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Journal articles on the topic 'Reactive wires'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Santos Silva, Gabriel, Lukasz Maj, Jerzy Morgiel, Maria Teresa Vieira, and Ana Sofia Ramos. "Development of Actuators for Repairing Cracks by Coating W Wires with Reactive Multilayers." Materials 15, no. 3 (January 24, 2022): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15030869.

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The aim of this research work was to optimize the coating of tungsten wires with reactive multilayer thin films and promote an exothermic self-propagating reaction. The ultimate goal is to use this heat to liquify low melting temperature materials, and thus block crack propagation in metallic materials. Ni/Me (Me = Al, Ti) multilayers were deposited by a DC (direct current) magnetron sputtering onto tungsten wires with diameters of 0.05 and 0.20 mm. The depositions were carried out to obtain films with near equiatomic average chemical composition and a modulation period (bilayer thickness) between 20 and 50 nm. The cross-section of the films was analyzed using electron microscopy before and after electrical ignition. A new substrate holder was developed to improve the quality of the Al/Ni films, allowing a reduction in the defects previously observed. The Ni/Ti thin films showed no discernible defects, regardless of the substrate holder. However, after ignition, the Ni + Ti reaction occurred in a non-self-propagating mode. Passing an electric current through a wire (ϕ = 0.05 mm) coated with an Al/Ni thin film, promoted a flash of light that was associated with the start of a self-propagating reaction. The reaction product was a B2-AlNi intermetallic phase. W wires coated with reactive multilayers may contribute to crack filling, and have potential to be self-healing actuators.

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2

Chen, Henry J. H., Tzu Nien Lee, Shin-Lun Tseng, Sun-Zen Chen, and Po-Wen Chiu. "Characterizations of Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors with Silicon Wire Array Channels and Stack-Sensing Membrane." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 037511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac5ad9.

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In this study, the characteristics of ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs) with silicon wire array channels and sensing membrane stacks of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)/SiO2 were investigated. Si wires were fabricated by nanoimprint lithography and Si anisotropic/isotropic reactive-ion etching processes. The Si wires, with a line width of ∼200 nm, were undercut and nearly suspended, which formed an Ω -shape cross-section. The aspects of wires were investigated using an optical microscope, an atomic force microscope, a scanning electron microscope, and a transmission electron microscope. The sensitivity, hysteresis, and drift of ISFETs were investigated. The above sensing properties were all significantly improved with the proposed channels and the sensing membrane stacks. As such, high-performance ISFETs can be realized for future biochemical applications.

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3

Lee, Dong Bok, T. H. Kim, and J. H. Ko. "Manufacturing and Oxidation Property of Steel and Ti Metal Fibers." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.273.

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Stainless steel and Ti metal fibers having a diameter of 3 µm were produced from wires by multiple extrusions. The suitable sheath coating for stainless steel to extrude the core wires to fibers was the Cu coating having ~30 µm thickness. Zinc was not a suitable sheath coating, because Zn of the low melting point had diffused into the stainless steel wires during extrusion. The oxidation of stainless steel fibers produced using the Cu sheath coating oxidized rapidly above 750°C due to the high surface area of fibers. The utilization of the Cu coating as a sheath material to extrude the core Ti wires to fibers was not possible, because the highly reactive Ti wires resisted deforming to fibers.

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4

Gong, Yan, Wentai Liu, Runyu Wang, Matthew Harris Brauer, Kristine Zheng, and Wen Li. "Stability Performance Analysis of Various Packaging Materials and Coating Strategies for Chronic Neural Implants under Accelerated, Reactive Aging Tests." Micromachines 11, no. 9 (August 26, 2020): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11090810.

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Reliable packaging for implantable neural prosthetic devices in body fluids is a long-standing challenge for devices’ chronic applications. This work studied the stability of Parylene C (PA), SiO2, and Si3N4 packages and coating strategies on tungsten wires using accelerated, reactive aging tests in three solutions: pH 7.4 phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), PBS + 30 mM H2O2, and PBS + 150 mM H2O2. Different combinations of coating thicknesses and deposition methods were studied at various testing temperatures. Analysis of the preliminary data shows that the pinholes/defects, cracks, and interface delamination are the main attributes of metal erosion and degradation in reactive aging solutions. Failure at the interface of package and metal is the dominating factor in the wire samples with open tips.

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5

Bank, Michael. "Electrical Energy Transmission by Several Wires and Reactive Power Problems." Engineering 10, no. 06 (2018): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/eng.2018.106023.

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6

Cheung, R., Y. H. Lee, C. M. Knoedler, K. Y. Lee, T. P. Smith, and D. P. Kern. "Sidewall damage inn+‐GaAs quantum wires from reactive ion etching." Applied Physics Letters 54, no. 21 (May 22, 1989): 2130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.101368.

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7

Itoh, Masayuki, Takashi Honda, and Kotaro Tsubaki. "Carrier Concentration in Quantum Wires Fabricated by Reactive Ion Beam Etching." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 30, Part 1, No. 10 (October 15, 1991): 2455–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.30.2455.

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8

Itoh, Masayuki, Takashi Honda, and Kotaro Tsubaki. "Carrier Concentration in Quantum Wires Fabricated by Reactive Ion Beam Etching." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 30, Part 1, No. 12A (December 15, 1991): 3551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.30.3551.

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9

Dong, Sufen, Daocheng Zhou, Zhen Li, Xun Yu, and Baoguo Han. "Super-fine stainless wires enabled multifunctional and smart reactive powder concrete." Smart Materials and Structures 28, no. 12 (November 4, 2019): 125009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ab4eaf.

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10

Bijjula, Kowtilya, Kenneth T. Christensen, and Dimitrios C. Kyritsis. "Experimental investigation of gaseous reactive flows around catalytically coated micro-wires." Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 32, no. 2 (2009): 3043–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2008.06.159.

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11

Isert, Sarah, Colin D. Lane, I. Emre Gunduz, and Steven F. Son. "Tailoring burning rates using reactive wires in composite solid rocket propellants." Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 36, no. 2 (2017): 2283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2016.06.141.

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12

Izrael, A., D. Robein, and C. Vaudry. "Epitaxial overgrowth on nanometric InP wires processed by reactive ion etching." Microelectronic Engineering 13, no. 1-4 (March 1991): 395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-9317(91)90119-x.

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13

Song, Y. P., P. D. Wang, C. M. Sotomayor Torres, and C. D. W. Wilkinson. "Magnetically confined plasma reactive ion etching and photoluminescence of GaAs quantum wires." Semiconductor Science and Technology 10, no. 10 (October 1, 1995): 1404–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/10/10/015.

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14

Sokolov, Denis, and Alexander Agunov. "THE ANALYSIS OF POWER LOSS IN THE CATENARY SYSTEM UNDER SHUNT CAPACITIVE COMPENSATION." Bulletin of scientific research results, no. 4 (December 17, 2017): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/2223-9987-2017-4-199-207.

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Objective: To analyze the loss of power in cable wires of the railroad alternate current catenary system both in the presence and in the absence of equalizing gear in the middle of inter-substation zone, taking into account train traffic. Methods: Passing of one train and two others following each other along the inter substation zone was considered. The comparison of power losses in cable wires of the catenary system was conducted both in the presence and in the absence of equalizing gear. The difference of losses was determined. The simulation of one train passing along the inter-substation zone was fulfilled in the environment of MATLAB-Simulink. Results: It was shown, that the average values of power losses in cable wires of the catenary system were equal with one train passing along the inter substation zone both in the presence and in the absence of equalizing gear. In case of two trains passing along the inter substation zone, following each other with equalizing gear capacity, selected by the average idle current of one train, the losses of power in cable wires of the catenary system decreased with equalizing gear installation, however, in that case, reactive power was partially compensated. The simulation of one train passing along the inter-substation zone in the environment of MATLAB-Simulink, taking into account power losses in the catenary system and railroad substations resistance, substantiates the assumptions taken in the analytical estimation. Practical importance: Despite the fact, that active development of filter compensating devices is conducted in the sphere of reactive power compensation on the railroad transport, capacitor banks are still used on alternate current railroads. The given study is aimed at the improvement of the current procedure of selecting optimum power of equalizing gears.

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15

Popova, E. N., E. P. Romanov, I. L. Deryagina, S. V. Sudareva, E. A. Dergunova, A. E. Vorobyova, and S. M. Balaev. "Effect of Multifilamentary Nb/Cu-Sn Wire Diameter on the Nb₃Sn Diffusion Layers Structure." Defect and Diffusion Forum 312-315 (April 2011): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.312-315.289.

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Bronze-processed Nb3Sn-based multifilamentary composites with external diameter of 0.8 and 0.5 mm and coupled Nb filaments have been studied by transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy. After the two-staged annealing, 575°С, 150 h + 650°С, 200 h, commonly used for ITER conductors, a nanocrystalline layer of superconducting Nb3Sn compound is formed in every Nb filament as a result of solid-state reactive diffusion of Sn from the bronze matrix. It is demonstrated that in the wires of smaller external diameter the Nb filaments transformation into the Nb3Sn compound is more pronounced, that is the amount of the residual Nb is smaller. Besides, the nanocrystalline structure of the Nb3Sn diffusion layers is more perfect in 0.5 mm diameter wires, namely, the Nb3Sn grains are finer (their average size being 60 nm compared to 70 nm in 0.8 mm diameter wires) and are more uniform in sizes (the root mean square deviation of grain size distribution is correspondingly 15 and 17 nm).

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16

Nazarenko, Olga B., Alexander P. Ilyin, and Dmitry V. Tikhonov. "Effect of the Gas Composition at the Electrical Explosion of Wires on the Nanopowders Properties." Advanced Materials Research 872 (December 2013): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.872.142.

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In this paper we present the study results of nanopowders properties produced by electrical explosion of wires in argon-oxygen and argon-air mixtures with different ratios of oxygen and air (0.5-30 vol. %). The products of aluminum, titanium and copper wires explosions were studied. The effect of the synthesis conditions on the metal content in the nanoparticles and their phase, chemical and size composition is discussed. The oxygen addition of 10-30 vol. % leads to a reduction in the metal content in the particles and to the formation of metals oxide. The small additives of reactive gases (< 2 vol. %) into the inert gas in the discharge chamber can be used for production of metal powder.

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17

Liu, Hong Wei, Sheng Zhu, and Feng Liang Yin. "SHS Reactive Arc Spray - A New Method to Prepare Multiphase Ceramic Coatings." Materials Science Forum 789 (April 2014): 518–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.789.518.

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Ti (C,N)-TiB2-Al2O3 multiphase ceramic coatings were in-situ synthesized on a steel substrate by SHS reactive arc spray technique. The composition and microstructure of the coatings were characterized by X ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry. The results showed that multiphase ceramic coatings, composed of TiB2, TiB, TiC0.3N0.7, TiN, Al2O3 and AlN, can be prepared with the reactive cored wires by SHS reactive arc spray. The coatings exhibit the typical layer microstructure, with discrete second phases distributed in the continuous base phase. The bonding strength between the coating and substrate is 18.9MPa. The micro-hardness and elastic modulus of the coatings are 4.91GPa and 461.4GPa, respectively. The abrasion resistance is 3 times more than that of the substrate.

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18

A. Yu., Khrennikov, Kuvshinov A. A., and Aleksandrov N. M. "Arctic Regions: Icing at Low Temperatures and Modern Semiconductor Systems for De-Icing Overhead Transmission Line Wires." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRONICS 13 (July 7, 2022): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232017.2022.13.5.

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The article shows that when operating overhead transmission lines in a number of regions, there is a serious problem of the glacial deposits of wires during the autumn-winter period. As a passive measure against the glacial deposits, various wires of increased strength can be used. One of the traditional active methods is the melting of glacial deposits on alternating current lines by creating short circuits or direct current using uncontrolled or controlled rectifier blocks. The development of new means to prevent glacial deposits on the overhead transmission lines consists of the use of combined conversion units capable of performing melting of glacial deposits, if necessary, and the rest of the time compensating for reactive power. The most promising one should recognize the melting of glacial deposits with an ultra-low frequency current that combines the advantages of melting with an alternating current of the industrial frequency (on three wires at the same time) and a DC current (limited only by the active resistance, smooth regulation of the melting current).

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19

Gudkov, Sergey V., Alexander V. Simakin, Mikhail A. Sevostyanov, Sergey V. Konushkin, Monika Losertová, Alexander Yu Ivannikov, Alexey G. Kolmakov, and Andrey Yu Izmailov. "Manufacturing and Study of Mechanical Properties, Structure and Compatibility with Biological Objects of Plates and Wire from New Ti-25Nb-13Ta-5Zr Alloy." Metals 10, no. 12 (November 26, 2020): 1584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10121584.

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A Ti–25Nb–13Ta–5Zr alloy was produced and studied in this work, and plates and wires were made from this alloy. It is shown that the Ti–25Nb–13Ta–5Zr alloy has the required mechanical properties and a β-crystal phase. Microstructures were present on the surface of the alloy with a height of several hundred nm, located at a distance of 1.5–2 μm from each other. Ti–25Nb–13Ta–5Zr was superior to nitinol in terms of the formation of long-living reactive protein species and the generation of reactive oxygen species. Cell cultivation on Ti–25Nb–13Ta–5Zr alloy surfaces revealed a significant mitotic index (2%) and a small number of nonviable cells (<5%). The cells were actively attached and spread over the alloy. The biocompatibility of Ti–25Nb–13Ta–5Zr was verified by experiments on the implantation of the alloy in the form of plates and coiled wires. The surface morphology of the specimens after biological trials was not significantly altered. The experimental data we obtained suggest that Ti–25Nb–13Ta–5Zr is suitable for potential applications in biology and medicine.

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20

Schauer, Antje, Christian Redlich, Jakob Scheibler, Georg Poehle, Peggy Barthel, Anita Maennel, Volker Adams, Thomas Weissgaerber, Axel Linke, and Peter Quadbeck. "Biocompatibility and Degradation Behavior of Molybdenum in an In Vivo Rat Model." Materials 14, no. 24 (December 16, 2021): 7776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14247776.

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The biocompatibility and degradation behavior of pure molybdenum (Mo) as a bioresorbable metallic material (BMM) for implant applications were investigated. In vitro degradation of a commercially available Mo wire (ø250 µm) was examined after immersion in modified Kokubo’s SBF for 28 days at 37 °C and pH 7.4. For assessment of in vivo degradation, the Mo wire was implanted into the abdominal aorta of female Wistar rats for 3, 6 and 12 months. Microstructure and corrosion behavior were analyzed by means of SEM/EDX analysis. After explantation, Mo levels in serum, urine, aortic vessel wall and organs were investigated via ICP-OES analysis. Furthermore, histological analyses of the liver, kidneys, spleen, brain and lungs were performed, as well as blood count and differentiation by FACS analysis. Levels of the C-reactive protein were measured in blood plasma of all the animals. In vitro and in vivo degradation behavior was very similar, with formation of uniform, non-passivating and dissolving product layers without occurrence of a localized corrosion attack. The in vitro degradation rate was 101.6 µg/(cm2·d) which corresponds to 33.6 µm/y after 28 days. The in vivo degradation rates of 12, 33 and 36 µg/(cm2·d) were observed after 3, 6 and 12 months for the samples properly implanted in the aortic vessel wall. This corresponds with a degradation rate of 13.5 µm/y for the 12-month cohort. However, the magnitude of degradation strongly depended on the implant site, with the wires incorporated into the vessel wall showing the most severe degradation. Degradation of the implanted Mo wire neither induced an increase in serum or urine Mo levels nor were elevated Mo levels found in the liver and kidneys compared with the respective controls. Only in the direct vicinity of the implant in the aortic vessel wall, a significant amount of Mo was found, which, however, was far below the amounts to be expected from degrading wires. No abnormalities were detected for all timepoints in histological and blood analyses compared to the control group. The C-reactive protein levels were similar between all the groups, indicating no inflammation processes. These findings suggest that dissolved Mo from a degrading implant is physiologically transported and excreted. Furthermore, radiographic and µCT analyses revealed excellent radiopacity of Mo in tissues. These findings and the unique combination with its extraordinary mechanical properties make Mo an interesting alternative for established BMMs.

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21

Pong, I., Simon C. Hopkins, Xiao Wei Fu, Bartek A. Glowacki, James Elliott, and Alberto Baldini. "Reactive Diffusion in Cu-Nb-Sn Internal Tin Superconducting Wires for the ITER Project." Defect and Diffusion Forum 258-260 (October 2006): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.258-260.294.

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The reactive diffusion and phase formation sequences in two types of ‘internal tin’ superconducting wires designed for the ITER project, which investigates the production of electricity by means of nuclear fusion, have been studied during heat treatments both in situ, using electrical resistometry [1] and ex situ, using optical and scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) and X-ray Micro-Tomography (XMT). XMT reveals long pores in the longitudinal direction which may result in tin deficiency thereat and hence local off-stoichiometric Nb3Sn. Microscopy suggests there are incomplete conversion of elemental tin to copper-tin intermetallics before ramping above the tin melting temperature, nonuniform distribution of tin before formation of Nb3Sn, and filament movement and bridging, stacking cracks and unreacted niobium at the end of the heat treatment. FEGSEM shows a fine microstructure which nevertheless could still be improved.

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22

Koester, S. J., K. Ismail, K. Y. Lee, and J. O. Chu. "Weak localization in back-gated Si/Si0.7Ge0.3quantum-well wires fabricated by reactive ion etching." Physical Review B 54, no. 15 (October 15, 1996): 10604–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.54.10604.

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23

Gurevich, S. A., O. A. Lavrova, N. V. Lomasov, S. I. Nesterov, V. I. Skopina, E. M. Tanklevskaya, V. V. Travnikov, et al. "ZnCdSe/ZnSe quantum well wires fabricated by reactive ion etching and wet chemical treatment." Semiconductor Science and Technology 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 139–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/13/1/022.

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24

Zhu, Shi-Kun, Bin Fan, Jie-Wei Wu, Yuan-Yuan Feng, and Yun Zhang. "Performance of tetramethoxyphenyl porphyrin cobalt(II) (CoTMPP) based stainless steel cathode in the electricigenic permeable reactive barrier for groundwater organic contamination remediation." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 5 (March 1, 2009): 979–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.077.

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An electricigenic permeable reactive barrier (EPRB) technology was brought forward for remediation of organic-contaminated groundwater, with a benefit that it overcame the limitations of electron acceptor addition in other groundwater remediation methods. To investigate performances of constructions and materials used in EPRB system, several kinds of reactors were designed and prepared in laboratory. Stainless steel wires, a kind of nontoxic, inexpensive and conductive material, were used as basic material of electrode. In order to improve cathodic oxygen reduction capability, a cathode based on tetramethoxyphenyl porphyrin cobalt (II) (CoTMPP) was prepared and studied in this paper. Results showed that a high catalytic activity for oxygen reduction was exhibited by the CoTMPP based cathode, with an electricity generation 3 times as high as that of the naked stainless steel cathode. Some evidence indicated that by loading on the surface of stainless steel wires and heat-treated under anaerobic conditions, epoxy resin, with its curing agents, might have got a catalytic capability for oxygen reduction.

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25

Zhang, Bosheng, Rui Dang, Qigao Cao, Panchao Zhao, Kunkun Chen, and Hanqi Meng. "High-Yield Synthesis of Long Silver Nanowires via Chromic Chloride and a Stable Reaction Environment." Journal of Nanomaterials 2019 (April 23, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8646385.

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The search for suitable synthesis methods and parameters capable of controlling the length, diameter, and yield of silver nanowires (AgNWs) is still an emerging strategy today. Therefore, a method for high-yield synthesis of long AgNWs via chromic chloride and a stable reaction environment was proposed. The results show that Cr3+ could restore the adsorbed atomic oxygen quickly and provide a high efficiency in the prevention of the oxidative etching, for the ion of Cr2+ oxidized to Cr3+ has a lower standard electrode potential, and a more stable reaction environment provided by the coupling method could avoid disturbing the growth of the {111} reactive sites of the wires; then, the yield and length of the AgNWs were improved. The length of the AgNWs was over 75 μm and even 160 μm; the yield of the AgNWs was over 90%, which provides the referable basis for the synthesis of ultralong AgNWs.

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26

Weiner, J. S., J. M. Calleja, A. Pinczuk, A. Schmeller, B. S. Dennis, A. R. Goñi, L. N. Pfeiffer, and K. W. West. "Optical properties of modulation‐doped quantum wires fabricated by electron cyclotron resonance reactive ion etching." Applied Physics Letters 63, no. 2 (July 12, 1993): 237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.110352.

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27

Trociewitz, U. P., P. V. P. S. S. Sastry, P. R. Sahm, and J. Schwartz. "Flux pinning enhancement in Ag-clad Bi-2212 wires by reactive doping with barium peroxide." IEEE Transactions on Appiled Superconductivity 9, no. 2 (June 1999): 1828–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/77.784812.

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28

Izrael, A., B. Sermage, J. Y. Marzin, A. Ougazzaden, R. Azoulay, J. Etrillard, V. Thierry‐Mieg, and L. Henry. "Microfabrication and optical study of reactive ion etched InGaAsP/InP and GaAs/GaAlAs quantum wires." Applied Physics Letters 56, no. 9 (February 26, 1990): 830–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.102676.

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29

Bakina, О. V., Е. А. Glazkova, Е. А. Vornakova, V. R. Zhou, and K. V. Suliz. "Preparation of ZnFe2O4/ZnO/PMMA composition with antibacterial properties and low toxicity." Physics and Chemistry of Materials Treatment 2 (2022): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/0015-3214-2022-2-55-64.

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In present work, the possibility of obtaining ZnFe2O4/ZnO nanoparticles by electric explosion of zinc and iron wires in an oxygen-containing atmosphere is shown. Based on the obtained nanoparticles and polymethyl methacrylate, ZnFe2O4/ZnO/PMMA composite was obtained, containing from 0.5 to 10 wt. % of nanoparticles. The composite film suppressed the viability of E. coli bacteria with an efficiency of 99.99 %, which is due to the generation of reactive oxygen species. The synthesized composite material with high antibacterial activity is promising for the production of antimicrobial materials for medicine for a long time.

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30

Lee, K. Y., S. J. Koester, K. Ismail, and J. O. Chu. "Electrical characterization of SiSi0.7Ge0.3 quantum well wires fabricated by low damage CF 4 reactive ion etching." Microelectronic Engineering 35, no. 1-4 (February 1997): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9317(96)00131-1.

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31

Timofeev, F. N., V. B. Smirnitskii, S. A. Gurevich, E. M. Tanklevskaya, V. I. Scopina, O. A. Lavrova, and V. N. Mikhailov. "Study of quantum well wires of different widths produced by reactive ion etching and anodic oxidation." Semiconductor Science and Technology 11, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): 801–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/11/5/024.

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32

Bijjula, Kowtilya, and Dimitrios C. Kyritsis. "Experimental investigation of the reactive flow field around catalytic micro-wires for intermediate Reynolds-number flows." Combustion and Flame 158, no. 6 (June 2011): 1117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.10.019.

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33

Zasypkin, A. S., and V. I. Nagay. "The Calculation Method of Ice Melting Schemes’ Relay Protection Settings and Clarification of the Ice Depositions Control Method on Steel Lightning Protection Wires." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2096, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2096/1/012156.

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Abstract The method of current values calculation of overcurrent and undercurrent relay protections included in the complex of relay protection of ice melting schemes by alternating current on steel lightning protection wires of overhead transmission lines is analysed. A comparison with the generally accepted method, called the element-by-element method, is made. The element-by-element method is based on using the parameters of all the elements included in the ice melting scheme to calculate the maximum and minimum melting currents, from which the corresponding protections must be adjusted. These parameters have a significant variation, especially the active and internal reactive resistances of steel lightning protection wires at alternating current, what increases the calculation error. The proposed method, called the recalculation method, is based on the use of the trial melting mode parameters, carried out annually in the autumn season on lightning protection wires, with a duration up to 2 minutes. In difference to the usual practice, the trial melting has to be carried out 2 times with different currents. According to the parameters of the mode the settings of relay protection are recalculated using the given methods. The methodological and additional errors of the new method are estimated, that shows proposed method advantage. The parameters of the trial melting mode can be used to specify the methodology for remote control of ice formation (the length of the ice formation zone).

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34

Keller, Alex, Leo Stevens, Gordon G. Wallace, and Marc in het Panhuis. "3D Printed Edible Hydrogel Electrodes." MRS Advances 1, no. 8 (December 11, 2015): 527–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2015.10.

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ABSTRACTWe report on a hand-held reactive printing device used to pattern highly conductive, edible hydrogel wires formed from gellan gum, gelatin, cross-linkers and a common salt (NaCl). The conductivity of the gels when printed (190 ± 20 mS/cm) closely matched the conductivity recorded for cast systems (200 ± 19 mS/cm). Printing was observed to reduce the elastic modulus and failure strains of hydrogels under compression, but printed gels retained sufficient integrity for application as flexible conductive lines. We demonstrate that hand-held printing can utilize to pattern soft conductor elements within a simple electronic circuit.

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Cañas, José M., Jesús Fernández-Conde, Julio Vega, and Juan Ordóñez. "Reconfigurable Computing for Reactive Robotics Using Open-Source FPGAs." Electronics 11, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11010008.

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Reconfigurable computing provides a paradigm to create intelligent systems different from the classic software computing approach. Instead of using a processor with an instruction set, a full stack of middleware, and an application program running on top, the field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) integrate a cell set that can be configured in different ways. A few vendors have dominated this market with their proprietary tools, hardware devices, and boards, resulting in fragmented ecosystems with few standards and little interoperation. However, a new and complete toolchain for FPGAs with its associated open tools has recently emerged from the open-source community. Robotics is an expanding application field that may definitely benefit from this revolution, as fast speed and low power consumption are usual requirements. This paper hypothesizes that basic reactive robot behaviors may be easily designed following the reconfigurable computing approach and the state-of-the-art open FPGA toolchain. They provide new abstractions such as circuit blocks and wires for building intelligent robots. Visual programming and block libraries make such development painless and reliable. As experimental validation, two reactive behaviors have been created in a real robot involving common sensors, actuators, and in-between logic. They have been also implemented using classic software programming for comparison purposes. Results are discussed and show that the development of reactive robot behaviors using reconfigurable computing and open tools is feasible, also achieving a high degree of simplicity and reusability, and benefiting from FPGAs’ low power consumption and time-critical responsiveness.

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Izrael, A., J. Y. Marzin, B. Sermage, L. Birotheau, D. Robein, R. Azoulay, J. L. Benchimol, et al. "Fabrication and Luminescence of Narrow Reactive Ion Etched In1-xGaxAs/InP and GaAs/Gas1-xAlxAs Quantum Wires." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 30, Part 1, No. 11B (November 30, 1991): 3256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.30.3256.

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Endoh, Akira. "Effect of reactive ion beam etching damage on exciton absorption recovery time of multiple quantum well wires." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 11, no. 2 (March 1993): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.586701.

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Bakina, O. V., V. R. Zhou, and M. I. Lerner. "Bicomponent Zno-Ag janus nanoparticles with high antitumor activity <I>in vitro</I>." Siberian journal of oncology 21, no. 6 (January 2, 2023): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21294/1814-4861-2022-21-6-99-105.

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Background. Nanoparticles (NPs) of zinc and silver oxide are promising antitumor agents, the use of which can enhance modern approaches to cancer treatment. Using bicomponent ZnO-Ag nanoparticles, one can increase the efficiency due to the occurrence of a synergistic antitumor effect. Among the main physicochemical properties that affect the antitumor activity of nanoparticles, one can distinguish their size and distribution of components inside the particle or their microstructure, however, these aspects are currently poorly understood.The aim of this study is the synthesis of ZnO-Ag nanoparticles using electrical explosive of wire technology and the in vitro study of the antitumor activity of NPs against breast ductal adenocarcinoma MCF-7 (ATCC HTB-22) and the HeLa cell line isolated from a cervical tumor.Material and Methods. ZnO-Ag nanoparticles were obtained by simultaneous electric explosion of zinc and silver twisted wires in a gas mixing atmosphere: argon and oxygen. The content of the components was regulated by varying the wire diameters. Physicochemical properties were studied using X-ray phase analysis, thermal desorption of nitrogen, and transmission electron microscopy. Antitumor activity in vitro was studied using the MTT test against HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines.Results. As a result of an electric explosion of twisted wires in an argon + oxygen gas mixture, ZnO-Ag NPs with different contents of components and the structure of Janus nanoparticles were obtained. The study of the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles showed that an increase in the silver content led to a decrease in the average particle size, an increase in their specific surface area, an increase in their photochemical activity and the ability to generate reactive oxygen species. The high antitumor activity of nanoparticles with a minimum silver content can be explained by a decrease in the size of silver fragments from 46 nm to 23 nm and a decrease in the average particle size from 92 nm to 54 nm. A decrease in the size of NPs and their components contributes to an increase in their solubility and, accordingly, cytotoxicity. In addition, a decrease in the size of crystallites makes it possible to increase the number and length of the ZnO-Ag interface.Conclusion. In the present study, bicomponent ZnO–Ag NPs were synthesized using the joint electric explosion of zinc and silver wires in a mixed atmosphere of argon and oxygen. A study of the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles was carried out and it was found that they all have the structure of Janus nanoparticles, an average size of 54 to 92 nm, and photochemical activity and the ability to generate ROS. Using the MTT test, the antitumor activity of NPs was confrmed using MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines. The high effciency of ZnO-Ag NPs containing 20% wt. silver indicates the possibility of using these NPs in antitumor therapy.

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Giunchi, G., G. Ripamonti, E. Perini, T. Cavallin, and E. Bassani. "Advancements in the Reactive Liquid ${\rm Mg}$ Infiltration Technique to Produce Long Superconducting ${\rm MgB}_{2}$ Tubular Wires." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 17, no. 2 (June 2007): 2761–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2007.900014.

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Miran, Hussein A., Zainab N. Jaf, Mohammednoor Altarawneh, and Zhong-Tao Jiang. "An Insight into Geometries and Catalytic Applications of CeO2 from a DFT Outlook." Molecules 26, no. 21 (October 27, 2021): 6485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216485.

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Rare earth metal oxides (REMOs) have gained considerable attention in recent years owing to their distinctive properties and potential applications in electronic devices and catalysts. Particularly, cerium dioxide (CeO2), also known as ceria, has emerged as an interesting material in a wide variety of industrial, technological, and medical applications. Ceria can be synthesized with various morphologies, including rods, cubes, wires, tubes, and spheres. This comprehensive review offers valuable perceptions into the crystal structure, fundamental properties, and reaction mechanisms that govern the well-established surface-assisted reactions over ceria. The activity, selectivity, and stability of ceria, either as a stand-alone catalyst or as supports for other metals, are frequently ascribed to its strong interactions with the adsorbates and its facile redox cycle. Doping of ceria with transition metals is a common strategy to modify the characteristics and to fine-tune its reactive properties. DFT-derived chemical mechanisms are surveyed and presented in light of pertinent experimental findings. Finally, the effect of surface termination on catalysis by ceria is also highlighted.

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Yu. F. Romaniuk, Yu F., О. V. Solomchak, and М. V. Hlozhyk. "Improving the efficiency of oilfield electric power distribution." Oil and Gas Power Engineering, no. 2(32) (December 27, 2019): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9868-2019-2(32)-79-87.

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The issues of increasing the efficiency of electricity transmission to consumers with different nature of their load are considered. The dependence of the efficiency of the electric network of the oil field, consisting of a power line and a step-down transformer, on the total load power at various ratios between the active and reactive components of the power is analyzed, and the conditions under which the maximum transmission efficiency can be ensured are determined. It is shown by examples that the power transmission efficiency depends not only on the active load, but also largely on its reactive load. In the presence of a constant reactive load and an increase in active load, the total power increases and the power transmission efficiency decreases. In the low-load mode, the schedule for changing the power transmission efficiency approaches a parabolic form, since the influence of the active load on the amount of active power loss decreases, and their value will mainly depend on reactive load, which remains unchanged. The efficiency reaches its maximum value provided that the active and reactive components of the power are equal. In the case of a different ratio between them, the efficiency decreases. With a simultaneous increase in active and reactive loads and a constant value of the power factor, the power transmission efficiency is significantly reduced due to an increase in losses. With a constant active load and an increase in reactive load, efficiency of power transmission decreases, since with an increase in reactive load, losses of active power increase, while the active power remains unchanged. The second condition, under which the line efficiency will be maximum, is full compensation of reactive power. Therefore, in order to increase the efficiency of power transmission, it is necessary to compensate for the reactive load, which can reduce the loss of electricity and the cost of its payment and improve the quality of electricity. Other methods are also proposed to increase the efficiency of power transmission by regulating the voltage level in the power center, reducing the equivalent resistance of the line wires, optimizing the loading of the transformers of the step-down substations and ensuring the economic modes of their operation.

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LUNDELL, FREDRIK. "Reactive control of transition induced by free-stream turbulence: an experimental demonstration." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 585 (August 7, 2007): 41–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112007006490.

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The present wind-tunnel experiment demonstrates that a reactive control system is able to decrease the amplitude of random disturbances in a flat-plate boundary layer. The disturbances were induced in a laminar boundary layer by a turbulent free stream. The control system consisted of upstream wall-shear-stress sensors (wall wires) and downstream actuators (suction through holes). An ad hoc threshold-and-delay control algorithm is evaluated and parameter variations were performed in order to find a suitable working point of the control system. Detailed measurements of the flow field show how the control influences the disturbances in the boundary layer, whereas the effect on the mean flow owing to the control is minute. The control system manages to inhibit the growth of the fluctuations of the streamwise velocity component for a considerable distance downstream of the two actuator positions. Further downstream, however, the amplitudes of the fluctuations grow again. The flow rate used to obtain the control effect is one sixth of that necessary if continuous distributed suction is used to reach the same control objective. Finally, correlations and spectra show that the elongation of the structures in the streamwise direction is eliminated in the regions where the control has the largest effect. The spanwise scale of the disturbances is not affected by the control.

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ITO, Yasumasa, and Satoru KOMORI. "Effects of Trip Wires and a Round-Rod Grid on the Reactive-Diffusive Mechanism in a Liquid Plane Mixing Layer with a Chemical Reaction." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 70, no. 692 (2004): 921–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.70.921.

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Zhao, Lili, Maekele Yosef, Martin Steinhart, Petra Göring, Herbert Hofmeister, Ulrich Gösele, and Sabine Schlecht. "Porous Silicon and Alumina as Chemically Reactive Templates for the Synthesis of Tubes and Wires of SnSe, Sn, and SnO2." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 45, no. 2 (January 2006): 311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200502665.

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Drápala, Jaromír, Alena Struhařová, Daniel Petlák, Vlastimil Vodárek, and Petr Kubíček. "Reactive Diffusion at the Cylindrical Dissolving of Copper in the Solder Melt." Defect and Diffusion Forum 312-315 (April 2011): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.312-315.387.

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Problems of reactive diffusion at the solid phase and melt contact were studied theoretically and experimentally. The main intention was to calculate the time course of the solid phase dissolving in the case of cylindrical dissolving. These calculations were carried out on the assumption for the rate constant of dissolving K = const. In our work we give heed especially to the dominating process, which is the solid metal A dissolved in the melt B. During the dissolving the melt B saturates with the metal A and the process is influenced by convections which are characteristic for the given experimental configuration. A theoretical description of the kinetics of the solid phase dissolving in the melt will be presented for the case of cylindrical dissolving. The aim is to derive a relation for the interface boundary movement c(t) in dependence on time and a time course of growth of the element A concentration in the melt B. There are problems with accurate determination of the interface boundary movement after certain heating times of specimens, when it is observed experimentally, since intermetallic phases create in the original A metal at both the diffusion and cooling and some phases segregate at the solidifying melt cooling. The main intention was an experimental study of the copper dissolving in the tin melt. Experiments aimed to the determination of the Cu wires (diameters from 0.5 to 3.5 mm) dissolution in the solder melt were carried out at various selected temperatures and times. Rapid growth of phases in the metal A and determination of the thickness of layers with these phases pose considerable time demands to X-ray micro-analyses (WDX, EDX) of specimens after their long-time heating.

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Tantin, Dean R., Matthew A. Williams, J. Scott Hale, and Heejoo Kim. "The transcriptional coactivator OCA-B re-wires metabolism and promotes CD4 T cell memory." Journal of Immunology 204, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2020): 76.8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.76.8.

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Abstract OCA-B (Pou2af1/OBF-1/Bob.1) is a transcriptional coregulatory protein that is not expressed in naïve CD4+ T cells, but becomes stably induced following antigen exposure and T cell activation. We have previously shown that the transcription factor OCA-B interacts with, Oct1 (Pou2f1) is a potent regulator of metabolism. Oct1 dampens oxidative metabolism of amino acids in mitochondria and counteracts reactive oxygen species production. Possible roles of OCA-B in metabolism have not been tested. Our prior work also indicates that both OCA-B and Oct1 are critical for the generation of functional CD4 memory T cells in response to pathogen infection. By co-transferring SMARTA TCR transgenic T cells ectopically expressing OCA-B and empty vector controls into recipient mice, and infecting the recipients with LCMV, we show that OCA-B does not affect primary effector responses, but is sufficient to promote formation of long-lived memory T cells. Although there are no differences in T cell numbers or function at peak response, changes in the expression of proteins such as CD62L and ICOS are consistent with preferential entry into the memory pool and stronger response upon rechallenge. Transcriptomic profiling of cells at the same peak pathogen response timepoint identifies ~80 genes significantly differentially expressed by ectopic OCA-B expression. These genes encode metabolic regulators and transcription master regulators indicative of metabolic rewiring of these cells. This prediction was confirmed by profiling glycolytic and oxidative metabolism in OCA-B conditional knockout and control naïve CD4 T cells stimulated and rested in vitro. These results indicate that expressing OCA-B may be useful as a method of enhancing CD4 memory.

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Kudo, Koji, Yasuaki Nagashima, Munehisa Tamura, Shigeo Tamura, Akinori Ubukata, and Shigehisa Arai. "Fabrication of GaInAs/GaInAsP/InP Multi-Quantum-Wires and -Boxes by Substrate-Potential-Controlled Electron Cyclotron Resonance Reactive Ion Beam Etching." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 33, Part 2, No. 10A (October 1, 1994): L1382—L1385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.33.l1382.

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Tang, Y. S., R. Cheung, and C. D. W. Wilkinson. "Fabrication of sub-50 nm poly-Si/SiO2/Si narrow wires using electron beam lithography and CF4/O2 reactive ion etching." Electronics Letters 26, no. 21 (1990): 1823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19901166.

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Gozzelino, Laura, Bruno Minetti, Roberto Gerbaldo, Gianluca Ghigo, Francesco Laviano, Giuseppina Lopardo, Giovanni Giunchi, et al. "Effects of Nanoparticle Doping on Electrical Properties of ${\rm MgB}_{2}$ Bulks and Wires Obtained by Reactive Mg Liquid Infiltration Technique." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 17, no. 2 (June 2007): 2726–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2007.897931.

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Samokhin, V. I., D. V. Samokhin, E. E. Babkin, and I. M. Petrov. "Relevance of power saving at mining farms." Power and Autonomous equipment 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32464/2618-8716-2019-2-2-102-110.

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Introduction: mining has recently aroused substantial interest inRussia due to the rise in crypto-currency rates. Therefore, new coins are harder to obtain, and mining equipment turns more expensive. Computation capacities are provided by mining farms, and the number of their computation modules reaches 20 units, if operated by natural persons, and 300 – 5,000 units, if operated by major computation centres. One of the factors restraining the development of industrialscale mining, consists in high power consumption rates demonstrated by major computation centres. Therefore, the problem of high-quality power supply to mining farms gains relevance both in terms of the efficient use of electric power sources and in terms of the protection of expensive machines.Methods: the co-authors have analyzed power saving problems that accompany the incorporation of industrial mining farms, substantiated the need to design and develop the unique equipment, connectable to mining farms because the circulation of the reactive component of electric power between the source of alternate current and the accumulator causes losses of energy in the wires of the electric circuit. The overloading of the circuit by the reactive current causes the need to improve the capacity of the energy source, reduces the circuit voltage and makes it fluctuate. The co-authors have performed an overview of air and liquid-based cooling systems applied to mining farms. They also describe the principle of the cooling system involving submersion, which has a strong potential as a constituent component of major mining farms.Findings and discussion: the co-authors have formulated their idea aimed at the improvement of the performance of mining farms. They present a power saving system centered around the reactive capacity compensation, filtration of upper harmonics and compensation of voltage tilts.Conclusion: the co-authors have formulated the objectives of research in the area of power efficiency and capacity improvement at mining farms.

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