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1
Engelmann, Danilo, Yan Zimmerli, Jan Czerwinski, and Peter Bonsack. "Real Driving Emissions in Extended Driving Conditions." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 4, 2021): 7310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217310.
Abstract:
The real driving emission (RDE) testing for certification of vehicles is performed in conditions that are well defined in legislation. For emissions inventories and for research, the influences of some extended driving conditions on emissions are an interesting issue. In the present work, some examples of RDE results from two common passenger cars with gasoline and diesel propulsion are given. The varying driving conditions were “winter/summer”, “mild/aggressive”, and “higher altitude/slop”. The driving conditions: “winter”, “aggressive”, and “higher slope/altitude” generally require more energy, cause higher fuel consumption, and therefore, higher CO2-emissions. The condition of “winter driving”, especially in the urban type of operation, may cause some longer phases with not enough warmed-up exhaust aftertreatment and consequently some increased gaseous emissions. The DPF eliminates the nanoparticles (PN) independently on the driving conditions. Nevertheless, the DPF regeneration has an influence on the CO2-normality of the trip. The CO2-normality primary tolerance range can also be exceeded with aggressive driving. The elaborated results confirm the usefulness of the existing legal limits for the driving conditions of RDE homologation tests.
2
Claßen, Johannes, Stefan Pischinger, Sascha Krysmon, Stefan Sterlepper, Frank Dorscheidt, Matthieu Doucet, Christoph Reuber, et al. "Statistically supported real driving emission calibration: Using cycle generation to provide vehicle-specific and statistically representative test scenarios for Euro 7." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 10 (July 10, 2020): 1783–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087420935221.
Abstract:
The progression of emission legislation has intensified the efforts of the automotive industry to develop improved exhaust gas after-treatment systems. The requirement to fulfill Euro 6d-TEMP in real-world driving scenarios, the already significant calibration effort for Euro 6d and the Euro 7 emission standards in discussion have significantly increased the work load for calibration engineers and the requirements for testing resources. Many original equipment manufacturers are implementing taskforces in order not to have to discard the planned start of production for their products, and some are even already forced to reduce their product portfolio. This is due to the diverse testing matrix required to cover all possible real driving emissions test scenarios. One big challenge is the extension and possible variation of boundary conditions regarding ambient temperatures, traffic conditions, road gradients and other varying driving resistances. Moreover, the test duration can cause considerable differences in the measured emissions, even if the same route is driven repeatedly. Addressing these challenges makes the application of a dedicated, event-targeted emission calibration mandatory. Since only a few sequences of the time-consuming road tests are relevant for improving the emission calibration, the methodology presented in this article focuses on the exact reproduction of these emission events on an emission chassis dynamometer with the aim of implementing calibratable solutions for these events. This is done using a real driving emission-cycle-generator which creates real driving emission compliant severe test scenarios and which focuses on the statistical relevance related to the typical product specific operation. The underlying generation process accesses a large database with real driving emission measurement results focusing on vehicle- or vehicle-group-specific challenges, using statistical approaches. It will be demonstrated how this procedure reduces test time and how it helps to tackle the substantial real driving emission work-load, while providing a dependable base to achieve real driving emission legislation compliance.
3
Guo, Dong, Jinbao Zhao, Yi Xu, Feng Sun, Kai Li, Juan Wang, and Yuhang Sun. "THE IMPACT OF DRIVING CONDITIONS ON LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLE EMISSIONS IN REAL-WORLD DRIVING." Transport 35, no. 4 (September 29, 2020): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2020.12168.
Abstract:
To accurately estimate the effect of driving conditions on vehicle emissions, an on-road light-duty vehicle emission platform was established based on OEM-2100TM, and each second data of mass emission rate corresponding to the driving conditions were obtained through an on-road test. The mass emission rate was closely related to the velocity and acceleration in real-world driving. This study shows that a high velocity and acceleration led to high real-world emissions. The vehicle emissions were the minimum when the velocity ranged from 30 to 50 km/h and the acceleration was less than 0.5 m/s2. Microscopic emission models were established based the on-road test, and single regression models were constructed based on velocity and acceleration separately. Binary regression and neural network models were established based on the joint distribution of velocity and acceleration. Comparative analysis of the accuracy of prediction and evaluation under different emission models, total error, second-based error, related coefficient, and sum of squared error were considered as evaluation indexes to validate different models. The results show that the three established emission models can be used to make relatively accurate prediction of vehicle emission on actual roads. The velocity regression model can be easily combined with traffic simulation models because of its simple parameters. However, the application of neural network model is limited by a complex coefficient matrix.
4
Merkisz, Jerzy, Jacek Pielecha, and Remigiusz Jasiński. "Remarks about Real Driving Emissions tests for passenger cars." Archives of Transport 39, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/08669546.1225449.
Abstract:
New test procedures for determining exhaust emission from passenger vehicles will be introduced in 2017. For several years, the European Commission has been developing new procedures, which aim is to perform tests in road conditions. The purpose is to determine the real values of emissions, which are not always reflected by the level of emissions obtained in the laboratory. Proper and accurate procedures for determining emissions in real traffic conditions (RDE – Real Driving Emission) have not yet been approved (as opposed to Heavy Duty Vehicles for which such conditions already exist), but there are proposals that are currently being analyzed by major research centers in Europe. There are many differences between those proposals such as determining road emission or research methodology related to emission measurement of hydrocarbons. The work compares the results of emissions measured in road tests using the latest legislative proposals related to passenger cars. The results are shown in relation to the used measurement method: classic method of determining exhaust emission; uses all measurement data determining the mass of harmful compounds and distance travelled during the test; method of averaging the measuring windows (MAW – moving average windows), also in the literature called EMROAD method, which determines the measurement windows (on the basis of carbon dioxide emissions from the WLTC test) and on its basis determines the road emission in RDE test; generalized method of instantaneous power (Power Binning), known in the literature as CLEAR – Classification of Emissions from Automobiles in Real driving, determines road emissions on the basis of generalized instantaneous power during the RDE test.
5
Song, Jingeun, and Junepyo Cha. "Analysis of Driving Dynamics Considering Driving Resistances in On-Road Driving." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 9, 2021): 3408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123408.
Abstract:
Internal combustion engine emissions are a serious worldwide problem. To combat this, emission regulations have become stricter with the goal of reducing the proportion of transportation emissions in global air pollution. In addition, the European Commission passed the real driving emissions–light-duty vehicles (RDE-LDV) regulation that evaluates vehicle emissions by driving on real roads. The RDE test is significantly dependent on driving conditions such as traffic or drivers. Thus, the RDE regulation has the means to evaluate driving dynamics such as the vehicle speed per acceleration (v·apos) and the relative positive acceleration (RPA) to determine whether the driving during these tests is normal or abnormal. However, this is not an appropriate way to assess the driving dynamics because the v⋅apos and the RPA do not represent engine load, which is directly related to exhaust emissions. Therefore, in the present study, new driving dynamic variables are proposed. These variables use engine acceleration calculated from wheel force instead of the acceleration calculated from the vehicle speed, so they are proportional to the engine load. In addition, a variable of driving dynamics during braking is calculated using the negative wheel force. This variable can be used to improve the accuracy of the emission assessment by analyzing the braking pattern.
6
Huang, Junfeng, Jianbing Gao, Yufeng Wang, Ce Yang, and Chaochen Ma. "Real-World Pipe-Out Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection Passenger Cars." Processes 11, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11010066.
Abstract:
The analysis of real-world emissions is necessary to reduce the emissions of vehicles during on-road driving. In this paper, the matrix of gasoline direct injection passenger cars is applied to analyze the real-world emissions. The results show that high acceleration and high speed conditions are major conditions for the particulate number emissions, and the particulate number emissions are positively correlated with torque and throttle opening. The catalyst temperature and saturation are important factors that affect nitrogen oxide emission. The nitrogen oxide emissions of low speed and low torque conditions cannot be ignored in real-world driving. The carbon dioxide emissions are positively correlated with acceleration, torque and throttle opening. Once the vehicles are in the acceleration condition, the carbon dioxide emissions increase rapidly. The vehicles with higher average emission factors are more susceptible to driving behaviors, and the differences in the emission factors are more obvious, leading to an increase in the difficulty of emission control.
7
Ro, Seungcheon, Junhong Park, Myunghwan Shin, and Jongtae Lee. "Developing On-Road NOx Emission Factors for Euro 6b Light-Duty Diesel Trucks in Korean Driving Conditions." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041041.
Abstract:
This study aimed to develop on-road NOx emission factors for Euro 6b light-duty diesel trucks (LDDTs) in Korea. On-road NOx emissions were measured using portable emissions measurement systems and compared with those measured using the Korean Driving Cycle (KDC), the conventional laboratory test used to develop emission factors. To ensure the representativeness of the LDDTs emission factors, five vehicles of three models were driven along two real driving routes for total traveled mileage of 2280 km. On-road NOx levels were 2.1 to 6.9 times higher on average than those measured using the KDC because the latter does not cover the wide variability in vehicle speed and relative positive acceleration, common in real driving conditions. The lean-NOx trap was found to have disappointingly low NOx reduction efficiency in on-road driving. The on-road NOx emission factors by vehicle speeds developed in this study were comparable to the COPERT 4 factors.
8
Luján, José Manuel, Carlos Guardiola, Benjamín Pla, and Varun Pandey. "Impact of driving dynamics in RDE test on NOx emissions dispersion." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 1770–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019881581.
Abstract:
EU6D emission regulation intends to bridge the gap between laboratory tests and the real driving conditions by introducing real drive emission testing. It requires the measurement of real drive emission to be an additional type approval test in order to take into account the influence of road profile, ambient conditions and traffic situations. An important amendment has been included in Commission regulation (European Union) 2016/646, limiting the driving dynamics and hence avoiding the biased testing of the vehicle. In this work, a drive cycle generator has been developed to synthesise cycles meeting all the regulatory requirements of the real drive emission testing. The generator is based on the transition probability matrix obtained from each phase of the World harmonised Light vehicle Test Procedure cycle. Driving dynamics have been varied based on real drive emission regulations, and several trips have been generated with dynamics ranging from soft to aggressive. A direct injection compression ignition 1.5 L engine with a state-of-the-art aftertreatment system has been utilised to run the generated synthetic cycles. The analysis of the results obtained in the tests (all of them complying with real drive emission restrictions in terms of driving dynamics) points out a noticeable 60% relative dispersion in the NO x emissions downstream of the catalyst. The contribution of the proposed method lies not only in the fact that it synthesises driving cycles as stochastic process and is capable of tuning the driving dynamics based on real drive emission regulations, but it also presents the range of dispersion possible in NO x emissions solely due to the driving dynamics. The methodology followed in the present work could be an essential step in future engine developments, where testing engine prototypes on the entire range of driving dynamics in the engine test bench facility could provide interesting insights about the expected NO x emissions in real drive emission testing.
9
Skobiej, Kinga, and Jacek Pielecha. "Plug-in Hybrid Ecological Category in Real Driving Emissions." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 2340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082340.
Abstract:
Transportation, as one of the most growing industries, is problematic due to environmental pollution. A solution to reduce the environmental burden is stricter emission standards and homologation tests that correspond to the actual conditions of vehicle use. Another solution is the widespread introduction of hybrid vehicles—especially the plug-in type. Due to exhaust emission tests in RDE (real driving emissions) tests, it is possible to determine the real ecological aspects of these vehicles. The authors of this paper used RDE testing of the exhaust emissions of plug-in hybrid vehicles and on this basis evaluated various hybrid vehicles from an ecological point of view. An innovative solution proposed by the authors is to define classes of plug-in hybrid vehicles (classes from A to C) due to exhaust emissions. An innovative way is to determine the extreme results of exhaust gas emission within the range of acceptable scatter of the obtained results. By valuating vehicles, it will be possible in the future to determine the guidelines useful in designing more environmentally friendly power units in plug-in hybrid vehicles.
10
Zhang, Yi, Ran Zhou, Shitao Peng, Hongjun Mao, Zhiwen Yang, Michel Andre, and Xin Zhang. "Development of Vehicle Emission Model Based on Real-Road Test and Driving Conditions in Tianjin, China." Atmosphere 13, no. 4 (April 7, 2022): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13040595.
Abstract:
Based on the demand of vehicle emission research and control, this paper presents the development of a portable vehicle measurement system (PEMS) based on SEMTECH-DS and ELPI+, the vehicle emission tests carried out on actual roads, and the data obtained for the establishment and validation of a vehicle emission model. Based on the results of the vehicle emission test, it was found that vehicle driving conditions (speed, acceleration, vehicle specific power (VSP), etc.) had a significant impact on the pollutant emission rate. In addition, local driving cycles were generated and the frequency distribution of VSP-bin under different cycles was analyzed. Then, through the establishment of an emission rate database, calculation of emission factors and validation of the emission model, a vehicle emission model based on actual road driving conditions was developed by taking VSP as the “surrogate variables”. It showed that the emission factor model established in this study could better reflect the vehicle transient emissions on the actual road with high accuracy and local adaptability. Through this study, it could be found that due to the great differences in traffic development modes and vehicle driving conditions in different cities in China, the emission model based on driving conditions was a better choice to carry out the research on vehicle emission in Chinese cities. Compared with directly applying international models or quoting the recommended values of relevant macroscopic guidelines, the emission factor model established in this study, using actual driving conditions, could better reflect the vehicle transient emissions on the actual road with high accuracy and local adaptability. In addition, due to the rapid development of China’s urban traffic and the rapid change of driving conditions, it was of great significance to regularly update China’s urban conditions to improve the accuracy of the model, no matter which model was chosen.
11
Feinauer, Mario, Simone Ehrenberger, Fabius Epple, Tobias Schripp, and Tobias Grein. "Investigating Particulate and Nitrogen Oxides Emissions of a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle for a Real-World Driving Scenario." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (January 28, 2022): 1404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031404.
Abstract:
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) show a high pollutant emission variability that strongly depends on the operating conditions of the internal combustion engine. Additionally, studies indicate that driving situations outside of the real driving emissions boundary conditions can lead to substantial pollutant emission increases. The objective of this study is to measure and analyze the particulate number (PN) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions of a Euro 6 PHEV for a selected real-world driving test route in the Stuttgart metropolitan area. For this purpose, the vehicle is set out with multiple measurement devices to monitor vehicle internal and external parameters. Particle distribution results show an overall uniform pattern, which allows a comparative analysis of the different test scenarios on the basis of the PN concentration. While the trip-average PN emissions are in good agreement, transient effects during highway driving can substantially increase emissions, whereas the fuel consumption does not necessarily increase in such situations. PN measurements including ultrafine particles (UFP) show a significant increase in urban emissions due to higher cold start emission peaks. Additionally, low ambient temperatures raise the uncertainty of NOx and PN cold start emissions. With regard to future emission regulations, which claim that vehicles need to be as clean as possible in all driving situations, PHEV emission investigations for further situations outside of the current legislations are required.
12
Clenci, A., V. Sălan, R. Niculescu, V. Iorga-Simăn, and C. Zaharia. "Assessment of real driving emissions via portable emission measurement system." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 252 (October 2017): 012084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/252/1/012084.
13
Dou, Yantao, Yong Li, and Jian Ling. "Research on real-driving emissions of heavy tractor under different loads." E3S Web of Conferences 268 (2021): 01041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126801041.
Abstract:
The actual road diesel emissions of heavy-duty vehicle is very high, which has been a concern around the world. In 2018, Chinese government promulgated the "China VI" regulations containing real-driving emission test requirements and limits, requiring vehicle manufacturers to effectively control vehicle emissions to meet the requirements of China VI. This article takes a heavy-duty tractor equipped with a "China VI" engine as the research object, and performs actual road emission tests after loading 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% respectively. The results show that NOx emissions are higher at low loads and PN emissions are higher at high loads, and CO emissions are not sensitive to load changes.
14
Lee, Jonghak, Sangil Kwon, Hyungjun Kim, Jihoon Keel, Taekwan Yoon, and Jongtae Lee. "Machine Learning Applied to the NOx Prediction of Diesel Vehicle under Real Driving Cycle." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 21, 2021): 3758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11093758.
Abstract:
Euro 6 standards impose stringent nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission limits on diesel cars. NOx emissions are significantly different between Euro 6 diesel cars and the previous standards in real-world driving. In this research, the NOx concentrations of Euro 6 diesel engines during real-world driving were studied considering various factors. Real driving emission (RDE) tests were conducted using vehicles equipped with portable emissions measurement systems. Urban, rural, and motorway test routes were utilized. Road environment, atmospheric, and after-treatment performance factors were collected in each case. An artificial neural network was used for evaluation using RDE test data and various statistical parameters. It was found that the proposed method predicted the pollutant emissions effectively. Lastly, the relative importance of each predictor was derived, and the NOx concentrations were analyzed. These approaches provide accurate emission information for an environmental effect evaluation that reflects more realistic road conditions.
15
Lien, Nguyen Thi Yen, and Nghiem Trung Dung. "THE DETERMINATION OF DRIVING CHARACTERISTICS OF HANOI BUS SYSTEM AND THEIR IMPACTS ON THE EMISSION." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 55, no. 1 (February 9, 2017): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-708x/55/1/8398.
Abstract:
A GPS with the update rate of 1 Hz was used to collect the real–world driving data of the five bus routes of Hanoi, namely No. 9, 18, 25, 32 and 33, on weekdays and weekends. GPS data were processed and used to simulate the emission by IVE model. The driving characteristics of Hanoi bus system and their impacts on the emission were determined. Results obtained shown that the real –world driving characteristics are different from area to area and affect the emissions of vehicles. This paper, therefore, reconfirms the necessarity of the development of the typical driving cycle before conducting the emission inventory for mobile sources.
16
Zhang, Xiao. "A Two-Step Based Approach to Evaluate Driving Cycles for Carbon Dioxide Emission Estimation." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 2293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.2293.
Abstract:
The paper proposes a two-step evaluation process to assess the developed driving cycles for carbon dioxide emissions. The first step is to compare the driving operating mode distributions from developed driving cycles with real world ones. The second step is to predict the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by using the developed driving cycles under the latest version of MOVES, MOVES2010 framework, which are then compared with and evaluated by the real-world CO2 emissions. Evaluation results show that the driving cycles developed by the driving operating mode distribution measure result in more accurate CO2 emission estimations.
17
Nguyen Thi Yen, Lien, and Yen Than Thi Hai. "Estimating the greenhouse gas emission factor of motorcycles under real-world driving conditions in Hanoi: a case study." Transport and Communications Science Journal 74, no. 7 (September 15, 2023): 764–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.47869/tcsj.74.7.1.
Abstract:
The lack of country-specific greenhouse gas (GHG) emission factors vehicles in Vietnam makes the emissions inventory in the transport sector more difficult. This study developed the country-specific GHG emission factor in terms of CO2 equivalent for motorcycles (MCs) in Hanoi to overcome the above impediment. The real-world driving data, instantaneous speed versus time, were collected on the 30 road routes in Hanoi using a GPS device. A filtering process of nine-step was designed to repair misleading speed values and denoise signals before entering the International Vehicle Emissions (IVE) model. The typical GHG emission factor for the MC fleet in Hanoi was approximately 90.83 g/km. This study also found a remarkable difference in the MC’s specific power-related bins distribution between the real-world driving characteristics of the MC in Hanoi and the ones of the World Motorcycle Test Cycle. This contributes to reconfirming the necessity of developing the GHG emission factor based on the very real-world driving data of Vietnam
18
Andrych-Zalewska, Monika. "Analysis of exhaust emission processes during the Real Driving Emissions test." Archives of Transport 66, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 123–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.6085.
Abstract:
The article deals with the study of exhaust emissions from a combustion engine in the Real Driving Emission (RDE) test. These tests are a simulation of real conditions of use of motor vehicles. Nowadays, RDE tests are mandatory for Light Duty Vehicle (LDV) and Heavy Duty Vehicle (HDV) vehicles and in the future, restrictive standard. Euro 7, which combines stricter limits with a comprehensive RDE test cycle, is becoming a challenge for current vehicle engineering. The paper presents the results of pollutant emission tests from a passenger car (PC). In the tests of LDV in the RDE test, the results of which are analyzed in the article, the Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) mobile exhaust emission testing system was used. The processes describing the operating states of the vehicle and the combustion engine, as well as the processes of exhaust emission intensity and the intensity of the number of particulate (PN), were examined. The correlation between the considered processes was investigated. The emission of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, particulate and carbon dioxide as well as the road PN were examined. The zero-dimensional statistical characteristics of the examined processes were also determined. The probability density and power spectral density of the processes were established. A great diversity was found in the properties of the process distributions, as well as in the dynamic properties of the processes. In the summary of the analysis of the results of the car speed process, the operating states of the combustion engine and the processes of exhaust emission intensity and the process of the intensity of PN in the RDE test, conclusions were formulated regarding, among others, course of the intensity of these compounds, correlation of the processes of pollution emission intensity and the intensity of the PN with the process of car speed, distribution of processes.
19
Spoof-Tuomi, Kirsi, Hans Arvidsson, Olav Nilsson, and Seppo Niemi. "Real-Driving Emissions of an Aging Biogas-Fueled City Bus." Clean Technologies 4, no. 4 (October 2, 2022): 954–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol4040059.
Abstract:
Transition to low emission transportation and cleaner cities requires a broad introduction of low- and zero-carbon alternatives to conventional petrol- and diesel-powered vehicles. New-generation gas buses are a cost-effective way to reduce local air pollutants from urban transportation. Moreover, major greenhouse gas (GHG) savings may be achieved using biogas as the power source. The main objective of this research was to investigate CH4 and other gaseous emissions of a biogas-fueled urban bus equipped with a three-way catalyst (TWC) in real-world conditions. The study focused on emissions from a six-year-old gas-powered city bus, supplementing emission data from aging bus fleets. Impaired CH4 oxidation and NOx reduction were observed in the catalyst after its service life of 375,000 km–400,000 km. The main reason for low CH4 and NOx conversion over the TWC was concluded to be the partial deactivation of the catalyst. Another critical issue was the fluctuating air-to-fuel ratio. The results show that the efficiency of exhaust after-treatment systems should be closely monitored over time, as they are exposed to various aging processes under transient driving conditions, leading to increased real-world emissions. However, the well-to-wheels (WTW) analysis showed that an 80% GHG emission benefit could be achieved by switching from diesel to biomethane, giving a strong environmental argument for biogas use.
20
Hata, Hiroo, Kazuo Kokuryo, Takehiko Ogata, Masahiko Kugata, Koichi Yanai, Megumi Okada, Chikage Funakubo, Minoru Yamazaki, and Junya Hoshi. "Real-world measurement and mechanical-analysis-based verification of NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from an in-use heavy-duty vehicle." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 3 (March 16, 2021): 2115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2115-2021.
Abstract:
Abstract. A portable emission measurement system (PEMS) was used to measure the real-world driving emissions pertaining to a Japanese middle-sized heavy-duty vehicle. The testing was performed with the vehicle being driven in the metropolitan area of Tokyo in four seasons (January, June, August, and November) to analyze the seasonal dependence of NOx and CO2 emissions. The experimental results indicated that the amount of NOx emissions was particularly high in the cold season owing to the slow starting of the NOx after-treatment systems, which is to say the exhaust gas recirculation and urea-selective-catalytic-reduction systems, under low-ambient-temperature conditions. In real-world driving, a high acceleration pattern was observed in the low-speed region which is not considered in the world harmonized vehicle cycle, which is the worldwide official driving mode in the chassis dynamometer experiment. Finally, the transient emission tables for NOx and CO2 were constructed based on the PEMS measurement results and the classical mechanic theory. The constructed tables replicated well the experimental results in all the considered conditions involving different ambient temperatures and locations. The proposed approach can be used to evaluate emission inventories in the future.
21
Gebisa, Amanuel, Girma Gebresenbet, Rajendiran Gopal, and Ramesh Babu Nallamothu. "Driving Cycles for Estimating Vehicle Emission Levels and Energy Consumption." Future Transportation 1, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 615–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp1030033.
Abstract:
Standard driving cycles (DCs) and real driving emissions (RDE) legislation developed by the European Commission contains significant gaps with regard to quantifying local area vehicle emission levels and fuel consumption (FC). The aim of this paper was to review local DCs for estimating emission levels and FC under laboratory and real-world conditions. This review article has three sections. First, the detailed steps and methodologies applied during the development of these DCs are examined to highlight weaknesses. Next, a comparison is presented of various recent local DCs using the Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Test Cycle (WLTC) and FTP75 (Federal Test Procedure) in terms of the main characteristic parameters. Finally, the gap between RDE with laboratory-based and real-world emissions is discussed. The use of a large sample of real data to develop a typical DC for the local area could better reflect vehicle driving patterns on actual roads and offer a better estimation of emissions and consumed energy. The main issue found with most of the local DCs reviewed was a small data sample collected from a small number of vehicles during a short period of time, the lack of separate phases for driving conditions, and the shifting strategy adopted with the chassis dynamometer. On-road emissions measured by the portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) were higher than the laboratory-based measurements. Driving situation outside the boundary conditions of RDE shows higher emissions due to cold temperatures, road grade, similar shares of route, drivers’ dynamic driving conditions, and uncertainty within the PEMS and RDE analysis tools.
22
Xue, Jin Lin. "Analysis of Driving Cycles for Emission Test of Light-Duty Vehicles in China." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 1154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.1154.
Abstract:
The driving cycles employed to measure the emissions from automotive vehicles should adequately represent the real-world driving pattern of the vehicle to provide the most realistic estimation of emissions levels. The driving cycles used for light-duty gasoline engine vehicles in China were reviewed in this paper firstly. Then the impact of various factors, such as driving behaviors, driving conditions, road conditions, traffic conditions, on real-world emission levels were analyzed. Finally, the shortages of the existing driving cycles were pointed out. It can be concluded that the emissions levels from automotive vehicles are underestimated because of the characteristics of the existing drive cycles, so it is urgent to research and develop new driving cycles to fit the situation of China.
23
Lee, SoDuk, Carl R. Fulper, Daniel Cullen, Joseph McDonald, Antonio Fernandez, Mark H. Doorlag, Lawrence J. Sanchez, and Michael Olechiw. "On-Road Portable Emission Measurement Systems Test Data Analysis and Light-Duty Vehicle In-Use Emissions Development." SAE International Journal of Electrified Vehicles 9, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 111–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/14-09-02-0007.
Abstract:
Portable emission measurement systems (PEMS) [1] are used by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to measure gaseous and particulate matter mass emissions from vehicles in normal, in-use, on-the-road, and “real-world” operations to support many of its programs. These programs include vehicle modeling, emissions compliance, regulatory development, emissions inventory development, and investigations of the effects of real, in-use driving conditions on NOx, CO2, and other regulated pollutants. This article discusses EPA’s analytical methodology for evaluating light-duty vehicle energy and EU Real Driving Emissions (RDE). A simple, data-driven model was developed and validated using measured PEMS emissions test data. The work also included application of the EU RDE procedures and comparison to the PEMS test methodologies and FTP and other chassis dynamometer test data used by EPA for characterizing in-use light- and heavy-duty vehicle emissions. This work was conducted as part of EPA’s participation in the development of UNECE Global Technical Regulations and also supports EPA mobile source emission inventory development. This article discusses the real-world emissions of light-duty vehicles with 12V Start-Stop technology and light-duty vehicles using both gasoline and diesel fuels.
24
Ko, Sangchul, Junhong Park, Hyungjun Kim, Gunwoo Kang, Jongchul Lee, Jongmin Kim, and Jongtae Lee. "NOx Emissions from Euro 5 and Euro 6 Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles under Real Driving Conditions." Energies 13, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010218.
Abstract:
Despite the strengthening of vehicle emissions standards and test methods, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from on-road mobile sources are not being notably reduced. The introduction of real driving emission (RDE) regulations is expected to reduce the discrepancy between emission regulations and actual air pollution. To analyze the effects of RDE regulations on heavy-duty diesel vehicles, pollutants emitted while driving were measured using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) for Euro 5 and Euro 6 vehicles, which were produced before and after RDE regulations, respectively. NOx emissions were compared as a function of emissions allowance standards, gross vehicle weight (GVW), average vehicle speed, and ambient temperature. NOx emissions from Euro 6 vehicles were found to be low, regardless of GVW; emissions from both vehicular categories increased with a decline in the average speed. To reflect real road driving characteristics more broadly in the RDE test method for heavy-duty vehicles, it is necessary to consider engine power, which is a criterion for classifying effective sections, in the moving average window (MAW) analysis method, as well as including cold start conditions.
25
Schläfle, Stefan, Meng Zhang, Hans-Joachim Unrau, and Frank Gauterin. "Influence of Vertical Load, Inflation Pressure, and Driving Speed on the Emission of Tire–Road Particulate Matter and its Size Distribution." Atmosphere 15, no. 4 (April 19, 2024): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos15040502.
Abstract:
As fleet electrification progresses, vehicles are continuously becoming heavier, while the used electric motors, with their high torques, enable longitudinal dynamics to be maintained or even increased. This raises the question of what effect electric vehicles have on the emission of tire–road particulate matter (PM). To answer this question, investigations were carried out in this study on a tire internal drum test bench with real road surfaces. In addition to the vertical load, the tire inflation pressure and the driving speed were varied. PM emissions were recorded in real time, resulting in emission factors (emission per kilometer driven) for different load conditions. This allows statements to be made about both the effect on the total emission and on the particle size distribution. It was shown that the PM emission increases linearly with the vertical load at constant longitudinal dynamics. If the tire inflation pressure is increased, the emission also increases linearly, and the increases in emission are equally large for both influences. A clear influence of the driving speed on the emission factor could not be determined. With regard to the particle size distribution, the following correlations were found: higher vertical load and higher tire inflation pressure result in a larger mean particle diameter, while a higher driving speed reduces it. Thus, this study contributes to a better understanding of the expected changes in tire-road PM emissions as a result of electrification.
26
ANDRYCH-ZALEWSKA, Monika, Zdzisław CHŁOPEK, Jerzy MERKISZ, and Jacek PIELECHA. "Evaluation of the test drive cycle conditions impact on exhaust emissions from an internal combustion engine." Combustion Engines 175, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2018-401.
Abstract:
Test results of exhaust emission sensitivity to engine operating conditions from a vehicle with a compression ignition engine have been analyzed. These results were determined in driving tests: NEDC (New European Driving Cycle), RDE (Real Driving Emissions) and Malta, an original drive cycle developed at Poznan University of Technology. The tests in the NEDC and Malta cycles were carried out on the engine dynamometer in driving tests simulation conditions, while the RDE test was carried out in the real conditions of passenger car traffic. The mean exhaust emission test results of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide as well as the mean particle number in individual tests have been provided. A high sensitivity of the tested emission values to the changes in engines operating conditions was found, both for static and dynamic conditions. The strongest impact of engine operating conditions was found for hydrocarbons emissions and the number of particles, followed by carbon monoxide, a smaller impact was found for nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide. The largest differences in the values characterizing exhaust emissions were found for the NEDC test, which differed the most in dynamic engine operating conditions from other tests that closer resemble real driving conditions of vehicles.
27
GOYAL, Yuvraj, Sanu MEENA, Suresh Kumar SINGH, and Mukul KULSHRESTHA. "REAL-TIME EMISSIONS OF GASEOUS POLLUTANTS FROM VEHICLES UNDER HETEROGENEOUS TRAFFIC CONDITIONS." Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport 118 (March 1, 2023): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2023.118.5.
Abstract:
Air quality problems in cities are often a cause for worry. The air quality index is increasing daily, leading to an increase in cancer and many respiratory problems. Road transport in an urban area is a significant cause of air pollution. The vehicles must meet Indian emission regulations for which the emissions are measured using legally mandated standard driving cycles that did not accurately reflect real-world driving emissions because of varying traffic conditions, meteorological conditions, driving behaviour, vehicle power, performance, etc. This study focuses on real-time emissions of gaseous pollutants hydrocarbon (HC), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitric oxide (NO) from vehicle exhaust pipes under heterogeneous traffic conditions. The emissions were measured using a Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS). The PEMS used was an AVL MDS 450 analyser mounted on the vehicle, and on-road emissions were captured. The test sample consists of four passenger vehicles with varying engine sizes, manufacturers, and fuel. The test route comprises city and highway areas, and it was discovered that the emissions were reduced by 40 to 70% on highways compared to the city. In petrol BSIV and BSVI engines, the emission was reduced to 41.73% for CO, 46.90% for HC, and 64% for NO in the city area. Speed and emissions scatter graphs were plotted for the vehicles, and it was found that in the city area, the optimum speed for less emission is between 30-40 km/h, and on highways, the optimum speed is 80-90 km/h. The emissions were also sensitive to the rate and frequency of acceleration and decelerations. This type of study is very limited in India, and more such studies are required for the assessment of air quality in metropolitan areas and successful traffic management strategies, as well as for determining instantaneous projections of pollutant emissions.
28
CZERWINSKI, Jan, Yan ZIMMERLI, Andreas HÜSSY, Danilo ENGELMANN, Peter BONSACK, Edgar REMMELE, and Georg HUBER. "Testing and evaluating real driving emissions with PEMS." Combustion Engines 174, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2018-302.
Abstract:
Testing of real driving emissions (RDE) with portable emission measuring system (PEMS) in an appropriate road circuit became an obligatory element of new type approval of passenger cars since September 2017. In several projects the Laboratory for Exhaust Emissions Control (AFHB) of the Berne University of Applied Sciences (BFH) performed comparisons on passenger cars with different PEMS’s on chassis dynamometer and on road, considering the quality and the correlations of results. Particle number measuring systems (PN PEMS) were also included in the tests. The present paper informs about influences of E85 on RDE on two flex-fuel-vehicles, discusses some aspects of different ways of evaluation with different programs, shows comparison of different types of PN PEMS and represents the effects of simulation of slope on the chassis dynamometer.
29
Rivera-Campoverde, Néstor Diego, José Luis Muñoz-Sanz, and Blanca del Valle Arenas-Ramirez. "Estimation of Pollutant Emissions in Real Driving Conditions Based on Data from OBD and Machine Learning." Sensors 21, no. 19 (September 23, 2021): 6344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196344.
Abstract:
This article proposes a methodology for the estimation of emissions in real driving conditions, based on board diagnostics data and machine learning, since it has been detected that there are no models for estimating pollutants without large measurement campaigns. For this purpose, driving data are obtained by means of a data logger and emissions through a portable emissions measurement system in a real driving emissions test. The data obtained are used to train artificial neural networks that estimate emissions, having previously estimated the relative importance of variables through random forest techniques. Then, by the application of the K-means algorithm, labels are obtained to implement a classification tree and thereby determine the selected gear by the driver. These models were loaded with a data set generated covering 1218.19 km of driving. The results generated were compared to the ones obtained by applying the international vehicle emissions model and with the results of the real driving emissions test, showing evidence of similar results. The main contribution of this article is that the generated model is stronger in different traffic conditions and presents good results at the speed interval with small differences at low average driving speeds because more than half of the vehicle’s trip occurs in urban areas, in completely random driving conditions. These results can be useful for the estimation of emission factors with potential application in vehicular homologation processes and the estimation of vehicular emission inventories.
30
Samuel, S., D. Morrey, M. Fowkes, D. H. C. Taylor, C. P. Garner, and L. Austin. "Real-world performance of catalytic converters." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 219, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 881–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440705x28349.
Abstract:
This paper investigates experimentally the performance of a three-way catalytic (TWC) converter for real-world passenger car driving in the United Kingdom. A systematic approach is followed for the analysis using a Euro-IV vehicle coupled with a TWC converter. The analysis shows that the real-world performance of TWC converters is significantly different from the performance established on legislative test cycles. It is identified that a light-duty passenger vehicle certified for Euro-IV emissions reaches the gross polluting threshold limits during real-world driving conditions. This result is shown to have implications for overall emission levels and the use of remote emissions sensing and on-board diagnostics (OBD) systems.
31
Bodisco, Timothy, and Ali Zare. "Practicalities and Driving Dynamics of a Real Driving Emissions (RDE) Euro 6 Regulation Homologation Test." Energies 12, no. 12 (June 17, 2019): 2306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122306.
Abstract:
One of the most important sources of air pollution, especially in urban areas, is the exhaust emissions from passenger cars. New European emissions regulations, to minimize the gap between manufacturer-reported emissions and those emitted on the road, require new vehicles to undergo emission testing on public roads during the certification process. Outlined in the new regulation are specific boundary conditions to which the route on which the vehicle is driven must comply during a legal test. These boundary conditions, as they relate to the design and subsequent driving of a compliant route, are discussed in detail. The practicality of designing a compliant route is discussed in the context of developing a route on the Gold Coast in Queensland, Australia, in a prescriptive manner. The route itself was driven 5 times and the results compared against regulation boundary conditions.
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Keramydas, Christos, Leonidas Ntziachristos, Christos Tziourtzioumis, Georgios Papadopoulos, Ting-Shek Lo, Kwok-Lam Ng, Hok-Lai Anson Wong, and Carol Ka-Lok Wong. "Characterization of Real-World Pollutant Emissions and Fuel Consumption of Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks with Latest Emissions Control." Atmosphere 10, no. 9 (September 10, 2019): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090535.
Abstract:
Heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDTs) comprise a key source of road transport emissions and energy consumption worldwide mainly due to the growth of road freight traffic during the last two decades. Addressing their air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions is therefore required, while accurate emission factors are needed to logistically optimize their operation. This study characterizes real-world emissions and fuel consumption (FC) of HDDTs and investigates the factors that affect their performance. Twenty-two diesel-fueled, Euro IV to Euro VI, HDDTs of six different manufacturers were measured in the road network of the Hong Kong metropolitan area, using portable emission measurement systems (PEMS). The testing routes included urban, highway and mixed urban/highway driving. The data collected corresponds to a wide range of driving, operating, and ambient conditions. Real-world distance- and energy-based emission levels are presented in a comparative manner to capture the effect of after-treatment technologies and the role of the evolution of Euro standards on emissions performance. The emission factors’ uncertainty is analyzed. The impact of speed, road grade and vehicle weight loading on FC and emissions is investigated. An analysis of diesel particulate filter (DPF) regenerations and ammonia (NH3) slip events are presented along with the study of Nitrous oxide (N2O) formation. The results reveal deviations of real-world HDDTs emissions from emission limits, as well as the significant impact of different operating and driving factors on their performance. The occasional high levels of N2O emissions from selective catalytic reduction equipped HDDTs is also revealed, an issue that has not been thoroughly considered so far.
33
Mei, Hui, Lulu Wang, Menglei Wang, Rencheng Zhu, Yunjing Wang, Yi Li, Ruiqin Zhang, Bowen Wang, and Xiaofeng Bao. "Characterization of Exhaust CO, HC and NOx Emissions from Light-Duty Vehicles under Real Driving Conditions." Atmosphere 12, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12091125.
Abstract:
On-road exhaust emissions from light-duty vehicles are greatly influenced by driving conditions. In this study, two light-duty passenger cars (LDPCs) and three light-duty diesel trucks (LDDTs) were tested to investigate the on-road emission factors (EFs) with a portable emission measurement system. Emission characteristics of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted from vehicles at different speeds, accelerations and vehicle specific power (VSP) were analyzed. The results demonstrated that road conditions have significant impacts on regulated gaseous emissions. CO, NOx, and HC emissions from light-duty vehicles on urban roads increased by 1.1–1.5, 1.2–1.4, and 1.9–2.6 times compared with those on suburban and highway roads, respectively. There was a rough positive relationship between transient CO, NOx, and HC emission rates and vehicle speeds, while the EFs decreased significantly with the speed decrease when speed ≤ 20 km/h. The emissions rates of NOx and HC tended to increase and then decrease as the acceleration increased and the peak occurred at 0 m/s2 without considering idling conditions. For HC and CO, the emission rates were low and changed gently with VSP when VSP < 0, while emission rates increased gradually with the VSP increase when VSP > 0. For NOx NOx emission rates were lower and had no obvious change when VSP < 0. However, NOx emissions were positively correlated with VSP, when VSP > 0.
34
Qian, Fang, and Tie Zhu Li. "Emission Characteristics of CNG/Gasoline Dual-Fuel Taxi." Applied Mechanics and Materials 505-506 (January 2014): 365–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.505-506.365.
Abstract:
To investigate the real emission level of compressed natural gas (CNG)/gasoline dual-fuel taxis, Portable emission measurement system (PEMS) testing techniques was applied to measure instantaneous CO2, CO, NOx and HC emissions. Comparison between CNG and gasoline was set up to analyze the influence of speed and driving modes on the gas pollutants emissions under the real-world operating conditions. Results show that the average speed of the tested taxis is 27.75 km/h and the speed has a relationship with emission level. Taxi fueled with CNG emit less CO2 and CO but more NOx and HC than taxi fueled with gasoline at all speeds below 45 km/h. CO2, CO and HC emission factor from CNG taxi were lower whilst NOx were higher, NOx emission rate of CNG taxi was higher contrast to the taxi with gasoline. The emission level of CNG taxi is better than gasoline taxi when the driving speed is low.
35
Ozener, Orkun, and Muammer Ozkan. "Assesment of real driving emissions of a bus operating on a dedicated route." Thermal Science 24, no. 1 Part A (2020): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180921349o.
Abstract:
The reducing of real driving emissions from public transportation which is using intracity lines has become more important in recent years. This is because the petroleum derived fuel combustion products contributes the global warming as well as adversely the air quality. The fuel consumption perspective is another major economical concern for operating companies that should be optimized. In this context a part of Istanbul Metrobus public transportation system of which is using fully a dedicated line is assessed via on board emission and fuel metering devices for two loading conditions. The relevant vehicle and engine operating data is logged during the tests. The logged data is post processed for developing the average emission factors. The results are also analyzed from acceleration and altitude change perspective and alternative scenarios are discussed for cleaner and economic operation. Lastly the in-service conformity parameters are identified and the results are compared with homologation values. It was found that for the same velocity, acceleration affect was found significant and the critical acceleration level is determined as 0.4 m/s?. For NOx, and CO emissions velocities smaller than 20 km/h and 40 km/h was found dominant at positive acceleration zones. Also for fuel consumption and CO2 emission levels the velocities higher than 30 km/h was found critical for all positive acceleration levels. It was shown that the real driving and emission data can be used efficiently for developing more environmentally friendly engine calibrations and decreasing fuel consumption and emissions.
36
Merkisz, Jerzy, and Jacek Pielecha. "Selected remarks about RDE test." Combustion Engines 166, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2016-340.
Abstract:
New test procedures for determining exhaust emission from passenger vehicles will be introduced in 2017. For several years, the European Commission has been developing new procedures, which aim is to perform tests in road conditions. The purpose is to determine the real values of emissions, which are not always reflected by the level of emissions obtained in the laboratory. Proper and accurate procedures for determining emissions in real traffic conditions (RDE – Real Driving Emission) have not yet been approved (as opposed to Heavy Duty Vehicles for which such conditions already exist), but there are proposals that are currently being analyzed by major research centers in Europe. There are many differences between those proposals such as determining road emission or research methodology related to emission measurement of hydrocarbons. The work compares the results of emissions measured in road tests using the latest legislative proposals related to passenger cars. The results are shown in relation to the used measurement method: classic method of determining exhaust emission; uses all measurement data determining the mass of harmful compounds and distance travelled during the test; method of averaging the measuring windows (MAW – moving average windows), also in the literature called EMROAD method, which determines the measurement windows (on the basis of carbon dioxide emissions from the WLTC test) and on its basis determines the road emission in RDE test; generalized method of instantaneous power (Power Binning), known in the literature as CLEAR – Classification of Emissions from Automobiles in Real driving, determines road emissions on the basis of generalized instantaneous power during the RDE test.
37
Kusalaphirom, Triluck, Thaned Satiennam, Wichuda Satiennam, and Atthapol Seedam. "Development of a Real-World Eco-Driving Cycle for Motorcycles." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 19, 2022): 6176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14106176.
Abstract:
Climate change is a major issue all around the world. The transportation industry currently accounts for most CO2 emissions. The goal of this research is to develop a real-world eco-driving cycle for internal combustion engine motorcycles that can reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. This study developed onboard measuring equipment to measure the speed profile and fuel consumption of a motorcycle driving in real time. A total of 78 motorcycle riders rode a test motorcycle with the onboard equipment along a road network to collect real-world data. All of the collected real-world data were analyzed by cluster analysis based on fuel consumption (km/L) to divide riders into two groups, high-fuel-consumption riders and low-fuel-consumption riders. The collected real-world data of the low-fuel-consumption riders were used to develop a real-world eco-driving cycle, whereas the collected real-world data from the high-fuel-consumption riders were used to develop a real-world non-eco-driving cycle. The CO2 emissions were calculated by the speed profiles of the developed driving cycles. The findings reveal that the real-world eco-driving cycle provided a fuel consumption rate 39.3% lower than the real-world non-eco-driving cycle. In addition, the real-world eco-driving cycle provided a CO2 emission rate 17.4% lower than the real-world non-eco-driving cycle. The application of the developed real-world eco-driving cycle for motorcycles is proposed.
38
Gu, Haoming, Shenghua Liu, Yanju Wei, Xibin Liu, Xiaodong Zhu, and Zheyang Li. "Effects of Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers Addition in Diesel on Real Driving Emission and Fuel Consumption Characteristics of a CHINA VI Heavy-Duty Vehicle." Energies 15, no. 7 (March 24, 2022): 2379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072379.
Abstract:
Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE), as the most potential oxygenated alternative fuel for diesel engines, is widely investigated. Considering the importance of research on real driving emissions (RDE) and the few studies focus on the emission characteristics of the PODE/diesel blended fuels under real driving conditions, a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) was applied to measure the RDE of a heavy-duty tractor fueled with diesel or PODE/diesel blends. The tests were carried out in accordance with the relevant regulations of the CHINA VI emission standards. The second-by-second data from PEMS and the OBD system were utilized to construct engine transient operating maps. The results indicated that the addition of PODE can still decrease CO and PN emissions significantly under real driving conditions, although the low load conditions are still the areas of high brake specific CO and brake specific PN emissions. The NOx emissions, however, were not reduced as the results of the steady-state experiment of the same model of the engine. Fuel mass consumption raised when PODE was added, while the overall brake thermal efficiency improved, especially for the blending ratio of 30%, up to 40.3%, which is higher than 38.4% of pure diesel operation.
39
Yan, Feng, Haiguang Zhao, and Zhengjun Yang. "Research on RDE performance for in-use vehicles especially at high altitude conditions in China." E3S Web of Conferences 360 (2022): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236001004.
Abstract:
The real driving emissions (RDE) of an in-use gasoline an in use diesel light-duty (LD) vehicle , both are SUV type, are studied based on portable emission measurement system (PEMS). The gasoline vehicle complying with emission standard of China 6 with a mileage of about 50000 km, and the diesel vehicle in this study is complying with emission standard of China 5 with a mileage of about 130000 km for there are hardly any China 6 diesel vehicles in-use in major city. Special attentions are paid on their emission behaviors at high altitude conditions (1300 to 3000 m above sea level). It is observed that the RDE test approach is still feasible for revealing in-use real driving emissions at extremely high altitudes (>1300 m, which is beyond the upper limit of extended altitude conditions according to the Euro 6 regulation). The results reveals that for in-use China 6 gasoline vehicle, the efficient three way catalyst (TWC) is capable of handling NOx, CO emission sufficiently, accompany with port fuel injection that guarantees the RDE test results (NOx, PN, CO) fulfill the China 6 emissions standards (which are 35 mg/km, 6E11 #/km and 500 mg/km respectively). And for China 5 in-use diesel vehicle, EGR as the only NOx control means is not sufficient which brings extremely high real driving NOx emission, with the maximum value exceeds about 3.7 and 23.2 times of the China 5 and China 6 NOx emission limits, but on the other hand, the PN emission is only about 1% of the China 6 PN standard value for the usage of DPF.
40
Schläfle, Stefan, Hans-Joachim Unrau, and Frank Gauterin. "Influence of Longitudinal and Lateral Forces on the Emission of Tire–Road Particulate Matter and Its Size Distribution." Atmosphere 14, no. 12 (December 1, 2023): 1780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14121780.
Abstract:
The objective of this study was to experimentally determine the mathematical correlations between the loading of the tire, being longitudinal and lateral forces, and the emission of particulate matter (PM) from the tire–road contact. Existing emission factors (EF, emission per vehicle and distance traveled) are the result of long-term measurements, which means that no conclusion can be drawn about the exact driving condition. To determine meaningful emission factors, extensive driving tests were conducted on an internal drum test bench while measuring PM emissions from the tire–road contact in real-time. This showed that the increases in emission over longitudinal and lateral forces can be approximated with fourth-order functions, with lateral forces leading to significantly higher emissions than longitudinal forces for the summer tire investigated. Using the emission functions obtained, a three-dimensional map was created that assigns an EF to each load condition consisting of different longitudinal and lateral forces for one vertical load. With known driving data, the map can be used for future simulation models to predict the total emission of real driving cycles. Furthermore, the results show that the average particle size increases with increasing horizontal force. The particles collected during the tests were analyzed to determine the proportions of tire and road material. According to the results, the tire contributes only about 20% of the particle mass, while 80% is attributable to the road surface. In terms of volume, these shares are 32% and 68%, respectively.
41
Claßen, Johannes, Sascha Krysmon, Frank Dorscheidt, Stefan Sterlepper, and Stefan Pischinger. "Real Driving Emission Calibration—Review of Current Validation Methods against the Background of Future Emission Legislation." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (June 11, 2021): 5429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125429.
Abstract:
Reducing air pollution caused by emissions from road traffic, especially in urban areas, is an important goal of legislators and the automotive industry. The introduction of so-called “Real Driving Emission” (RDE) tests for the homologation of vehicles with internal combustion engines according to the EU6d legislation was a fundamental milestone for vehicle and powertrain development. Due to the introduction of non-reproducible on-road emission tests with “Portable Emission Measurement Systems” (PEMS) in addition to the standardized emission tests on chassis dynamometers, emission aftertreatment development and validation has become significantly more complex. For explicit proof of compliance with the emission and fuel consumption regulations, the legislators continue to require the “Worldwide Harmonized Light Duty Vehicle Test Cycle” (WLTC) on a chassis dynamometer. For calibration purposes, also various RDE profiles are conducted on the chassis dynamometer. However, the combination of precisely defined driving profiles on the chassis dynamometer and the dynamics-limiting boundary conditions in PEMS tests on the road still lead to discrepancies between the certified test results and the real vehicle behavior. The expected future emissions standards to replace EU6d will therefore force even more realistic RDE tests. This is to be achieved by significantly extending the permissible RDE test boundary conditions, such as giving more weight to the urban section of an RDE test. In addition, the introduction of limit values for previously unregulated pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), ammonia (NH3) and formaldehyde (CH2O) is being considered. Furthermore, the particle number (for diameters of solid particles > 10 nm: PN10), the methane (CH4) emissions and emissions of non-methane organic gases (NMOG) shall be limited and must be tested. To simplify the test procedure in the long term, the abandonment of predefined chassis dyno emission tests to determine the pollutant emission behavior is under discussion. Against this background, current testing, validation, and development methods are reviewed in this paper. New challenges and necessary adaptations of current approaches are discussed and presented to illustrate the need to consider future regulatory requirements in today’s approaches. Conclusions are drawn and suggestions for a robust RDE validation procedure are formulated.
42
RYMANIAK, Łukasz, Paweł DASZKIEWICZ, Jerzy MERKISZ, and Michalina KAMIŃSKA. "Methods of evaluating the exhaust emissions from driving vehicles." Combustion Engines 179, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-448.
Abstract:
The type approval tests of vehicles with internal combustion engines increasingly include issues regarding the assessment of ecological indicators in real traffic conditions. This is done with the help of specialized equipment from the PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement Systems) group. This requires not only a series of test procedures, but also assembly of technically advanced equipment along with the proper preparation of the vehicles exhaust system. Currently, activities are being carried out to develop solutions for non-invasive assessment of ecological indicators from moving vehicles. The article discusses these types of solutions, at the same time indicating their strengths and weaknesses. Also presented are pollutant emission tests in real operating conditions that will be used to develop a modular exhaust emission gateway. The result of the analysis was to indicate the development directions of methods for exhaust emission assessment from vehicles in motion.
43
Ozener, Orkun. "Real driving emissions and fuel consumption characteristics of Istanbul public transportation." Thermal Science 21, no. 1 Part B (2017): 665–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci161112308o.
Abstract:
Public transportation, which uses intra city lines frequently, has vital importance on the cities air pollution. The fossil fuel based drive units, which emits pollutants, are the primary source of this interest. Also, the fuel consumption is another major concern because of economic aspects. For an efficient and clear transportation, the pollutants and fuel consumption has to be analyzed, considering the operating conditions. In this context, the Metrobus line of Istanbul city which crosses from European side to Asian side of the city was analyzed with portable emission measurement system and portable fuel consumption meter devices. The relevant bus operating data were also collected during the operation. The data were analyzed while considering the operating modes like acceleration, deceleration, and constant speed cruises. The emission factors were developed. The pollutant emissions generally decreased as the vehicle speed increased while the fuel consumption increased for the same acceleration level. These results show the importance of operating conditions and their non-linear effect on emissions and fuel consumption Istanbul public transportation.
44
Rosero Obando, Fredy, Xavier Rosero, and Zamir Mera. "Developing Fuel Efficiency and CO2 Emission Maps of a Vehicle Engine Based on the On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) Approach." Enfoque UTE 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29019/enfoqueute.1002.
Abstract:
A vehicle interacts with the road, other vehicles, and traffic control devices in real traffic conditions. The level of traffic influences driving patterns and, consequently, this can affect the vehicle´s fuel efficiency and emissions. This study aims to develop engine maps of fuel consumption and CO2 emissions for a light vehicle operating under real traffic conditions. A representative passenger vehicle of the Ecuadorian vehicle fleet, powered by gasoline, was selected for the experimental campaign that was developed on a test route designed according to real driving emission (RDE) regulation. An on-board diagnostic (OBD) device was used for recording in real-time engine and vehicle operating parameters. Moreover, CO2 emissions were estimated using the fuel rate registered from the OBD system of the vehicle This study proposed a novel methodology for developing two-dimensional contour engine maps based on OBD data. The result showed that the vehicle engine operated in real traffic conditions with a brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 27%, a brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of 275 g/kWh, and a carbon dioxide (CO2) energy-emission factor of 716 g/kWh. In terms of distance, the CO2 emission factor for the tested vehicle was approximately 190 g/km. Overall, this study demonstrates that the OBD approach is a potential method to be used to assess the fuel consumption and emissions of a vehicle operating under real-world traffic conditions, especially in Latin American countries, where portable emission measurement systems (PEMS) are not readily available.
45
He, Weinan, Lei Duan, Zhuoyuan Zhang, Xu Zhao, and Ying Cheng. "Analysis of the Characteristics of Real-World Emission Factors and VSP Distributions—A Case Study in Beijing." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (September 14, 2022): 11512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811512.
Abstract:
Vehicle emissions intensity at a given travel speed is well known among the public since travel speed is the key parameter in both the traffic model and the emission model. Yet, several problems still remain in traditional approaches of measuring the emission intensity. To establish accurate and high-resolution emission factors, an established method of emission factors is proposed based on the real-time monitoring operation conditions data, which can reflect the effect of dynamic traffic changes on emissions. The speed-specific vehicle-specific power (VSP) distributions of different months, as well as those in different vehicles in Beijing were developed and compared. Statistical analyses such as Coefficient of Variation (CV) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) were used to quantify the differences in the VSP distribution. The results showed the significant correlation between the distribution of VSP, velocity, and operating patterns at time intervals within the annual range. Driving conditions in 2021 are more eco-friendly because of the improvement of digital development and driving habits. Furthermore, research on CO, HC, and NOx emission factor situations in different cycles revealed that the emission factors of NOx and HC are always underestimated in typical operating modes, while sometimes the emissions of CO are overvalued.
46
Rahman, S. M. Ashrafur, I. M. Rizwanul Fattah, Hwai Chyuan Ong, Fajle Rabbi Ashik, Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan, Md Tausif Murshed, Md Ashraful Imran, et al. "State-of-the-Art of Establishing Test Procedures for Real Driving Gaseous Emissions from Light- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 12, 2021): 4195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144195.
Abstract:
Air pollution caused by vehicle emissions has raised serious public health concerns. Vehicle emissions generally depend on many factors, such as the nature of the vehicle, driving style, traffic conditions, emission control technologies, and operational conditions. Concerns about the certification cycles used by various regulatory authorities are growing due to the difference in emission during certification procedure and Real Driving Emissions (RDE). Under laboratory conditions, certification tests are performed in a ‘chassis dynamometer’ for light-duty vehicles (LDVs) and an ‘engine dynamometer’ for heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs). As a result, the test drive cycles used to measure the automotive emissions do not correctly reflect the vehicle’s real-world driving pattern. Consequently, the RDE regulation is being phased in to reduce the disparity between type approval and vehicle’s real-world emissions. According to this review, different variables such as traffic signals, driving dynamics, congestions, altitude, ambient temperature, and so on have a major influence on actual driving pollution. Aside from that, cold-start and hot-start have been shown to have an effect on on-road pollution. Contrary to common opinion, new technology such as start-stop systems boost automotive emissions rather than decreasing them owing to unfavourable conditions from the point of view of exhaust emissions and exhaust after-treatment systems. In addition, the driving dynamics are not represented in the current laboratory-based test procedures. As a result, it is critical to establish an on-road testing protocol to obtain a true representation of vehicular emissions and reduce emissions to a standard level. The incorporation of RDE clauses into certification procedures would have a positive impact on global air quality.
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Šarkan, Branislav, Marek Jaśkiewicz, Przemysław Kubiak, Dariusz Tarnapowicz, and Michal Loman. "Exhaust Emissions Measurement of a Vehicle with Retrofitted LPG System." Energies 15, no. 3 (February 6, 2022): 1184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15031184.
Abstract:
The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the production of exhaust emissions from a vehicle with a petrol engine with the Euro 4 emission standard and powered by petrol and LPG (liquefied petroleum gas). The paper presents new possibilities for monitoring exhaust emissions using an exhaust gas analyzer. At the same time, it points out the topicality and significance of the issue in the monitored area. It examines the impact of a change in fuel on emissions. This change is monitored in various areas of vehicle operation. Measurements were performed during real operation, which means that the results are fully usable and applicable in practice. The driving simulation as well as the test conditions correspond to the RDE (Real Driving Emissions) test standard. A commercially available car was first selected to perform the tests, which was first measured in the original configuration (petrol drive). Based on real-time RDE driving tests, it is possible to determine the number of exhaust emissions. Subsequently, the same measurements were performed with the same vehicle, but the vehicle’s propulsion was changed to LPG. The vehicle was equipped with an additional system that allowed the vehicle to be powered by LPG. The results from the individual driving tests allowed the determination of the exhaust emissions. Emissions of CO (carbon monoxide), CO2 (carbon dioxide), HC (hydrocarbons), and NOx (nitrogen oxides) were monitored as a matter of priority. Through the driving tests, it was found that the gasoline combustion produced higher CO (1.926 g/km) and CO2 (217.693 g/km) emissions compared to the combustion of liquefied gas, where the concentration of the CO emissions was 1.892 g/km and that of the CO2 emissions was 213.966 g/km. In contrast, the HC (0.00397 g/km) and NOx (0.03107 g/km) emissions were lower when petrol was burned. During LPG combustion, the HC emissions reached 0.00430 g/km, and the NOx emissions reached 0.05134 g/km. At the end of the research, the authors compared the emissions determined by real driving (in g/km) with the emission values produced by the emission standard EURO 4 and the certificate of conformity (COC). Practical measurements showed that the vehicle produced excessive amounts of CO when burning gasoline. This production is 0.926 g/km higher and 0.892 g/km higher when burning LPG compared to the limit set by the Euro 4 Emission Standard. The difference is even greater than the limit value stated in the COC document. For other substances, the monitored values are in the norm and are even far below the permitted value
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Alilovic, Marijo, Fabio Corona, and Mihai Nica. "Generation of Dynamics-optimized Real Driving Emission Cycle from Existing Driving Data." ATZelectronics worldwide 17, no. 9 (September 2, 2022): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38314-022-0805-1.
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Szumska, Emilia M., and Rafał Jurecki. "The Effect of Aggressive Driving on Vehicle Parameters." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 17, 2020): 6675. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246675.
Abstract:
Driver behavior is one of the most relevant factors affecting road safety. Many traffic situations require a driver to be able to recognize possible danger. In numerous works, aggressive driving is understood as unsafe and as a hazard entailing the risk of potential crashes. However, traffic safety is not the only thing affected by a vehicle operator’s driving style. A driver’s behavior also impacts the operating costs of a vehicle and the emission of environmental air pollutants. This is confirmed by numerous works devoted to the examination of the effect of driving style on fuel economy and air pollution. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of aggressive driving on fuel consumption and emission of air pollutants. The simulation was carried out based on real velocity profiles collected in real-world tests under urban and motorway driving conditions. The results of simulations confirm that an aggressive driving style causes a significant increase in both fuel consumption and emission of air pollutants. This is particularly apparent in urban test cycles, where an aggressive driving style results in higher average fuel consumption and in pollutant emissions as much as 30% to 40% above the average compared to calm driving.
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Xu, Hualong, Yi Lei, Ming Liu, Yunshan Ge, Lijun Hao, Xin Wang, and Jianwei Tan. "Research on the CO2 Emission Characteristics of a Light-Vehicle Real Driving Emission Experiment Based on Vehicle-Specific Power Distribution." Atmosphere 14, no. 9 (September 21, 2023): 1467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14091467.
Abstract:
China implemented the China VI emission standard in 2020. The China VI emission standard has added requirements for the RDE (real-world driving emission) test. To evaluate vehicle CO2 emission for different vehicles, 10 conventional gasoline vehicles were tested under the RDE procedure using the PEMS (portable emission testing system) method. All vehicles tested meet the sixth emission regulation with a displacement of 1.4 L~2.0 L. Among the vehicles tested, the highest CO2 emission factor was 281 g/km and the lowest was 189 g/km, while the acceleration of RDE gets a wider distribution, varying from −2.5 m/s2 to 2.5 m/s2. The instantaneous mass emission rate could reach around 16 g/s. The amounts of total CO2 emission in the positive region and the negative region make up 82~89% and 11~18% of the overall CO2 emission during the entire RDE driving period, respectively. The same vehicle has a wide range of CO2 emission factors at different VSP (vehicle specific power) intervals. Different RDE test conditions can lead to large differences in CO2 emissions.