiden. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur fastigheter som ett investeringsalternativ uppför sig i en miljö med låga räntor och inflation. I arbetet undersöker vi närmare Japans fastighetsmarknad eftersom de har haft låga räntor och inflation enda sedan mitten av 1990-talet. Vi kommer vidare undersöka vad för relation som existerar mellan både avkastningen på fastigheter och fastighetspriserna gentemot olika makroekonomiska variabler. De makroekonomiska variablerna är räntan, inflationen och ekonomisk tillväxt i form av BNP. Detta arbete har skrivits i sammarbete med Vasakronan, Sveriges största fastighetsbolag där de har assisterat oss I nödvänding vägledning under arbetsprocessen. Beträffande hur fastigheter uppför sig i en miljö med låga räntor och inflation som är observerat idag har vi funnit att de fortfarande genererar en avkastning över tid och kan anses som ett bra investeringsalternativ. Vi har funnit att räntorna och inflationen inte verkar ha samma direkta effekt som kunde förväntas gällande avkastningarna för fastigheter i en miljö med låga räntor och inflation. Däremot har vi funnit att det existerar andra variabler som påverkar fastigheters avkastning, vilka är direkt påverkade av räntorna och inflationen. Det betyder att räntorna och inflationen ändå indirekt påverkar fastigheters avkastningar. En av de viktigaste faktorerna är den ekonomiska tillväxten som har en tydlig påverkan på fastigheters avkastning och priser. Utbud och efterfråga tillsammans med framtida förväntningar är också viktiga variabler som påverkar fastighetsmarknaden och deras avkastningar. Så länge det existerar ekonomisk tillväxt tillsammans med optimistiska förväntningar på framtiden och en hög efterfrågan så kan fastigheter betraktas som en god och ett säkert investeringsalternativ
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Hlongwane, Tshembhani Mackson. "The effect of South African public debt on economic growth: An ARDL cointegration approach from 1961-2017." University of Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7927.
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Magister Commercii - MComThis study investigates the effect of public debt on economic growth in South Africa since 1961-2017. Public debt stock is disaggregated into external debt and domestic debt in order to determine the effect of each on economic growth independently. The study employed the ARDL bound test to estimate the long and short run relationship among several macroeconomic variables - real economic growth, domestic debt, external debt, budget deficit, inflation rate and investment. An error correction model was used to analyses the short-run disequilibrium. The results show that there is a short and long run equilibrium relationship between foreign debt, domestic debt, budget deficit, inflation rate and economic growth. The empirical results indicate that external debt negatively affects the real GDP growth in South Africa, both in the short and long-run. Several policy implications emerged from the empirical results. To keep public debt more manageable, South Africa should improve its debt management. Furthermore, the country can make use of debt to equity swaps by privatizing underperforming parastatals. This would make them competitive and efficient.
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Janíčko, Martin. "Vliv vývoje ekonomiky Německa na hospodářskou výkonnost České republiky v letech 1993-2005." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-4437.
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The most important aim of the thesis is to find out how strong was the impact of the German economic development on the Czech economy from 1993 to 2005, through what kind of linkages could have been such an impact effective, and what are the future prospects in this field.
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Svatošová, Ludmila. "Odhad potenciálního produktu v ČR a jeho vztah k hospodářskému cyklu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-163391.
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Potential output is used as the indicator of the business cycle. The aim of this study is to compare the results of different methods used for estimating potential output and verify the hypothesis that potential output or rather the output gap can serve as a reliable indicator to determine the phase of the business cycle in the Czech Republic in the years 1996-2012. 6 different methods - linear trend, Hodrick-Prescott filter, Baxter-King filter, Butterworth filter, Kalman filter and the production function have been used to estimate potential output. The output gap was determined based on the estimated potential output. The comparison of the results of all methods has confirmed the same development trend of potential output. All the methods for estimating potential output, except Butterworth filter, have showed that their results are good indicators of the business cycle in the Czech Republic.
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Pumpalavičiūtė, Jurgita. "Nekilnojamojo turto rinka Lietuvoje. Jos ryšys su bankininkystės ir kitais sektoriais bei įtaka šalies ekonomikai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060327_161042-47300.
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The topic of this Master’s thesis is the Lithuanian real estate market and its influence on the country’s economy. The paper elaborates problematic issues of the real estate market: sudden changes, price and demand surges and decrease in supply; as well as influence of such factors as artificial inflation of prices on the future of the economy and potential threats to the welfare of the citizens. The author also advises on making investments and engaging in the real estate market or choosing a personal housing in the context of current sudden changes of the market and prices. A lot of attention is paid to the housing loans, as improvement of conditions for receiving such a loan increases the number of people taking loans and, therefore, increases the demand for real estate, consumer goods and household appliances; increased consumption stimulates growth of the GDP and general economic development.
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Urman, Maxwell J. "The End of the Three Percent Rule: How Structural Changes in the U.S. Economy have Impacted Economic Growth." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1508.
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Using data from government sources (FRED, BEA, BLS), the thesis explores the underlying reasons for declining U.S. economic growth. A long standing trend of annual 3% growth no longer seems to hold true for the economy. The paper summarizes current theory as to why the growth has slowed and finds new explanations by analyzing the various major industries which make up GDP. The results show that sectoral shifts in employment from high paying industries to low paying industries help to explain a significant portion of the decline in national growth rates. The decline in growth is primarily driven by about ten poor performing states.
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Lackson, Daniel Mudenda. "Pollution, Electricity Consumption, and Income in the Context of Trade Openness in Zambia." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-124715.
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This paper examines the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis and tests for causality using Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). There is evidence of long-run relationships in the three models under consideration. The Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) finds no evidence to support the existence of an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis for Zambia in the long-run. The evidence from the long-run suggests an opposite of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), in that the results indicate a U-shaped curve relationship between income and carbon emission. The conclusion on causality based on the VECM is that there is evidence of neutrality hypothesis between either total electricity and income or between industrial electricity and income in the short-run Additionally, there is evidence of conservation hypothesis in the context of residential and agricultural electricity consumption.
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Jiang, Yu. "Inference and prediction in a multiple structural break model of economic time series." Diss., University of Iowa, 2009. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/244.
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This thesis develops a new Bayesian approach to structural break modeling. The focuses of the approach are the modeling of in-sample structural breaks and forecasting time series allowing out-of-sample breaks. Our model has some desirable features. First, the number of regimes is not fixed and is treated as a random variable in our model. Second, our model adopts a hierarchical prior for regime coefficients, which allows for the regime coefficients of one regime to contain information about regime coefficients of other regimes. However, the regime coefficients can be analytically integrated out of the posterior distribution and therefore we only need to deal with one level of the hierarchy. Third, the implementation of our model is simple and the computational cost is low. Our model is applied to two different time series: S&P 500 monthly returns and U.S. real GDP quarterly growth rates. We linked breaks detected by our model to certain historical events.
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Tobiczyk, Martin. "Vybrané problémy nominální a reálné konvergence ČR k EU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75309.
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The aim of the submitted thesis "Nominal and Real Convergence of the Czech Republic to EU (selected issues)" is to analyze nominal and real convergence of the Czech Republic to EU member countries from macroeconomic point of view, by using comparison with other transition economies. It presents and discusses theoretical issues relating to convergent process. The thesis deals with analysis of convergence using these indicators: GDP per capita in purchasing power parities, comparative price level, Maastricht criteria and some other indicators.
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Šulc, Vojtěch. "Proces reálné a nominální konvergence v ČR." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-124945.
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The aim of the thesis is to analyze the process of nominal and real convergence of the Czech Republic to the average of the European Union (EU-27). The text uses comparison with other european transition economies (Slovakia, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia). The thesis consists of an analysis of the progress of real GDP per capita, comparative price level, labor productivity, employment, labor costs and other indicators. Other topics such as alternative indicators of economical convergence or the accession of the Czech republic into the euro-zone are discussed.
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Kaipa, Krishna Vinod. "Topological charge of real finite-gap sine-gordon solutions." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/9466.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2009.Thesis research directed by: Applied Mathematics and Scientific Computation Program. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Viamontes, Esquivel Alcides. "Narrowing the gap between network models and real complex systems." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-89149.
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Simple network models that focus only on graph topology or, at best, basic interactions are often insufficient to capture all the aspects of a dynamic complex system. In this thesis, I explore those limitations, and some concrete methods of resolving them. I argue that, in order to succeed at interpreting and influencing complex systems, we need to take into account slightly more complex parts, interactions and information flows in our models.This thesis supports that affirmation with five actual examples of applied research. Each study case takes a closer look at the dynamic of the studied problem and complements the network model with techniques from information theory, machine learning, discrete maths and/or ergodic theory. By using these techniques to study the concrete dynamics of each system, we could obtain interesting new information. Concretely, we could get better models of network walks that are used on everyday applications like journal ranking. We could also uncover asymptotic characteristics of an agent-based information propagation model which we think is the basis for things like belief propaga-tion or technology adoption on society. And finally, we could spot associations between antibiotic resistance genes in bacterial populations, a problem which is becoming more serious every day.
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Farahvashi, Vida, and Trude Broström. "Developing an employer index within the real estate industry." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-97829.
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Employer brand establishes a firms’ identity as an employer. It distinguishes one firm from others, creating an identity that gives a competitive advantage in the search for skilled workforce. This identity is becoming harder to establish for each day and is said to be just as important as retaining loyal customers. A strong employer brand can lead to a better pool of applicants in the recruitment process and many other returns, both financial and other. In the real estate sector in Sweden there is currently an excess demand for competent employees and this problem is growing for each day. Hence the matter of employer branding becomes of utter most important to this sector. Due to the importance of the matter in this market, we have come to realise that the market lacks a tool that makes the subject of employer branding more applicable and measurable. This study presents an index and complementing results that makes the matter more hands on and applicable in practice. Through a large quantitative study with questionnaires and through studying previous research on the subject, the main factors that affect employer branding have been distinguished and enquired about in the survey. The results from the study show that there is a correlation between how well known the companies are and how attractive they are as employers to current and potential employees. It also shows that the results on an average are rather low and that there is a lack of investments in companies employer brands, both in a financial terms and in a time perspective.
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Ogunc, Fethi. "Estimating The Neutral Real Interest Rate For Turkey By Using An Unobserved Components Model." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607426/index.pdf.
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In this study, neutral real interest rate gap and output gap are estimated jointly under two
different multivariate unobserved components models with the motivation to provide
empirical measures that can be used to analyze the amount of stimulus that monetary
policy is passing on to the economy, and to understand historical macroeconomic
developments. In the analyses, Kalman filter technique is applied to a small-scale
macroeconomic model of the Turkish economy to estimate the unobserved variables for
the period 1989-2005. In addition, two alternative specifications for neutral real interest
rate are used in the analyses. The first model uses a random walk model for the neutral
real interest rate, whereas the second one employs more structural specification, which
specifically links the neutral real rate with the trend growth rate and the long-term course
of the risk premium. Comparison of the models developed by using various performance
criteria clearly indicates the use of more structural specification against random walk
specification. Results suggest that though there is relatively high uncertainty surrounding
the neutral real interest rate estimates to use them directly in the policy-making process,
estimates appear to be very useful for ex-post monetary policy evaluations.
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Hossain, SK Alamgir. "Design and Development of a Framework to Bridge the Gap Between Real and Virtual." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20346.
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Several researchers have successfully developed realistic models of real world objects/ phenomena and then have simulated them in the virtual world. In this thesis, we propose the opposite: instantiating virtual world events in the real world. The interactive 3D virtual environment provides a useful, realistic 3D world that resembles objects/phenomena of a real world, but it has limited capability to communicate with the physical environment. We argue that new and intuitive 3D user interfaces, such as 3D virtual environment interfaces, may provide an alternative form of media for communicating with the real environment. We propose a 3D virtual world-based add-on architecture that achieves a synchronized virtual-real communication. In this framework, we explored the possibilities of integrating haptic and real world object interactions with Linden Lab's multiuser online 3D virtual world, Second Life. We enhanced the open source Second Life viewer client in order to facilitate communications between the real and virtual world. Moreover, we analyzed the suitability of such an approach in terms of user perception, intuition and other common parameters. Our experiments suggest that the proposed approach not only demonstrates a more intuitive mode of communication system, but also is appealing and useful to the user. Some of the potential applications of the proposed approach include remote child-care, communication between distant lovers, stress recovery, and home automation.
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Aleid, Jamal. "Bridging the gap between pre-planning and real-time decision support in crisis management." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284669.
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Baltussen, Robertus Martinus Petrus Maria. "Real world designs in economic evaluation bridging the gap between clinical research and policy making /." [Maastricht : Maastricht : Universiteit Maastricht] ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1998. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=8425.
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Vasconcelos, Claudia Jovita Garcia. "Desenvolvimento de estratégias de integração de processos em tempo real aplicadas à produção de GLP." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266718.
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Orientador: Maria Regina Wolf MacielTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T22:53:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vasconcelos_ClaudiaJovitaGarcia_D.pdf: 8017563 bytes, checksum: dec61d2c1c5b8497e070bd8166b7a606 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006
Resumo: A otimização de processes em tempo real tem como objetivo o estudo de técnicas para a integração dos objetivos de controle aos interesses econômicos em aplicações industriais. Neste trabalho, o problema da otimização em tempo real foi abordado para um sistema complexo, com correntes de reciclo de massa e integração energética...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: The goal of real-time processes optimization studies is the way to integrate control objectives and economic aspects. In this work, the real-time optimization problem was applied to a high complex system, including mass recycle streams and heat integration...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic document
Doutorado
Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos
Doutor em Engenharia Química
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Ludidi, Daniel Dumisa. "Home ownership in the gap-housing market in South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/18299.
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The access to adequate housing is a constitutional right, in terms of Section 26 (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996. Access to housing in South Africa is still an ideal and not a reality. The increase in housing prices reduces affordability, which creates a barrier to the housing market for South Africans to fully participate. The South African housing market is divided, based on the affordability of households, with a gap within the property market. The gap-housing market is a market, which does not receive a government subsidy; and furthermore, it does not qualify for bond finance by the private financial institutions. The gap-housing market includes households that earn between R3,500 to R15,000 per month for residential properties valued between R116,703 to R483,481. The problem is a lack of supply in the gap-housing market to meet the demand; and this is also affected by the poor performance of the subsidy-housing market. The gap-housing market is not traded adequately, due to a lack of supply caused by stricter lending criteria from the banks. The study was conducted by means of reviewing the related literature and by an empirical study. A survey was conducted using the quantitative approach through a distribution of research questionnaires to different organizations within the judgement sample population. The objective of the study is to review the gap-housing market and to make recommendations. The descriptive survey was conducted among specialists that are participating in the South African housing market. The findings of the study suggest that there is a relationship between incentive and participation, as well as a relationship between participation – with access, supply and trading in the gap-housing market. This study will contribute to the South African housing market body of knowledge – by addressing the problem of a gap within the housing market.
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Gulati, Mayank. "Bridging Sim-to-Real Gap in Offline Reinforcement Learning for Antenna Tilt Control in Cellular Networks." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-292948.
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Antenna tilt is the angle subtended by the radiation beam and horizontal plane. This angle plays a vital role in determining the coverage and the interference of the network with neighbouring cells and adjacent base stations. Traditional methods for network optimization rely on rule-based heuristics to do decision making for antenna tilt optimization to achieve desired network characteristics. However, these methods are quite brittle and are incapable of capturing the dynamics of communication traffic. Recent advancements in reinforcement learning have made it a viable solution to overcome this problem but even this learning approach is either limited to its simulation environment or is limited to off-policy offline learning. So far, there has not been any effort to overcome the previously mentioned limitations, so as to make it applicable in the real world. This work proposes a method that consists of transferring reinforcement learning policies from a simulated environment to a real environment i.e. sim-to-real transfer through the use of offline learning. The approach makes use of a simulated environment and a fixed dataset to compensate for the underlined limitations. The proposed sim-to-real transfer technique utilizes a hybrid policy model, which is composed of a portion trained in simulation and a portion trained on the offline real-world data from the cellular networks. This enables to merge samples from the real-world data to the simulated environment consequently modifying the standard reinforcement learning training procedures through knowledge sharing between the two environment’s representations. On the one hand, simulation enables to achieve better generalization performance with respect to conventional offline learning as it complements offline learning with learning through unseen simulated trajectories. On the other hand, the offline learning procedure enables to close the sim-to-real gap by exposing the agent to real-world data samples. Consequently, this transfer learning regime enable us to establish optimal antenna tilt control which in turn results in improved coverage and reduced interference with neighbouring cells in the cellular network.Antennlutning är den vinkel som dämpas av strålningsstrålen och det horisontella planet. Denna vinkel spelar en viktig roll för att bestämma täckningen och störningen av nätverket med angränsande celler och intilliggande basstationer. Traditionella metoder för nätverksoptimering förlitar sig på regelbaserad heuristik för att göra beslutsfattande för antennlutningsoptimering för att uppnå önskade nätverksegenskaper. Dessa metoder är dock ganska styva och är oförmögna att fånga dynamiken i kommunikationstrafiken. De senaste framstegen inom förstärkningsinlärning har gjort det till en lönsam lösning att lösa detta problem, men även denna inlärningsmetod är antingen begränsad till dess simuleringsmiljö eller är begränsad till off-policy offline inlärning. Hittills har inga ansträngningar gjorts för att övervinna de tidigare nämnda begränsningarna för att göra det tillämpligt i den verkliga världen. Detta arbete föreslår en metod som består i att överföra förstärkningsinlärningspolicyer från en simulerad miljö till en verklig miljö, dvs. sim-till-verklig överföring genom användning av offline-lärande. Metoden använder en simulerad miljö och en fast dataset för att kompensera för de understrukna begränsningarna. Den föreslagna sim-till-verkliga överföringstekniken använder en hybridpolicymodell, som består av en del utbildad i simulering och en del utbildad på offline-verkliga data från mobilnätverk. Detta gör det möjligt att slå samman prover från verklig data till den simulerade miljön och därmed modifiera standardutbildningsförfarandena för förstärkning genom kunskapsdelning mellan de två miljöernas representationer. Å ena sidan möjliggör simulering att uppnå bättre generaliseringsprestanda med avseende på konventionellt offlineinlärning eftersom det kompletterar offlineinlärning med inlärning genom osynliga simulerade banor. Å andra sidan möjliggör offline-inlärningsförfarandet att stänga sim-till-real-klyftan genom att exponera agenten för verkliga dataprov. Följaktligen möjliggör detta överföringsinlärningsregime att upprätta optimal antennlutningskontroll som i sin tur resulterar i förbättrad täckning och minskad störning med angränsande celler i mobilnätet.
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Wanas, Al Hussein. "Narrowing the Gap Between Imaginary and Real Artifacts: A Process for Making and Filming Diegetic Prototypes." VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3142.
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Critical Design uses designed artifacts as a critique of consumer culture. However, the complex nature of these artifacts prompted designers to focus on the artifact and present it in an informative, but relatively isolated fashion.The theoretical framework for this thesis is drawn from a similar, yet more recent, design criterion called Design Fiction. The artifacts of Design Fiction are called Diegetic Prototypes: fictional prototypes that function in the social sphere of a film’s structure. This research develops a method for analyzing and creating artifacts, in reference to psychoanalysis theories on the human psyche and perception of objects. It then explores scenarios for presenting these artifacts as diegetic prototypes by exploring and integrating the disciplines of systems/parametric design, digital fabrication, music, animation and film. The scenarios function as micro-narratives. These micro-narratives created through the prototypes will inform the larger narrative structure of the film.
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Singh, Shiu Raj. "Dynamics of macroeconomic variables in Fiji : a cointegrated VAR analysis." Diss., Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/774.
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Abstract of thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Commerce and Management Dynamics of macroeconomic variables in Fiji : a cointegrated VAR analysis By Shiu Raj Singh The objective of this study is to examine how macroeconomic variables of Fiji inter-relate with aggregate demand and co-determine one another using a vector autoregression (VAR) approach. This study did not use a prior theoretical framework but instead used economic justification for selection of variables. It was found that fiscal policy, which is generally used as a stabilisation tool, did not have a positive effect on real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth in the short term. Effects on GDP growth were positive over the long term but not statistically significant. Furthermore, expansionary fiscal policy caused inflationary pressures. Fiji has a fixed exchange rate regime, therefore, it was expected that the focus of monetary policy would be the maintenance of foreign reserves. It was, however, found that monetary expansion in the short term resulted in positive effects on real GDP growth and resulted in inflation. The long term effects of monetary policy on real GDP growth were negative, which are explained by the fixed exchange rate regime, endogenous determination of money supply by the central bank, an unsophisticated financial market and, perhaps, an incomplete transmission of the policy. Both merchandise trade and visitor arrivals growth were found to positively contribute to short term and long term economic growth. Political instability was found not to have significant direct effects on real GDP growth but caused a significant decline in visitor arrivals which then negatively affected economic growth in the short term.
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Mert, Emel. "Effect of air gap thickness and contact area on heat transfer through garments in real life situation." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MULH9978.
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Le corps humain et les vêtements sont toujours en interaction directe avec l’environnement, le corps devant maintenir sa température à environ 37°C. Les transferts de chaleur sont affectés non seulement par les propriétés de l’étoffe constitutives du vêtement, mais également par l’épaisseur de la couche d’air entre le corps et le vêtement. Les propriétés thermiques de la couche d’air dépendent de son étendue, influencée par les courbures du corps humain, des propriétés mécaniques de l’étoffe et de la forme du vêtement. Il est donc nécessaire de déterminer la forme 3D du corps et la répartition, l’étendue et l’épaisseur de la couche d’air ainsi que les zones de contact entre la peau et le vêtement dans des conditions posturales de la vie courante. Dans la présente étude, l’influence thermique de couches d’air homogènes (épaisseur constante) et hétérogènes (épaisseur variable) a été montrée. De plus, la distribution des couches d’air et de l’aire de contact réelle a été analysée minutieusement. L’influence des conditions posturales (à l’aide d’un mannequin) et du mouvement (à l’aide d’un logiciel de simulation de mouvement) a été étudiée dans différents cas. Une méthode de post-traitement des données provenant du logiciel de simulation 3D de mouvement a alors été mise au point. Les résultats montrent que le niveau de confort peut être ajusté en sélectionnant l’étoffe et la forme du vêtement et que cela dépend de la région du corps. La connaissance issue de cette étude sera directement utilisée en modélisation des transferts de chaleur au travers des vêtements et contribue à l’amélioration de la conception des vêtements pour la protection ou la pratique sportiveIn real life, human body and clothing are always in direct interaction with environment, where human body attempts to keep its core temperature constant at around 37 °C by physiological thermoregulatory processes. The heat transfer from the wearer’s body to the environment is affected not only by the fabric properties but also by the presence of air layers and the contact between body and garment. The thermal properties of air layer are related to its size, which in turn, depends on the form of the wearer’s body, mechanical properties of fabric and garment design. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the three dimensional (3D) map and the quantitatively determination of air layers and contact area on the garment in real life situations, such as for various body postures and movement. In the present study, a comparison of the thermal effect of the heterogeneous and homogeneous air layers was sought. Additionally, the distribution of air layers and the contact area for lower body garments were analysed systematically. The effect of various body posture and movement on sought parameters was investigated. Moreover, new method was introduced to post-process the sought parameters for the ready output from 3D simulation software. Consequently, the results of this study indicated that the comfort level of the human body can be adjusted by selection of fabric type and the design of ease allowances in the garment depending on the body region and given purpose. The knowledge gained in this study will be directly used in modelling of the dry and latent heat transfer through garment and contribute to the improvement of clothing design for protective and active sport garments
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Mårtensson, Jonathan. "Method development for investigation of real effects on flow around vanes." Thesis, Linköping University, Applied Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-57605.
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In the development of turbo machinery components it's desirable to not spend more time than necessary when setting up aero-thermal calculations to investigate uncertainties in the design. This report aims to describe general thoughts used in the development of an ICEM-mesh script and the possible configurations in the script file which enables the user to build mesh-grids with/without clearance gap at the hub and/or shroud for different blade geometries. It also aims to illustrate the performance analysis made on the Vinci LH2 turbine, a next generation upper stage engine to the Ariane 5 rocket, in which the effect of the tip gap size on the efficiency has been studied.
The calculations made have shown good agreement with experimental data. The efficiency loss due to the mixing of fluid where leakage flow passes the tip gap, which results in growth of a strong vortex, and the fluid passing the blade tip, with almost no work extracted from it, has shown a quite linear efficiency dependence depending on the tip gap size.
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Demir, Ali. "Real-time 2d/3d Display Of Dted Maps And Evaluation Of Interpolation Algorithms." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12611729/index.pdf.
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In Geographic Information System (GIS) applications, aster data constitutes one of the major data types. The displaying of the raster data has an important part in GIS applications. Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED) is one of the raster data types, which is used as the main data source in this thesis. The DTED data is displayed on the screen as digital images as a pixel value, which is represented in gray scale, corresponding to an elevation (texel). To draw the images, the texel values are mostly interpolated in order to perform zoom-in and/or zoom-out operations on the concerned area. We implement and compare four types of interpolation methods, nearest neighbor, bilinear interpolation, and two new proposed interpolation methods (1) 4-texel weighted average and (2) 8-texel weighted average.
The real-time graphical display, with zoom-in/zoom-out capabilities, has also been implemented by buffering DTED data in memory and using a C++ clas that manages graphical operations (zoom-in, zoom-out, and 2D, 3D isplay) by using Windows GDI+ and OpenGL graphic ibraries resulting in 30-40 framesper-second for one grid of DTED Level 0 data.
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Charbonneau, Emiko. "Bridging the Gap Between Fun and Fitness: Instructional Techniques and Real-World Applications for Full-Body Dance Games." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5780.
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Full-body controlled games offer the opportunity for not only entertainment, but education and exercise as well. Refined gameplay mechanics and content can boost intrinsic motivation and keep people playing over a long period of time, which is desirable for individuals who struggle with maintaining a regular exercise program. Within this gameplay genre, dance rhythm games have proven to be popular with game console owners. Yet, while other types of games utilize story mechanics that keep players engaged for dozens of hours, motion-controlled dance games are just beginning to incorporate these elements. In addition, this control scheme is still young, only becoming commercially available in the last few years. Instructional displays and clear real-time feedback remain difficult challenges. This thesis investigates the potential for full-body dance games to be used as tools for entertainment, education, and fitness. We built several game prototypes to investigate visual, aural, and tactile methods for instruction and feedback. We also evaluated the fitness potential of the game Dance Central 2 both by itself and with extra game content which unlocked based on performance. Significant contributions include a framework for running a longitudinal video game study, results indicating high engagement with some fitness potential, and informed discussion of how dance games could make exertion a more enjoyable experience.Ph.D.
Doctorate
Computer Science
Engineering and Computer Science
Computer Science
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Gyllenberg, Filip, and Johan Koppfeldt. "The rent negotiation process and retail rents : The gap between retail and real estate owners in a transforming market." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-277734.
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This study aims to examine what factors retailers and real estate owners deem important in the process of determining expected rent levels in today's climate within retail where e-commerce is growing at a quick pace. The elements of the research questions stand on the foundation of the theory of rational expectations as well as the theory of anchoring. The method used is of qualitative nature where a case study consisting of two cases have been conducted. One in which interviews with representatives from three geographically distinct selected shopping centres have been carried out and another in which representatives from well-established retail companies have been interviewed. From these two case studies, insights regarding the existing discrepancy between the two parties, retailers and real estate owners, have been gathered. It is concluded that expectations about the future have significant impact in rent negotiations and that differences in expectations might be adding to the existing discrepancy. Moreover, results of the study indicate that retailers and real estate owners might be subject to self-inflicted anchoring in rent negotiations. The study contributes to research in further generalizing two well established theories by providing insights on how the rational expectations' theory as well as the anchoring theory could be applied on rent negotiations.Denna studie syftar till att undersöka vilka faktorer butiks- och fastighetsägare anser vara viktigast i att bedöma förväntade hyresnivåer mot bakgrund av dagens klimat inom fysisk handel där e-handel tar marknadsandelar. Studien tar avstamp i teorin om rationella förväntningar samt teorin om anchoring. Metoden som har använts är av kvalitativ natur där två fallstudier har utförts. En fallstudie där intervjuer med representanter från tre geografiskt skilda köpcentrum har utförts samt en fallstudie där intervjuer har genomförts med representanter från väletablerade butikskedjor. Genom dessa två fallstudier har insikter gällande den upplevda diskrepansen mellan de två parterna utkristalliserats. Det går att konkludera att förväntningar om framtiden har en betydande påverkan på förväntade hyresnivåer och att en anledning till den ovan nämnda diskrepansen kan vara att förväntningarna om framtiden skiljer sig parterna emellan. Dessutom visar resultaten av studien på att butiks- och fastighetsägare, i vissa fall, kan vara föremål för en självförvållad anchoring-effekt vilket innebär att de blir låsta vid vissa hyresnivåer i samband med hyresförhandlingar. Den här studien bidrar till forskningen i att ytterligare generalisera två väletablerade teorier genom att ge initial vägledning i hur teorin om rationella förväntningar samt anchoring kan tillämpas på hyresförhandlingar.
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Cludi, Cassiana de Zorzetto. "HPA adsorvido e morfologia de materiais particulados resultantes de processos de cobustão : queima de oleos combustiveis com elevada razão C/H e de GLP." [s.n.], 2003. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/249986.
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Orientador: Celso Aparecido BertranDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T21:02:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cludi_CassianadeZorzetto_M.pdf: 5355081 bytes, checksum: dd74f392ec23534f8272dc44017bc5c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003
Resumo: Este trabalho reporta o estudo realizado com 2 tipos de materiais particulados gerados na combustão: Cenosferas, no caso de combustão de óleos com elevada razão C/H e Fuligem no caso de combustão de GLP e misturas de GLP/1-butanol e GLP/Metanol. Foram determinadas a morfologia destes materiais particulados e a formação de HPA (Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos) nos processos de combustão estudados. A influência da requeima no caso das cenosferas e da adição de álcoois no caso da fuligem sobre estas propriedades, também foram avaliadas. A ação da requeima sobre as cenosferas resultou no aumento da porosidade deste particulado e na diminuição da quantidade de HPA presentes nas cenosferas. A adição de vapor de 1-butanol e de metanol na combustão de GLP resultou no aumento do tamanho dos aglomerados de partículas de fuligem, assim como na diminuição da quantidade de compostos aromáticos presentes neste material. As mudanças observadas nas características da fuligem, coletada na região da chama na qual este material particulado é formado, evidenciaram a ação causada pela adição de vapores de álcool ao GLP sobre o mecanismo de formação de aromáticos e no processo de aglomeração das partículas
Abstract: This work reports the studies performed with two kinds of particulated materiais generated from combustion: cenospheres, in the case of the combustion of oils with high C/H ratio, and soot, in the case of LPG and mixtures of LPG/1butanol and LPG/Methanol combustion. The morphologies of these particulated materiais and the formation of PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in the combustion processes were determined. The influence of reburning, in the case of cenospheres, and the addition of alcohols, in the case of soot, on these properties were also evaluated. The action of reburning on the cenospheres resulted in an increase of the porosity of this particulated material, as well as in a reduction oh the quantity of P AH present in cenospheres. The addiction of both 1-butanol and methanol vapor in the combustion of LPG resulted in an increase in the size of the soot particle agglomerates as well as in a reduction in the quantity of the aromatic compounds present in this material. The changes observed in the characteristics of the soot collected in the flame region, where this particulated material is formed, demonstrated the effect of the alcohol vapor added to the LPG on the mechanism of aromatic compound formation and on the process of particle agglomeration
Mestrado
Mestre em Química
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Wang-Rosenke, Yingrui. "Nitric oxide-cGMP signal transduction in the injury, matrix expansion and progression of anti-thy1-induced renal disease of the rat." Saarbrücken VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2008. http://d-nb.info/991345665/04.
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Crome, Erhard, and Jochen Franzke. "Die verschwundene Diplomatie : Beiträge zur Außenpolitik der DDR." Universität Potsdam, 2003. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/texte_eingeschraenkt_welttrends/2010/4683/.
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Das sechste Potsdamer Textbuch ist eine solide und kritische Bilanz der Außenpolitik der DDR. Weder rechtfertigt und verklärt sie nostalgisch eingefärbt das vergangene System, noch verurteilt sie pauschal. Den Beiträgen liegen sowohl umfangreiche Recherchen in den Archiven als auch lebensweltliche Erfahrungen mit der Außenpolitik des deutschen Realsozialismus zugrunde. Der Band, der zum 70. Geburtstag des ehemaligen Professors am Institut für Internationale Beziehungen der DDR Claus Montag erschien, macht generelle Linien der ostdeutschen Außenpolitik sichtbar und zeigt zugleich sehr konkret die internationale Vernetzung der DDR in den verschiedenen Phasen des Kalten Krieges.
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Johansson, Elin, and Linnéa Nordin. "Possibilities to Reduce the Information Gap between Foreign Investors & the Swedish Real Estate Market : The Importance of Cooperation with an Operating Partner." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231427.
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This master thesis project aims to evaluate the importance of availability of operating partners for foreign investors as they decide whether or not to make an investment on the Swedish market. The study will also evaluate if the cooperation with operating partners could contribute to a reduction of the information gap between foreign investors and the Swedish real estate market, and if that could ultimately lead to an increase in the inflow of foreign capital to Sweden. The study includes a literature review where relevant theories for the research question is accounted for as well as an overview of the Swedish real estate market. The study also includes economic statistics and transaction data from reliable sources, as well as an empirical analysis with semi-structured interviews that were conducted with a number of prominent actors within the real estate sector, both in form of representatives from larger global consultant companies and well- known operating partners. All the interviewees were selected because they were considered to be most useful for the study, with substantial knowledge and experience of the real estate business and market. The study shows that an operating partner could make it easier for a foreign investor to enter the Swedish real estate market. This is much thanks to the market specific competence which the operating partner firms possesses, making it possible to estimate the right risk component as well as understand the specific market. This could make a foreign investor more competitive on the Swedish real estate market which have a great amount of strong domestic investors. The access to good market specific competence however only seems to have a marginal impact on whether or not an foreign investor chooses to invest in Sweden, this since there are other factors that has a considerably larger impact when investors makes that decision. The scale of the market is one of the most important factors when foreign investors decide whether or not to invest in Sweden. Even though an operating partner might not increase the foreign investments to Sweden there still is a pronounced shortage in the supply of such firms today since there is a large demand from foreign investor for this type of market specific competence. The number of operating partners will most likely increase in the future since the model creates an alignment of interest between the parties. If a foreign investor is good at utilizing local expertise, and uses a good model for alignment of interest, a combination of a global and local view of the market is obtained. This makes it possible for larger foreign investors to create a structure of a larger international portfolios, but still with attention to local details. From this it can be concluded that an increased supply of operating partners in some sense should have a positive effect on the Swedish economy as a whole.Detta masterprojekt syftar till att utvärdera vikten av tillgängligheten av operativa samarbetspartners för utländska investerare när de ska besluta huruvida de ska investera på den svenska marknaden eller inte. Studien utvärderar om ett samarbete med operativa partners kan bidra till att minska informationsgapet mellan utländska investerare och den svenska marknaden, och huruvida ett samarbete även skulle kunna leda till ett ökat inflöde av utländskt kapital till Sverige. Studien innehåller en litteraturstudie där relevanta teorier för forskningsfrågan redovisas samt en översikt över den svenska fastighetsmarknaden. Studien innehåller också ekonomisk statistik och transaktionsdata från tillförlitliga källor samt halvstrukturerade intervjuer som genomfördes med ett antal framstående aktörer inom fastighetsbranschen, både i form av representanter från större globala konsultföretag och välkända operativa partners. Intervjuobjekten valdes ut eftersom de ansågs vara mest användbara för studien, med stor kunskap och erfarenhet av verksamheten och fastighetsbranschen. Studien visar att en operativ partner skulle kunna underlätta för en utländsk investerare att etablera sig på den svenska fastighetsmarknaden, mycket tack vare den marknadsspecifika kompetens som operatörsföretaget har, vilket gör det möjligt att uppskatta rätt riskkomponent såväl som förstå den specifika marknaden. Detta kan göra en utländsk investerare mer konkurrenskraftig på den svenska fastighetsmarknaden som till stor del domineras av starka inhemska investerare. Trots detta har tillgången till god marknadsspecifik kompetens endast har en marginell inverkan på huruvida en utländsk investerare väljer att investera i Sverige eller inte, eftersom det finns andra faktorer som har en betydligt större inverkan när investerarna fattar det beslutet. Marknadens skala är en av de viktigaste faktorerna när utländska investerare överväger om de ska investera i Sverige eller inte. Trots att en operativ partner inte nödvändigtvis ökar de utländska investeringarna till Sverige finns det idag en uttalad brist i utbudet av sådana företag i och med att det finns en stor efterfrågan från utländska investerare för denna typ av marknadsspecifik kompetens. Antalet operativa partners kommer sannolikt att öka i framtiden eftersom modellen skapar en likriktning av parternas intressen. Om en utländsk investerare är bra på att utnyttja lokal kompetens och använder en bra modell för likriktning av intressen, erhålls en kombination av en global och lokal syn på marknaden. Detta gör det möjligt för större utländska investerare att skapa en struktur av en större internationell portfölj, men fortfarande med uppmärksamhet på lokala detaljer. Av detta kan man dra slutsatsen att en ökad tillgång på operativa partners i viss mening kan ha en positiv effekt på den svenska ekonomin som helhet.
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Kloudová, Dana. "Hledání nejvhodnější metody odhadu produkční mezery pro českou ekonomiku." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264275.
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By monetary policy decisions, central banks use output gap to keep macroeconomic variables at their natural levels. A substantial disadvantage of this variable is the fact that it is an unobservable variable which is very problematic to measure, although it is possible to estimate it with various methods of estimation. This thesis aims to find the most suitable method of estimation for Czech economy. Thirteen methods have been chosen for this aim: linear trend, quadratic trend, HP filter, band-pass filters, robust trend, univariate unobserved component model, two types of production function, two SVAR models, multivariate HP filter and multivariate unobserved component model. Own estimations have shown that estimated trajectories of unobservable states were not identical. For own selection of the most suitable method of estimation, quantitative (ability to forecast inflation ,a growth of product and data revisions by selected national and international organisations) and qualitative criterions (qualities of methods of estimation, transparency and easy application) have been selected, where emphasis was put on quantitative criterions. Results of this thesis will show that the most suitable method of estimation output gap for Czech economy is multivariate unobserved component model.
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Cusinato, Rafael Tiecher. "Ensaios sobre previsão de inflação e análise de dados em tempo real no Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/22654.
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Esta tese apresenta três ensaios sobre previsão de inflação e análise de dados em tempo real no Brasil. Utilizando uma curva de Phillips, o primeiro ensaio propõe um “modelo evolucionário” para prever inflação no Brasil. O modelo evolucionário consiste em uma combinação de um modelo não-linear (que é formado pela combinação de três redes neurais artificiais – RNAs) e de um modelo linear (que também é a referência para propósitos de comparação). Alguns parâmetros do modelo evolucionário, incluindo os pesos das combinações, evoluem ao longo do tempo segundo ajustes definidos por três algoritmos que avaliam os erros fora-da-amostra. As RNAs foram estimadas através de uma abordagem híbrida baseada em um algoritmo genético (AG) e em um algoritmo simplex de Nelder-Mead. Em um experimento de previsão fora-da-amostra para 3, 6, 9 e 12 passos à frente, o desempenho do modelo evolucionário foi comparado ao do modelo linear de referência, segundo os critérios de raiz do erro quadrático médio (REQM) e de erro absoluto médio (EAM). O desempenho do modelo evolucionário foi superior ao desempenho do modelo linear para todos os passos de previsão analisados, segundo ambos os critérios. O segundo ensaio é motivado pela recente literatura sobre análise de dados em tempo real, que tem mostrado que diversas medidas de atividade econômica passam por importantes revisões de dados ao longo do tempo, implicando importantes limitações para o uso dessas medidas. Elaboramos um conjunto de dados de PIB em tempo real para o Brasil e avaliamos a extensão na qual as séries de crescimento do PIB e de hiato do produto são revisadas ao longo do tempo. Mostramos que as revisões de crescimento do PIB (trimestre/trimestre anterior) são economicamente relevantes, embora as revisões de crescimento do PIB percam parte da importância à medida que o período de agregação aumenta (por exemplo, crescimento em quatro trimestres). Para analisar as revisões do hiato do produto, utilizamos quatro métodos de extração de tendência: o filtro de Hodrick-Prescott, a tendência linear, a tendência quadrática, e o modelo de Harvey-Clark de componentes não-observáveis. Todos os métodos apresentaram revisões de magnitudes economicamente relevantes. Em geral, tanto a revisão de dados do PIB como a baixa precisão das estimativas de final-de-amostra da tendência do produto mostraram-se fontes relevantes das revisões de hiato do produto. O terceiro ensaio é também um estudo de dados em tempo real, mas que analisa os dados de produção industrial (PI) e as estimativas de hiato da produção industrial. Mostramos que as revisões de crescimento da PI (mês/mês anterior) e da média móvel trimestral são economicamente relevantes, embora as revisões de crescimento da PI tornem-se menos importantes à medida que o período de agregação aumenta (por exemplo, crescimento em doze meses). Para analisar as revisões do hiato da PI, utilizamos três métodos de extração de tendência: o filtro de Hodrick-Prescott, a tendência linear e a tendência quadrática. Todos os métodos apresentaram revisões de magnitudes economicamente relevantes. Em geral, tanto a revisão de dados da PI como a baixa precisão das estimativas de final-de-amostra da tendência da PI mostraram-se fontes relevantes das revisões de hiato da PI, embora os resultados sugiram certa predominância das revisões provenientes da baixa precisão de final-de-amostra.This thesis presents three essays on inflation forecasting and real-time data analysis in Brazil. By using a Phillips curve, the first essay presents an “evolutionary model” to forecast Brazilian inflation. The evolutionary model consists in a combination of a non-linear model (that is formed by a combination of three artificial neural networks - ANNs) and a linear model (that is also a benchmark for comparison purposes). Some parameters of the evolutionary model, including the combination weight, evolve throughout time according to adjustments defined by three algorithms that evaluate the out-of-sample errors. The ANNs were estimated by using a hybrid approach based on a genetic algorithm (GA) and on a Nelder-Mead simplex algorithm. In a 3, 6, 9 and 12 steps ahead out-of-sample forecasting experiment, the performance of the evolutionary model was compared to the performance of the benchmark linear model, according to root mean squared errors (RMSE) and to mean absolute error (MAE) criteria. The evolutionary model performed better than the linear model for all forecasting steps that were analyzed, according to both criteria. The second essay is motivated by recent literature on real-time data analysis, which has shown that several measures of economic activities go through important data revisions throughout time, implying important limitations to the use of these measures. We developed a GDP real-time data set to Brazilian economy and we analyzed the extent to which GDP growth and output gap series are revised over time. We showed that revisions to GDP growth (quarter-onquarter) are economic relevant, although the GDP growth revisions lose part of their importance as aggregation period increases (for example, four-quarter growth). To analyze the output gap revisions, we applied four detrending methods: the Hodrick-Prescott filter, the linear trend, the quadratic trend, and the Harvey-Clark model of unobservable components. It was shown that all methods had economically relevant magnitude of revisions. In a general way, both GDP data revisions and the low accuracy of end-of-sample output trend estimates were relevant sources of output gap revisions. The third essay is also a study about real-time data, but focused on industrial production (IP) data and on industrial production gap estimates. We showed that revisions to IP growth (month-on-month) and to IP quarterly moving average growth are economic relevant, although the IP growth revisions become less important as aggregation period increases (for example, twelve-month growth). To analyze the output gap revisions, we applied three detrending methods: the Hodrick-Prescott filter, the linear trend, and the quadratic trend. It was shown that all methods had economically relevant magnitude of revisions. In general, both IP data revisions and low accuracy of end-of-sample IP trend estimates were relevant sources of IP gap revisions, although the results suggest some prevalence of revisions originated from low accuracy of end-of-sample estimates.
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Porter, Jacob Stuart. "Mapping Bisulfite-Treated Short DNA Reads." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82870.
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Epigenetics are stable heritable traits that are not a result of the DNA sequence. Epigenetic modification of DNA cytosine plays a role in development and disease. The covalent bonding of a methyl group or a hydroxymethyl group to the 5-carbon of cytosine epigenetically modifies cytosine to 5-methylcytosine or 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Upon PCR amplification, the bisulfite treatment of DNA converts unmethylated cytosine to thymine, while 5-methylcytosine, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, and other bases remain unchanged. The resulting sequences can be mapped to a reference genome; however, this can be challenging due to sequencing technology complexity, low sequence complexity, and biases and errors introduced with bisulfite treatment. Once the short read is mapped, the identity of 5-methylcytosine or 5-hydroxymethylcytosine can be determined by comparing the mapped read to the aligned reference genome. Bisulfite DNA read mapping is characterized by mapping performance as low as 40%. This research improves bisulfite short read mapping quality. First, reads generated from the bisulfite hairpin PCR protocol are used to study mapping failure and solutions. A read may not map to the genome; it may map uniquely, or it may map to multiple locations. Sequence complexity correlates with these mapping categories. The hairpin protocol allows for a recovery, in some cases, of the original untreated read, and mapping this read with the regular read mapper Bowtie2 improved mapper performance by 10%. New bisulfite read mapping software called BisPin was created that calls BFAST (BLAT-like Fast Accurate Search Tool) for mapping. BisPin resolves ambiguously mapped reads with a rescoring strategy, which yields a statistically significant improvement. BFAST-Gap for Ion Torrent reads was developed, since Ion Torrent machines are less expensive than Illumina machines and since Ion Torrent reads are longer. There are few mappers for Ion Torrent data. BFAST-Gap uses homopolymer run length for contextual gap penalty functions, since homopolymer runs cause errors in Ion Torrent reads. In conjunction with BisPin, this software performed well on real and simulated bisulfite Ion Torrent data and Illumina data. InfoTrim, a read trimmer with an entropy term, was developed with competitive results.Ph. D.
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Duke, Cynthia R. "Bridging the gap in the realm of information dominance a concept of operations for the Naval Postgraduate School Center for Cyber Warfare." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5168.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedAs the information age continues to evolve and technological expansion persists in creating a marked footprint across the four corners of the world, the need arises to protect our prized assets from potential adversarial motives. The extant threat to cyberspace necessitates the need to aptly man, train, and equip our forces to ably combat any untoward incidents. The Naval Postgraduate School with its very diverse population presents an exact medium to develop this next generation of warriors skilled in the field of Cyber Warfare to project both offensively and defensively against any contingent threat. As its mission statement professes: NPS strives to provide relevant and unique advanced education and research to increase the combat effectiveness and enhance the security of the United States. This thesis will leverage current instructions to bridge the gap and focus on providing a Concept of Operations for the Center for Cyber Warfare that aligns with the Chief of Naval Operations' (CNO) Strategic Focus Areas. This thesis will additionally recommend an architectural framework that addresses the current issues within the cyber domain and/or will allow for future expansion of the NPS mission datasets deemed of importance to the U.S. Military service and its allies.
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Aragão, Gabriela Cozin. "A modulação crônica do receptor de GLP-1 altera aos níveis pressóricos, a estrutura e a função renal de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5166/tde-09032017-123135/.
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O peptídeo-1 semelhante ao glucagon (GLP-1) é um hormônio incretina intestinal que exerce primariamente ações anti-hiperglicemiantes. Afim de viabilizar o emprego clínico deste peptídeo para o tratamento do diabetes mellitus tipo 2, foram criadas as terapias baseadas em incretinas que incluem as gliptinas, drogas que aumentam a meia-vida circulante do GLP-1 endógeno por meio da inibição da enzima dipeptidil peptidase-4 e agonistas exógenos do receptor de GLP-1 (GLP-1R). Demonstrou-se clínica e experimentalmente que estas classes de fármacos apresentam efeitos cardiorrenais benéficos que vão além do controle glicêmico. Dentre estes efeitos cardiorrenais incluem-se: diurese, natriurese e redução da pressão arterial. Recentemente, demonstramos que o bloqueio agudo da sinalização endógena do GLP-1R, por meio da administração sistêmica do antagonista do GLP-1R, exendin-9, em ratos normotensos causou efeitos antidiuréticos e anti-natriuréticos. Estes efeitos renais encontram-se associados à redução do ritmo de filtração glomerular (RFG) e ao aumento da atividade da isoforma 3 do trocador Na+/H+ (NHE3) em túbulo proximal renal. Entretanto, os efeitos da administração crônica do bloqueador de GLP-1R sobre a função renal e níveis pressóricos ainda permanece obscuro. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo testar a hipótese de que o bloqueio do GLP-1 endógeno é capaz de aumentar a pressão arterial de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR) e que este efeito está associado ao aumento da atividade do NHE3 em túbulo proximal renal. Além disso, testamos a hipótese que o bloqueio do GLP-1R piora o dano renal de ratos hipertensos ao passo que o agonismo farmacológico este receptor exerce renoproteção. Para tal, ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHRs) com 5 semanas de idade foram tratados com exendin-9 (EX-9; 25 ug/rato/dia), com agonista de GLP-1R, o exendin-4 (EX-4, 2,5?g/rato/dia) ou solução salina (controle), através de minibombas osmóticas, por um período de 4 semanas. A pressão arterial foi aferida semanalmente através de pletismografia caudal, a urina e sangue dos ratos foram coletados para avaliação da função renal e, ao término do tratamento, houve a mensuração invasiva da pressão arterial, bem como, morte dos ratos e coleta de amostras biológicas para a realização de análises histológicas, bioquímicas e moleculares. A atividade do NHE3 em túbulo proximal renal foi determinada ao final do tratamento, em 4-5 ratos/grupo, por meio de microperfusão estacionária in vivo. Os valores da pressão arterial caudal ao final do tratamento demonstraram que os ratos tratados com exendin-9 apresentavam valores de pressão arterial maiores do que os controles (182 ± 4 vs. 172 ± 1 mmHg, p < 0,05), enquanto que o tratamento com exendin-4 atenuou a elevação da pressão arterial em relação aos controles (161 ± 4 vs. 172 ± 1 mmHg, p < 0,01). O aumento da pressão arterial em SHR tratados com EX-9 foi associado com maior atividade do NHE3 (1,78 ± 0,08 nmol/cm2/s) no túbulo proximal renal comparados aos controles (1,48 ± 0,10 nmol/cm2/s; p < 0,05) bem como aos SHR tratados com EX-4 (1,19 ± 0,07 nmol/cm2/s, p < 0,01). Além disso, os SHRs tratados com o antagonista de GLP-1R apresentaram níveis de excreção de proteínas urinárias, marcadores de fibrose, inflamação, estresse oxidativo e atividade do sistema renina angiotensina (SRA) intra-renal superiores aos do controle. Por outro lado, a administração sistêmica de EX-4 exerceu efeitos anti-proteinurico, anti-inflamatório e antioxidante. A renoproteção mediada pelo tratamento com EX-4 em SHRs foi acompanhada por redução dos níveis de angiotensina II em córtex renal, sugerindo redução da atividade do SRA intra-renal. Em conjunto, estes resultados demonstram que o bloqueio do GLP-1R intensifica o aumento da pressão arterial e exacerba o dano renal em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos. Por sua vez, o agonismo do GLP-1R exerce efeitos anti-hipertensivo e renoprotetorGlucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin intestinal hormone that primarily exerts anti-hyperglycemic actions. In order to possibilitate the clinical use of this peptide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, the incretin based therapies were created, which include the gliptins, drugs that increase the half-life of endogenous GLP-1 through the inhibition of the enzyme dipeptidil peptidase-4, and exogenous agonists of the receptor of GLP-1 (GLP-1R). It is well established that these classes of drugs exert cardiorenal beneficial effects that go beyond glycemic control. Among these cardiorenal effects are diuresis, natriuresis and reduction of blood pressure. We have recently demonstrated that acute blocking of thebaselineGLP-1Rsignaling, via systemic administration of theGLP-1Rantagonist, Exendin-9, causes anti-diuretic and anti-natriuretic effects in normotensive rats. These renal effects are associated with reduction of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and stimulation of proximal tubule Na+/H+ exchanger activity isoform 3 (NHE3). However, the effects of the chronic administration of the GLP-1R blocker on renal function and blood pressure levels remain obscure. Thus, this study aimed to test the hypothesis that GLP-1Rblockade elevates blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and that these effects are associated with upregulation of NHE3 activity. Additionally, we tested the hypothesis that GLP-1R blockade worsens kidney damage in hypertensive rats while pharmacological agonism of GLP-1R exerts renoprotection. To this end, 5-week-oldSHR were treated during 4 weeks with Exendin-9 (EX-9; 25 ug/mouse/day), the agonist of GLP-1R receptor, Exendin-4 (EX-4, 2.5 ?g/rat/day) or saline (control), via osmotic minipumps. Blood pressure was weekly measured by plethysmography and urine and blood samples were collected for renal function evaluation. Direct measurement of blood pressure, collection of biological samples for histological, biochemical and molecular analysis were performed at the end of the treatment. At the end of the treatment, 4-5 rats/group were used for determination of NHE3 proximal tubule activity by in vivo determined by stationary microperfusion. SHRs treated with EX-9 displayed higher blood pressure values than SHRs treated with vehicle (182 ± 4 vs. 172 ± 1 mmHg, p < 0.05), while Exendin-4 treatment attenuated blood pressure compared to controls (161 ± 4 vs. 172 ± 1 mmHg, p < 0.01). Blood pressure increase in SHRs treated with EX-9 was associated with higher NHE3 activity (1.78 ± 0.08 nmol/cm2/s) in proximal renal tubule compared to controls (1.48 ± 0.10 nmol/cm2/s; p < 0.05), whileEX-4-treatedSHR treated displayed lower NHE3 activity (1.19 ± 0.07 nmol/cm2/s, p < 0.01). Additionally, SHRs treated with the GLP-1R antagonist show higher levels of urinary protein excretion, fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress markers and intrarenal renin angiotensin system (RAS) activity compared to control. On the other hand, systemic administration of EX-4 exertedanti-proteinuric, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The renoprotection conferred by EX-4 treatment was accompanied by lower renal cortex angiotensin II levels suggesting that GLP-1R activation reduces intra renal RAS activity. Collectively, these results demonstrate that chronic GLP-1R blockade in hypertensive rats intensifies blood pressure increase and exacerbates renal damage. On the other hand, the GLP-1R agonism exerts anti-hypertensive and renoprotetor effects
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Väisänen, Daniel. "Effekten av 10 veckors styrketräning på markörer för hypertrofi, translation och proteolys." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-4587.
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Det har forskats mycket på olika signalvägar i det mänskliga genomet, trotts detta finns det många frågetecken som kvarstår. Denna uppsats undersöker några av dem. Syfte: Undersöka förändringar i genuttryck och mRNA-nivåer för hypertrofi- (MRF4) translations- (5.8S & 18S) och proteolysreglerande gener (MuRF1 & GDF-8) efter en 10 veckor lång styrketräningsperiod hos kvinnor och män. Frågeställningar: (1) Finns det en förändring i total mängd RNA före och efter en 10 veckors styrketräningsintervention. (2) Finns det en förändring i uttryck av MRF4, 5.8S, 18S, MuRF1 samt GDF-8 efter en 10 veckors styrketräningsintervention. (3) Finns det en könsskillnad i förändringen av total mängd RNA samt aktivering av MRF4, 5.8S, 18S, MuRF1 och GDF-8 efter en 10 veckors styrketräningsintervention. Metod: Urvalet för analysen bestod av 16 otränade försökspersoner varav 8 var män och 8 var kvinnor. Försökspersonerna utförde unilateral styrketräning av nedre extremiteten under 10 veckor, under 2 av dessa veckor utfördes ocklusionsträning. Träningsperiodiseringen var vågformig (70-90% av 1RM, 5-12 rep, 3 ggr/vecka). Muskelbiopsier togs i det arbetande benet före träningsperiodens start samt 3-7 dagar efter träningsperiodens avslut. Genuttryck analyserades med qPCR. Resultat: Det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad i förändring mellan män och kvinnors totala RNA eller genuttryck. Total RNA ökade signifikant (p<0,01) med 19,2 %. Kvinnorna hade en signifikant ökning (P<0,05) av RNA på 27,6 % medan männen hade en signifikant ökning (p<0,05) på 14 %. MRF4 hade en signifikant (P>0,05) procentuell ökning i genuttryck med 55,7 % och kvinnor för sig hade en signifikant (P>0,05) ökning på 64 %. GDF-8 ökade signifikant (P>0,05) med 55,5 % medan GAPDH ökade signifikant (P>0,05) för båda könen tillsammans med 70,6 % och för män med 87,8 %. MuRF1 och 5.8S hade inga signifikanta förändringar i genuttryck. Slutsats: Det verkar som att både män och kvinnor får en liknande procentuell förändring av total RNA och mRNA genuttryck 3-7 dagar efter en 10 veckors hypertrofistyrd styrketräningsperiod. För att mäta genuttryck av translationsgenen MRF4 verkar 3-7 dagar efter en 10 veckors styrketräningsperiod vara en tidpunkt då det fortfarande pågår hypertrofi av skelettmuskulaturen. Av de proteolysreglerande generna GDF-8 och MuRF1 sågs en uppreglering av GDF-8 vilket skulle kunna vara ett tecken på att hypertrofin börjar hämmas. Ett oväntat fynd var att GAPDH visade sig vara olämplig som kontrollgen vid en styrketräningsintervention på 10 veckor och att 18S var väldigt stabil. Detta kan betyda att GAPDH inte skall användas vid längre styrketräningsinterventioner.There have been much research on signaling pathways in the human genome, but there still remain many questions. This paper examines some of them. Aim: Investigate changes in gene expression and mRNA levels of hypertrophy (MRF4), translation (5.8S & 18S) and proteolysis regulating genes (GDF-8) after a 10-week strength training period in men and women. Research questions: (1) Is there a change in the total amount of RNA before and after a 10-week strength training intervention. (2) Is there a change in the expression of MRF4, 5.8S, 18S, Murf1 and GDF-8 after 10 weeks of strength training. (3) Is there a gender difference in the change of total RNA and the expression of MRF4, 5.8S, Murf1 and GDF-8 after a 10-week long strength training intervention. Method: The sample for analysis consisted of 16 untrained subjects, of whom 8 were men and 8 were women. The subjects performed unilateral resistance training of lower extremities for 10 weeks, during two of these weeks blood flow restriction training were performed. The training was undulating (70-90% of 1RM, 5-12 cord, 3 times / week). Muscle biopsies were taken from the working leg before the start and 3-7 days after the training period. Gene expression was analyzed by qPCR. Results: There was no significant gender difference in total RNA or gene expression. Total RNA was significantly increased (p <0.01) with 19.2 %. The women had a significant increase (P <0.05) of RNA at 27.6 %, while the men had a significant increase (p <0.05) at 14 %. MRF4 had a significant (P> 0.05) percentage increase in gene expression by 55.7 %, and women had a significant (P> 0.05) increase of 64 %. GDF-8 increased significantly (P> 0.05) with 55.5 %, while GAPDH increased significantly (P> 0.05) for both sexes with 70.6 % and for men with 87.8 %. Murf1 and 5.8S had no significant changes in gene expression. Conclusions: It seems that both men and women experience a similar percentage difference of total RNA and mRNA gene expression 3-7 days after a 10 weeks long strength training period. To measure the gene expression of MRF4 3-7 days after a 10-week weight-training period seems to be a time when there still is a anabolic responses in the skeletal muscle. Of the proteolysis regulating genes GDF-8 and Murf1 there was an upregulation of GDF-8, which could be a sign that the inhibition of hypertrophy started. An unexpected finding is that GAPDH was found to be unsuitable as a control gene at a strength training intervention at 10 weeks and rRNA 18S was very stable, which could mean that GAPDH should not be used as control gene in longer strength training studies.
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Ceccarelli, Matteo. "Analisi sperimentale di un sistema di localizzazione UWB per applicazioni robotiche." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/25365/.
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Data la pervasività dell’elettronica nella vita moderna, sempre più interesse è stato posto nelle applicazioni di localizzazione. In ambienti indoor e outdoor, dove sono richieste precisioni dell’ordine delle decine di centimetri, i classici servizi GNSS non sono applicabili. Una tecnologia promettente è quella a banda ultra-larga (UWB), affermata recentemente sul mercato. Un’alternativa potrebbe essere l’utilizzo di sensori ottici con marker di riferimento, però la presenza di fumo e idrometeore presenti nell’ambiente potrebbero andare ad oscurare i marker, rendendo impossibile la localizzazione. Lo scopo della tesi è volto a studiare un sistema di localizzazione UWB, progettato dall’Università di Bologna, ora sviluppato e commercializzato, in un’applicazione robotica. In particolare, l’idea è quella di porre il sistema di localizzazione sopra un elemento mobile, per esempio nella parte terminale di un braccio meccanico, al fine di localizzare un oggetto dotato di nodo UWB, ricavando dinamicamente la posizione relativa tra il braccio e l’oggetto. La tesi si concentra inizialmente a livello teorico sulle caratteristiche delle principali tecnologie coinvolte, in particolare i sistemi UWB e il filtraggio Bayesiano, per poi trattare i limiti teorici della localizzazione, nei concetti di Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) e geometric dilution of precision (GDOP). Da questi, si motiva l’utilizzo della tecnica two-way ranging (TWR) come principio di raccolta delle misure per la localizzazione, per poi ricavare le curve teoriche dell’errore di localizzazione, tenendo conto dei limiti geometrici imposti, utilizzate come riferimento per l’analisi dell’errore ottenuto con il sistema reale. La tecnologia viene testata in tre campagne di misura. Nelle prime due si osserva la presenza di un piano metallico parallelo alla direzione di propagazione, per esaminare gli effetti delle riflessioni sulla localizzazione, mentre nella terza campagna si considera la presenza di acqua dolce.
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Krutina, Michael. "Vývoj mezd v zemích OECD po pádu Lehman Brothers." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-201853.
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I have targeted to analyze the patterns of wage development in the changing macroeconomic conditions. According to the expectations the evolution of nominal and real wages is inter alia positively affected by the changes in labor productivity and negatively influenced by the deviation of unemployment rate from NAIRU. The evidence of procyclical behavior of real wages is not very robust as there was not found significant correlation in the time of decreasing real GDP. The most of results of the models applied on post Lehman Brothers period are consistent with the regressions based on complete data set. The chosen data proved to be not very suitable to show the extent of wage rigidity. The significant negative relationship between the development of real wages and changes in inflation rate implies the visibility of symptoms of wage rigidities even when we work with average macroeconomic variables.
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Weber, Lars [Verfasser], Claus [Akademischer Betreuer] Möbus, and Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Fränzle. "Driver Modeling and Simulation of Lane Change Situations : Influence of Different Rear View Mirror Types on Gap Acceptance Behavior / Lars Weber ; Claus Möbus, Martin Fränzle." Oldenburg : BIS der Universität Oldenburg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1152005251/34.
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Neto, Messias SimÃes dos Santos. "Um estudo renal das interaÃÃes entre uroguanilia, urodilatina e bradicinina na presenÃa dos bloqueadores da guanilato ciclase isatin e ODQ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2008. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2231.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgicoIntroduÃÃo: Guanilinas, peptÃdeos natriurÃticos (ANP e urodilatina) e bradicinina estÃo implicados na fisiopatologia, com potencial terapÃutico, do metabolismo do sal e da hipertensÃo. Objetivo: Estudar o mecanismo de aÃÃo e possÃveis interaÃÃes destes peptÃdeos, pelo emprego de inibidores da guanilato ciclase isatina e ODQ. MÃtodo: Foram realizadas experiÃncias no rim isolado e perfundido de rato com ferramentas farmacolÃgicas, isatina (IS; 0,3 ou 10μM) ou com ODQ (37μM), nos estudos com uroguanilina (UGN; 0,3 ou 0,6μM), bradicinina (BK; 0,3 ou 0,9 ou 1,8nM) ou urodilatina (UD; 0,03nM). Investigaram-se ainda possÃveis interaÃÃes entre os referidos petÃdeos. Resultados: Isoladamente, IS (0,3μM), ODQ, UGN (0,3μM), BK (0,9 ou 0,3nM) nÃo interferiram signficativamente na presssÃo de perfusÃo, na diurese ou na reabsorÃÃo tubular fracionada renal de eletrÃlitos (sÃdio - %TNa+; potÃssio - %TK+; cloreto - %TCl- ). Nas condiÃÃes experimentais, ODQ mostrou-se eficaz (p<0,05) em inibir os efeitos de BK (1,8nM) sobre a pressÃo de perfusÃo (ODQ+BK120min: 111+3mmHg; BK120min: 139+5mmHg) e %TNa+ (ODQ+BK120min: 80+1%; BK120min: 76+2%). IS (3μM) mostrou-se parcialmente eficaz em inibir efeitos de UGN (0,6μM; IS+UGN90min: 76+2%; UGN90min: 72+2%) e de BK (1,8nM; IS+BK90min: 81+2%; BK60min: 0,76+2%) sobre %TNa+. UD (0,03nM90min: 86+2%; UGN+UD90min: 73+4%; p<0,05) potencializou a natriurese produzida por UGN (0,3μM90min: 83+2%), cujos efeitos vasculares foram inibidos com BK (0,3nM90min: 104+5mmHg; UGN0,6μM; 90min: 135+4mmHg; UGN+BK90min: 110+2mmHg). ConclusÃes: IS e ODQ comprovaram a participaÃÃo da via de sinalizaÃÃo NO-GMP no mecanismo de aÃÃo dos peptÃdeos estudados. A perfusÃo simultÃnea com mais de um peptÃdio, comprovou que hà interaÃÃes em suas diferentes vias de sinalizaÃÃo.
Introduction: Guanylins, natriuretic peptides (ANP and urodilatina) and bradykinin are involved in the pathophysiology, with therapeutic potential, of salt metabolism and hypertension. Objective: To study the mechanism of action and possible interactions of these peptides, with the employment of guanylate cyclase inhibitors isatina and ODQ. Method: Experiments were performed on isolated perfused rat kidney with pharmacological tools, isatin (IS; 0.3 or 10μM) or with ODQ (37μM), in studies with uroguanylin (UGN, 0.3 or 0.6μM), bradykinin (BK , 0.3 or 0.9 or 1.8nM) or urodilatin (UD, 0.03nM). It was also investigated possible interactions between those peptides. Results: Alone, IS (0.3μM), ODQ, UGN (0.3μM), BK (0.9 or 0.3nM) did not interfere significantly in perfusion perfusion (PP), in diuresis or in fractional renal tubular reabsorption of electrolytes (sodium - %TNa+; potassium - %TK+; chloride - %TCl-). In experimental conditions, ODQ proved to be effective (p<0.05) in inhibiting the effects of BK (1.8nM) on the PP (ODQ+BK120min: 111+3mmHg; BK120min: 139+5mm Hg) and %TNa+ (ODQ+BK120min: 80+1%; BK120min: 76+2%). IS (3μM) proved to be partially effective in inhibiting effects of UGN (0.6μM; IS+UGN90min: 76+2%; UGN90min: 72+2%) and BK (1.8nM; IS+BK90min: 81+2%; BK60min: 0.76+2%) on %TNa+. UD (0.03nM90min: 86+2%; UGN+UD90min: 73+4%, p<0.05) increased the natriuresis produced by UGN (0.3μM90min: 83+2%), whose vascular effects were inhibited with BK (0.3nM90min: 104+5mmHg; UGN0, 6μM; 90min: 135+4mmHg; UGN+BK90min: 110+2mmHg). Conclusions: IS and ODQ confirmed the participation of the NO-GMP signalling pathway in the mechanism of action of peptides studied. The infusion simultaneously over a peptide, proved that there are interactions in their different signalling pathway.
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Al, Jallad Mohannad. "REA Business Modeling Language : Toward a REA based Domain Specific Visual Language." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-121295.
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Resources Events Agents (REA) ontology is a profound business modeling ontology that was developed to define the architecture of accounting information systems. Nevertheless, REA did not manage to get the same attention as other business modeling ontologies. One reason of such abandon is the absence of a meaningful visual notation for the ontology, which has resulted in an abstruse ontology to non-academic audience. Another reason for this abandon is the fact that REA does not have a standard formal representation. This has resulted in a humble amount of researches which have focused on defining meta-models of the ontology while neglecting the wider purpose of REA-based information systems development. Consequently, the ontology was deviated away from its original purpose, and rather used in business schools. To solve the aforementioned issues, this research presents a Model Driven Development (MDD) technique in the form of a REA-based Domain Specific Visual Language (DSVL) that is implemented within a modeling and code generation editor. This effort was taken in order to answer the question of “How would a REA-DSVL based tool make the REA ontology implementable in the domain of information systems development?” In order to answer the research question, a design science methodology (DSRM) was implemented as the structure of this research. The DSRM was chosen because this research aims to develop three main artifacts. These are; a meta-model of REA, a visual notation of REA, and a REA-DSVL-based modeling and code generation tool. The first phase of the DSRM was to identify the problems which were mentioned earlier, followed by the requirements identification phase which drew the outline of the; meta-model, the visual notation, and the tool. After that, the development phase was conducted in order to develop the aforementioned artifacts. The editor was then demonstrated using a case study of a local company in Stockholm-Sweden. Finally, the resulted artifacts were evaluated based on the collected requirements and the results from the case study. Based on the analyses of the artifacts and the case study, this research was concluded with the result that a REA-based DSVL tool can help in boosting the planning and analysis phases of the software development lifecycle (SDLC). This is achieved by automating some of the conventional software planning and design tasks, which would lead to more accurate systems’ designs; thus, minimizing the time of the planning and design phases. And it can be achieved by abstracting the direct logic of REA through providing functionalities that help users from different backgrounds (academic and professional) to embrace a business modeling editor rather than an ontology; thus, attracting a wider users base for implementing REA.
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Ben, Khaled-El Feki Abir. "Simulation temps-réel distribuée de modèles numériques : application au groupe motopropulseur." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENT033/document.
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De nos jours, la validation des unités de contrôle électronique ECU se fonde généralement sur la simulationHardware-In-the-Loop où les systèmes physiques qui manquent sont modélisés à l’aide deséquations différentielles hybrides. La complexité croissante de ce type de modèles rend le compromisentre le temps de calcul et la précision de la simulation difficile à satisfaire. Cette thèse étudie et proposedes méthodes d’analyse et d’expérimentation destinées à la co-simulation temps-réel ferme de modèlesdynamiques hybrides. Elle vise notamment à définir des solutions afin d’exploiter plus efficacement leparallélisme fourni par les architectures multi-coeurs en utilisant de nouvelles méthodes et paradigmesde l’allocation des ressources. La première phase de la thèse a étudié la possibilité d’utiliser des méthodesd’intégration numérique permettant d’adapter l’ordre comme la taille du pas de temps ainsi quede détecter les événements et ceci dans le contexte de la co-simulation modulaire avec des contraintestemps-réel faiblement dures. De plus, l’ordre d’exécution des différents modèles a été étudié afin dedémontrer l’influence du respect des dépendances de données entre les modèles couplés sur les résultatsde la simulation. Nous avons proposé pour cet objectif, une nouvelle méthode de co-simulationqui permet le parallélisme complet entre les modèles impliquant une accélération supra-linéaire sanspour autant ajouter des erreurs liées à l’ordre d’exécution. Enfin, les erreurs de retard causées par lataille de pas de communication entre les modèles ont été améliorées grâce à une nouvelle méthoded’extrapolation par contexte des signaux d’entrée. Toutes les approches proposées visent de manièreconstructive à améliorer la vitesse de simulation afin de respecter les contraintes temps-réel, tout engardant la qualité et la précision des résultats de simulation sous contrôle. Ces méthodes ont été validéespar plusieurs essais et expériences sur un modèle de moteur à combustion interne et intégrées àun prototype du logiciel xMODNowadays the validation of Electronic Control Units ECUs generally relies on Hardware-in-The-Loopsimulation where the lacking physical systems are modeled using hybrid differential equations. Theincreasing complexity of this kind of models makes the trade-off between time efficiency and the simulationaccuracy hard to satisfy. This thesis investigates and proposes some analytical and experimentalmethods towards weakly-hard real-time co-simulation of hybrid dynamical models. It seeks in particularto define solutions in order to exploit more efficiently the parallelism provided by multi-core architecturesusing new methods and paradigms of resource allocation. The first phase of the thesis studied the possibilityof using step-size and order control numerical integration methods with events detection in thecontext of real-time modular co-simulation when the time constraints are considered weakly-hard. Moreover,the execution order of the different models was studied to show the influence of keeping or not thedata dependencies between coupled models on the simulation results. We proposed for this aim a newmethod of co-simulation that allows the full parallelism between models implying supra-linear speed-upswithout adding errors related to their execution order. Finally, the delay errors due to the communicationstep-size between the models were improved thanks to a proposed context-based inputs extrapolation.All proposed approaches target constructively to enhance the simulation speed for the compliance toreal-time constraints while keeping the quality and accuracy of simulation results under control and theyare validated through several test and experiments on an internal combustion engine model and integratedto a prototype version of the xMOD software
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Tejedor, Herrán Blanca. "Contributions to the determination of thermal behaviour of façades using quantitative internal IRT (Infrared Thermography)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665319.
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Within the European framework, most of residential buildings do not satisfy the minimum thermal specifications. In fact, the renovation rate across the EU is estimated at 1% per year. To fulfil with the goals stated by European Directives 2010/31/EU and 2012/27/EU, it is necessary to ensure a minimum energy performance gap. From a thorough literature review, it was detected that the thermal behavior of a building is often underestimated or neglected during its construction and operation stages. For this reason, an accurate non-destructive testing (NDT) should be required, improving the shortcomings given by the current modelling tools and diagnostic techniques. The purpose of this thesis was to develop a method for determining in-situ the thermal behavior of façades under steady-state conditions using quantitative internal infrared thermography (IRT). After drawing up a numerical model to estimate the thermal transmittance (U-value) as a key parameter of the built quality, the dissertation continued with a validation process that was executed in two typical Spanish walls from different construction periods. This allowed: (i) refining the proposed method; (ii) exploring the boundaries conditions; (iii) assessing the influence of tabulated values set by international standards for wall emissivity and convective heat transfer coefficients among other aspects. The results revealed lower deviations related to the theoretical U-values (1.24 to 3.97%) for test durations of 2-3 hours. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the use of tabulated values might entail high deviations (40%) in heavy multi-leaf walls with low U-values. Broadly, construction project documents for existing buildings, especially the oldest ones, are not available. Hence, this method may provide information about the building envelope for future refurbishment. In the case of new buildings, the method might allow the thermal behaviour of building façades to be checked according to the design parameters. Despite this, a subsequent literature review highlighted that a gap in the standardization of this method for in-situ building diagnostics is still to fill. Considering this aspect, three studies were developed in order to enhance the applicability of the quantitative internal IRT within the construction industry field. Firstly, the most influential operating conditions were analyzed through an experimental room with a heavy single-leaf wall tested under a wide temperature difference range (3.8 < DT < 21ºC). Secondly, this dissertation performed tests in a public housing stock comprised of four unoccupied buildings (without electric and heating systems in operation), to assess the influence of non-transient thermophysical properties of the wall (i.e. heat capacity per unit of area) on the accuracy of the method. Thirdly, a data-processing method based on U-value time series analysis was proposed and validated through six building façades with heavy multi-leaf walls. The aim was to find a common criterion for stopping the test when it is not necessary more data to obtain a reliable result. Having investigated the aspects mentioned above, it can be extrapolated that: (i) the optimum temperature difference range is found to be between 7 and 16ºC; (ii) the variance in the thermal transmittance could mainly be predicted by changes in the outer air temperature; (iii) the quantitative internal IRT is more accurate in heavy multi-leaf walls with high heat capacities per unit of area, reaching maximum deviations of 0.20%; (iv) the test might be executed in only 30 minutes; (v) the method could allow the assessment of aspects related to the determination of U-value of unoccupied buildings for DT under 10ºC, especially in Spain or European countries with a Mediterranean climate where these test conditions might represent a limitation. Hence, the decision-making could be streamlined in real built environments, increasing the European renovation rate in the mid-term.Dins el Marc Europeu, la majoria dels edificis residencials no satisfan les especificacions tèrmiques mínimes. De fet, la taxa de renovació a Europa és estimada en 1% anual. Per complir amb els objectius de les Directives Europees 2010/31/UE i 2012/27/UE, és necessari assegurar una bretxa energètica mínima. A partir d'un estat de l'art exhaustiu, es va detectar que el comportament tèrmic d'un edifici sovint és subestimat o negligit durant les etapes de construcció i operació. Per aquest motiu, una prova no destructiva i precisa hauria de ser requerida, per tal de millorar les deficiències donades per les actuals eines de modelització i diagnosi d'edificis. El propòsit de la tesi era desenvolupar un mètode per determinar in-situ el comportament tèrmic de les façanes sota condicions estacionàries mitjançant la termografia quantitativa interna (IRT). Després d'elaborar un model numèric per estimar la transmitància tèrmica (U-value) com a paràmetre clau de la qualitat construïda, la dissertació va continuar amb un procés de validació executat en dues parets típiques espanyoles de diferents períodes de construcció. Això va permetre: (i) refinar el mètode proposat; (ii) explorar les condicions de contorn; (iii) avaluar la influència dels valors tabulats establerts per les normatives internacionals per l'emissivitat de la paret i els coeficients de transferència de calor per convecció. Els resultats van revelar baixes desviacions respecte als valors teòrics de transmitància tèrmica (1.24 a 3.97%) per duracions de test entre 2 i 3 hores. A més a més, els resultats van demostrar que l’ús de valors tabulats podria implicar altes desviacions (40%) en parets compostes. En general, els projectes de construcció d'edificis existents antics no estan disponibles. Per tant, aquest mètode podria proporcionar informació sobre la façana per futures rehabilitacions. En el cas d’edificis nous, el mètode podria permetre verificar el comportament tèrmic de les parets d’acord amb els paràmetres de disseny. Malgrat això, una revisió bibliogràfica posterior va posar de manifest que encara hi ha una bretxa en la estandardització d’aquest mètode per la diagnosi in-situ. Considerant aquest aspecte, es van desenvolupar tres estudis per tal de millorar l’aplicabilitat de la termografia quantitativa interna dins el camp de la indústria de la construcció. En primer lloc, es va analitzar la influència de les condicions operatives en la determinació de la transmitància tèrmica mesurada a través duna cambra experimental amb una façana simple sota un ampli rang de diferència de temperatura (3.8 < DT < 21ºC). En segon lloc, es van dur a terme tests en un parc d’habitatges públics constituïts per quatre pisos desocupats (sense sistemes elèctrics ni de calefacció en funcionament), amb la finalitat d’analitzar la influència de les propietats termofísiques no transitòries (ex. la capacitat de calor per unitat d’àrea) en la precisió del mètode. En tercer lloc, es va proposar i validar un mètode de processat de dades basat en l’anàlisi de sèries de temps de la U-value mitjançant sis parets compostes. L’objectiu era trobar un criteri comú per aturar la prova quan no són necessàries més dades per obtenir un resultat fiable. Havent investigat els aspectes mencionats anteriorment, es pot extrapolar que: (i) el gradient de temperatura òptim es troba entre 7 i 16ºC; (ii) la variància en la transmitància tèrmica podria ser principalment atribuïda a canvis en la temperatura ambient de l’aire exterior; (iii) la IRT quantitativa interna és més acurada en parets compostes amb altes capacitats de calor per unitat d’àrea, aconseguint unes desviacions màximes del 0.20%; (iv) el test podria ser executat en només 30 minuts; (v) el mètode podria permetre l’avaluació d’aspectes relacionats amb la determinació de la U-value en edificis desocupats per T sota 10ºC, especialment a Espanya o països europeus amb un clima mediterrani on aquestes condicions de test podrien representar una limitació. Per tant, la presa de decisions es podria simplificar en entorns construïts reals. De fet, aquesta recerca podria conduir a una millor execució del procés de rehabilitació en edificis que s’espera que tinguin deficiències l’any 2050, augmentant així la taxa de renovació europea a mig termini. La dissertació conclou resumint les principals aportacions d’aquesta investigació. Els temes que s’han plantejat durant la recerca realitzada, i que no es van poder abordar, es comenten i es proposen com a línies de treball futures.
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Montgomery, Connie M. "Caught Between Regulations and Meaning: Fifth Grade Students and Their Teachers Respond to Multicultural Children's Literature." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1245202435.
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Grasreiner, Sebastian. "Combustion modeling for virtual SI engine calibration with the help of 0D/3D methods." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-90518.
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Spark ignited engines are still important for conventional as well as for hybrid power trains and are thus objective to optimization. Today a lot of functionalities arise from software solutions, which have to be calibrated. Modern engine technologies provide an extensive variability considering their valve train, fuel injection and load control. Thus, calibration efforts are really high and shall be reduced by introduction of virtual methods. In this work a physical 0D combustion model is set up, which can cope with a new generation of spark ignition engines. Therefore, at first cylinder thermodynamics are modeled and validated in the whole engine map with the help of a real-time capable approach. Afterwards an up to date turbulence model is introduced, which is based on a quasi-dimensional k-epsilon-approach and can cope with turbulence production from large scale shearing. A simplified model for ignition delay is implemented which emphasizes the transfer from laminar to turbulent flame propagation after ignition. The modeling is completed with the calculation of overall heat release rates in a 0D entrainment approach with the help of turbulent flame velocities. After validation of all sub-models, the 0D combustion prediction is used in combination with a 1D gas exchange analysis to virtually calibrate the modern engine torque structure and the ECU function for exhaust gas temperature with extensive simulationsModerne Ottomotoren spielen heute sowohl in konventionellen als auch hybriden Fahrzeugantrieben eine große Rolle. Aktuelle Konzepte sind hochvariabel bezüglich Ventilsteuerung, Kraftstoffeinspritzung und Laststeuerung und ihre Optimierungspotentiale erwachsen zumeist aus neuen Softwarefunktionen. Deren Applikation ist zeit- und kostenintensiv und soll durch virtuelle Methoden unterstützt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein physikalisches 0D Verbrennungsmodell für Ottomotoren aufgebaut und bis zur praktischen Anwendung geführt. Dafür wurde zuerst die Thermodynamik echtzeitfähig modelliert und im gesamten Motorenkennfeld abgeglichen. Der Aufbau eines neuen Turbulenzmodells auf Basis der quasidimensionalen k-epsilon-Gleichung ermöglicht anschließend, die veränderlichen Einflüsse globaler Ladungsbewegung auf die Turbulenz abzubilden. Für den Brennverzug wurde ein vereinfachtes Modell abgeleitet, welches den Übergang von laminarer zu turbulenter Flammenausbreitung nach der Zündung in den Vordergrund stellt. Der restliche Brennverlauf wird durch die physikalische Ermittlung der turbulenten Brenngeschwindigkeit in einem 0D Entrainment-Ansatz dargestellt. Nach Validierung aller Teilmodelle erfolgt die virtuelle Bedatung der Momentenstruktur und der Abgastemperaturfunktion für das Motorsteuergerät
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Jiang, Sin-huei, and 姜欣慧. "The Stationarity of Real GDP : Evidence from OECD Countries." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26408920153189470504.
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碩士國立中山大學
經濟學研究所
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Real GDP is a major measure of national economy. If researchers can estimate business trend accurately, then government will implement correct policy to push ahead with the development of economics and trade. In fact, whether Real GDP is unit root has conflicting conclusion. This paper applies univariate unit root tests and panel unit root tests to analyze Real GDP. Most of tests point out that Real GDP don''t reject unit root. Because economic events have the great effect on Real GDP, it''s data fluctuate drastically. Some papers suggested that the model should be adopted in structural breaks. Hence, this paper considers mainly the breaks and cross-sectional dependence augmented version of the IPS test (BCIPS test), proposed by Lee et al. (2015), to analyze Real GDP in 20 OECD countries. The conclusion is that Real GDP don''t reject unit root. Regarding the policy, the existence of unit root in Real GDP doubts about the appropriateness of running stabilization policies since there is no well-defined steady output path to which the economy would revert after the occurrence of a shock.