Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Reader letters'

Reader response to original column article by Eric Jennings in Vol 23 Issue 1, re librarian stereotypes and image.<br>This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in College & Undergraduate Libraries on July 6, 2016, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/10691316.2016.1188609

Health is an organising principle of contemporary neoliberal citizenship, particularly evident in the political rhetoric of individual responsibility articulated around the privatisation of public health and welfare systems. The popular culture of these political technologies is expressed via the discourses of self-help and self-care, exemplified by the commercial success of consumer health magazines, and the responsibilising strategies of public health interventions. This thesis investigates the contemporary function of health magazines by examining both the content and the context of reader letters published between 1997 and 2000 in six Sydney-based 'commercial' and 'community' publications, and incorporating interviews with magazine editors. The three commercial magazines address the health media 'publics' of women (Good Medicine), men (Men's Health) and alternative health consumers (Nature & Health), whereas the three community publications address the 'counterpublics' of people living with HIV/AIDS (Talkabout), sex workers (The Professional) and illicit drug users (User's News). Despite their different social contexts, these six magazines are all exemplary of the advanced liberal health imperatives of Australian popular culture, although the community magazines also empower audiences to facilitate social change. Reader letters are approached via the interpretive lens of cultural studies, in which the specific local characteristics of each text is seen to have wider global implications. Each magazine's letters are positioned within a complex cultural, political and economic context that includes the rise of consumer culture, the social function of narrative disclosures, the increased validation of exhibitionism and the gendered politics of health and medicine. This research advocates for interdisciplinary dialogue between media/cultural studies, health/medical sociology and political theory, suggesting that health magazine reader letters can help to identify the role of popular and alternative media in constructing ideals of 'citizenships' within advanced liberalism.

The aim of this thesis is to operationalise the concept of other-orientation. Based on an explorative approach, a tentative model for analysing the marks of other-orientation is developed. The model consists of four grammatical and pragmatic categories in language: deixis, speech acts, modality, and evaluative words. The process of finding out the significant marks in each category and develop a model has been an interplay between a thorough linguistic coding, an interpretative, evaluating reading, and abductive reasoning in a step-by-step process. Theoretically the study is based on dialogism. From this perspective, the very fact that human nature is social indicates that other-orientation is a constituent component in every communicative act. For that reason, the challenge has not been to prove that other-orientation exists in texts, but to explore how a text is made interactive, contextual, dynamic and other-oriented by means of grammatical and pragmatic selectives such as words, phrases, and clauses. The data consists of eight personally addressed mass communication letters about everyday matters. Each text has its model reader in a readers’ collective. Consequently the language in the texts is construed to form a dialogue between an in-text writer and reader that share the same context, although the distance between the real writer and reader is crucial. One result of the study is the model as such, another the analyses in which the functions of other-orientation related to the four categories are presented. Moreover, the linguistic analyses show differences between texts and readers’ collectives. Texts aimed at large anonymous collectives generally feature a direct address singular you, a high rate of positive evaluative words, more responsive speech acts, and some more potential modality. In texts aimed at a small familiar collective, there is an "I" or a "we" addressing a collective "you". There are not as many evaluative words but more assertions without any evaluation or modality. When it comes to other-orientation, the categories of deixis and speech acts tend to be of greater importance compared to modality and evaluative words. It makes a difference if you address a reader with a singular or collective "you" and if you choose to interact with responsive speech acts or informative statements. These contrast ways to address a reader are of importance for the construction of genre and say a great deal about other-orientation in texts.

Dans les années 1960, Peter Laslett fut à l'origine d'une révolution dans les études lockiennes, donnant lieu à un renouvellement de l'intérêt porté à « l'intention » de l'auteur. Ce champ ayant été largement exploré, les historiens se penchent à présent sur la question de la « réception » de la politique de Locke. Toutefois, les études traitent essentiellement de sa réception en Angleterre et aux Etats-Unis, si bien que la question de sa réception sur le Continent reste un champ vierge d'étude. On sait pourtant que Locke passa une longue partie de sa vie en exil, où il évolua dans les cercles huguenots du Refuge hollandais. C'est à leur contact que ses idées s'affinèrent et après son retour en Angleterre, ses vieux amis en assurèrent la connaissance dans toute l'Europe. Mon travail de thèse vise donc à montrer l'influence qu'exercèrent les huguenots du Refuge sur la fortune de l'œuvre politique de Locke, en analysant le rôle « d'intermédiaires » qu'ils jouèrent dans la diffusion journalistique, la traduction et l'édition de l'œuvre politique de Locke dans la République des Lettres, conjurant par là le sort vouant Locke à n'être connu qu'en Angleterre<br>In the 1960s, Peter Laslett sparked some kind of revolution in Lockian studies, which rekindled an interest in the “intention” of the author. The field has been widely explored and historians now tend to focus their attention on the question of the “reception” of Locke's politics. However such studies mainly deal with the reception of Locke in England and America, leaving the field of the reception of Locke on the Continent virtually untrodden. And yet, it is a well-known fact that Locke spent great part of his life in exile, notably in Holland (1683-1689), where he moved in Huguenot circles. This allowed him to hone his ideas, and after his return to England, his good old friends took it upon themselves to spread his ideas in the whole of Europe.The aim of my doctoral thesis is to show how much the fortune of Locke's politics owes to the Huguenots of the Refuge, by studying the role of “intermediaries” that they played in reviewing Locke's works in the periodical press, in translating and editing Locke's political works in the Republic of Letters, thereby evading the ill fortune dooming Locke to being only known in England

Public Health<br>M.A.<br>This study investigated the benefits of rapid presentation of written words as a treatment strategy to enhance reading speed and accuracy in two participants with acquired alexia who are letter-by-letter readers. Previous studies of pure alexia have shown that when words are rapidly presented, participants can accurately perform lexical decision and category judgment tasks, yet they are unable to read words aloud. These studies suggest that rapid presentation of words could be used as a treatment technique to promote whole-word reading. It was predicted that treatment utilizing rapid presentation (250/500 ms) will increase reading speed and accuracy of both trained and untrained words compared to the words trained in standard presentation (5000 ms). A single-subject ABACA/ACABA multiple baseline treatment design was used. Treatment was provided twice per week for four weeks for both rapid and standard presentation treatment. Each session comprised a spoken-to-written word decision task and semantic category judgment task. Stimuli included 80 trained words divided between the two treatments and 20 untrained controls. Weekly probes to assess reading accuracy were administered after every two treatment sessions. Based on effect sizes, results showed no consistent unambiguous benefit for rapid or standard presentation treatment. However, possible generalization to untrained words due to rapid presentation treatment was observed. Future research is warranted to investigate the effectiveness of rapid presentation treatment in letter-by-letter readers.<br>Temple University--Theses

Machine downtime, whether planned or unplanned, is intuitively costly to manufacturing organisations, but is often very difficult to quantify. The available literature showed that costing processes are rarely undertaken within manufacturing organisations. Where cost analyses have been undertaken, they generally have only valued a small proportion of the affected costs, leading to an overly conservative estimate. This thesis aimed to develop a cost of downtime model, with particular emphasis on the application of the model to Australia Post’s Flat Mail Optical Character Reader (FMOCR). The costing analysis determined a cost of downtime of $5,700,000 per annum, or an average cost of $138 per operational hour. The second section of this work focused on the use of the cost of downtime to objectively determine areas of opportunity for cost reduction on the FMOCR. This was the first time within Post that maintenance costs were considered along side of downtime for determining machine performance. Because of this, the results of the analysis revealed areas which have historically not been targeted for cost reduction. Further exploratory work was undertaken on the Flats Lift Module (FLM) and Auto Induction Station (AIS) Deceleration Belts through the comparison of the results against two additional FMOCR analysis programs. This research has demonstrated the development of a methodical and quantifiable cost of downtime for the FMOCR. This has been the first time that Post has endeavoured to examine the cost of downtime. It is also one of the very few methodologies for valuing downtime costs that has been proposed in literature. The work undertaken has also demonstrated how the cost of downtime can be incorporated into machine performance analysis with specific application to identifying high costs modules. The outcome of this report has both been the methodology for costing downtime, as well as a list of areas for cost reduction. In doing so, this thesis has outlined the two key deliverables presented at the outset of the research.

Orientador: Marisa Lajolo<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T08:46:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_RaquelAfonsoda_D.pdf: 5323797 bytes, checksum: ee83b43573b4c7cadbfb7239678a0382 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009<br>Resumo: A presente tese trata de cartas de leitores a três escritores de literatura brasileira - Monteiro Lobato (1882-1948), Pedro Bandeira (1942) e Ana Maria Machado (1941). Tal correspondência encontra-se em acervos distintos e contempla diferentes períodos históricos - décadas de 1930 e 40 (leitores lobatianos), décadas de 80 e 90 (leitores de Bandeira) e anos 2000 a 2005 (leitores de Machado). A tese objetiva, por meio do estudo comparativo desses acervos, investigar as práticas históricas de leitura do público e seus mecanismos interpretativos, o que, por sua vez, conduz a diversas questões relativas ao Sistema Literário em que estão circunscritos autores, leitores e obras, além da abordagem do próprio campo de escrita desta tipologia epistolar - carta de leitores a escritores<br>Abstract: The present thesis is based on letters from readers to three Brazilian authors: Monteiro Lobato (1882-1948), Pedro Bandeira (1942) and Ana Maria Machado (1941). This epistolary material is divided into three distinct collections and contemplates different periods - the 30's and 40's (Lobato's readers), the 80's and 90's (Bandeira's readers) and, finally, a shorter period from 2000 to 2005 (Machado's readers). This study intends to investigate the public historical reading practices and their interpretative mechanisms by the comparison between the three collections, considering the Literary System, in which authors, readers and works are integrated. Also, this thesis concerns the epistolography field itself, as its object of investigation is based specifically on letters from readers<br>Doutorado<br>Literatura Brasileira<br>Doutor em Teoria e História Literária

Neste trabalho, analisamos a adjetivação em 10 cartas de leitores que foram publicadas no periódico anarquista La Battaglia, escrito em língua italiana e que circulou em São Paulo de 1904 a 1913. O jornal referido é uma fonte de notável relevância para estudos de imigração, anarquismo e língua italiana, pois era escrito por imigrantes italianos e evidenciava as posições políticas de um grupo, os anarquistas. Para alcançar nossos objetivos, inicialmente realizamos uma pesquisa em todos os exemplares do jornal La Battaglia, que constam em papel, microficha e microfilme, no Arquivo Edgard Leuenroth (AEL), na Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Posteriormente selecionamos 10 cartas publicadas nos anos de 1906 a 1912. Escolhemos analisar o gênero textual carta do leitor por ser diferente dos outros gêneros publicados no jornal, e sendo escrito por leitores, é rico em adjetivação, revelando grande subjetividade. Transcrevemos as cartas a fim de facilitar a leitura, e a partir dessa transcrição, realizamos a análise. Em cada carta fizemos um levantamento dos adjetivos qualificativos e analisamos: a formação dos adjetivos considerando os processos morfológicos, sintáticos e semânticos envolvidos, os prefixos e os sufixos dos adjetivos derivados, a função e a posição dos adjetivos nas frases e os efeitos de objetividade e subjetividade que eles exercem no texto. Com os dados obtidos, entre outros aspectos importantes, foi possível expor a predominância dos adjetivos derivados, a importância da sufixação para a formação de adjetivos e a significativa presença da subjetividade nas cartas.<br>This is a work in which the adjectivation containing in 10 readers letters published in La Battaglia an anarchist periodical written in Italian language and that was read in São Paulo from 1904 up to 1913 were analysed. Due to the fact that is was written by Italian immigrants with different political points of view, the anarchists, the journal is a source of remarkable importance for immigration and Italian language studies. For us to achieve our goals a research was made involving all samples of La Battaglia journal, in paper, microindex and microfilm located in Edgard Leuenroth (AEL) Files, at University of Campinas. Afterwards 10 letters published from 1906 to 1912 were selected. The kind of text closen to be analysed was the one written by the reader for the fast of being rich in adjectivation, reavealing a lot of subjectivity. It is quite different from the texts published by the journals. The letters were trancripted so as te make the reading easier and from this transcription on, analyses were accomplished. A survey and analysis of qualifying adjectives was performed in each letter. The points analysed were: the forming of adjectives considering morphological, syntactic, and semantic processes involved, the prefixes and suffixes of derivative adjectives in the sentences, your function and position, as well as the objectivity and subjectivity they exert in a text. Through the data basis obtained, among other important aspects, it was possible to expose the predominance of derivative adjectives, along with suffixes for adjectives formation and the significant subjectivity contained in letters.

En dépit de certaines idées reçues qui ont poussé longtemps la critique à étiqueter les Goncourt non seulement comme des représentants mineurs du réalisme et du naturalisme, mais aussi comme des écrivains renfermés trop dans leurs tics, ce travail propose de considérer à nouveaux frais l’œuvre des deux frères, à partir d’une interaction narrateur-lecteur et en se concentrant surtout sur ces deux figures de la communication littéraire. Tout au long de cette étude on va montrer que le lecteur est plongé d’emblée au cœur d’une dimension dialogique réelle, soit dans les œuvres romanesques, soit dans les récits intimes, soit dans les premières études historiques d’Edmond et Jules de Goncourt. Les dialogues et les conversations se succèdent dans la narration goncourtienne et le lecteur perçoit une polyphonie, un plurilinguisme de voix, qui lui permettront de participer à l’acte de l’écriture, à l’impliquer dans le texte dès son début. À travers diverses analyses des sténographies de dialogues et de conversations on va supposer qu’un véritable principe de «démocratisation littéraire » se fonde et trouve sa liberté dans l’émancipation du patronage narratif<br>Although some ideas prompted for a long time critics to label Goncourt brothers not only as minor representatives of realism and naturalism, but also as writers retired in their hobbyhorses, this work proposes to consider Goncourt’s work beginning from the interaction narrator – reader focusing mainly on this two figures of literary communication. In this study it is possible to notice that the reader is suddenly plunged in a real dialogic dimension, in fiction works, in intimist stories and in Edmond and Jules Goncourt’s first historical studies too. Dialogues and conversations follow one another in the Goncourt’s narration and the reader perceives a polyphony, a multilingualism of voices, that permit him to take part in the act of writing and to involve in the text since the beginning. Through different analysis of the shortland of dialogues and conversations we suppose that a principle of « literary democratization » is based on and find its freedom in the emancipation of the narrative patronage

Orientador: Eduardo Roberto Junqueira Guimarães<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T22:38:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ocariz_IzabellaCampos_M.pdf: 1590123 bytes, checksum: ac43c7087da00fa28c86157f024c19a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013<br>Resumo: O texto mostra a análise das cartas dos leitores publicadas nas revistas jornalísticas de divulgação científica Minas Faz Ciência e Pesquisa FAPESP no período de quinze meses a contar de dezembro de 2010. O objetivo é analisar qual a relação das publicações com o leitor. A pesquisa justifica-se porque levantará a discussão em torno da função do espaço Carta do Leitor e seu potencial em um veículo de comunicação. A metodologia de pesquisa abarca a teoria da argumentação, análise de discurso e recursos numéricos que envolvem tabelas e gráficos. Há uma grande diferença entre o público que escreve para as duas revistas, principalmente no que diz respeito à postura diante do espaço concedido a ele<br>Abstract: The text shows the readers' letters analysis published in the scientific journalism magazines Minas Faz Ciência and Pesquisa FAPESP in a fifteen months period from December 2010. The objective is to analyze which is the relationship of the publications with the reader. The research is justified because it will raise the discussion about the function of the letters from readers and their potential in a vehicle of communication. The research methodology includes theories of argumentation, speech analysis and resources that involve numerical tables and graphics. It was noticed much difference between the public who writes for both magazines and their attitude to the space provided to them<br>Mestrado<br>Divulgação Científica e Cultural<br>Mestra em Divulgação Científica e Cultural

Lacan introduit le concept de lettre dans son enseignement pour définir la direction de lacure analytique. Dans cette perspective, la définition de la lettre s’avère essentielle pour lapsychanalyse. Néanmoins, la définition de la lettre change au fur et à mesure que Lacanavance dans son enseignement. Ce changement de perspective implique une nouvelleconception de la clinique. De cette manière, ce travail propose d’étudier les différentsusages cliniques de la lettre dans l’enseignement de Jacques Lacan. Dans un premier temps,il s’agit d’un usage représentatif de la lettre. Cela implique la production des effets de sens.À ce moment-là, la lettre et le signifiant ne sont pas distingués. Cet usage de la lettre permetde définir la psychanalyse comme une pratique du bien-dire. Dans un second temps, ils’agit d’un usage de jouissance de la lettre. Cela implique la production d’une jouissancehors sens. Cette fois-ci, Lacan réussit à distinguer la lettre et le signifiant. Cet usage de lalettre permet de définir la psychanalyse comme une pratique du savoir-lire. Bien-dire etsavoir-lire désignent ainsi deux modalités d’usage de la lettre. C’est pourquoi cetterecherche a pour objectif de démontrer que la psychanalyse est une pratique de la lettre<br>Lacan introduced the concept of the letter in his teaching in order to define the direction ofthe analytic cure. In this perspective, the definition of the letter is essential forpsychoanalysis. Nonetheless, the definition of the letter changed throughout the course ofhis teaching and this change of perspective implies a new conception of the clinic. As such,in this work we propose to study the different clinical uses of the letter in Jacques Lacan'steaching. Initially, it involved a representative usage of the letter, one which implies theproduction of meaning effects. At this moment, the letter and the signifier areindistinguishable. This use of the letter permits one to define psychoanalysis as a practiceof saying-well. Secondly, it involves the letters use of jouissance, which implies theproduction of senseless jouissance. This time, Lacan successfully distinguishes betweenletter and signifier. This use of the letter permits one to define psychoanalysis as a practiceof knowing-how-to-read. As such, saying-well and knowing-how-to-read designate twomodalities for the usage of the letter. The objective of this investigation is thus that ofdemonstrating that psychoanalysis is a practice of the letter

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:45:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Zanco Leme da Silva.pdf: 22344251 bytes, checksum: 7f0b77f0eed63c1f44ef1d8f1a6831f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-03<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>The current essay identifies and discusses school practices of reading and production of texts registered in letters from child and adolescent readers (age group among 12 and 17 years old) and adults, from the 1980 s and 90 s decades, sent to Pedro Bandeira. It investigates this reader s reading historicity, as well as the image built by him or her as a letter sender. It describes these, senders profiles, discussing the linguistic procedures intermediated for the achievement of determined sense effects. It proposes a categorization to these senders: a) Reader-writer b) Reader-fan c) Reader-institutional. It analyses the image construction of the teacher in the letters sent by the readers to Pedro Bandeira and in two of the author s works: Droga de amor and Pântano de sangue from of the series Os Karas. It discusses some activities of the epistolar genre present in textbooks, aimed to Elementary School II. It present activity proposals related to reading and production of texts, starting from the corpus of this work and Pedro Bandeira s work fragments aimed to Elementary School students.<br>Esta dissertação identifica e discute práticas escolares de leitura e escrita registradas em cartas de leitores infanto-juvenis (faixa etária entre 12 e 17 anos) e adultos das décadas de 1980 e 90 enviadas a Pedro Bandeira. Investiga a historicidade de leitura e escrita desse leitor, bem como a imagem por ele construída, enquanto remetente de cartas. Traça perfis desses remetentes, discutindo os procedimentos linguísticos agenciados para a consecução de determinados efeitos de sentido. Propõe uma categorização a esses remetentes: a) Leitor-escritor b) Leitor-fã e c) Leitor-institucional. Analisa a construção da imagem do professor nas cartas enviadas pelos leitores infanto-juvenis e adultos a Pedro Bandeira e em duas obras do autor: Droga de amor e Pântano de Sangue da série Os Karas. Discute algumas atividades epistolares presentes em livros didáticos, direcionadas ao Ensino Fundamental II. Apresenta propostas de atividades relacionadas à leitura e produção de textos, a partir do corpus deste trabalho e de fragmentos de obras de Pedro Bandeira, destinadas aos alunos do Ensino Fundamental.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo verificar os usos dos verbos no gênero textual carta do leitor através da análise das produções textuais de estrangeiros no Exame do Celpe-Bras. Nosso corpus é composto por redações de estudantes de língua portuguesa, realizadas a partir de duas tarefas do Celpe-Bras que exigiam a redação de uma carta do leitor. As tarefas foram aplicadas a alunos de língua portuguesa para estrangeiros em São Paulo. Partimos, para a análise, do pressuposto de que o verbo desempenha um papel fundamental na construção discursiva do texto (Travaglia, 1991 e Castilho, 2012) e recorremos a metodologia de Vargas (2011) que demonstra por meio da análise textual como o uso do verbo participa da produção do sentido. Também desenvolvemos reflexões sobre a relação entre argumentação e modo (indicativo ou subjuntivo), tempo (pretérito, presente e futuro) e aspecto (perfectivo ou imperfectivo) do verbo.<br>This thesis aims to determine the uses of verbs in the genre Reader´s letter through the analysis of textual productions of foreigners in the Brazilian Official Examination of the Proficiency of Portuguese Language for foreigners (CELPE-Bras). Our corpus consists of the redactions of the students of Portuguese Language, made from two tasks of CELPE- Celpe that required the writing of a reader`s letter. The tasks were applied to students of Portuguese as a Foreign Language in São Paulo. We go to the analysis with the hypothesis that the verb plays a key role in the discursive construction of the text (Travaglia, 1991 and Castilho, 2012), and we used the methodology of Vargas (2011) that demonstrates that by textual analysis how the use of verb participates in the production of the sense. We also developed reflections on the relationship between argumentation and the verbal categories like mode (indicative or subjunctive), time (past, present or future), and aspect (perfective vs. imperfective).

Les critiques littéraires, dans la dernière partie du 20ème siècle, ont tenté de définir la place occupée par le lecteur au sein de la création littéraire. Abordée sous différents angles (cognitif, culturel, psychanalytique, anthropologique, sociologique, linguistique, esthétique), l'activité du lecteur comme récepteur de l'œuvre est maintenant décrite avec finesse, maintes fois observée pour mieux cerner les conditions dans lesquelles s'organise cette réception. A la suite de ces travaux, la recherche en didactique interroge, elle aussi , la façon dont le lecteur en formation peut installer une relation intime à la littérature et acquérir une posture lui permettant d'entrer dans le jeu auquel le convie l'œuvre littéraire par essence pour s'approprier le texte littéraire, l'actualiser et tirer un bénéfice personnel de ses lectures.Nous pensons que ces postures de lecteurs, pour l'instant décrites à partir de modèles de lecteurs experts, peuvent aussi faire l'objet d'un enseignement simultané à celui d'une acquisition rigoureuse de l'apprentissage de la lecture. Pour répondre à cette problématique, la thèse a défini un cadre épistémologique qui s'appuie d'une part sur les modèles de théorisation du lecteur proposés par Michel Picard et Vincent Jouve, d'autre part sur les recherches en didactique de la littérature renouvelant son enseignement en prenant en compte le lecteur comme sujet. La dimension exploratoire de la recherche, qui compare deux modalités d'apprentissage, a permis de mettre en évidence- les différentes procédures que les élèves mettent en œuvre pour comprendre et investir les textes,- les représentations concernant la lecture qu'ils construisent en fonction des contextes d'apprentissage,- les conditions nécessaires à la mobilisation de leur subjectivité pour construire une lecture participative et/ou distanciée.La recherche aura permis, en outre, de proposer quelques hypothèses pour construire un début de modélisation des instances de lecture à l'œuvre chez l'apprenti lecteur<br>In the last decades of the twentieth century, literary critics strove to define what place to give the reader amidst the process of literary creation. Scrutinized under different angles (cognitive, cultural, psychoanalytical, anthropological, sociological, linguistic, aesthetic), the activity of the reader as recipient of a given work has now been described with accuracy, observed again and again to better fathom the conditions in which this reception takes place. In the wake of these studies, didactic research also questions the way a reader in-training can set up an intimate relationship to literature and grow into a position which allows him/her to enter the game -to which a literary work quintessentially invites him/her- in order to assimilate the literary text, to actualize it and draw personal benefit from his/her readings.We believe the various reader positionings, so far described only from the models of expert readers, can also be taught, simultaneously with the rigorous acquisition of reading skills. To tackle this issue, this thesis has defined an epistemological framework based, on the one hand, upon Michel Picard and Vincent Jouve's models of theorization of the readership, and on the other hand, upon research in literature didactics which have renewed the way of teaching it by taking into account the reader as subject. The exploratory dimension of this research which compares two types of learning has permitted to find out-the different processes implemented by pupils to understand and invest the texts-the representations concerning reading that they build according to different learning situations-the conditions necessary to the mobilization of their subjectivity in building a participatory and/or distanciated reading.This research will also have permitted to suggest a few hypotheses aimed at building the bases of the modelization of the reading processes at work for the reader in-training

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:19:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao roberta letras.pdf: 788156 bytes, checksum: cfc15a3e023b8c6feecddae476ae4608 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-17<br>The main objective of this work is to analyze the trend of the transitive organization in the genre letter of the reader. For in such a way, we support in them in the functionalists conceptions of the language, that consider the language in use, the verbal interaction, as well as the communicative intentions of the users of the language in the interaction. In what it refers to the transitivity, the functionalists&#8223; studies, in general, affirm that the phenomenon is syntactic-semantic, of phrasal scope and it is not depleted in the level of the verb. The verb is the generating nucleus of all the argument structure of the sentence and, each argument, assists in the transitive constitution. The transitivity, in this way, organizes the sentence and, consequently, the text, the discourse. Therefore, it is a phenomenon of organizational matrix. In this manner, we opt to investigating the uses of the transitivity in texts produced in pertaining to school environment. Our corpus is composed of letters of the reader written by fourth series&#8223; pupils, in 2003, the Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa Aplicada à Educação da Universidade Federal de Goiás (CEPAE/UFG). Thus, we observe the phenomenon in the genre letter of the reader and, therefore, we also consider, the discourse genre theory (BAKHTIN, 2000) and of textual typology (ADAM, 2001; MARCUSCHI, 2005). We initiate our analysis verifying, in the texts selected for the qualitative analysis, the States of Affairs that the verbs represent leaving of the notion of verbal dynamism (DIK, 1997; NEVES, 2000). We evidence that 40.18% of the verbs denote action, 10.50% express process, 21.91% represent position and 27.39% are state verbs. Ahead of these quantitative data, we decide to observe the trend of the transitivity in consisting occurrences of action verbs, due to great recurrence. In this way, we choose declared sentences and with prototypical and no-prototypical verbs of action. In the section prototypic action, we notice that, in general, the occurrences are formed with verbs of action, perfectives, citizen human (or humanized) agentive, intentional. The behavior of objects varies, therefore it has cases where the object is totally affected, and also has objects who is partially affected. In the section no-prototypical action, the structure of the sentence if is similar of the prototypical verbs of action. The difference is in the direction of the verbs, that express action of the mental plan, saying and in the fact of the object, in general, also to denote materiality in these plans. After this stage of qualitative comment of the transitivity in the occurrences, we trace the relation between the phenomenon, the sort letter of the reader and the literal typology. In this direction, we perceive that, exactly in a sort of opinion, the action verbs appear in bigger amount, independently of the literal type that structure the texts. This recurrence if must to the fact of the pupils, for argumentative ends, frequently to use the narrative type, that asks for action verbs. In this manner, the transitive organization of the analyzed letters of the reader tends to reach higher degrees (HOPPER; THOMPSON, 1980). In other words, the transitivity of the searched corpus tends if to approach to transitive structure prototypic NP1 Vtrans NP2, where NP1 is subject agent, Vtrans is action verb and NP2 is the patient object<br>O objetivo principal deste trabalho é analisar a tendência da organização transitiva no gênero carta do leitor. Para tanto, nos apoiamos nas concepções funcionalistas da linguagem, que consideram a língua em uso, a interação verbal, bem como as intenções comunicativas dos usuários da língua na interação. No que tange à transitividade, os estudos funcionalistas, em geral, afirmam que o fenômeno é sintático-semântico, de abrangência frasal e não se esgota no nível do verbo. O verbo é o núcleo gerador de toda a estrutura argumental da sentença e cada argumento auxilia na constituição transitiva. A transitividade, nesse sentido, organiza a sentença e, conseqüentemente, o texto, o discurso. Portanto, é um fenômeno de cunho organizacional. A partir desse pressuposto, optamos por investigar os usos da transitividade em textos produzidos em ambiente escolar. Nosso corpus é composto de cartas do leitor escritas por alunos de quarta série, do ano de 2003, do Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa Aplicada à Educação da Universidade Federal de Goiás (CEPAE/UFG). Observamos o fenômeno no gênero carta do leitor e, por isso, consideramos também os pressupostos a respeito de gênero do discurso (BAKHTIN, 2000) e de tipologia textual (ADAM, 2001; MARCUSCHI, 2005). Iniciamos nossa análise verificando, nos textos selecionados para a análise qualitativa, os Estados de Coisas que os verbos representam partindo da noção de dinamismo verbal (DIK, 1997; NEVES, 2000). Constatamos que 40.18% dos verbos denotam ação, 10.50% expressam processo, 21.91% representam posição e 27.39% exprimem estado. Diante desses dados quantitativos, decidimos observar a tendência da transitividade em ocorrências constituídas de verbos de ação, devido à grande recorrência. Dessa maneira, escolhemos sentenças e enunciados com verbos de ação prototípicos e não-prototípicos. Na seção ação prototípica, notamos que, em geral, as ocorrências são formadas com verbos de ação, perfectivos, sujeito humano (ou humanizado) agentivo, intencional. O comportamento dos objetos varia, pois há casos em que o objeto sofre afetamento total, e também há objetos com afetamento parcial. Na seção ação não-prototípica, a estrutura da sentença se assemelha a dos verbos de ação prototípicos. A diferença está no sentido dos verbos, que expressam ações do plano mental, do dizer e no fato de o objeto, em geral, também denotar materialidade nesses planos. Após essa etapa de observação qualitativa da transitividade nas ocorrências, traçamos a relação entre o fenômeno, o gênero carta do leitor e a tipologia textual. Nesse sentido, percebemos que, mesmo em um gênero de opinião, os verbos de ação aparecem em maior quantidade, independentemente do tipo textual que estrutura os textos. Essa recorrência se deve ao fato de os alunos, para fins argumentativos, usarem com freqüência o tipo narrativo, que pede verbos de ação. Desse modo, a organização transitiva das cartas do leitor analisadas tende a alcançar graus mais altos (HOPPER; THOMPSON, 1980). Em outras palavras, a transitividade do corpus pesquisado tende a se aproximar da estrutura transitiva prototípica SN1 Vtrans SN2, em que SN1 é sujeito agente, Vtrans é verbo de ação e SN2 é o objeto paciente.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:55:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rosangela _oro.pdf: 4076404 bytes, checksum: 6e8b8692da2ad65647c237363f988df0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-16<br>Inscribed in the socio-historical line and the field of Applied Linguistics (AL), this qualitative and critical-interpretative study of master's research aimed to investigate the creation and operation of the discursive genre reader's letter, of the magazine journalism, considering its circulation on different supports and medias. The theoretical and methodological foundation is sustained by the writings of Bakhtin s Circle and in research of its contemporaneous interlocutors (ACOSTA-PEREIRA, 2008, 2012; BRAIT, 2006, 2012; FARACO, 2009; RODRIGUES, 2001, 2005), in the field that, given its particularities, is conventionally to be called Dialogic Discourse Analysis (DDA). Considering the methodological order (BAKHTIN / VOLOSHINOV 2012 [1929]), the question that moves this research is: what factors determine the constitution and the functioning of the reader's letter on different supports and medias? To clarify this question, in pursuit of the analysis of dialogical relations that are established through this genre, we select the discursive genre reader's letter as the theme, seeking to expand our knowledge of their social role, its context of production, its compositional organization and its style, casting a look also to the influences of print and digital support. As for the research data and its boundaries, we selected as object, 38 reader's letters published in different supports of Veja magazine, referring to two articles of Lya Luft published in April 2013. The methodology and data presentation are based on Rodrigues (2001), which proposes the analysis of the genre from two articulated categories: the social dimension and the verbal dimension. On the social dimension of the reader's letter, we consider relevant the specificities of the journalism social sphere, especially the particularities of one of its segments, the magazine journalism. Mediated by the journalistic sphere, the situations of discursive interaction occurred through this genre, in the two versions of the magazine, are established between reader and article writers, and among readers of Veja magazine. As to the authorship, in the case of letters published in the printed magazine Veja, there is a relationship of co-authorship between reader and editor. In the online version, the author of the letters is the web surfer reader. Furthermore, when analyzing the reader's letter in different supports and medias, we observed that they present guidelines for different partners in one and in another situation. While on the printed version of Veja, the statements are directed to the editor, the columnist and the reading public, in the version published in the internet, the possibilities for interlocution are enlarged. The speakers, when interacting through this genre at online Veja, can address to, at any time, the general reader public of the magazine, as for more specific audiences, the other columnists, etc. As for the verbal dimension, we analyzed, firstly, the object of discourse of the 9 reader's letter, which is composed by the marking of an axiological position of the readers regarding aspects related to contemporary education and violence. We verified that the purpose of this genre consists on the development of a speaker's reaction-response, which seeks to take a position regarding the themes, having as immediate motivator event the articles by Lya Luft about these issues. On their reactions-response the readers have different evaluative positions of the theme, sometimes challenging it, sometimes exalting it. We verified also that this genre presents different stylistic and compositional regularities in each support and media. For example, in the printed version of the magazine, possibly due to its editing process, we found the preference for the standard cultural norms on the reader's letters, while on the online versions, present a strong tendency to the informal use of language, given the greater freedom of interaction observed on this media. About the specific compositional marks of this genre in its online version, we noted as a discursive regularity the interleaving of the reader's letter with other genres, such as the comment and the propaganda. In the course of our analysis, we found that this genre is stabilized in different ways in one and another support and media. About the relation between genre-support-media, we understand, from the analysis of the dimensions of the reader's letter, the support, as a media element, is not the component that most directly relates to genre. In the process of interaction that situates the reader's letters in study, we observed that it is the media that exerts higher determinations on the constitution and functioning of this genre, not the support<br>Inscrita na linha sócio-histórica e no campo da Linguística Aplicada (LA), essa pesquisa de mestrado de cunho qualitativo e crítico-interpretativista objetivou investigar a constituição e o funcionamento do gênero discursivo carta do leitor, do jornalismo de revista, considerando sua circulação em diferentes suportes e mídias. A fundamentação teórico-metodológica sustenta-se nos escritos do Círculo de Bakhtin e nas pesquisas de seus interlocutores contemporâneos (ACOSTA-PEREIRA, 2008, 2012; BRAIT, 2006, 2012; FARACO, 2009; RODRIGUES, 2001, 2005), no campo que, dadas suas particularidades, se convencionou a ser denominado de Análise Dialógica do Discurso (ADD). Considerando a ordem metodológica (BAKHTIN/VOLOSHINOV, 2012[1929]), a pergunta que move esta pesquisa é: que fatores determinam a constituição e o funcionamento da carta do leitor em diferentes suportes e mídias? Para aclarar essa questão, em busca da análise das relações dialógicas que se estabelecem por meio desse gênero, selecionamos o gênero discursivo Carta do leitor como tema, buscando ampliar nosso conhecimento sobre sua função social, seu contexto de produção, sua organização composicional e seu estilo, lançando um olhar, também, para as influências do suporte impresso e digital. Quanto aos dados da pesquisa e sua delimitação, selecionamos como objeto, 38 cartas do leitor publicadas em diferentes suportes da revista Veja, referentes a dois artigos de Lya Luft publicados no mês de abril de 2013. A metodologia e a apresentação dos dados têm como base Rodrigues (2001) que propõe a análise do gênero a partir de duas categorias articuladas: sua dimensão social e sua dimensão verbal. Sobre a dimensão social da carta do leitor, consideramos relevantes as especificidades da esfera social do jornalismo, especialmente as particularidades de um de seus segmentos, o jornalismo de revista. Mediada pela esfera jornalística, as situações de interação discursiva ocorridas por meio desse gênero, nas duas versões da revista, se estabelecem entre leitor e articulistas, e entre os leitores da revista Veja. Quanto à autoria, no caso das cartas publicadas na revista Veja impressa, ocorre uma relação de co-autoria entre leitor e editor. Já na versão online, o autor das cartas é o leitor internauta. Além disso, ao analisarmos a carta do leitor em diferentes suportes e mídias, observamos que estas apresentam orientações para diferentes interlocutores numa e em outra situação. Enquanto na versão impressa de Veja, os enunciados são dirigidos ao editor, à colunista e ao público leitor, na versão da revista publicada na internet, as possibilidades de interlocução são ampliadas. Os locutores, ao interagirem por meio desse gênero na Veja online, podem se dirigir, a qualquer tempo, tanto ao público leitor geral da revista, quanto a públicos mais específicos, a outros colunistas, etc. 7 Quanto à dimensão verbal, analisamos, primeiramente, o objeto de discurso da carta do leitor, o qual é composto pela marcação de uma posição axiológica dos leitores acerca de aspectos relacionados à educação e violência contemporâneas. Verificamos que a finalidade desse gênero consiste na elaboração de uma reação-resposta do locutor, que busca tomar uma posição acerca dos temas, tendo como evento motivador imediato os artigos de Lya Luft sobre essas questões. Em suas reações-resposta os leitores apresentam diferentes posições avaliativas frente ao tema, ora contestando-o, ora enaltecendo-o.Verificamos também que esse gênero apresenta regularidades estilísticas e composicionais diferentes em cada suporte e mídia. Por exemplo, na versão impressa da revista, possivelmente devido ao processo de edição, verificamos a preferência pelo uso da norma padrão culta nas cartas do leitor, enquanto nas online, apresentam forte tendência ao uso informal da linguagem, dada a maior liberdade de interação observada nessa mídia. Sobre as marcas composicionais específicas desse gênero em sua versão online, constatamos como uma regularidade discursiva a intercalação da carta do leitor com outros gêneros, como o comentário e a propaganda. No decorrer de nossa análise, verificamos que esse gênero se estabiliza de maneiras diferentes num e noutro suporte e mídia. Acerca da relação entre o gênero-suporte-mídia, compreendemos, a partir da análise das dimensões da carta do leitor, que o suporte, como elemento da mídia, não é o componente que mais diretamente se relaciona ao gênero. No processo de interação em que se situam as cartas do leitor em estudo, observamos que é a mídia que exerce maiores determinações na constituição e no funcionamento desse gênero, e não o suporte

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:43:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1376980 bytes, checksum: 5e775c0e32439ac39c499550f4d716f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-24<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>This present work aims to study the written speech of readers&#8223; letters published in five newspapers from Recife in the first half of the 19th century: Diario de Pernambuco (1825 1830), Quotidiana Fidedigna (1834 1835), Diario Novo (1842 1852), A Carranca (1845 1847) and O Capibaribe (1848 1849). The aim is to investigate the dialogical relations marked on the linguistic surface and the meaning effects resulted from this dialogization between the enunciator subject and the other. The theoretical presumptions used were: the dialogical theory and the external image contemplation of Bakhtin (2003), the notion of shown heterogeneity of Authier-Revuz (2004), the proposal of the discursive genre of Bakhtin (2003) and Todorov (1980) besides the theory of the discursive traditions of Koch (1997) (apud SIMÕES (2007)) and Kabatek (2006). Rizzini (1977) and (1988) and Pessoa (2002) were used with aims to illustrate the historical trail of the genre letter. Through a descriptive research of a theoretical-empirical hallmark, a documental and bibliographical analysis of qualitative approach was used as a tool of data collecting. The analysis had two steps: GENRE INFORMATIONAL CATEGORIZATION and IMAGES OF THE SUBJECTS / MEANING EFFECTS BETWEEN INTERLOCUTORS. In the analysis, it can be verified that, in relation to the formal aspect, the readers&#8223; letters kept, in its compositional structure, characteristics of the personal letters of the 16th, 17th and 18th century. In relation to the discursive aspects, it could be seen the presence, in general, of two interlocutors: the direct participant-interlocutor and the indirect participant-interlocutor. However, there was a correspondence in which the presence of a peripheral interlocutor arose, the one who stays around the real discursive addressment. This way, heterogeneity of the others to whom the speech was addressed and was constituted could be noticed. At last, alterations in the linguistic matter of the readers&#8223; letters that had a public institution / authority as direct participant-interlocutor were identified; as well as in readers&#8223; letters that had a civil as direct participant-interlocutor. Therefore, it could be seen that this discursive peculiarity happened due to the socio-ideological place occupied by the others, but also due to the image that the enunciator subject has of his interlocutors; this interfering, thus, in the constitution of the written speech.<br>Este trabalho tem como objeto de estudo o discurso escrito de cartas de leitor publicadas em cinco jornais recifenses da primeira metade do século XIX: o Diario de Pernambuco (1825-1830), Quotidiana Fidedigna (1834-1835), Diario Novo (1842-1852), A Carranca (1845-1847) e O Capibaribe (1848-1849). Seu objetivo é investigar as relações dialógicas marcadas na superfície linguística e os efeitos de sentido resultantes dessa dialogização entre sujeito enunciador e o outro. Os pressupostos teóricos utilizados foram: a teoria dialógica e a contemplação da imagem externa de Bakhtin (2003), a noção de heterogeneidade mostrada de Authier-Revuz (2004), a proposta de gênero discursivo de Bakhtin (2003) e Todorov (1980) além da teoria das Tradições discursivas de Koch (1997) (apud SIMÕES (2007)) e Kabatek (2006). Usou-se Rizzini (1977) e (1988) e Pessoa (2002), a fim de ilustrar o percurso histórico do gênero carta. Através de uma pesquisa descritiva de cunho teórico-empírico, utilizou-se, como instrumento de coleta de dados, uma análise documental e bibliográfica de abordagem qualitativa. As etapas de análise se dividiram em duas: CATEGORIZAÇÃO INFORMACIONAL DO GÊNERO e IMAGENS DOS SUJEITOS/EFEITOS DE SENTIDO ENTRE INTERLOCUTORES. Na análise, verificou-se, quanto ao aspecto formal, que as cartas de leitor conservaram em sua estrutura composicional características das cartas pessoais dos séculos XVI, XVII e XVIII. Quanto ao aspecto discursivo, evidenciou-se a presença, em geral, de dois interlocutores: o participante-interlocutor direto e o participante-interlocutor indireto, no entanto, houve correspondência em que surgiu a presença de um interlocutor periférico, aquele que fica em torno do real endereçamento discursivo. Assim, percebeu-se uma heterogeneidade de outros para quem o discurso se direcionava e se constituía. Por fim, identificaram-se alterações na materialidade linguística de cartas de leitor que tinham por participante-interlocutor direto uma instituição pública/autoridade e cartas de leitor que dispunham de participante-interlocutor direto um civil. Dessa forma, evidenciou-se que essa peculiaridade discursiva ocorreu devido ao lugar socioideológico ocupado pelos outros, mas também à imagem que o sujeito enunciador tem dos seus interlocutores, isso interferindo, assim, na constituição do discurso escrito.

Encore peu étudiée, l’histoire des revues cinématographique françaises pendant la période de la Libération et de l’après-guerre (1945-1952) voit se dessiner une ligne de partage entre les revues spécialisées et les grandes revues populaires comme Cinémonde, Ciné-Miroir ou Mon Film qui reprennent des rubriques anciennes comme celle du « film raconté ». L’Ecran Français, en intégrant des éléments propres aux revues populaires (Courrier des lecteurs, publicité et fascination pour la star) et aux revues spécialisées (positionnement politique et discours averti sur le cinéma), propose un temps la synthèse inédite de ces deux courants. C’est autour de la visée didactique et morale que s’établit apparemment la distinction qui deviendra de plus en plus nette au fil des années. La volonté commune des revues spécialisées est en effet de faire partager un enseignement du cinéma en s’inscrivant dans la continuité des mouvements d’éducation populaire. Certaines revues sont issues de ciné-clubs laïcs (Ciné-Club et Informations-Ufocel) ou catholiques (Télé-Ciné). D’autres, telle la prestigieuse Revue du cinéma fondée par Jean George Auriol, et La Gazette du cinéma dirigée par Maurice Schérer, défendent avec force le cinéma américain : elles ont ainsi constitué un « terrain expérimental » pour les tout nouveaux Cahiers du cinéma. Proche dans l’esprit de la revue Raccords, Positif semble recueillir et transmettre l’héritage de deux revues assez confidentielles : Saint Cinéma des Prés, qui défendait autant le cinéma expérimental que le cinéma américain classique, et L’Age du cinéma, qui revendiquait une approche surréaliste tout en refusant les films relevant d’un avant-gardisme trop signifié. La grande cinéphilie des années cinquante et soixante s’avère indissociable de la cinéphilie méconnue de l’immédiat après-guerre<br>Rarely touched as subject, the history of French cinematographic journals during the aftermath of the Second World War (1945-1952) was divided into two streams: those of specialized journals and those of generalized ones such as Cinémonde, Ciné-Miroir ou Mon Film. They transformed the columns of ancient journals into “film-telling”[Film raconté]. L’Ecran Français, however, was the only journal able to synthesize elements both from generalizing journals (i.e. readers’ letter, advertisement, and cult for stars) and from specializing journals (i.e. political position and comments regarding the cinema). Since then, the two streams of journals were more and more distinguished by their didactic and moral differences. The common point for specialized journals was their expectation for promoting cinematographic education alongside the popular educating movement. Some journals were issued from secular cine-clubs (Ciné-Club and Informations-Ufocel) while others were from catholic ones (Télé-Ciné). There were otherwise journals, which were meant to actively defend American cinema, such as the reputed Revue du cinéma founded by Jean George Auriol, as well as La Gazette du cinéma by Maurice Schérer. These journals also contributed to “experimental aspects” for the newly-born journal Cahiers du cinéma. Positif was a journal similar to that of Raccords in terms of spirit; it seemed to unite and transmit the legacy of two confidential journals: Saint Cinéma des Prés, which defended as well experimental cinema as American cinema, and L’Age du cinéma, which claimed a surrealist approach while denying those films that over-emphasized avant-gardism. In the long run, the great Cinephilia in the fifties and sixties were proved to be closely connected to the unfamiliar Cinephilia right after the Second World War

Si une curiosité intellectuelle vous amène à vous questionner sur la femme et son influence dans la sphère littéraire, scientifique et artistique, osez ouvrir les premières pages de cette thèse. La France et l’Espagne, deux pays dominant le monde du XVIe siècle au XVIIIe siècle, sont comparées pour mettre en lumière les ressemblances et différences de l’impact culturel des femmes de l’époque. Si les hommes dominent dans la sphère publique, les femmes vont surmonter les épreuves et s’émanciper du foyer pour parvenir à montrer les talents de leur esprit. Elles vont marquer la littérature dans des genres divers selon les pays et apporter à la société un regard féminin sur le monde qui les entoure et une analyse propre aux sentiments du coeur. S’illustrant comme salonnières, elles s’enrichissent d’une compagnie très hétéroclite afin de partager, créer et juger les oeuvres proposées. De plus, les femmes sont touchées par les sciences puisqu’elles vulgarisent, traduisent et écrivent pour favoriser le progrès, et éclairent un public large du plus novice au plus savant. Dans le domaine artistique, les femmes aiment débattre et s’engagent dans les querelles académiques. Elles apportent également un soutien aux artistes féminines et éveillent la fibre artistique de leurs contemporaines.Mécènes, elles collaborent avec les artistes afin de les promouvoir et les révéler au public. Durant ces trois siècles, vous découvrirez dans cet ouvrage, les marches qu’ont gravies les femmes pour s’élever et défendre leur sexe mais aussi les limites et les écueils auxquels elles se sont confrontées<br>If you are interested in women’s influence on literature, science and arts, read the first pages of this thesis. France and Spain were the two leading countries in the world from the 16th to the 18th centuries. The similarities and differences in the cultural involvement of women are compared. Men were predominant in the public field while women had to overcome obstacles to escape from their household assignation and develop the abilities of their minds. They influenced literature in various ways according to the different countries and had a feminine view on the world around them with a more sensitive approach. As « salonnières » they were surrounded by a variety of companions to share, create and judge the works that were offered for their appreciation.More over, women were involved in sciences. They popularized, translated and wrote to promote progress and enlighten a wide range of people, whether ignorant or learned ones. In the field of arts, women loved debating and taking part in academic arguments. They also supported women artists and awakened their talents. They played a part as patrons to reveal them to the public. As you read,you will discover the steps that women had to climb over three centuries to improve their status and defend their gender but also the odds and obstacles they were confronted with