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Academic literature on the topic 'Reactive wires'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Reactive wires"

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Santos Silva, Gabriel, Lukasz Maj, Jerzy Morgiel, Maria Teresa Vieira, and Ana Sofia Ramos. "Development of Actuators for Repairing Cracks by Coating W Wires with Reactive Multilayers." Materials 15, no. 3 (January 24, 2022): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15030869.

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The aim of this research work was to optimize the coating of tungsten wires with reactive multilayer thin films and promote an exothermic self-propagating reaction. The ultimate goal is to use this heat to liquify low melting temperature materials, and thus block crack propagation in metallic materials. Ni/Me (Me = Al, Ti) multilayers were deposited by a DC (direct current) magnetron sputtering onto tungsten wires with diameters of 0.05 and 0.20 mm. The depositions were carried out to obtain films with near equiatomic average chemical composition and a modulation period (bilayer thickness) between 20 and 50 nm. The cross-section of the films was analyzed using electron microscopy before and after electrical ignition. A new substrate holder was developed to improve the quality of the Al/Ni films, allowing a reduction in the defects previously observed. The Ni/Ti thin films showed no discernible defects, regardless of the substrate holder. However, after ignition, the Ni + Ti reaction occurred in a non-self-propagating mode. Passing an electric current through a wire (ϕ = 0.05 mm) coated with an Al/Ni thin film, promoted a flash of light that was associated with the start of a self-propagating reaction. The reaction product was a B2-AlNi intermetallic phase. W wires coated with reactive multilayers may contribute to crack filling, and have potential to be self-healing actuators.
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Chen, Henry J. H., Tzu Nien Lee, Shin-Lun Tseng, Sun-Zen Chen, and Po-Wen Chiu. "Characterizations of Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors with Silicon Wire Array Channels and Stack-Sensing Membrane." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 037511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac5ad9.

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In this study, the characteristics of ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs) with silicon wire array channels and sensing membrane stacks of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)/SiO2 were investigated. Si wires were fabricated by nanoimprint lithography and Si anisotropic/isotropic reactive-ion etching processes. The Si wires, with a line width of ∼200 nm, were undercut and nearly suspended, which formed an Ω -shape cross-section. The aspects of wires were investigated using an optical microscope, an atomic force microscope, a scanning electron microscope, and a transmission electron microscope. The sensitivity, hysteresis, and drift of ISFETs were investigated. The above sensing properties were all significantly improved with the proposed channels and the sensing membrane stacks. As such, high-performance ISFETs can be realized for future biochemical applications.
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Lee, Dong Bok, T. H. Kim, and J. H. Ko. "Manufacturing and Oxidation Property of Steel and Ti Metal Fibers." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.273.

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Stainless steel and Ti metal fibers having a diameter of 3 µm were produced from wires by multiple extrusions. The suitable sheath coating for stainless steel to extrude the core wires to fibers was the Cu coating having ~30 µm thickness. Zinc was not a suitable sheath coating, because Zn of the low melting point had diffused into the stainless steel wires during extrusion. The oxidation of stainless steel fibers produced using the Cu sheath coating oxidized rapidly above 750°C due to the high surface area of fibers. The utilization of the Cu coating as a sheath material to extrude the core Ti wires to fibers was not possible, because the highly reactive Ti wires resisted deforming to fibers.
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Gong, Yan, Wentai Liu, Runyu Wang, Matthew Harris Brauer, Kristine Zheng, and Wen Li. "Stability Performance Analysis of Various Packaging Materials and Coating Strategies for Chronic Neural Implants under Accelerated, Reactive Aging Tests." Micromachines 11, no. 9 (August 26, 2020): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11090810.

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Reliable packaging for implantable neural prosthetic devices in body fluids is a long-standing challenge for devices’ chronic applications. This work studied the stability of Parylene C (PA), SiO2, and Si3N4 packages and coating strategies on tungsten wires using accelerated, reactive aging tests in three solutions: pH 7.4 phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), PBS + 30 mM H2O2, and PBS + 150 mM H2O2. Different combinations of coating thicknesses and deposition methods were studied at various testing temperatures. Analysis of the preliminary data shows that the pinholes/defects, cracks, and interface delamination are the main attributes of metal erosion and degradation in reactive aging solutions. Failure at the interface of package and metal is the dominating factor in the wire samples with open tips.
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Bank, Michael. "Electrical Energy Transmission by Several Wires and Reactive Power Problems." Engineering 10, no. 06 (2018): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/eng.2018.106023.

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Cheung, R., Y. H. Lee, C. M. Knoedler, K. Y. Lee, T. P. Smith, and D. P. Kern. "Sidewall damage inn+‐GaAs quantum wires from reactive ion etching." Applied Physics Letters 54, no. 21 (May 22, 1989): 2130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.101368.

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Itoh, Masayuki, Takashi Honda, and Kotaro Tsubaki. "Carrier Concentration in Quantum Wires Fabricated by Reactive Ion Beam Etching." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 30, Part 1, No. 10 (October 15, 1991): 2455–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.30.2455.

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Itoh, Masayuki, Takashi Honda, and Kotaro Tsubaki. "Carrier Concentration in Quantum Wires Fabricated by Reactive Ion Beam Etching." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 30, Part 1, No. 12A (December 15, 1991): 3551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.30.3551.

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Dong, Sufen, Daocheng Zhou, Zhen Li, Xun Yu, and Baoguo Han. "Super-fine stainless wires enabled multifunctional and smart reactive powder concrete." Smart Materials and Structures 28, no. 12 (November 4, 2019): 125009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ab4eaf.

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Bijjula, Kowtilya, Kenneth T. Christensen, and Dimitrios C. Kyritsis. "Experimental investigation of gaseous reactive flows around catalytically coated micro-wires." Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 32, no. 2 (2009): 3043–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2008.06.159.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Reactive wires"

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Joyce, Karen Elaine. "Development of Reactive Ion Scattering Spectrometry (RISS) as an Analytical Surface Characterization Technique." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193593.

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Reactive ion scattering spectrometry (RISS) utilizing low energy (tens of eV) polyatomic ions was employed to characterize self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold. The terminal composition of halogenated SAMs, chemisorption motifs of disulfide and diselenide SAMs, and electron transfer properties of molecular wire containing SAMs were interrogated to develop the versatility of RISS as an analytical surface characterization technique.Novel halogen terminated SAMs were examined for their ability to convert translational to vibrational energy of colliding projectile ions. A general increasing energy deposition trend correlated with increasing terminal mass with the exception of the iodine functionality. Increased amounts of surface abstractions and sputtering from C12I suggest competitive ion-surface interactions account for less than predicted energy deposition results. Mixed films of CH2Br and CH3 terminal groups elucidated interfacial surface crowding discerned by energy deposition results.Thiol and disulfide based SAMs were shown by RISS comparisons to be dissimilar in structure. Terminal orientation, however, was the same based on ion-surface reactions, disproving the proposed dimer model of disulfide SAMs. Ion-surface reactions and electron transfer properties of disulfide surfaces suggested greater percentages of c(4x2) superlattice structure than in thiol SAMs. Based on increased hydrogen reactivity, decreased methyl reactivity, and increased energy deposition results, diselenide based SAMs were more disordered than S-Au based SAMs. Electron transfer results monitored through total ion currents (TIC) showed Se-Au contacts are more conductive than S-Au attachments.Molecular wire candidates whose electron transfer capabilities are difficult to characterize by traditional techniques were characterized by RISS after being doped into matrix SAMs. Electron transfer properties were dependent on the isolating SAM matrix, dipole moments of the wires, and the potential applied to the surface. Changes in surface voltage dictated molecular wire geometry and electron transfer. Wires were annealed into preferential geometries by colliding ions, but did not operate as switches.While not related to the advancement of RISS, structural elucidation of the pharmaceutical carvidioliol was investigated by collision-induced dissociation, surface-induced dissociation, sustained off-resonance irradiation, and sustained off-resonance irradiation-resonant excitation and through gas-phase hydrogen/deuterium exchange. This molecule fragmented easily by all methods and demonstrated the chemical specificity of gas-phase hydrogen/deuterium exchange experiments.
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Pozuelo, Ruiz Marta. "Bioengineering single-protein wires." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/462906.

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Electron Transfer (ET) is undoubtedly one of the most important processes in life. Molecularly well-defined ET pathways in complex protein ensembles play a vital role in biological processes such as cell respiration or photosynthesis. The fundamental understanding of ET processes in biology is important not only to understand such key natural processes but also to advance in the design of biomolecule/electrode interfaces for Bioelectronic applications. The development of new techniques such as scanning probe microscopies (SPM) played a key role. In particular, the electrochemical scanning tunnelling microscopy (EC-STM) has been exploited to in situ monitor the ET rate as a function of the applied potential of individual metalloproteins immobilized on an Au electrode thanks to the single-molecule spatial resolution and the electrochemical gate capabilities. Azurin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a widely studied redox protein model both in bulk and at the single molecule level. Its globular structure contains a coordinated copper ion, which makes the protein capable of exchanging electrons by switching its redox state (Cu I/II) and supports its role as a soluble electron carrier in the respiratory chain of bacteria. In this thesis, we will show our advances on the design and characterization of single-protein devices using a Cu-Azurin metalloprotein model. We have demonstrated transistor like-behaviour in an electrochemically-gated single-protein wire that operates at very low voltages thanks to the Cu-Azurin redox properties. It was demonstrated that the conductance varies depending on the redox state of the Cu centre, having its maximum value at the redox-midpoint. We have also analysed the spontaneous formation of single-Azurin electrical contacts through the monitored current when the two ECSTM electrodes were placed at a fixed distance. Discrete switching events for the conductance were observed, whose frequency depends on the applied electrochemical conditions and, therefore, they were univocally ascribed to discrete changes in the redox state of the trapped protein. In order to tailor the charge transport behaviour of the single-protein wire, we have synthesized several mutants of the protein by exploiting point-site bioengineering schemes at different positions of the protein second coordination sphere. Our results show that we can rationally change the transport mechanism of the single-protein device by studying the effect of the specific residue modification on the particular ET pathways in the protein backbone.
La transferencia de electrones (ET) es uno de los procesos más importantes de la vida. La comprensión fundamental de los procesos de ET en biología es importante no sólo para comprender tales procesos naturales claves, sino también para avanzar en el diseño de interfaces biomolécula / electrodo para aplicaciones bioelectrónicas. En particular, se ha explotado la microscopía de efecto túnel con control electroquímico (EC-STM) para monitorizar in situ la constante de ET en función del potencial aplicado de las metaloproteínas. La Azurina de Pseudomonas aeruginosa es un modelo de proteína redox ampliamente estudiado, tanto en ‘bulk’ como a nivel de una sola proteina. Su estructura globular contiene un ion de cobre coordinado, que hace que la proteína sea capaz de intercambiar electrones cambiando su estado redox (Cu I/II). Este ion es el responsable de su rol como portador de electrones en la cadena respiratoria de las bacterias. En esta tesis, mostraremos nuestros avances en el diseño y caracterización de dispositivos de una sola proteína utilizando un modelo de metaloproteína Cu-Azurin. Hemos demostrado un comportamiento similar a un transistor en un hilo electroquímico de una sola proteína que funciona a muy bajos voltajes gracias a las propiedades redox de Cu-Azurin. Se demostró que la conductancia varía dependiendo del estado redox del centro de Cu, teniendo su valor máximo en el punto medio redox. También hemos analizado la formación espontánea de los contactos eléctricos de Azurin única a través de la corriente monitorizada cuando los dos electrodos ECSTM se colocaron a una distancia fija. Se observaron eventos discretos de conmutación para la conductancia, cuya frecuencia depende de las condiciones electroquímicas aplicadas y, por lo tanto, se atribuyeron unívocamente cambios discretos en el estado redox de la proteína atrapada. Con el fin de adaptar el comportamiento de transporte de carga de la unión uniproteica, hemos sintetizado varios mutantes de la misma proteína mediante bioingeniería en diferentes posiciones de la proteína. Nuestros resultados muestran que podemos cambiar racionalmente el mecanismo de transporte del dispositivo de una sola proteína mediante el estudio del efecto de la modificación de residuos específicos en las vías ET particular en el esqueleto de la proteína.
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Kumar, Pawan. "Studies of wire-matrix interaction in some tungsten wire reinforced stainless steels." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Mechanical Engineering, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8980.

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There is potential for improving creep properties of stainless steels by reinforcing them with tungsten (W) wires. Past studies have shown that a detrimental factor that impairs the mechanical properties of tungsten wire reinforced superalloy composites is the formation of brittle intermetallic phases due to the interaction between W wire and constituents of the alloy matrices. Formation and growth of the intermetallic phases strongly depends on the matrix chemistry and for the retention of creep strength, matrix compositions that do not form intermetallic phases with tungsten are desirable for fabricating W wire reinforced composites for high temperature applications. This research investigated the formation and growth of reaction phases in W wire reinforced 316L (W/316L) stainless steel and HP alloy steel (W/HP) that were fabricated by casting method. Additionally, the effect of composition on the evolution and kinetics of reaction phases was studied in some W wire reinforced experimental alloys based on Fe-Ni-Cr only (W/Fe-Ni-Cr). The fabricated composites were diffusion annealed in the temperature range 1000-1200°C for 25-500 hours. Microstructure and chemistry of the reaction phases in the as-cast and diffusion annealed composites were studied using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and electron backscattered diffraction techniques. Growth kinetics of the reaction layers and average effective interdiffusion coefficients in the layers were determined for the composites. Results showed that an intermetallic phase isostructural with µ-phase formed in the as-cast W/316L and W/Fe-Ni-Cr composites with 1 and 2 Fe:Ni matrix ratios. In W/HP a phase M12C with crystal structure similar to η-carbide was formed. These phases developed and formed brittle reaction layers around the W wires during diffusion annealing. A parabolic relationship between the µ-phase and η-carbide growth and diffusion annealing time indicated that the growth of reaction layers was diffusion controlled. In the W/Fe-Ni-Cr composites, formation of intermetallic phases did not occur in the matrices with 0.5Fe:Ni ratio, instead some isolated tungsten particles were observed in the matrix adjacent to the wires after diffusion annealing. In W/Fe-Ni-Cr composites with 1 and 2 Fe:Ni matrix ratio, the growth of µ-phase reaction layers during annealing was observed to be dependent on the matrix composition. It was found that with an increase in the Ni content in the matrix, growth of µ-phase reaction layer decreased. The study presented in this thesis gives first-hand information on phase formation and growth kinetics of the reaction layers in W/316L and W/HP composites. It revealed that the interaction of W with 316L and HP alloy matrices leads to formation of cracked intermetallic and carbide reaction layers which are not desirable in the composites designed for high temperature applications. It has also been shown in this study that in W/Fe-Ni-Cr composites, intermetallic phase formation can be suppressed by increasing Ni content in the matrix. In the composite with high Ni contents in the matrix (0.5Fe:Ni ratio) intermetallic phases do not form even after diffusion annealing at 1200°C. This intermetallic free W/Fe-Ni-Cr composite can further be studied for its creep strength.
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Öktem, Gözde. "Oligo(3-hexylthiophene) Wires for needs of Single-Molecule Nanoelectronics." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-227736.

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A material to function as a molecular electronic device should have a strong coupling with electrodes through appropriate and well-defined anchoring groups and have to support an effective traveling of charges via a conjugated molecular backbone. Oligo(3-hexylthiophene)s are π-conjugated molecules having large applicability in several areas of organic electronics owing interesting semiconducting properties and they also hold great promises in the field of single-molecule electronics. Polymerization methods, in principle, allow construction of long conjugated systems in a single synthetic step, however, most of them lack precision. This work uses externally initiated chain-growth Kumada Catalyst - Transfer Polycondensation (KCTP) for the synthesis of semiconductive oligo(3-hexylthiophene) wires with controllable molecular weights, low polydispersities, high regioregularities as well as with well-defined starting and end groups. In such a way, the synthetic efforts were compromised to obtain relatively easy a series of very complex molecular wires with a reasonable structural precision. To modulate the electronic function of oligomer backbones, specific charge-transfer moieties (DMA-TCBD and Fc-TCBD) were inserted as side chains or end groups. In-situ termination of KCTP with ZnCl-functionalized electron rich alkynes followed by Diederich-type click reaction resulted in the synthesis of asymmetrical oligo(3-hexylthiophene)s having thiolate-functionalized starting groups and donor-functionalized end-groups with a high degree of end-group functionalizations. Side chains of double-thiolate functionalized oligo(3-hexylthiophene)s, on the other hand, were further modified with the insertion of charge-transfer groups by post-polymerization functionalization. While the facile synthesis and modification of oligo(3-hexylthiophene)s enable the control over the molecular backbone, the specific starting and end anchoring groups allow the control over the electrode oligomer interface. To assure the formation of alligator clips between oligomer backbone and Au electrode, the optimizations including proper end-group conversion into mild counterparts followed by in-situ deprotection into thiolates and the binding abilities on gold were investigated. Finally, the conductance of bis-end functionalized oligo(3-hexylthiophene)s was preliminarily studied through oligomer backbone by Mechanically Controllable Break Junctions (MCBJs) setup and through oligomer-attached DNA origami-templated gold nanowires by individual electrical contacts. The developed KCTP-based synthetic route, at the end, presents new opportunities for the facile synthesis, the ease of modification and the feasibility of asymmetrical and side chain functionalized oligo(3-hexylthiophene) wires for needs of molecular electronics.
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Fowler, Matthew R. "Testing and Evaluation of a Novel Virtual Reality Integrated Adaptive Driving System." Scholar Commons, 2010. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1634.

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Virtual simulators have proven to be extremely effective tools for training individuals for tasks that might otherwise be cost-prohibitive, dangerous, or impractical. One advantage of using a virtual simulator is that it provides a safe environment for emergency scenarios. For many years the United States military and NASA have used simulators, including those affixed with drive-by-wire (DBW) controls, effectively and efficiently to train subjects in a variety of ways. A DBW system utilizes electrical circuits to actuate servo motors from a given input signal to achieve a desired output. In DBW systems the output is not directly mechanically connected to a control surface (steering, acceleration, deceleration, etc.); usually, the input controller is linked by electrical wires to a localized servo motor where direct control can be given. This project is aimed at developing a novel simulator for a future training program using DBW systems that caters specifically to individuals who currently use or will be using for the first time vehicle modifications in order to drive and maintain their independence. Many of these individuals use one or a combination of powered steering, acceleration, braking, or secondary DBW controls to drive. The simulator integrates a virtual training environment and advanced electronic vehicle interface technology (AEVIT) DBW controls (4-way joystick, gas-brake lever/small zero-effort steering wheel). In a 30 participant study of three groups (able-bodied individuals, elderly individuals, and individuals with disability), it was found that training with a DBW joystick steering system will require more instruction and simulator practice time than a gas-brake lever/small steering wheel combination (GB/S) to obtain a similar level of competency. Drivers using the joystick completed predetermined driving courses in longer times, at slower speeds, with more errors than the other DBW system. On average, the reaction time to a stopping signal was fastest with the gas-brake lever at 0.54 seconds. Reaction times for the standard vehicle controls and the joystick were 0.741 and 0.677 seconds respectively. It was noted that reaction times using DBW controls were shorter overall. When driving in traffic, drivers committed 4.9, 5.1, and 8.3 driving infractions per minute using standard vehicle controls (No Drive by Wire, (NDBW)), the gas/brake and steering system, and joystick system respectively. Most drivers felt that the GB/S system was easier to learn, easier to operate, safer, and more reliable than the joystick system.
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Nagy, Péter. "Formation and Decomposition of Platinum–Thallium Bond, Kinetics and Mechanism. Structural Characterization of Some Metal Cyanides in the Solid State." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Chemistry, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3803.

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The kinetic and mechanistic features of a new series ofplatinum-thallium cyano compounds containing a direct andunsupported by ligands metal-metal bond have been studied insolution, using standard mix–and–measurespectrophotometric technique and stopped–flow method.These reactions are interpreted as oxidative addition of the cspecies to the square planar Pt(CN)42-complex. Each of these processes was found to befirst-order in Pt(CN)42-, the corresponding TIIIIcomplex and a cyanide ion donating species whichacts as a catalyst. Both di- and trinuclear complexes werestudied, and the kinetically significant thallium complexes intheir formation and the catalytically active cyanide sourcesare as follows: [(CN)5PtTl(CN)3]3-: Tl(CN)4–(alkaline region), Tl(CN)3(slightly acidic region) and CN–; [(CN)5Pt–Tl(CN)]–: Tl(CN)2+and Tl(CN)2+; [(CN)5Pt–Tl–Pt(CN)5]3-: [(CN)5Pt–Tl(CN)]–and HCN. Appropriatemechanisms were postulated for the overall reactions in allcases, which include i) metal–metal bond formation stepand ii) coordination of an axial cyanide ion to the platinumcenter. Two experimentally indistinguishable kinetic modelswere proposed for the formation of the dinuclear complexeswhich are different in the sequence of the two steps. In thecase of the trinuclear complex, experimental evidence isavailable to exclude one of the alternative reaction paths, andit was proven that the metal–metal bond formation precedesthe axial cyanide coordination.

The cyanide ligands coordinated to TIIIIin the Pt–Tl complexes could be replacedsuccessfully with aminopolycarboxylates e.g.: mimda2-, nta3-, edta4-. The [(CN)5Pt–Tl(edta)]4-complex, with a direct metal–metal bond hasbeen prepared in solution by two different reactions: a)dissolution of [(CN)5Pt–Tl](s) in an aqueous solution of edta, b)directly from Pt(CN)42-and Tl(edta)(CN)2-. The decomposition reaction is greatlyaccelerated by cyanide and significantly inhibited by edta. Itproceeds through the [(CN)5Pt–Tl(CN)3]3-intermediate. The formation of [(CN)5Pt–Tl(edta)]4-can proceed via two different pathways dependingon the ratio of the cyanide to the edta ligand concentrations.The’direct path’at excess of edta means theformation of intermediate[(CN)4Pt···Tl(CN)(edta)]4-, followed by a release of the cyanide from theTl–centre followed by coordination of a cyanide from thebulk to the Pt–centre of the intermediate. The’indirect path’dominates in the absence of extraedta and the formation of the Pt–Tl bond occours betweenPt(CN)42-and Tl(CN)4–.

Homoligand MTl(CN)4(M = TlI, K, Na) and, for the first time, Tl(CN)3species have been synthesized in the solid stateand their structures solved by single crystal X–raydiffraction method. Interesting redox processes have been foundbetween TIIIIand CN–in non–aqueous solution and in Tl2O3-CN–aqueous suspension. In the crystal structureof Tl(CN)3·H2O, the thallium(III) ion has a trigonal bypiramidalcoordination geometry with three cyanides in the trigonalplane, while an oxygen atom of the water molecule and anitrogen atom from a cyanide ligand attached to a neighboringthallium complex, form a linear O–Tl–N fragment.Cyanide ligand bridges thallium units forming an infinitezigzag chain structure. Among the thallium(III) tetracyanocompounds, the isostructural M[Tl(CN)4](M = Tl and K) and Na[Tl(CN)4]·3H2O crystallize in different crystal systems, but thethallium(III) ion has in all cases the same tetrahedralgeometry in the [Tl(CN)4]–unit.

Three adducts of mercury(II) (isoelectronic with TIIII) (K2PtHg(CN)6·2H2O, Na2PdHg(CN)6·2H2O and K2NiHg(CN)6·2H2O) have been prepared from Hg(CN)2and square planar transition metal cyanides MII(CN)42-and their structure have been studied by singlecrystal X–ray diffraction, XPS and Raman spectroscopy inthe solid state. The structure of (K2PtHg(CN)6·2H2O consists of strictly linear one dimensional wireswith PtIIand HgIIcenters located alternately, dHg–Pt= 3.460 Å. The structure of Na2PdHg(CN)6·2H2O and K2NiHg(CN)6·2H2O can be considered as double salts, the lack ofhetero–metallophilic interaction between both the HgIIand PdIIatoms, dHg–Pd= 4.92 Å, and HgIIand NiIIatoms, dNi–Pd= 4.60 Å, seems obvious. Electronbinding energy values of the metallic centers measured by XPSshow that there is no electron transfer between the metal ionsin all three adducts. In solution, experimental findingsclearly indicate the lack of metal–metal bond formation inall studied HgII–CN-–MII(CN)42-systems (M = Pt, Pd and Ni). It is in contrary tothe platinum–thallium bonded cyanides.

KEYWORDS:metal–metal bond, platinum, thallium,kinetics, mechanism, stopped flow, oxidative addition, cyanocomplexes, edta, redox reaction, metal cyanides, X–raydiffraction, Raman, NMR, mercury, palladium, nickel, onedimensional wire

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Santos, Mickael da Costa. "Study of the influence of high hydrostatic pressure on wine chemical and sensorial characteristics." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14822.

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Doutoramento em Química
During the last years, the use of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) as a non-thermal technology for preservation or aging of wine has increased substantially in the academic community. However, HHP treated wine has been only analysed after the pressure treatment, with no knowledge available on the effects of HHP during subsequent storage. The results presented in this thesis showed that HHP treatments influence the chemical and sensorial properties of wine during storage. The application of high hydrostatic pressure treatments in winemaking for wine preservation, as an alternative to sulphur dioxide, was evaluated studying the effect of HHP in the physicochemical and sensorial properties of red and white wines during bottle storage. High pressure treatments with 5 min of processing time and pressures of 425 and 500 MPa were shown to influence on both red and white wine physicochemical and sensorial characteristics. However, the effects were only perceptible after, at least, 6 months of storage. The alterations that occurred on the pressurized red wine characteristics, such as the more orange-red colour and the lower antioxidant activity (15-27% less), total phenolic content (9% less), and anthocyanins content (45–61% less), were due to an increase of condensation reactions of phenolic compounds. The increase of these condensation reactions lead to the formation of compounds with higher degree of polymerisation that became insoluble along storage, increasing consequently the amount of wine deposits in the pressurized wines. In terms of white wines, pressurized wines showed, after one year of storage, a more brownish colour and a lower antioxidant activity (15% less) and total content of phenolic compounds (10% less) when compared to the unpressurized wines. These results, together with the lower content of free amino acids (15-20% less) and higher content of furans (up to 70% more), present in the pressurized wines after nine months of storage, led to propose an effect of HHP treatments in the acceleration of Maillard reactions that occur during the wine storage period. Therefore, contrary to the pressurized sulphur dioxide-free red wine, the pressurized white wines were not considered suitable for commercialization as table wines due to the higher brownish colour and cooked fruit aroma, characteristics of an aged or thermally treated wine.Additionally, the impact of the pressure treatments on the volatile composition of sulphur dioxide-free red and white wines, during bottle storage, was evaluated. More than 160 volatile compounds, distributed by 12 chemical groups, were identified in both wines. At the end of storage, the pressurized wines presented a higher content of furans, aldehydes, ketones, and acetals when compared to the unpressurized wines. These results indicate that pressure influences the white and red wine long term volatile composition, being this particularly evident for longer storage periods. The changes on the volatile composition of the pressurized wines, indicated that the HHP treatments accelerate the Maillard reactions, and the oxidation of alcohols and fatty acids, leading to wines with a volatile composition network approaching the characteristic of faster aged and/or thermally treated wines. The acceleration of Maillard reactions and phenolic compounds condensation by HHP treatments was also studied in model wine solutions (hydro alcoholic solution at acidic pH). The results showed that the high pressure treatment accelerated the Maillard reaction and this effect was quantifiable, mainly, after 6 months of storage. Pressurized model solutions presented higher concentration of 2-furfural, phenylacetaldehyde and benzaldehyde, when compared to the controls. In terms of phenolic compounds condensation reactions, the pressurized model wine solutions showed no relevant differences, when compared to controls. Therefore, it seems that the pressure treatment had a higher impact in terms of kineticks of reactions and in less extent in terms of different compounds formed. Lastly, the application of HHP treatments in winemaking to improve the properties of young wines was evaluated. For this propose, the effect of HHP treatments in the phenolic composition of a red wine was studied and compared with the effect of different oenological practices. Wines pressurized at 500 MPa for 5 min, and 600 MPa for 20 min, at 20 ºC, showed, after 5 months of storage, a lower monomeric anthocyanins (8-14%), phenolic acids (8-11%) and flavonols (14-22%) content, when compared to the unpressurized ones. The wine pressurized at 500 MPa presented a flavanols content and a degree of polymerization very similar to the wines treated by traditional aging processes. In terms of sensorial properties, the pressure treatments increased the cooked fruit aroma and decreased the floral and fruit odours and, in the case of the 600 MPa treatment, increased the bitterness. Therefore, the HHP treatments seem to promote reactions that are similar to those observed in wines treated with wood aging processes. In conclusion, the results presented in this thesis showed that HHP treatments accelerated the Maillard reaction and the polymerization reactions between phenolic compounds present in the wine, influencing the chemical and sensorial properties of wine. HHP can be potentially used to preserve or accelerate the wine aging process, producing wines with pleasant and distinct characteristics.
Durante os últimos anos, o uso de alta pressão hidrostática (APH) como tecnologia não-térmica para a preservação ou envelhecimento de vinho tem aumentado substancialmente na comunidade académica. No entanto, os vinhos tratados por APH têm sido analisados após o tratamento de pressão, não havendo referências sobre as suas propriedades durante o armazenamento. Os resultados apresentados nesta tese mostram que a aplicação de tratamentos de APH altera as propriedades químicas e sensoriais de vinhos ao longo do armazenamento. Os tratamentos de alta pressão hidrostática foram aplicados na vinificação para a preservação de vinho, como alternativa ao dióxido de enxofre, sendo o seu efeito avaliado nas propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais de vinhos tintos e brancos durante o armazenamento em garrafa. Os tratamentos de alta pressão com 5 min de processamento e pressões de 425 e 500 MPa mostraram influenciar as características físico-químicas e sensoriais de vinhos tintos e brancos. No entanto, o efeito foi apenas percetível após pelo menos 6 meses de armazenamento. As alterações que ocorreram nas características do vinho tinto pressurizado, tais como a cor mais laranja-vermelho, menor atividade antioxidante (menos 15 a 27%), menor conteúdo de compostos fenólicos totais (menos 9%) e menor teor de antocianinas (menos 45-61%), foram devidas a um aumento das reacções de condensação de compostos fenólicos. O aumento destas reações de condensação levou à formação de compostos com maior grau de polimerização que se tornaram insolúveis no vinho ao longo do armazenamento, aumentando consequentemente a quantidade de depósito nos vinhos pressurizados. Em relação ao vinho branco, os vinhos pressurizados mostraram, depois de um ano de armazenamento, uma cor mais acastanhada, menor atividade antioxidante (menos 15%) e menor teor de compostos fenólicos totais (menos 10%) comparando com os vinhos não pressurizados. Estes resultados, juntamente com o baixo teor de aminoácidos livres (menos 15 a 20%) e um maior teor de furanos (até 70% mais) para os vinhos pressurizados após nove meses de armazenamento, levam a propor que os tratamentos de APH aceleraram as reações de Maillard que ocorrem durante o período de armazenamento do vinho. No entanto, ao contrário dos vinhos tintos pressurizados, os vinho brancos pressurizados não foram considerados adequados para comercialização como vinhos de mesa, visto que apresentavam uma cor acastanhada e um elevado aroma a fruta cozida, características estas de vinhos envelhecidos ou tratados termicamente.Adicionalmente, foi avaliado o impacto dos tratamentos de APH sobre a composição volátil dos vinhos tintos e brancos sem dióxido de enxofre durante o armazenamento em garrafas. Mais de 160 compostos voláteis, distribuídos por 12 grupos químicos, foram identificados em ambos os vinhos. No final do armazenamento, os vinhos pressurizados apresentaram um teor mais elevado de furanos, aldeídos, cetonas e acetais quando comparados com os vinhos não pressurizados. Estes resultados indicam que os tratamentos de APH influenciam a composição volátil de vinhos brancos e tintos, , sendo mais evidente em longos períodos de armazenamento. As mudanças na composição volátil dos vinhos indicaram que os tratamentos de APH aceleraram as reações de Maillard e também a oxidação de álcoois e ácidos gordos, originando vinhos com uma composição volátil próxima de vinhos com envelhecimento acelerado ou tratados termicamente. A aceleração das reações de Maillard e de polimerização dos compostos fénolicos causada pelos tratamentos de APH foi também estudada em soluções modelo de vinho (solução hidroalcoólica com pH ácido). Os resultados mostraram que o tratamento de APH acelera a reação de Maillard , sendo este efeito quantificado, apenas, após 6 meses de armazenamento. As soluções modelo de vinho pressurizadas apresentaram concentrações mais elevadas de 2-furfuraldeído, fenilacetaldeído e benzaldeído, em comparação com os controlos. Em termos de polimerização dos compostos fénolicos, as soluções modelo pressurizadas não apresentaram diferenças relevantes, em comparação com os controlos. Por conseguinte, os tratamentos de APH aparentem ter mais impacto em termos de modificações nas cineticas de reação do que na formação de novos compostos. Por último, a aplicação de tratamentos de APH foi estudada para melhorar as propriedades de vinhos jovens. Para este propósito, o efeito de tratamentos de APH na composição fenólica de um vinho tinto foi estudado e comparado com o efeito de diferentes práticas enológicas. Vinhos pressurizados a 500 MPa durante 5 min e a 600 MPa durante 20 min, a 20 ºC, mostraram depois de 5 meses de armazenamento um menor teor de antocianinas monoméricas (8-14%), ácidos fenólicos (8-11%) e flavonóis (14 -22%), quando comparados com os vinhos não-pressurizados. O vinho pressurizado a 500 MPa apresentou um teor de flavonóis e um grau de polimerização de taninos muito semelhante aos vinhos tratados por processos de envelhecimento tradicionais. Em termos de propriedades sensoriais, os tratamentos de pressão aumentaram o aroma de fruta cozida e diminuiram os aromas florais e frutados, tendo no caso do tratamento de 600 MPa sido verificado também um aumento da amargura. Assim sendo, os tratamentos de APH parecem promover reações que são semelhantes às observadas em vinhos tratados com processos de envelhecimento em madeira. Em conclusão, os resultados apresentados nesta tese mostram que a aplicação de tratamentos de APH acelera as reações de Maillard e a polimerização dos compostos fenólicos presentes no vinho, ao longo do armazenamento, alterando assim as propriedades químicas e sensoriais dos vinhos. A APH pode ser potencialmente utilizada para preservar ou acelerar o processo de envelhecimento de vinho tinto produzindo vinhos com características agradáveis e distintas.
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Müller, Wolfhart. "Temperaturverhältnisse und Reaktionskinetik beim Ziehen und Wärmebehandeln von Draht." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-127084.

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Die Temperaturverhältnisse beim Ziehen und Wärmebehandeln von Draht werden mit mathematisch-analytischen Methoden auf der Grundlage der FOURIERschen Wärmeleitungsgleichung eingehend untersucht. Insbesondere wird unter den spezifischen Wärmeübergangsbedingungen zwischen Draht und Ziehdüse sowie zwischen Draht und Ziehtrommel deren thermische Wechselwirkung analysiert. Ein Näherungsverfahren zur Berechnung der Drahttemperaturen in Zugfolgen unter Berücksichtigung des Ziehdüseneinflusses wird angegeben und mit einem Beispiel zum Nassziehen stark verzinkten Stahldrahts illustriert. Aus geschwindigkeitsabhängig gemessenen Änderungen des Drahtdurchmessers werden unter thermoelastischer Ziehringdurchmesserkorrektur Schmierfilmdicken bestimmt. Diffusionsgleichungen werden analysiert und ein Zusammenhang zur Reaktionskinetik wird hergestellt. Ein neues reaktionskinetisches Werkstoffmodell, das insbesondere auch im Falle stärker anisothermer Verhältnisse, also bei Kurzzeitwärmebehandlung anwendbar ist, wird vorgestellt.
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Bijjula, Kowtilya. "Gaseous reactive flows around catalytically combusting micro-wires /." 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3337702.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2008.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-11, Section: B, page: 7089. Adviser: Dimitrios C. Kyritsis. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-117). Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.
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Silva, Gabriel Santos da. "Otimização da deposição de filmes multicamada reativos sobre fios de tungsténio." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/96219.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia de Materiais apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
O trabalho de investigação realizado teve por objetivo otimizar o revestimento de fios de tungsténio com filmes multicamada reativos, por forma a promover uma reação autopropagável entre Ni e Al (ou Ti), com a consequente libertação de calor. O objetivo final é utilizar este calor para fundir um material de baixo ponto de fusão, e assim bloquear a propagação de fendas em materiais metálicos.Filmes multicamada Ni/Al e Ni/Ti foram produzidos por pulverização catódica magnetrão, utilizando dois alvos distintos. Como substratos foram utilizados fios de tungsténio com diâmetros de 0,5, 0,2 e 0,05 mm. As deposições foram efetuadas de modo a obter filmes multicamada com composição química global equiatómica e períodos de modulação (espessura da bicamada) nanométricos (25 e 50 nm). De forma a otimizar o revestimento de fios, foi desenvolvido um novo porta substratos. A secção transversal dos filmes foi analisada por microscopia eletrónica de varrimento e transmissão, após deposição e após ignição por descarga elétrica de 9V.A redução das potências aplicadas aos alvos e a utilização do novo porta substratos permitiram evitar/reduzir os defeitos observados nos filmes Ni/Al. Nos filmes Ni/Ti não foram observados defeitos. Ao fazer passar corrente através de um fio de W com 0,05 mm de diâmetro, revestido com um filme Ni/Al com 25 nm de período, foi observado um “flash” e confirmada a ocorrência de uma reação autopropagável. Concluindo, neste estudo foram desenvolvidos fios de W revestidos com filmes multicamada reativos com potencial para aplicação em autorreparação.
The aim of this research work was to optimize the coating of tungsten wires with reactive multilayer thin films in order to promote a self-propagating reaction between Ni and Al (or Ti), with consequent heat release. The ultimate goal is to use this heat to melt a low melting point material, and thus block crack propagation in metallic materials.Ni/Al and Ni/Ti multilayer films were produced by magnetron sputtering using two different targets. Tungsten wires with diameters of 0.5, 0.2 and 0.05 mm were used as substrate material. The depositions were carried out in order to obtain multilayer thin films with equiatomic overall chemical composition and nanometric modulation periods (bilayer thickness, 25 and 50 nm). In order to improve the coating of wires, a new substrate holder has been developed. The cross section of the films was analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, after deposition and after ignition by an electric discharge of 9V.The reduction of the power applied to each target and the use of the new substrate holder allowed the defects observed in Ni/Al thin films to be avoided/reduced. Ni/Ti thin films showed no defects. When passing current through a 0.05 mm diameter W wire coated with a 25 nm period Ni/Al film, a flash was observed and the occurrence of a self-propagating reaction confirmed. In conclusion, in this study W wires coated with reactive multilayer thin films with potential for self-healing applications were developed...................
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Books on the topic "Reactive wires"

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Sibikin, Yuriy. Power supply. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1863101.

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The textbook discusses methods for calculating electrical loads, issues of the quality of electrical energy and reactive power compensation, power supply schemes of objects; describes the methodology for determining losses in elements of power supply systems, provides material related to the operation and calculation of electrical networks associated with the process of electric current flow in the wires of external and internal power supply of objects. It is intended for students of training areas and specialties "Electric power engineering and electrical engineering", "Power stations, networks and systems", "Power supply", "Automatic control of electric power systems", "Relay protection and automation of electric power systems" and other electric power training areas and specialties of universities and institutions of secondary vocational education.
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Pitts, William M. Chemically reacting turbulent flow. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1986.

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Pitts, William M. Chemically reacting turbulent flow. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1986.

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Women's Research Centre (Vancouver, B.C.), ed. Feminist action, institutional reaction: Responses to wife assault. Vancouver, B.C: Women's Research Centre, 1985.

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Gidget, Cantrell, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Reaction and protection of electrical wire insulators in atomic-oxygen environments. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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Gidget, Cantrell, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Reaction and protection of electrical wire insulators in atomic-oxygen environments. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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Castledine, Jacqueline. Progressive Mothers. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037269.003.0004.

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This chapter demonstrates how a host of social justice causes remain at the core of U.S. leftist women's postwar activism, including civil rights and women's equality, and more importantly, peace. Response to their attempts to push the boundaries of good mothering to include such endeavors as political organizing and peace activism suggests the difficulties they would face balancing the personal and the political in the immediate postwar era. The experiences of a group of Progressive Party organizers working across the nation at both national and local levels shows how their determination to continue working for leftist causes, while also performing their social roles as mothers, wives, daughters, and waged workers, was increasingly complicated by domestic reaction to international events.
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Han, Chang Dae. Rheology and Processing of Polymeric Materials: Volume 2: Polymer Processing. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195187830.001.0001.

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Volume 2 presents the fundamental principles related to polymer processign operations including the processing of thermoplastic polymers and thermosets. The objective of this volume is not to provide recipies that necessarily guarantee better product quality. Rather, emphasis is placed on presenting a fundamental approach to effectively analyze processing operations. The specific polymer processing operations for thermoplastics include plasticating single-screw extrusion, morphology evolution during compounding of polymer blends, compatibilization of immiscible polymer blends, wire coating extrusion, fiber spinning, tubular film blowing, coextrusion, and thermoplastic foam extrusion. The specific polymer processing operations for thermosets include reaction injection molding, pultrusion of fiber-reinforced thermosets, and compression molding of thermoset composites.
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Taiz, Lincoln, and Lee Taiz. Behind the Green Door. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190490263.003.0014.

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Chapter 14 explores literary and scientific reactions to the idea of sex in plants. England experienced a fashion for “phytoerotica”: bawdy verse, in which plants represented human genitalia, and classically inspired poetry, in which stamens and pistils were personified as husbands, wives and lovers. The former had little to do with plants. The latter served to teach the Linnaean sexual classification system. In reaction, some botanists rejected both the sexual theory and the Linnaean system. Two camps developed, the “sexualists” and the “asexualists”. J.G. Siegesbeck railed, “[Who] will ever believe that God Almighty should have introduced such…shameful whoredom for the propagation of the reign of plants.” The negative impact of the sexual system on the morals of women became the asexualist’s rallying cry. In 1759, the Pope banned all Linnaeus’s books and ordered them burned. Nevertheless, Erasmus Darwin’s “Loves of Plants,” with its fascinating female plant characters, was a hit.
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Vytenis, Babrauskas, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), eds. Fire performance of wire and cable: Reaction-to-fire tests -- a critical review of the existing methods and of new concepts. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Reactive wires"

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Pong, I., S. C. Hopkins, Xiao Wei Fu, Bartek A. Glowacki, James Elliott, and Alberto Baldini. "Reactive Diffusion in Cu-Nb-Sn Internal Tin Superconducting Wires for the ITER Project." In Defect and Diffusion Forum, 294–98. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-36-1.294.

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Neuenhaus, Mario, and Andreas Niklaus. "Reactive Compounding of Highly Filled Flame Retardant Wire and Cable Compounds." In Reactive Extrusion, 299–330. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527801541.ch11.

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Moltchanov, Dmitri. "The Structure of the Reactive Performance Control System for Wireless Channels." In Next Generation Teletraffic and Wired/Wireless Advanced Networking, 164–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11759355_17.

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Hopkins, S. C., K. S. Tan, I. Pong, and Bartek A. Glowacki. "Reaction Diffusion Behaviour in Bronze Route Cu-Nb-Sn Superconducting Wires." In Defect and Diffusion Forum, 152–57. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-36-1.152.

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Abukay, D., and L. Rinderer. "The Effects of High Reaction Temperatures on the Tc of Multifilamentary Nb-Al Wires." In Advances in Cryogenic Engineering Materials, 1061–66. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9871-4_125.

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Hibi, Motoaki, Tatsuro Kobune, Daisuke Miki, Yoshio Kano, and Masato Abe. "A Study on Steering Reactive Torque for Steer-by-Wire Vehicle Using Driving Simulator." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 237–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33795-6_20.

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Das, Sankar, Debashis Chatterjee, and Swapan K. Goswami. "An Improved Reactive Power Compensation Scheme for Unbalanced Four Wire System with Low Harmonic Injection Using SVC." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 119–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74808-5_11.

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Ono, Kimiaki. "STEERING FEEL AND STEER-BY-WIRE – Steering feel design based on the driver’s perceived value of steering reaction force." In Proceedings, 595–616. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-14219-3_40.

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P., Sivaraman, and Sharmeela C. "Introduction to Electric Distribution System." In Handbook of Research on New Solutions and Technologies in Electrical Distribution Networks, 1–31. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1230-2.ch001.

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Distribution system is the final stage of electric power system, and can be classified based on voltage level, location, number of wires, and types of customers. This chapter explains the various classifications of the distribution system in detail. System reliability is one of the important design concerns for any distribution system. The various methods of design concept to improve reliability are clarified. Reactive power compensation is another main concern in a distribution system. Methods of reactive power compensation are also detailed.
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Griep, Mark A., and Marjorie L. Mikasen. "Hard Science = Hard Evidence: Forensic Chemistry and Chemical Detectives." In ReAction! Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195326925.003.0011.

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Someone killed the mayor of Chatsberg using a makeshift pipe bomb in Kid Glove Killer (1942). It was connected with a wire to the electrical system of the mayor’s automobile and exploded when he turned the ignition key. The two members of the Chatsberg police forensic team, supervisor Gordon McKay (Van Heflin) and his assistant Jane “Mitchell” Mitchell (Marsha Hunt), visit the crime scene to collect clues such as a coat fiber caught in the garage door, the exploded bomb fragments with attached wire, and the burlap bag beneath the automobile. Their hypothesis is never stated, but it is clear from their actions they are using Locard’s exchange principle: “Every contact leaves a trace.” McKay and Mitchell focus their subsequent efforts on finding physical evidence on suspects that connects them with the material collected at the crime scene. In forensic science, crime scene reconstruction is the “thought experiment,” the documented crime scene is the “effect,” and the evidence is used to establish “cause.” In the case of murder, “cause” equates to who did what to whom. An examination of the chemistry in detective and spy movies shows they fall into the two main categories of elemental analysis or qualitative analysis. Most qualitative analyses fall under the category of forensic toxicology, the identification and quantification of drugs and poisons. Toxicology also happens to be one of the oldest branches of forensic chemistry. None of the movies shows the creation or even improvement of a chemical procedure. Instead, chemistry plays an infallible supporting role in solving a crime or mystery. For instance, in Kid Glove Killer, elemental analysis determines that vanadium was present as a tracer in the gunpowder but is not under the fingernails of the prime suspect, thereby decisively eliminating him as a suspect in the eyes of the forensic experts. The actual proof linking the killer to the crime scene does not involve chemistry but, rather, repetitive routine testing coupled with good guesswork. Even though the ability to detect arsenic in body tissues in 1815 gave chemical forensics its start (see “Limits of Detection,” below), the next advances in forensics were philosophical.
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Conference papers on the topic "Reactive wires"

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Bijjula, Kowtilya, Kenneth Christensen, Dimitrios Kyritsis, and Subir Roychoudhury. "Experimental Investigation of Gaseous Reactive Flows Around Catalytically Coated Micro-Wires." In 46th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2008-967.

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Bach, Fr W., K. Möhwald, and D. Kolar. "Qualification of a Modified Triplex II Plasma Gun for Processing of Liquid Precursors and Wire- or Powder Shaped Spray Materials Under Controlled Atmosphere." In ITSC2005, edited by E. Lugscheider. Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2005p1199.

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Abstract The Sulzer Metco Triplex II gun marks a new generation of three cathode plasma guns. In opposition to conventional single cathode guns, it features a stationary plasma jet. Liquid precursors, wire- and powder shaped spray materials were processed with a modified Triplex II gun under controlled atmosphere and characteristics of the obtained coatings were investigated. A new shroud system was developed to handle susceptible to oxidation and reactive materials such as Ti and B4C. A conception of a wire conveyance system enables the handling of three wires of titanium simultaneously. Furthermore a liquid spray material feed system, for the generation of Al2O3-coating with low porosity based on nanoparticle suspensions, was developed and built. All coatings, which were manufactured by the different procedures, are characterized comprehensively by means of optical microscopy (OM) including interactive image analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with attached electron dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) system, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and microhardness.
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Dias, Rajen, Lars Skoglund, and Zhiyong Wang. "Laser Milling Methods for Package Failure Analysis." In ISTFA 2002. ASM International, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2002p0109.

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Abstract Current methods used for package level destructive physical analysis (DPA) such as chemical and mechanical decapsulation methods, reactive ion etching (RIE) and diamond saw x-section methods could potentially result in artifacts such as die cracking, delamination or corrosion when used on complex packaging technologies such as multiple thin die stacked packages with combination of flip chip and wire bond interconnections. Many of the shortcoming of these ubiquitous DPA tools are being addressed by a laser milling approach to DPA. The system described in this paper consists of a ultraviolet (UV) laser used for local micromachining or milling to access package internal features and a near infrared(IR) laser used for precise soldering of fine wires to enable testing and fault isolation. Applications of the laser milling tool described in the paper are 1) Delayering of multilayer printed circuit board (PCB) substrates to expose internal metal traces so that they can be tested to fault isolate the failure without loosing electrical functionality of the product. 2) Silicon milling to expose flip chip interconnections. 3) Package cross sectioning and 4) Plastic package decapsulation.
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Abrahamsson, Lars, Daniel Serrano Jimenez, John Laury, and Math Bollen. "AC Cables Strengthening Railway Low Frequency AC Power Supply Systems." In 2017 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2017-2258.

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In present-day railway power supply systems using an AC frequency lower than the one in the public power system of 50/60 Hz, high voltage overhead transmission lines are used as one measure of strengthening the railway power supply system grids. This option may be economically beneficial, compared to strengthening the grid purely by increasing the density of converter stations or increasing the cross section areas of the overhead catenary wires. High voltage AC transmission lines in the railway power supply system allow larger distances between converter stations than would otherwise be possible for a given amount of train traffic. Moreover, the introduction of AC transmission lines implies reduced line losses and reduced voltage level fluctuations at the catenary for a given amount of train traffic. However, due to the increased public and government resistance for additional overhead high voltage AC transmission lines in general, different alternatives will be needed for the future improvements and strengthening of railway power systems. For a more sustainable transport sector, the share and amount of railway traffic needs to increase, in which case such a strengthening becomes inevitable. Earlier, usage of VSC-HVDC transmission cables has been proposed as one alternative to overhead AC transmission lines. One of the main benefits with VSC-HVDC transmission is that control of power flows in the railway power systems is easier and that less converter capacity may be needed. Technically, VSC-HVDC transmission for railway power systems is a competitive solution as it offers a large variety of control options. However, there might be other more economical alternatives reducing the overall impedance in the railway power system. In public power systems with the frequency of 50/60 Hz, an excess of reactive power production in lowly utilized cables imposes an obstacle in replacing overhead transmission lines with cables. In low frequency AC railway power system, the capacitive properties are less significant allowing longer cables compared to 50/60 Hz power systems. Moreover, in converter-fed railways, some kind of reactive compensation will automatically be applied during low-load. At each converter station, voltage control is already present following the railway operation tradition. Therefore, in this paper, we propose AC cables as a measure of strengthening low-frequency AC railway power systems. The paper compares the electrical performances of two alternative reinforcement cable solutions with the base case of no reinforcement. The options of disconnecting or toggling the cables at low load as well as the automatic reactive compensation by converter voltage control are considered. Losses and voltage levels are compared for the different solutions. Investment costs and other relevant issues are discussed.
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Mehaffey, David, Judi Steciak, Ralph Budwig, and Steve Beyerlein. "Catalytic Ignition of Ethanol-Oxygen-Nitrogen Mixtures Over 90% Platinum - 10% Rhodium in Comparison With Pure Platinum." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63931.

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Prior research of the catalytic ignition of renewable transportation fuels was conducted with pure platinum (Pt), an oxidation catalyst with mechanical properties that change at the temperatures expected in internal combustion engines. This study was undertaken to compare and contrast the ability of grain-hardened 90% platinum - 10% rhodium (Pt-Rh) to serve as an ignition catalyst. The temperature required to initiate surface reactions and the rate of heat generated from the reactions of ethanol-oxygen-nitrogen mixtures on Pt-Rh and Pt were obtained using a microcalorimeter. Catalyst wires were exposed to reacting flows in a plug-flow reactor and heated though electrical resistance until surface reactions occurred. The process was repeated for fixed fuel molar percentages of ethanol ranging from 1% to 3% and fuel-oxygen equivalence ratios (Φ) ranging from 0.2 to 1.0 at a constant total volumetric flow rate of 5 L/min, thus testing the effect of both the absolute and relative fuel content. Because of its lower coefficient of thermal resistance, Pt-Rh initiated surface reactions in fuel-oxygen mixtures at temperatures about 45 K higher than pure Pt; 3% ethanol mixtures ignited at an average ignition temperature of 512 K on Pt-Rh with very little variation with Φ while those on Pt ignited at temperatures ranging from a low of 450 K (Φ = 0.5) to a high of 473 K (Φ = 1.0), suggesting fuel-first coverage of the surface for these conditions. Also at 3% ethanol, reactions on Pt-Rh generated heat at an average rate of 5.5 W/cm2 while those on pure Pt generated 19.6 W/cm2. Pt-Rh did not exhibit significant seasoning at the conditions tested whereas Pt seasoned over time and became more reactive (initiating surface reactions at lower temperatures than an unseasoned surface), a phenomenon observed in prior research. This data will aid in the design and understanding of catalytic igniters used with alternative transportation fuels in internal combustion engines.
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Herrera, R. S., P. Salmeron, J. R. Vazquez, and S. P. Litran. "Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory to N Wire Systems." In 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isie.2007.4374993.

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Kimura, T., T. Hisakado, T. Matsushima, and O. Wada. "Time domain model for reaction of radiation on thin cut wires." In 2016 10th International Congress on Advanced Electromagnetic Materials in Microwaves and Optics (METAMATERIALS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/metamaterials.2016.7746480.

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Czarnecki, Leszek S., and Prashanna D. Bhattarai. "Reactive compensation of LTI loads in three-wire systems at asymmetrical voltage." In 2015 International School on Nonsinusoidal Currents and Compensation (ISNCC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isncc.2015.7174712.

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Czarnecki, Leszek S., and Paul M. Haley. "Reactive compensation in three-phase four-wire systems at sinusoidal voltages and currents." In 2013 International School on Nonsinusoidal Currents and Compensation (ISNCC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isncc.2013.6604444.

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Seong, B. G., J. H. Kim, S. Y. Hwang, and K. H. Baik. "Diagnosis of In-Flight Particles During Arc Spraying of Carbon Steel and Relationships with Microstructures of the Deposited Layers." In ITSC2005, edited by E. Lugscheider. Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2005p1303.

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Abstract An experimental study was conducted to study the effects of properties of in-flight particles on microstructures of coating layers using a wire arc spraying system. In this study, 0.8% carbon steel wires were used for arc spraying and nitrogen gas was used as atomizing gas. Temperature, velocity and distributions of the in-flight particles were measured by DPV2000 for different working conditions. Specimens of spray-footprint were made and microstructures of them were evaluated. As a result, amount of oxide in a coating layer was proved to be related with the temperature of the in-flight particles. Because oxidation of the molten steel particles is an exothermic reaction, higher temperature of the particles during arc spraying means higher area fraction of oxide in the coating layers. For this reason, oxide level is lowest at the central area of spray footprint and it becomes higher as the distance from the center increases. Hardness, porosity and phase are changed according to the distance from the center Abstract only; no full-text paper available.
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Reports on the topic "Reactive wires"

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Babrauskas, Vytenis. Fire performance of wire and cable reaction-to-fire tests :. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1291.

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Siekhaus, W. Reaction Between Thin Gold Wires and Pb-Sn-In Solder (37.5%, 37.5%, 25%), Part B. The Axial Reaction Of Gold Wires Soldered To PbSnIn Solder Mounds, Its effect On Electrical Resistance And Physical Structure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1018747.

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Siekhaus, W. Reaction Between Thin Gold Wires and Pb-Sn-In Solder (37.5%, 37.5%, 25%), Part B. The "Axial Reaction" of Gold Wires Solder To PbSnIn Solder Mounds, Its Effect On Electrical Resistance And Physical Structure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1068298.

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Kanner, Joseph, Edwin Frankel, Stella Harel, and Bruce German. Grapes, Wines and By-products as Potential Sources of Antioxidants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7568767.bard.

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Several grape varieties and red wines were found to contain large concentration of phenolic compounds which work as antioxidant in-vitro and in-vivo. Wastes from wine production contain antioxidants in large amounts, between 2-6% on dry material basis. Red wines but also white wines were found to prevent lipid peroxidation of turkey muscle tissues stored at 5oC. The antioxidant reaction of flavonoids found in red wines against lipid peroxidation were found to depend on the structure of the molecule. Red wine flavonoids containing an orthodihydroxy structure around the B ring were found highly active against LDL and membrane lipid peroxidation. The antioxidant activity of red wine polyphenols were also found to be dependent on the catalyzer used. In the presence of H2O2-activated myoglobin, the inhibition efficiency was malvidin 3-glucoside>catechin>malvidin>resveratol. However, in the presence of an iron redox cycle catalyzer, the order of effectiveness was resveratol>malvidin 3-glucoside = malvidin>catechin. Differences in protein binding were found to affect antioxidant activity in inhibiting LDL oxidation. A model protein such as BSA, was investigated on the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds, grape extracts, and red wines in a lecithin-liposome model system. Ferulic acid followed by malvidin and rutin were the most efficient in inhibiting both lipid and protein oxidation. Catechin, a flavonal found in red-wines in relatively high concentration was found to inhibit myoglobin catalyzed linoleate membrane lipid peroxidation at a relatively very low concentration. This effect was studied by the determination of the by-products generated from linoleate during oxidation. The study showed that hydroperoxides are catalytically broken down, not to an alcohol but most probably to a non-radical adduct. The ability of wine-phenolics to reduce iron and from complexes with metals were also demonstrated. Low concentration of wine phenolics were found to inhibit lipoxygenase type II activity. An attempt to understand the bioavailability in humans of antocyanins from red wine showed that two antocyanins from red wine were found unchanged in human urine. Other antocyanins seems to undergo molecular modification. In hypercholesterolemic hamsters, aortic lipid deposition was significantly less in animals fed diets supplemented with either catechin or vitamin E. The rate of LDL accumulation in the carotid arteries was also significantly lower in the catechin and vitamin E animal groups. These results suggested a novel mechanism by which wine phenolics are associated with decreased risk of coronary heart diseases. This study proves in part our hypothesis that the "French Paradox" could be explained by the action of the antioxidant effects of phenolic compounds found at high concentration in red wines. The results of this study argue that it is in the interest of public health to increase the consumption of dietary plant falvonoids. Our results and these from others, show that the consumption of red wine or plant derived polyphenolics can change the antioxidant tone of animal and human plasma and its isolated components towards oxidative reactions. However, we need more research to better understand bioavailability and the mechanism of how polyphenolics affect health and disease.
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Siekhaus, W. Reaction Between Thin Gold Wires and Pb-Sn-In Solder (37.5%, 37.5%, 25%), Part A: The Radial Reaction Inside The Solder Mounds, Its Linear Reaction Model, Statistical Variation of Reaction Rate, and Induced Structural Changes In The Solder Mounds. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1016931.

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Siekhaus, W. Reaction Between Thin Gold Wires And Pb-Sn-In Solder (37.5%, 37.5%, 25%), Part C. A Comprehensive Model Of The Reaction Inside The Solder Mounds In Both The Interface Controlled Regime And The Diffusion-Controlled Regime. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1084719.

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Siekhaus, W. Reaction Between Thin Gold Wires and Pb-Sn-In Solder (37.5%, 37.5%, 25%), Part C. A comprehensive Model Of The Reaction Inside the Solder Mounds In Both The "Interface Controlled Regime" and The "Diffusion-Controlled" Regime During Long-Term Exposure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1068279.

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Siekhaus, W., J. Go, M. Biener, S. Jensen, M. Havstad, J. Cheng, C. Hrousis, Z. Chiba, M. Oldaker, and W. McLean. Reaction of Gold with Indium Below 50C: Radius Loss Delta R and Standard Deviation Sigma of Soldered 4 mil Wires at 100 Years Predicted from Measured Delta R and Sigma at 30 Years. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1084699.

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