Academic literature on the topic 'Reactive vaccination'
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Journal articles on the topic "Reactive vaccination"
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SUMNER, T., L. BURGIN, J. GLOSTER, and S. GUBBINS. "Comparison of pre-emptive and reactive strategies to control an incursion of bluetongue virus serotype 1 to Great Britain by vaccination." Epidemiology and Infection 141, no. 1 (April 4, 2012): 102–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268812000532.
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SUMMARYBluetongue (BT) is a disease of ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), which is spread between its hosts by Culicoides midges. Vaccination is the most effective way to protect susceptible animals against BTV and was used reactively to control the recent northern European outbreak. To assess the consequences of using vaccination pre-emptively we used a stochastic, spatially explicit model to compare reactive and pre-emptive vaccination strategies against an incursion of BTV serotype 1 (BTV-1) into Great Britain. Both pre-emptive and reactive vaccination significantly reduced the number of affected farms and limited host morbidity and mortality. In addition, vaccinating prior to the introduction of disease reduced the probability of an outbreak occurring. Of the strategies simulated, widespread reactive vaccination resulted in the lowest levels of morbidity. The predicted effects of vaccination were found to be sensitive to vaccine efficacy but not to the choice of transmission kernel.
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Azman, Andrew S., and Justin Lessler. "Reactive vaccination in the presence of disease hotspots." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1798 (January 7, 2015): 20141341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1341.
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Reactive vaccination has recently been adopted as an outbreak response tool for cholera and other infectious diseases. Owing to the global shortage of oral cholera vaccine, health officials must quickly decide who and where to distribute limited vaccine. Targeted vaccination in transmission hotspots (i.e. areas with high transmission efficiency) may be a potential approach to efficiently allocate vaccine, however its effectiveness will likely be context-dependent. We compared strategies for allocating vaccine across multiple areas with heterogeneous transmission efficiency. We constructed metapopulation models of a cholera-like disease and compared simulated epidemics where: vaccine is targeted at areas of high or low transmission efficiency, where vaccine is distributed across the population, and where no vaccine is used. We find that connectivity between populations, transmission efficiency, vaccination timing and the amount of vaccine available all shape the performance of different allocation strategies. In highly connected settings (e.g. cities) when vaccinating early in the epidemic, targeting limited vaccine at transmission hotspots is often optimal. Once vaccination is delayed, targeting the hotspot is rarely optimal, and strategies that either spread vaccine between areas or those targeted at non-hotspots will avert more cases. Although hotspots may be an intuitive outbreak control target, we show that, in many situations, the hotspot-epidemic proceeds so fast that hotspot-targeted reactive vaccination will prevent relatively few cases, and vaccination shared across areas where transmission can be sustained is often best.
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Calin, Andrei, Nick Goulding, and Dereck Brewerton. "Reactive arthropathy following Salmonella vaccination." Arthritis & Rheumatism 30, no. 10 (October 1987): 1197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.1780301021.
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Wang, Eric, Alexander A. Cohen, Luis F. Caldera Guzman, Pamela J. Bjorkman, and Arup K. Chakraborty. "Nanoparticle geometry, immune memory, and antigen presentation determine the cross-reactive antibody response against sarbecoviruses." Journal of Immunology 210, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2023): 223.01. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.210.supp.223.01.
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Abstract In response to the threat of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and SARS-like betacoronaviruses (sarbecoviruses), mosaic nanoparticles presenting receptor-binding domains (RBDs) of multiple sarbecoviruses have been developed to elicit cross-reactive antibodies that target conserved regions of the RBD. To better understand vaccination with these antigens, we developed a computational model of the humoral response to nanoparticle and spike antigens using a combination of molecular dynamics, Markov processes, and population dynamics simulations. Avidity is currently only accounted for by introducing a second arm on rate, but additional effects of avidity will be considered in the future. Our model agrees with titers measured from nanoparticle and spike vaccinations in animals as well as clinical data from mRNA vaccines. We then used our model to predict the effect of previous vaccinations with wildtype spike on nanoparticle vaccinations. Compared to naïve individuals, previously vaccinated individuals produce a higher cross-reactive titer on the first nanoparticle vaccination and a lower cross-reactive titer on the second. This difference is due to expansion of cross-reactive B cells and competition with strain-specific B cells from previous vaccinations. Furthermore, we find that a cocktail of homotypic nanoparticles produces the same cross-reactive titers as the mosaic nanoparticle, which is because cross-reactive B cells can bind a greater fraction of presented antigen and can survive successive rounds of selection when the nanoparticle density is low. Supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (1745302), NIH (1-R61- AI161805-01), and the Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard.
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Mado, Hubert, Katarzyna Kubicka-Bączyk, and Monika Adamczyk-Sowa. "Anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 antibody responses following Pfizer-BioNTech vaccination in a patient with multiple sclerosis treated with ocrelizumab: a case report." Journal of International Medical Research 49, no. 9 (September 2021): 030006052110443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03000605211044378.
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Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) repeatedly receive therapies that cause B-lymphocyte depletion. This may lead to abnormal immune responses following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination, as has been suggested previously. We therefore evaluated post-vaccination immune responses in a patient with MS treated with ocrelizumab. The intervals between ocrelizumab infusions and vaccination were as recommended by the Section of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology of the Polish Neurological Society. A reactive immune response was observed in this patient following vaccination. This suggests that appropriate intervals between ocrelizumab infusions and COVID-19 vaccinations may permit the generation of efficacious immune responses in patients receiving B-lymphocyte depleting therapies.
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Milne, George, Joel Kelso, and Heath Kelly. "Strategies for mitigating an influenza pandemic with pre-pandemic H5N1 vaccines." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 7, no. 45 (September 15, 2009): 573–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2009.0312.
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The recent worldwide spread of the swine-origin H1N1 2009 influenza outbreak has resulted in its designation as a pandemic by the World Health Organization. While it appears to result in mild symptoms, concern still exists that a more severe influenza pandemic with a high case fatality ratio might arise by reassortment or mutation of the currently circulating avian influenza (H5N1) virus. Given that recently developed candidate pre-pandemic H5N1 vaccines have shown potential for cross-strain protection, we investigated alternative vaccination strategies that exploit such vaccines using an agent-based simulation model of an actual community of approximately 30 000 people in a developed country. Assuming that a two-dose vaccination regimen would be required, we examined three vaccination strategies: pre-emptive, with vaccination applied prior to emergence of human-transmissible H5N1 influenza; reactive, where vaccination was initiated immediately after the first cases in the community were diagnosed; and a ‘split’ strategy where the first dose was administered pre-emptively during the pre-pandemic phase, with the second dose administered reactively. We showed that by effectively moving the delay between first and second doses into the pre-pandemic period, the split vaccination strategy achieved a substantially better attack rate reduction than the reactive strategy. Our results for an influenza strain with a reproduction number of 1.5 suggest reactive vaccination strategies that may be applicable to the current H1N1 2009 pandemic.
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Ho, Tzu-Chuan, Daniel Hueng-Yuan Shen, Chin-Chuan Chang, Hung-Pin Chan, Kuo-Pin Chuang, Cheng-Hui Yuan, Ciao-Ning Chen, Ming-Hui Yang, and Yu-Chang Tyan. "Immune Response Related to Lymphadenopathy Post COVID-19 Vaccination." Vaccines 11, no. 3 (March 17, 2023): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030696.
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Mass vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global health strategy to control the COVID-19 pandemic. With the increasing number of vaccinations, COVID-19 vaccine-associated lymphadenopathy (C19-VAL) has been frequently reported. Current findings emphasize the characteristics of C19-VAL. The mechanism of C19-VAL is complicated to explore. Accumulated reports separately show that C19-VAL incidence is associated with receiver age and gender, reactive change within lymph nodes (LN), etc. We constructed a systematic review to evaluate the associated elements of C19-VAL and provide the mechanism of C19-VAL. Articles were searched from PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE by using the processing of PRISMA. The search terms included combinations of the COVID-19 vaccine, COVID-19 vaccination and lymphadenopathy. Finally, sixty-two articles have been included in this study. Our results show that days post-vaccination and B cell germinal center response are negatively correlated with C19-VAL incidence. The reactive change within LN is highly related to C19-VAL development. The study results suggested that strong vaccine immune response may contribute to the C19-VAL development and perhaps through the B cell germinal center response post vaccination. From the perspective of imaging interpretation, it is important to carefully distinguish reactive lymph nodes from metastatic lymph node enlargement through medical history collection or evaluation, especially in patients with underlying malignancy.
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Faas, Michel R., Willem A. Mak, Hilde Y. Markus, Ellen M. van der Zwan, Marijke van der Vliet, Johannes G. M. Koeleman, and David S. Y. Ong. "Dynamics of Antibody and T Cell Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern and the Impact of Booster Vaccinations in Previously Infected and Infection-Naïve Individuals." Vaccines 10, no. 12 (December 13, 2022): 2132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122132.
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Despite previous coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections, SARS-CoV-2 still causes a substantial number of infections due to the waning of immunity and the emergence of new variants. Here, we assessed the SARS-CoV-2 spike subunit 1 (S1)-specific T cell responses, anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) IgG serum concentrations, and the neutralizing activity of serum antibodies before and one, four, and seven months after the BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 booster vaccination in a cohort of previously infected and infection-naïve healthcare workers (HCWs). Additionally, we assessed T cell responses against the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta, Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 variants of concern (VOC). We found that S1-specific T cell responses, anti-RBD IgG concentrations, and neutralizing activity significantly increased one month after booster vaccination. Four months after booster vaccination, T cell and antibody responses significantly decreased but levels remained steady thereafter until seven months after booster vaccination. After a similar number of vaccinations, previously infected individuals had significantly higher S1-specific T cell, anti-RBD IgG, and neutralizing IgG responses than infection-naïve HCWs. Strikingly, we observed overall cross-reactive T cell responses against different SARS-CoV-2 VOC in both previously infected and infection-naïve HCWs. In summary, COVID-19 booster vaccinations induce strong T cell and neutralizing antibody responses and the presence of T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 VOC suggest that vaccine-induced T cell immunity offers cross-reactive protection against different VOC.
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An, Qi-jun, De-an Qin, and Jin-xian Pei. "Reactive arthritis after COVID-19 vaccination." Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 17, no. 9 (May 25, 2021): 2954–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2021.1920274.
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Gor, Shivani, Sung-Hee Kim, Khin Yein, Jessica Michael, and Elizabeth Price. "C-Reactive protein rise in rheumatology patients following COVID-19 vaccination." Rheumatology Advances in Practice 7, Supplement_1 (March 24, 2023): i2—i5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rap/rkad005.
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Abstract Objective The aim was to determine the proportion of patients with inflammatory arthritis who have a flare of their rheumatological disease within 4 weeks of receiving a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine, using CRP as a surrogate marker. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of notes for patients with inflammatory arthritis within 30 days of their COVID-19 vaccine. An electronic database (DAWN) was used to identify all patients who were currently on a DMARD or biologic therapy. This was then correlated with vaccine data from the National Immunisation and Vaccination System (NIVS) and CRP within 30 days of their vaccination. Results From the DAWN database, 1620 adults were identified (mean age 61 years, 64% female). Three types of vaccinations were administered: AstraZeneca (AZ), BioNTech-Pfizer or Moderna. Vaccine uptake was 1542 of 1620 (95.2% for the first dose), 1550 of 1620 (95.7% for the second dose) and 1437 of 1620 (88.7% for the third dose). One hundred and ninety-two of 1542 patients (12.5%) had a CRP rise of >10 mg/l within 30 days of their vaccine, which was higher than the baseline flare rate of 8.6% (P = 0.0004). Conclusion Patients with inflammatory arthritis and on DMARDs have a high uptake of COVID-19 vaccine (95%), which is greater than the national average. A CRP rise >10 mg/l within 30 days of vaccination was observed in ∼1 in 10 patients in our study population after all three doses. There might be a slight increase in disease flare in patients with inflammatory arthritis after COVID-19 vaccinations, and additional research is required to assess this association further.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Reactive vaccination"
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Faucher, Benjamin. "Modélisation de la pandémie de COVID-19 pour reconstruire la dissémination du virus et informer la mise en place d’interventions." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS269.
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L'émergence de nouveaux pathogènes pose des défis importants aux autorités de santé publique. Dans le contexte de la pandémie de COVID-19, le SARS-COV-2 et les Variants of concern ont suivi un schéma similaire. : un nouveau virus apparait dans un pays, se propage à l'échelle mondiale et déclenche une augmentation rapide du nombre de cas dans le monde entier. Pour faire face à cette situation, il est essentiel de surveiller l'épidémie, de déchiffrer les données de surveillance incomplètes et incohérentes et de concevoir rapidement des interventions. Les modèles mathématiques peuvent aider à interpréter des données de surveillance hétérogènes et éclairer la conception des interventions. Dans cette thèse, nous avons abordé ces deux aspects. Tout d'abord, nous avons développé un cadre mathématique pour comprendre comment la surveillance et les facteurs impliqués dans de l'épidémie concourent à façonner les observations. Nous avons reconstruit rétrospectivement la propagation internationale de la variane Alpha à l'automne 2020 à partir de données de séquençage et de voyages aériens. Dans un second travail, nous nous sommes concentrés sur l'intervention. Nous avons proposé un modèle basé sur des agents pour quantifier l'impact épidémiologique d'une stratégie de vaccination réactive ciblant les lieux de travail et les écoles où des cas sont détectés. Nous avons testé l'efficacité de cette stratégie pour atténuer une augmentation générale du nombre de cas et pour limiter la propagation d'un nouveau variantEmerging pathogens pose significant challenges to public health authorities. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the SARS-COV-2 and the variants of concern followed a similar pattern. A new virus emerged in one country, spread globally, and then triggered a rapid surge in cases worldwide. To deal with this situation, it is critical to monitor the epidemic, decipher incomplete and incoherent data, and rapidly design interventions. Mathematical models can help interpret heterogeneous surveillance data and inform the design of interventions. In this thesis, we addressed both aspects. First, we developed a mathematical framework to understand how surveillance and epidemic drivers concur in shaping observations. We retrospectively reconstructed the international spread of the Alpha variant in the Fall of 2020 from sequencing and air travel data. In a second work, we focused on intervention. We proposed an agent-based model to quantify the epidemiological impact of a reactive vaccination strategy targeting workplaces and schools where cases are detected. We tested the effectiveness of this strategy to mitigate a general rise in cases and to limit the spread of a new variant
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Prévot, Pierre-Paul. "Rôles de la protéine Iris dans l'accomplissement du repas sanguin de la tique Ixodes ricinus." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210730.
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Les tiques sont des arthropodes ectoparasites obligatoires qui se nourrissent sur une grande variété de vertébrés sur une large partie du globe. Au cours de leur repas, les tiques sécrètent dans leur salive de nombreux facteurs leur permettant de contourner bon nombre des défenses de l’hôte. Bien que la littérature rapporte beaucoup d’informations au sujet des effets du repas de la tique sur l’hôte, la nature des facteurs actifs exprimés par les glandes salivaires de la tique est peu connue. Au cours d’anciens travaux au sein du laboratoire, le crible de deux banques d’ADN complémentaires - issues de la rétro-transcription des ARN messagers synthétisés par les glandes salivaires de la tique Ixodes ricinus – a permis l’identification de 27 protéines dont l'expression est spécifiquement induite ou régulée positivement pendant le repas sanguin de la tique I. ricinus. Parmi ces protéines, la protéine Seq24, induite au cours du repas sanguin, présente la capacité de moduler les immunités innée et acquise de l’hôte. En conséquence, la protéine Seq24 a été nommée Iris pour « Ixodes ricinus Immunosuppressor ». Au cours de la présente étude, notre but fût de caractériser le rôle d’Iris et de déterminer son importance dans le repas sanguin de la tique I. ricinus.La protéine Iris appartient à la famille des inhibiteurs de sérine protéases et présente une homologie significative avec l’inhibiteur d’élastase de leucocytes. Une analyse in silico a confirmé qu’Iris présentait la structure des serpines, et notamment le RCL (Reactive Center Loop), boucle responsable de l’activité anti-protéasique. Comme attendu (sur base de l’analyse in silico), Iris inhibe de manière spécifique l’activité de plusieurs sérine protéases, et en particulier l’élastase de leucocyte. Ces tests effectués, nous avons essayé de comprendre quel(s) pouvai(en)t être le(s) rôle(s) d’Iris dans l’accomplissement du repas sanguin de la tique, c’est à dire dans la lutte contre les différents systèmes de défenses de l’hôte.
Tout d’abord, des tests ont démontré la capacité d’Iris à inhiber les mécanismes de l’hémostase. Des tests sur du plasma et du sang complet ont montré qu’Iris allonge le temps de fibrinolyse, la voie intrinsèque de la coagulation et l’adhésion plaquettaire. L’utilisation de mutants a également démontré que si les deux premières activités sont dépendantes du RCL, et donc d’un mode de fonctionnement anti-protéolytique, l’adhésion plaquettaire est indépendante de ce système. Ce résultat met en évidence l’existence d’autres sites actifs, isolés par analyse in silico, nommés Receptor Binding Domain (RBD).
Un travail antérieur du laboratoire avait permis d’indiquer la capacité de la protéine recombinante Iris semi-purifiée à inhiber la production de TNF-a, d’IL-6, et d’IL-8 (cytokines pro-inflammatoires) ainsi que l’IFN-g par des PBMCs (Peripherical Blood Mononuclear Cells) humaines. Ces résultats ont été confirmés avec de la protéine purifiée. Des analyses complémentaires ont démontré qu’un mutant d’Iris - dépourvu d’activité anti-protéasique - conserve l’activité pro-inflammatoire. Là encore, ce mécanisme semble impliquer un ou plusieurs RBD. L’utilisation d’anticorps dirigés contre ces zones a permis de déterminer le domaine d’interaction (aa :105-120) impliqué dans cette fonction. D’autre part, une analyse par FACS a permis de démontrer qu’Iris interagit uniquement avec les cellules d’origine monocytaire.
Enfin, nous avons également analysé l’importance d’Iris au cours du repas sanguin de la tique par une approche vaccinale. Les résultats observés indiquent que 30 % des tiques nourries sur des lapins immunisés par la protéine rIris ne survivent pas au repas.
Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie moléculaire
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Hoffman, Riley. "Combining a helminth infection with BM32 vaccination for the treatment of grass pollen allergy." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2081.
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Allergies are considered atopic diseases, or diseases that cause the immune system to create an abnormal amount of IgE antibodies when the body is exposed to an allergen. Allergies affect many people around the world, however many studies have shown a higher rate of allergy in developed countries when compared to developing countries. This discrepancy is hypothesized to be in part because of a decrease in parasitic infections, which have shown to have a protective effect for autoimmune-type diseases, like allergies. There are not many long-term, effective allergy treatments, however a promising allergen-specific immunotherapy technique uses a vaccine that targets B cell epitopes with the hope of increasing the amount of IgG antibodies as opposed to IgE specific antibodies to decrease the likelihood of an allergic reaction. This paper proposes a study that combines the protective effects of a parasite infection with a helminth infection and a B cell epitope vaccination, an already studied BM32 vaccine, to improve allergy symptoms of those with grass pollen allergy. This combination treatment will aim to decrease the number of symptomatic days, eosinophil count found at a scratch test site, and IgE antibodies found within the blood in grass pollen allergic people during peak grass pollen season.
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SAINT, PAUL DOMINIQUE. "Le bcg dans la pratique d'un pediatre de lyon de 1969 a 1986 : etude de la reaction locale apres vaccination par bcg chez 2194 enfants (realisee par piqures multiples a l'aide d'une bague, avec deux souches vaccinales) et verification de l'allergie tuberculinique obtenue." Lyon 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LYO1M058.
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Pinheiro, Luis Correia. "Vigilância activa de eventos após vacinação." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/4843.
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A vigilância de efeitos indesejáveis após a vacinação é complexa. Existem vários actores de confundimento que podem dar origem a associações espúrias, meramente temporais mas que podem provocar uma percepção do risco alterada e uma consequente desconfiança
generalizada acerca do uso das vacinas. Com efeito as vacinas são medicamentos complexos
com características únicas cuja vigilância necessita de abordagens metodológicas desenvolvidas para esse propósito.
Do exposto se entende que, desde o desenvolvimento da farmacovigilância se tem procurado desenvolver novas metodologias que sejam concomitantes aos Sistemas de Notificação Espontânea que já existem. Neste trabalho propusemo-nos a desenvolver e testar um modelo de vigilância de reacções
adversas a vacinas, baseado na auto-declaração pelo utente de eventos ocorridos após a vacinação e testar a capacidade de gerar sinais aplicando cálculos de desproporção a datamining.
Para esse efeito foi constituída uma coorte não controlada de utentes vacinados em Centros de Saúde que foram seguidos durante quinze dias. A recolha de eventos adversos a vacinas foi efectuada pelos próprios utentes através de um diário de registo.
Os dados recolhidos foram objecto de análise descritiva e análise de data-mining utilizando os cálculos Proportional Reporting Ratio e o Information Component.
A metodologia utilizada permitiu gerar um corpo de evidência suficiente para a geração de sinais. Tendo sido gerados quatro sinais.
No âmbito do data-mining a utilização do Information Component como método de geração
de sinais parece aumentar a eficiência científica ao permitir reduzir o número de ocorrências até detecção de sinal.
A informação reportada pelos utentes parece válida como indicador de sinais de reacções
adversas não graves, o que permitiu o registo de eventos sem incluir o viés da avaliação da relação causal pelo notificador.
Os principais eventos reportados foram eventos adversos locais (62,7%) e febre (31,4%).------------------------------------------ABSTRACT: The monitoring of undesirable effects following vaccination is complex. There are several confounding factors that can lead to merely temporal but spurious associations that can cause a change in the risk perception and a consequent generalized distrust about the safe use of vaccines.
Indeed, vaccines are complex drugs with unique characteristics so that its monitoring requires specifically designed methodological approaches.
From the above-cited it is understandable that since the development of Pharmacovigilance there has been a drive for the development of new methodologies that are concomitant with Spontaneous Reporting Systems already in place.
We proposed to develop and test a new model for vaccine adverse reaction monitoring, based on self-report by users of events following vaccination and to test its capability to generate disproportionality signals applying quantitative methods of signal generation to data-mining.
For that effect we set up an uncontrolled cohort of users vaccinated in Healthcare Centers,with a follow-up period of fifteen days. Adverse vaccine events we registered by the users themselves in a paper diary
The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and two quantitative methods of signal generation: Proportional Reporting Ratio and Information Component. themselves in a paper diary
The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and two quantitative methods of signal generation: Proportional Reporting Ratio and Information Component.
The methodology we used allowed for the generation of a sufficient body of evidence for signal generation. Four signals were generated.
Regarding the data-mining, the use of Information Component as a method for generating disproportionality signals seems to increase scientific efficiency by reducing the number of events needed to signal detection.
The information reported by users seems valid as an indicator of non serious adverse vaccine reactions, allowing for the registry of events without the bias of the evaluation of the casual relation by the reporter.
The main adverse events reported were injection site reactions (62,7%) and fever (31,4%).
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Campos, Teixeira Círbia Silva 1970. "Vacinação contra HPV-16/18 e detecção de Papillomavirus Humano cérvico-uterino no período de 12 anos de seguimento = Vaccination agaisnt HPV16-18 and detection of human papillomavirus in cervix uteri in 12 years period of follow up." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/312845.
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Orientador: Luiz Carlos ZeferinoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: Introdução: O câncer cérvico-uterino é causado pelo HPV e a vacinação contra este vírus poderá alterar a prevalência destes na população. Objetivo: avaliar o impacto da vacinação contra HPV na detecção dos diferentes tipos de HPV no período de 12 anos pós-vacinação. Métodos: Em 2001, 91 mulheres do Centro de Campinas para estudos clínicos com a vacina contra HPV-16/18 da GSK, receberam três doses da `vacina¿ contra HPV ou de placebo (Al[OH]3) de forma randomizada e duplo-cega. Elas foram seguidas e realizaram testes de HPV (SPF-10 LiPA) em amostras cervicais coletadas semestralmente até 2010. Informações epidemiológicas, reprodutivas e comportamentais foram obtidas em 2001, 2005, 2010. Em 2012, este estudo local, as participantes retornaram, atualizaram suas informações e coletaram nova amostra, testada por CLART-HPV2 test. Os resultados disponíveis foram agrupados com total de 1492 testes de HPV. Foi analisada a proporção de mulheres com detecção de HPV, por agrupamento viral, a ocorrência de infecção persistente por seis meses (IP6m) por um mesmo HPV de alto risco (HR-HPV) e a relação com idade, novo parceiro sexual nos últimos 12 meses, uso de contraceptivo hormonal ou de preservativos, tabagismo, tipo de vacinação e o tempo decorrido. A análise estatística foi realizada por momento e evolutiva em 12 anos e comparados com a vacina recebida. A análise utilizou os testes x2, exato de Fisher, Mann-Whitney, GEE (equações de estimativa generalizada) e odds ratio com intervalo de confiança de 95% e p<0.5 para significância estatística. Resultados: Os grupos de mulheres `vacinadas¿ e `placebo¿ não apresentaram diferenças na idade e fatores de risco relacionados à aquisição de HPV. Não foi observada diferença na detecção de HPV por momento de coleta da amostra nos 12 anos, avaliados por vacina recebida (53% se vacina contra HPV vs. 47,4% se placebo, p=0,90). Também não houve diferenças significativas para os agrupamentos de HR-HPV, HR-HPV não-HPV16/18, HPV-16/18 e HPV de baixo risco (LR-HPV). Na análise longitudinal a detecção de DNA-HPV apresentou uma tendência de aumento com o tempo para HR-HPV não-HPV16/18 (p=0,03), e de menor detecção de HPV-16/18 (p=0,05) e LR-HPV (p=0,04). Apenas para os HPV-16/18 esta diminuição esteve associada com a vacinação prévia (p=0,05). O uso regular de contraceptivo hormonal esteve associado com 2,4 vezes mais de detecção de LR-HPV (p=0,03), sem relação com a vacinação. Houve 44 episódios de IP6m de HR-HPV, sendo duas vezes mais frequentes em mulheres tabagistas (p=0,03), mas sem relação com a vacinação. Foi observada uma redução, embora não significativa, de IP6m de HR-HPV nas mulheres vacinadas ao longo do tempo (OR=0,68; 95% CI: 0,36-1,28; p=0,23). Conclusões: Não houve diferença na proporção de mulheres com detecção de HPV de qualquer tipo, HR-HPV não-HPV16/18, HPV-16/18 e LR-HPV em relação à vacinação contra HPV-16/18 ou com placebo, em avaliações repetidas por 12 anos. Nas avaliações longitudinais houve uma tendência de menor detecção de HPV-16/18 e menos casos de IP6m por um mesmo HR-HPV detectados nas mulheres previamente vacinadas contra HPV-16/18
Abstract: Introduction: The cervix cancer is caused by HPV and the vaccination in population base against this virus can change their prevalence. Objective: To assess the impact of HPV vaccination in the detection of different types of HPV in 12-years post-vaccination period. Methods: In 2001, 91 women from Campinas Centre started their participation in clinical trial with HPV-16/18 vaccine (GSK) and received three doses of the HPV vaccine or placebo (Al [OH] 3) in a randomized and double-blinded study. They were followed and performed HPV testing (SPF-10 LiPA) in cervical samples collected every six months, until 2010. Information epidemiologic, reproductive and behavioral was obtained in 2001, 2005 and 2010. In 2012, the participants were invited to return in a local study, when the information were updated and a new cervix sample was collected and tested by CLART-HPV2 test. The available results were gathered with a total of 1492 HPV tests. We analyzed the proportion of women with HPV detection by virus group, the occurrence of 6-month persistent infection (6MPI) by the same high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) and the relationship with age, new sexual partner in the last 12 months, use of hormonal contraception or condoms, smoking, type of vaccination and over 12 years. The statistical analysis was performed by moment of sample collection and longitudinally for 12-year period studied and compared by vaccination performed in 2001. The analysis used the tests chi-square, Fisher's exact, Mann-Whitney, GEE (generalized estimating equations) and odds ratios with 95% confidence interval and p<0.5 for statistical significance. Results: the women from groups 'vaccinated' and 'placebo' did not differ in age and risk factors related to the HPV acquisition. There was no difference in HPV detection by time of sample collection for over 12 years, according to the received vaccine (53% for HPV vaccine vs. 47.4% for placebo, p=0.90). There were also no significant differences for HPV groupments, HR-HPV, HR-HPV non-HPV16/18, HPV-16/18 and low risk HPV (LR-HPV). The longitudinal analysis of DNA-HPV detection showed an increasing trend over time for HR-HPV non-HPV16/18 detection (p=0.03), and a decreasing trend for detection of HPV-16/18 (p=0.05) and LR-HPV (p=0.04). Just for HPV-16/18 the decrease trend was associated with prior HPV vaccination (p=0.05). Regular use of hormonal contraceptive was associated with 2.4 times more LR-HPV detection (p=0.03), but unrelated to vaccination. There were 44 episodes of HR-HPV 6MPI, and their occurred twice more if the women smokes (p=0.03), but unrelated to vaccination. The HR-HPV 6MPI over the 12-year studied had a decreasing pattern in HPV vaccinated women, although not significant (odds ratio=0.68, 95% CI: 0.36 - 1.28; p=0.23). Conclusions: There was no difference in the proportion of women with detection of HPV (any type), HR-HPV non-HPV16/18, HPV-16/18 and LR-HPV in relation to vaccination against HPV-16/18 or placebo in repeated cervix samples for 12 years. In the longitudinal assessments there was a decreasing trend for detecting HPV-16/18 and less episodes of 6MPI of the same HR-HPV in women previously vaccinated against HPV-16/18
Mestrado
Oncologia Ginecológica e Mamária
Mestra em Ciências da Saúde
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Denis, Jessica. "Discrimination sérologique de flavivirus, étude du domaine III de la protéine d’enveloppe du virus Zika comme cible d’anticorps spécifiques. High specificity and sensitivity of Zika EDIII-based ELISA diagnosis highlighted by a large human reference panel. Vector-Borne Transmission of the Zika Virus Asian Genotype in Europe." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS078.
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Le virus Zika fait partie du genre des Flavivirus comme le virus de la dengue. Ils sont transmis par les moustiques du genre Aedes. En 2015, une épidémie a causé plus de 700 000 infections, à l’origine de microcéphalies chez les fœtus et de syndromes de Guillain Barré. Pour la première fois, la transmission d’un arbovirus par voie sexuelle est mise en évidence. Les Flavivirus co-circulent dans de nombreux pays, parfois de façon concomitante. Leurs infections induisent des anticorps capables de reconnaitre différents Flavivirus. Cette réactivité croisée peut conduire, en fonction de leur concentration et de leur affinité à une séro-neutralisation virale croisée ou au contraire aggraver la pathologie liée à une seconde infection. Deux problématiques dues à cette réaction croisée apparaissent, (i) il est difficile de rendre un sérodiagnostic fiable et (ii) un vaccin pourrait induire, au contraire d’une protection, une aggravation des pathologies. Au cours de ces travaux, nous avons évalué la fiabilité de reconnaissance du domaine III de la protéine d’enveloppe du virus Zika par les anticorps qu’une infection virale induit chez l’homme. Ce domaine porte des épitopes reconnus spécifiquement par des IgG produits lors d’une infection par ce virus ce qui en fait un marqueur spécifique. L’ELISA mis au point a une sensibilité de 92% et une spécificité de 90%. Avec cet outil nous avons diagnostiqué un cas ancien présent dans une zone pré-épidémique ainsi qu’un cas autochtone dans le sud de la France en 2019. Le suivi de la cinétique d’apparition et de disparition des IgM et des IgG de patients pendant une année nous a permis d’estimer une fenêtre d’utilisation de notre diagnostic, tout en caractérisant les réponses immunitaires humorales liées à l’intensité des infections, la gravité de la pathologie ainsi que la présence d’une cicatrice sérologique. Enfin, l’étude d’anticorps induits par ce domaine complexé à une nanoparticule dans un modèle animal a montré un fort pouvoir adjuvant de ces nanoparticules ainsi qu’une reconnaissance spécifique du virus ZikaThe Zika virus, like the dengue virus, is a Flavivirus and both are transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. In 2015, an epidemic caused more than 700,000 infections, leading to foetal microcephaly and Guillain Barré syndrome. In addition, sexual transmission of the Zika virus was demonstrated for the first time. Flaviviruses co-circulate in many countries, sometimes concomitantly. Infections with Flaviviruses induce cross-reacting antibodies, leading to cross-neutralization or, on the contrary, worsening of the disease following a second infection, depending on their concentration and affinity. Such cross-reaction leads to two principle problems: (i) it is difficult to make a reliable serodiagnosis and (ii) a vaccine may aggravate the disease instead of providing protection. Here, we evaluated the reliability of antibodies induced during human infections to recognise envelope protein domain III of the Zika virus. This domain carries epitopes recognized by the IgG produced during a Zika virus infection, making it a specific marker. An ELISA developed to detect this domain shows 92% sensitivity and 90% specificity. We used this tool to diagnose an old case from a pre-epidemic area as well as an indigenous case from the south of France in 2019. Monitoring the kinetics of the appearance and disappearance of IgM and IgG in the blood of patients for one year allowed us to estimate the window of use for our diagnostic tool, while characterizing the humoral immune responses linked to the epidemic and the severity of the disease, as well as the presence of a serological scar. Finally, the study of antibodies induced by this domain complexed to nanoparticles in an animal model showed such nanoparticles to be a strong adjuvant and the antibodies to specifically recognize the Zika virus
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Näslund, Jonas. "Rift Valley fever development of diagnostics and vaccines /." Umeå : Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå university, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-30676.
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Couto, Carla Renata. "Viroses respitarórias após vacinação contra influenza em profissionais de saúde (Projeto Tira-teima)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5134/tde-27052010-161855/.
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INTRODUÇÃO: A adesão à vacinação contra influenza é historicamente baixa entre profissionais da área da saúde (PAS) (2 a 36%). A ocorrência de sintomas respiratórios após vacinação é freqüentemente interpretada como falha vacinal. No Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP, um estudo preliminar mostrou que as principais razões para não adesão são a percepção da ineficácia da vacina e o medo de reações adversas. OBJETIVOS: Identificar a incidência de eventos adversos pós-vacinação e identificar os vírus respiratórios (VR) responsáveis por eventuais episódios de infecção de via aérea superior (IVAS) que ocorram entre indivíduos vacinados. MÉTODOS: Foi seguida uma coorte de 398 PAS vacinados objetivando verificar a ocorrência de eventos adversos até 48 h após a vacinação. Durante 4 meses, 337 PAS foram seguidos 2 vezes por semana para avaliar a ocorrência de sintomas respiratórios. Lavados nasais foram coletados na presença de sintomas para pesquisa de VR. A técnica de imunofluorescência direta foi usada para diagnosticar vírus sincicial respiratório, influenza A e B, adenovírus e parainfluenza. PCR foi utilizada para detectar picornavírus e coronavírus e PCR em tempo real para diagnosticar metapneumovírus. Para assegurar melhor sensibilidade, influenza A e B foi também detectado pela PCR em tempo real e adenovírus pela PCR. RESULTADOS: Eventos adversos foram relatados por 30% dos PAS, predominando cefaléia (15,1%), mialgia (14,3%) e mal estar (13,6%). Nenhum evento adverso grave foi observado. Cento e vinte e um PAS (35,9%) desenvolveram sintoma respiratório durante o seguimento e lavado nasal foi colhido em 93 dos 192 episódios apresentados. Vírus influenza A foi detectado em 5 dos 93 episódios (5,3%) e outros vírus respiratórios em 26 (27,9%). No restante dos 61 episódios (65,6%) nenhum vírus foi encontrado. A densidade de incidência de infecção pelo vírus influenza foi de 4,3 episódios por 100 pacientes-mês enquanto que a densidade de infecção por outros vírus respiratórios foi de 10,8 episódios por pacientes-mês. CONCLUSÃO: Vacina da influenza é segura. O medo de eventos adversos grave parece injustificado, bem como, a percepção da ineficácia da vacina. O presente estudo evidencia que IVAS após vacinação é predominantemente causada por outros vírus respiratórios (28%) e não pelo vírus influenza (5%)INTRODUCTION: Compliance with influenza vaccination has been historically poor among health care workers (HCW), ranging from 2 to 36% world around. The occurrence of respiratory symptoms following influenza vaccination is frequently taken as vaccine failure which reinforces vaccine disbelief. A preliminary study conducted at Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, showed that the main reasons for non-compliance with influenza vaccination were the perception of vaccine inefficacy and fear of adverse events. OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of adverse events after seasonal influenza vaccination and identify other respiratory viruses causing upper respiratory infections in vaccinated HCWs. METHODS: A cohort of 398 vaccinated HCWs was prospectively surveyed for the occurrence of any adverse event in the first 48h after vaccination. A subset of the original cohort (337 HCWs) was followed up during four months, twice a week, for the detection of respiratory symptoms. Nasal washes were taken if respiratory symptoms occurred. Direct immunofluorescent assay (DFA) was performed for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza (INF) A and B, parainfluenza (PIV) 1, 2 and 3, and adenovirus (ADV). PCR was performed for the detection of human rhinoviruses (HRV), ADV and coronaviruses (hCoV); and real time PCR for the detection of human metapneumovirus (hMPV). To assure greatest sensitivity of influenza diagnosis, real time PCR was added to the diagnostic tools of influenza viruses. RESULTS: Adverse events were reported by 30% of the HCWs, being headache and myalgia reported by 50% and 47% of the participants, respectively. No severe adverse event was observed. One hundred and twenty-one HCWs (35.9%) developed 192 episodes of respiratory symptoms during follow-up and nasal washes were taken in 93 of them. Influenza A virus was detected in five of the 93 episodes (5.3%) and other respiratory viruses in 26 (27.9%). In the remaining 61 episodes (65.6%) no respiratory virus was identified. The incidence density of influenza was 4.3 episodes per 100 HCW-month, while the incidence density of other respiratory viruses was 10.8 episodes per HCW-month. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza vaccine is safe. The fear of adverse events as well as the perception of vaccine inefficacy seems to be unjustified in this population. The present study showed that the occurrence of upper respiratory infection during the four months following seasonal influenza vaccination of HCWs is generally caused by other respiratory viruses (28%) and not by influenza viruses (5%)
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CHANG, YEN-LING, and 張燕菱. "The Study on the Factors for Influenza Vaccination Behavior and Reaction of Hospital Employee:Using Health Service Utilization Model." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ykvd8b.
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碩士中臺科技大學
醫療暨健康產業管理系碩士班
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of influenza vaccination on health care practitioners with cross-sectional study by applying Andersen’s f-ourth-generation health service utilization model. A total of 301 valid questionn-aires were collected from public hospital nurses, radiologists, pharmacists, med-ical staff and administrative staff in central Taiwan. The major findings were as follows. The domains included in the questionnaire are the following: demogra-phic characteristics, healthy behaviors, health status and health believe to ward influenza vaccination. The data was analyzed by SPSS 18.0, using descriptive s-tatistics, t-test, Chi-square and logistic regression. The results show that, in terms of personal factors, there was no pregnancy (p = 0.001), no history of drug allergy (p <0.001), influenza vaccination is higher than the pregnancy / drug allergy group. In the case of vaccine brand effects (p <.05) and previous influenza vaccination (p <0.001), influenza vaccination rates were higher than those of non-vaccinated groups. In terms of health status, the normal health status (p <.05) and the health status compared with those of the same age (p <.05), indicating that influenza vaccine comparing with poor health is better than healthy people. There was no significant difference in health behavior. From this study, we noticed that the willingness to have influenza vaccinat-ion is associated with pregnant women, diabetes duration, perceived benefits and cues to action. The age of the individual and his/her diabetes duration could not be altered. Therefore this study suggests that medical professionals play a very i-mportant role in influenza prevention and the promoting of influenza vaccinatio-n. Enhancing the doctor-patient relationship and the trust in the medical team w-ill be a very important key. This study suggests that medical professionals should have sufficient and c-orrect knowledge about influenza and its vaccination. Adequate information and health education about influenza vaccination should be provided not only to the patients, but also to their family members. The correct concept could be promo-ted via community activities; TV or radio broadcasts, or even during the waiting time in OPD sessions. Health department of local government should also hold seminar and lectures concerning this topic to disseminate the correct concept. Keywords: Medical professionals, Influenza vaccines, Health service utili-zation model, Vaccination behavior, Side effects
Books on the topic "Reactive vaccination"
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Woodroffe, Rosie, and Christl A. Donnelly. European badgers and the control of bovine tuberculosis in the United Kingdom. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0020.
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The European badger has become infamous because of its incompletely understood role in the spread of bovive tuberculosis to cattle, despite in actuality being directly implicated in only 5.7% of herd breakdowns. Randomised Badger culling trial data suggest that badger culling could make only a limited contribution to TB eradication in Britain. Surviving badgers in both proactive and reactive culling areas immigrate into the surrounding area, which generally worsens the rate of cattle herd breakdowns by around 25% in these areas. While badger vaccination appears promising as a potential TB control tool, there is not yet sufficient evidence to judge its effectiveness. Free shooting of badgers has proven less effective than hoped, failing to reach cull targets. Furthermore, instances of badger suffering have been reported. Consequently, controlling TB through badger management remains technically, ethically and politically challenging and alternative approaches directed at cattle are likely to be more effective.
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Bridges, Sarah. Bad Reaction: A Memoir. Skyhorse Publishing Company, Incorporated, 2016.
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Bridges, Sarah. Bad Reaction: A Memoir. Skyhorse Publishing Company, Incorporated, 2016.
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Choi, Eun Kyung, and Young-Gyung Paik. ‘A vaccine for the nation’: South Korea’s development of a hepatitis B vaccine and national prevention strategy focused on newborns. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526110886.003.0005.
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For several decades South Korea has been recognised as a country in which hepatitis B is endemic, but it has also become famous for its controlled hepatitis epidemic, using a well-organised vaccination plan.The social determinants surrounding the vaccination plan have not been studied, however. In the 1980s, the hepatitis issue was a major concern in Korea, involving various actors, including medical doctors, the government, foreign scholars, and international institutions. While the domestic production of hepatitis B vaccines and the vaccination campaigns focused on newborns, combined with extensive prenatal screening have been counted as key success factors, the adoption of these specific measures was not simply based on scientific analysis. In this sense, when an anti-hepatitis plan was finally introduced in South Korea, it was not just a reaction to the prevalent hepatitis B but also a reflection of the nation’s future-oriented, developmentalist imaginaries.
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Shingles. Exon Publications, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36255/shingles.
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Shingles is a comprehensive article that explains the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for this viral infection caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus. The article begins with an overview of shingles, detailing how the virus that causes chickenpox can later reactivate in the body, leading to painful rashes and complications. It explores the risk factors, such as age and weakened immune systems, that make individuals more susceptible to shingles. The guide thoroughly covers the symptoms, including the typical rash and potential complications like postherpetic neuralgia, and explains the diagnostic process. It also provides an in-depth look at treatment options, including antiviral medications and pain management strategies, while highlighting the importance of vaccination for prevention. The article discusses genetic factors involved in susceptibility and offers advice on how to live with shingles and manage its effects. Organized logically from understanding the basics to exploring treatment and prevention, this book ensures the information is presented in clear, simple language that is easy for all readers to understand.
Book chapters on the topic "Reactive vaccination"
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Novakova, Silviya Mihaylova, Plamena Ivanova Novakova, and Maria Toncheva Staevska. "Acute Reaction to Influenza Vaccination." In Pediatric Allergy, 131–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18282-3_25.
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Lee, Po-Chang, Shwu-Huey Wu, Yu-Pin Chang, and Joyce Tsung-Hsi Wang. "Innovative Applications of the Medical Information." In Digital Health Care in Taiwan, 129–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05160-9_7.
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AbstractThe National Health Insurance Administration (NHIA) began a pilot telemedicine program for people in remote areas after the Ministry of Health and Welfare expanded the eligibility for telemedicine. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the healthcare system also accelerated the inclusion of telemedicine in the scheme. This chapter discusses how 5G facilitates telemedicine services; for example, the virtual National Health Insurance (NHI) card could bring comprehensive medical service to more settings, such as home-based medical care, by virtualizing the identification process.The NHI played a pivotal role in Taiwan’s battle against COVID-19. Besides providing travel history, occupation, contact history, and cluster to medical providers on the NHI MediCloud systems, the NHI virtual private network system was used to distribute medical masks through contracted pharmacies in the early stage of the pandemic. Moreover, the NHIA pulled in data, including vaccination history and polymerase chain reaction test results, from the NHI database to the NHI Express app so that the public can manage their health promptly. The last part of the chapter discusses Taiwan’s successful story of opening data to the private sectors to carry out the name-based medical mask distribution system.
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Oude Elberink, J. N. G. "Is het bij een bestaande anafylactische reactie op een wespensteek zinvol de patiënt bij andere vaccinaties 1 uur onder controle te houden?" In Vademecum permanente nascholing huisartsen, 1640. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-313-8808-0_866.
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Meerwijk, Maurits Bastiaan. "Conclusion." In A History of Plague in Java, 1911-1942, 161–70. Cornell University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501766824.003.0007.
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This chapter assesses how the development of a live plague vaccine by Louis Otten offered a cheap and efficient alternative to plague control. Nevertheless, as the chapter argues, state agents remained committed to the policy they had perfected over the last thirty years: home improvement. The chapter stresses that vaccination failed to permanently remove the plague threat. It notes that fully half the funds provided for the prevention and control of infectious disease continued to be earmarked to support the home improvement scheme. But home improvement was slow, costly, and reactive. It was unpopular, unable to achieve its stated aim of breaking human–rat cohabitation on its own, and it had become implicated in the production of fresh outbreaks of malaria. The chapter questions why Dutch colonial scientists, physicians, and officials were so intent on pursuing the home improvement scheme and its attendant policies of home inspection and hygiene education under these circumstances. It then demonstrates that the answer to this question rested in the fact that plague control had long since ceased to be about plague alone.
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Akhter, Naheed, Sadia Sana, Muhammad Adnan Ahsan, Zafaar Siddique, Abu Huraira, and Somara Sana. "Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment for SARS-CoV-2 Variants." In Infectious Diseases. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107846.
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The COVID-19 pandemic’s epidemiological and clinical characteristics have been affected in recent months by the introduction of SARS-CoV-2 variants with unique spikes of protein alterations. These variations can lessen the protection provided by suppressing monoclonal antibodies and vaccines, as well as enhance the frequencies of transmission of the virus and/or the risk of contracting the disease. Due to these mutations, SARS-CoV-2 may be able to proliferate despite increasing levels of vaccination coverage while preserving and enhancing its reproduction efficiency. This is one of the main strategies in tackling the COVID-19 epidemics, the accessibility of precise and trustworthy biomarkers for the SARS-CoV-2 genetic material and also its nucleic acids is important to investigate the disease in suspect communities, start making diagnoses and management in symptomatic or asymptomatic persons, and evaluate authorization of the pathogen after infection. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for virus nucleic acid identification is still the most effective method for such uses due to its sensitivity, quickness, high-throughput sequencing capacity, and trustworthiness. It is essential to update the primer and probe sequences to maintain the recognition of recently emerging variations. Concerning viral variations could develop that are dangerously resistant to the immunization induced by the present vaccinations in coronavirus disease 2019. Additionally, the significance of effective public health interventions and vaccination programs will grow if some variations of concern exhibit an increased risk of transmission or toxicity. The international reaction must’ve been immediate and established in science. These results supported ongoing efforts to prevent and identify infection, as well as to describe mutations in vaccine recipients, and they suggest a potential risk of illness following effective immunization and transmission of pathogens with a mutant viral.
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Crawford, Dorothy H. "9. Turning the tables." In Viruses: A Very Short Introduction, 110–25. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198811718.003.0010.
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How are diseases such as smallpox eradicated? ‘Turning the tables’ outlines the development of vaccination programmes including Edward Jenner’s research on smallpox in the late 18th century and Louis Pasteur’s rabies vaccine. In order to prevent virus spread, at least 80 per cent of a population must be vaccinated. The difference between live and inactivated vaccines is explained using the case of polio. The ethical debate surrounding vaccination is also discussed along with antiviral drugs, recombinant subunit viral vaccines, the difficulties of producing a vaccine for HIV, and the invention of the polymerase chain reaction in the 1980s and human genome sequencing, which have revolutionized viral diagnosis.
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Hoffmann, Andreas, Claudia Dumke, and Kay-Martin Ove Hanschmann. "Thermal Imaging." In Innovative Research in Thermal Imaging for Biology and Medicine, 220–36. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2072-6.ch010.
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This chapter describes an approach to quantifying the local inflammatory response at the injection site after a vaccination by infrared imaging. The aim is to develop a thermographic procedure providing support to evaluate the reactivity of a vaccine. The development of the experimental design had to consider an optimum timeframe for infrared imaging, the variability of the local thermal emission, questions regarding the thermal left-right symmetry and further biometric aspects. To verify this concept, more than 80 participants of the influenza vaccination campaign were involved. Even if this study is based on a well-tolerated seasonal influenza vaccination, nearly 40% of all subjects show a pronounced thermal reaction of approximately 1°C. Apart from this, 25-30% displays no signs of any thermal response. The question of how far thermal imaging will contribute to facilitating the assessment of the reactivity of a vaccine has several aspects which are discussed in this chapter.
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Haigh, John. "What is probability?" In Taking Chances, 1–12. Oxford University PressOxford, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198526636.003.0001.
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Abstract Whatever it is, you cannot ignore it. The insurance premium for your house, car, or life reflects the probability the insurers will have to pay out, and how much. Should you have a vaccination against winter flu? You must balance the risks of side-effects or possible reaction to the vaccination against the consequences of declining the protection. Members of a criminal jury are asked to convict only if they believe guilt is established ‘beyond reasonable doubt’. In a civil case, the relevant criterion may be ‘on the balance of probabilities’. You buy, or do not buy, tickets for the National Lottery partly on impulse or for fun, but also partly on your assessment, however vague, of your chance of winning a substantial sum. In card games such as poker or bridge, you expect to play better if you can make a realistic judgement of the likelihood that an opponent holds certain cards.
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Fahmy, Khaled. "Medicine and Public Health in the Nineteenth Century." In The Oxford Handbook of Modern Egyptian History, 9–31. Oxford University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190072742.013.5.
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Abstract This chapter tells the story of the establishment in Egypt of a public health system in the first half of the nineteenth century. It traces the beginning of this system to the desire by Mehmed Ali Pasha (r. 1805–48) to create a medical corps for his new conscript army. The chapter follows the development of the public health system from its military origins in 1822 and throughout the succeeding five decades to ascertain how it dealt with the epidemics that ravaged the country, mainly cholera, smallpox, and the plague. Four areas of public health are studied in detail, namely, collection of vital statistics, opening hospitals and free public clinics, attention to urban sanitation, and smallpox vaccination. The chapter makes three main arguments. First, the Egyptian state and the public health establishment were mutually constitutive. In other words, there was not a well-defined modern state already in place that proceeded to create a public health system. Rather, the intricate manner in which vital statistics were gathered, quarantines imposed, and urban sanitation monitored was itself the manner in which the Egyptian state acquired its centralized, penetrative nature. Second, the military origins of the public health establishment shaped people’s understanding of, and reaction to, modern medicine. This is particularly noticeable in the strong resistance people staged against smallpox vaccination, as they associated conscription with vaccination. Third, the lack of administrative and financial independence meant that public health practitioners served the state and not the public.
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Alexander, Graeme J. M., and Kate Nash. "Hepatitis A to E." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Jack Satsangi, 3108–19. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0323.
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The clinical picture with each of the five major hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, and E depends firstly upon whether infection is acute, with resolution, or evolves into chronic infection; secondly, on the grade of hepatic inflammation; and thirdly, the stage of fibrosis. Acute icteric hepatitis is the most easily recognized consequence of infection and is generally a self-limited condition. In otherwise healthy individuals, only hepatitis B and C cause chronic viral hepatitis. In immunosuppressed individuals, hepatitis A can follow a protracted course, while hepatitis E can evolve to chronic infection. A specific diagnosis is made by the combination of serology and polymerase chain reaction. Uncomplicated cases recover spontaneously; there is no proven therapy to enhance recovery. Acute liver failure caused by viral hepatitis now has a good outcome, with liver transplantation available for those with poor parameters at onset. Protection against hepatitis A and B is available, both by active vaccination and (less often now) by passive administration of hepatitis B immunoglobulin preparations. Vaccines for hepatitis C are some distance away, but for hepatitis E are under investigation. Vaccination against hepatitis B also protects against hepatitis D.
Conference papers on the topic "Reactive vaccination"
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Nesbitt, R., AS Azman, VK Asilaza, JK Edwards, P. Nkemenang, P. Gakima, P. Gitahi, et al. "Safety of hepatitis E vaccine in pregnancy: emulating a target trial following a mass reactive vaccination campaign in South Sudan." In MSF Scientific Days International 2024. NYC: MSF-USA, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.57740/wm3ci4j.
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INTRODUCTION Hepatitis E causes high mortality among pregnant women, with case fatality risks over 30% and adverse fetal outcomes. There is an evidence gap on the safety of the only licensed vaccine, Hecolin®, in pregnancy. In 2015, WHO recommended vaccine use in response to outbreaks, including pregnant women. In 2022, the first mass reactive vaccination campaign against Hepatitis E was conducted in Bentiu displaced persons camp in South Sudan. We aimed to determine whether vaccination against hepatitis E in pregnancy increased the risk of fetal loss in a cohort of vaccinated and unvaccinated pregnant women. METHODS An exhaustive pregnancy census was conducted from 16 May 2022 until 30 June 2022 after the second vaccination round, and women were revisited 28 days after delivery date to document the pregnancy outcome. We used an emulated target trial framework to address biases inherent in observational studies. We matched (1:1, with replacement) vaccinated to unvaccinated women on age, gestational age, and vaccination propensity score, and we estimated cumulative incidence functions for fetal loss in vaccinated compared with unvaccinated women using the Nelson-Aalen estimator. RESULTS Among 2741 women who had a pregnancy outcome after the start of the vaccination campaign, 67 (2.4%) were vaccinated before conception, 2036 (74.3%) were vaccinated during pregnancy, and 638 (23.3%) were not vaccinated. Among the 2407 women retained in the matched analyses, the cumulative risk of fetal loss in women vaccinated during pregnancy was 6.38% (95% CI 4.93–7.26) compared with 6.26% (3.9–9.19) among unvaccinated women (risk ratio [RR] 1.02 [95% CI 0.64–1.53]). In an analysis restricted to women vaccinated during pregnancy with less than 90 days gestation, the cumulative risk of miscarriage was 11.01% (95% CI 8.45–13.13) among vaccinated women and 11.62% (6.45–17.09) among unvaccinated women (RR 0.95 [95% CI 0.59–1.66]). In sensitivity analyses, we explored the impact of different matching criteria on the estimated RR and found no qualitative differences with the main analyses, with no evidence of increased risk of fetal loss among vaccinated women. CONCLUSION We used an emulated target trial methodology with matching to simulate a vaccine trial in pregnant women after a reactive vaccination campaign. This robust analytical method simulating a vaccine trial attempts to control for bias inherent in observational data. We found no evidence for increased risk of fetal loss among women vaccinated during pregnancy.
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Nesbitt, R., J. Rumunu, VK Asilaza, P. Gitahi, P. Nkemenang, M. Haile, J. Duncker, et al. "Two-dose vaccine effectiveness following the first reactive mass vaccination campaign against hepatitis E in Bentiu, South Sudan." In MSF Scientific Days International 2023. NYC: MSF-USA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.57740/qdmj-8n51.
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<p>INTRODUCTION</p><p>A three-dose recombinant vaccine against hepatitis E, Hecolin, has been licensed for use in China since 2011. While not recommended for routine use due to lack of evidence on burden in the general population, in 2015 WHO recommended the vaccine be considered in outbreaks. As of early 2022 however, the vaccine had not been used in outbreak settings. A reduced-dose vaccination schedule, if effective, could make the vaccine an important outbreak response tool. In response to an increase in hepatitis E cases in a camp for internally displaced people in Bentiu, South Sudan in late 2021, MSF and South Sudan’s MoH implemented the first ever mass reactive vaccination campaign against hepatitis E virus (HEV). Three vaccination rounds took place in March, April, and October 2022, targeting 26,848 individuals aged 16-40 years, including pregnant women. We set up enhanced surveillance and conducted a case-control study to estimate two-dose vaccine effectiveness (VE).</p><p></p><p>METHODS</p><p>All suspected cases presenting to the MSF hospital who were eligible for vaccination and provided consent were enrolled in the study, comprising a questionnaire, laboratory examinations and a follow-up visit after 2-4 weeks. Vaccine-eligible suspect cases were matched to community controls. We estimated two-dose VE against probable (anti-HEV IgM positive with elevated alanine transaminase, or a four-fold rise in IgG in paired samples) and confirmed (HEV RNA positive) hepatitis E using conditional logistic regression models.</p><p></p><p>ETHICS</p><p>This study was approved by the MSF and South Sudan Ethics Review Boards.</p><p></p><p>RESULTS</p><p>Considering the period two weeks after the second vaccination round between 11 May and 30 December 2022, 287 vaccine-eligible suspect hepatitis E cases were enrolled, including one probable and 16 confirmed cases. Among probable and confirmed cases, two (11.8%) were vaccinated with two or more doses compared to 40 (40%) of their 100 matched controls. We estimated a VE of 86.5% (95% confidence interval, CI, 36.3–97.1) for one/two doses and 83.9% (95% CI, -33.1–98.1%) for two doses. In addition to this direct protection, we observed a 5.5-fold decrease in the incidence rate of probable/confirmed cases hepatitis E cases before and after the second dose campaign (including those not eligible for vaccination). Laboratory confirmation of hepatitis E infection is ongoing, and we expect to revise VE estimates and incidence based on these results.</p><p></p><p>CONCLUSION</p><p>Following the first mass reactive vaccination campaign against hepatitis E, incidence has declined. Preliminary VE estimates suggest that the short-term protection provided by this reduced dose regimen may be high and potentially sufficient for outbreak response.</p><p></p><p>CONFLICTS OF INTEREST</p><p>None declared</p>
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Mamaty, AA, S. Atti, KA Sani, G. Tonamou, I. Ciglenecki, K. Chamman, AW Kitembo, et al. "Measles seroprevalence after repeated epidemics and reactive vaccination campaigns in Magaria and Mirriah, Niger in 2023." In MSF Scientific Days International 2024. NYC: MSF-USA, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.57740/qlihoz.
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Nesbitt, RC, J. Rumunu, VK Asilaza, P. Gitahi, P. Nkemenang, M. Haile, J. Duncker, et al. "Two-dose vaccine effectiveness following the first reactive mass vaccination campaign against Hepatitis E in Bentiu, South Sudan." In MSF Scientific Day International 2023. NYC: MSF-USA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.57740/0zh3-kk31.
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Asilaza, VK. "Two-dose vaccine effectiveness following the first reactive mass vaccination campaign against Hepatitis E in Bentiu, South Sudan." In MSF Scientific Day International 2023. NYC: MSF-USA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.57740/sej1-ar65.
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Beronja, Branko, Olja Stevanović, Nataša Nikolić, Nevena Todorović, Ana Filipović, Jelena Simić, Tatjana Gazibara, Jelena Dotlić, and Ivana Milošević. "Gender-specific mortality predictors in patients with severe COVID-19: A critical care perspective." In Proceedings of the International Congress Public Health - Achievements and Challenges, 81. Institute of Public Health of Serbia "Dr Milan Jovanović Batut", 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/batutphco24036b.
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Objective: The aim of this study was to assess factors associated with the risk of death in men and women individually and shed light on new aspects. Patients and methods: This retrospective cohort study was carried out at two healthcare institutions in Serbia, involving 457 patients. Patients were categorized based on their gender. The primary study endpoint was survival, specifically patient mortality. Demographic and clinical information were retrieved from electronic health records. Results: Among men, 11.4% required treatment in the intensive care unit (ICU), with a 5.7% mortality rate. Multivariate analysis confirmed associations with ICU mortality, including longer hospitalization (p=0.010), non-vaccination (p=0.024), obesity (p=0.013), elevated levels of lactate dehydrogenase (p=0.048), C-reactive protein (p=0.041), aspartate aminotransferase (p=0.008), interleukin-6 (p=0.019), and lower lymphocyte counts (p=0.043). For women, 16% required ICU treatment, with an 8.6% mortality rate. Multivariate analysis confirmed associations with ICU mortality, including longer hospitalization (p=0.014), non-vaccination (p=0.019), chronic kidney disease, elevated levels of lactate dehydrogenase (p=0.012), creatinine (p=0.015), C-reactive protein (p=0.015), interleukin-6 (p=0.019), lower lymphocyte counts (p=0.077), and erythrocyte counts (p=0.033). Conclusion: Survival in severe COVID-19 is similar between genders, but specific risk factors vary. Prolonged hospitalization, low lymphocyte count, high biomarker levels, and vaccine avoidance contribute to mortality in both genders. Men face risks from obesity and elevated AST levels, while women face risks from lower erythrocyte counts and CKD. This highlights the need for a gender-specific approach in managing fatal COVID-19.
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Gignoux, EM. "Safety of hepatitis E vaccine in pregnancy emulating a target trial following a mass reactive vaccination campaign in South Sudan." In MSF Scientific Day International 2024. NYC: MSF-USA, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.57740/ljs5xz.
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Gignoux, EM. "Safety of hepatitis E vaccine in pregnancy: emulating a target trial following a mass reactive vaccination campaign in South Sudan." In MSF Scientific Day International 2024. NYC: MSF-USA, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.57740/wcoyoa.
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Nesbitt, R., AS Azman, VK Asilaza, JK Edwards, P. Nkemenang, P. Gakima, P. Gitahi, et al. "Safety of hepatitis E vaccine in pregnancy emulating a target trial following a mass reactive vaccination campaign in South Sudan." In MSF Scientific Days International 2024. NYC: MSF-USA, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.57740/tmxctziln.
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Ragulskaya, M., and E. Tekutskaya. "Solar-terrestrial relations: solar activity and the COVID-19 pandemic." In ASTRONOMY AT THE EPOCH OF MULTIMESSENGER STUDIES. Proceedings of the VAK-2021 conference, Aug 23–28, 2021. Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51194/vak2021.2022.1.1.130.
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COVID-19 pandemic took the start at the lows of the 11-year and quasi-century solar cycle. The genogeographic character-istics of the population have become one of the significant factors determining the development of the local epidemics. Thelargest number of victims per 1 million inhabitants is recorded in the territories with a dominant haplogroup R1b: Italy,Spain, France, Belgium, Great Britain, and the United States. The R1a haplogroup is characterized by the rapid develop-ment of the COVID-19 pandemic with low mortality and a large number of asymptomatic patients (Russia, Germany, andIran). The level of herd immunity achieved through vaccination also depends on the genetic makeup of the population andsolar activity. Its value is highest for countries with a dominant haplogroup R1b (about 80% for haplogroup R1b versus40% for haplogroup N). The resulting effect can be associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species and affectedhuman adaptive capabilities.
Reports on the topic "Reactive vaccination"
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Gershoni, Jonathan M., David E. Swayne, Tal Pupko, Shimon Perk, Alexander Panshin, Avishai Lublin, and Natalia Golander. Discovery and reconstitution of cross-reactive vaccine targets for H5 and H9 avian influenza. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7699854.bard.
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Research objectives: Identification of highly conserved B-cell epitopes common to either H5 or H9 subtypes of AI Reconstruction of conserved epitopes from (1) as recombinantimmunogens, and testing their suitability to be used as universal vaccine components by measuring their binding to Influenza vaccinated sera of birds Vaccination of chickens with reconstituted epitopes and evaluation of successful vaccination, clinical protection and viral replication Development of a platform to investigate the dynamics of immune response towards infection or an epitope based vaccine Estimate our ability to focus the immune response towards an epitope-based vaccine using the tool we have developed in (D) Summary: This study is a multi-disciplinary study of four-way collaboration; The SERPL, USDA, Kimron-Israel, and two groups at TAU with the purpose of evaluating the production and implementation of epitope based vaccines against avian influenza (AI). Systematic analysis of the influenza viral spike led to the production of a highly conserved epitope situated at the hinge of the HA antigen designated “cluster 300” (c300). This epitope consists of a total of 31 residues and was initially expressed as a fusion protein of the Protein 8 major protein of the bacteriophagefd. Two versions of the c300 were produced to correspond to the H5 and H9 antigens respectively as well as scrambled versions that were identical with regard to amino acid composition yet with varied linear sequence (these served as negative controls). The recombinantimmunogens were produced first as phage fusions and then subsequently as fusions with maltose binding protein (MBP) or glutathioneS-transferase (GST). The latter were used to immunize and boost chickens at SERPL and Kimron. Furthermore, vaccinated and control chickens were challenged with concordant influenza strains at Kimron and SEPRL. Polyclonal sera were obtained for further analyses at TAU and computational bioinformatics analyses in collaboration with Prof. Pupko. Moreover, the degree of protection afforded by the vaccination was determined. Unfortunately, no protection could be demonstrated. In parallel to the main theme of the study, the TAU team (Gershoni and Pupko) designed and developed a novel methodology for the systematic analysis of the antibody composition of polyclonal sera (Deep Panning) which is essential for the analyses of the humoral response towards vaccination and challenge. Deep Panning is currently being used to monitor the polyclonal sera derived from the vaccination studies conducted at the SEPRL and Kimron.
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Perk, Simon, Egbert Mundt, Alexander Panshin, Irit Davidson, Irina Shkoda, Ameera AlTori, and Maricarmen Garcia. Characterization and Control Strategies of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H9N2. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697117.bard.
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The avian influenza virus, subtype H9N2 subtype, defined as having a low pathogenicity, causes extensive economical losses in commercial flocks, probably due to management and synergism with other pathogens. AIV H9N2 was first identified in Israel in the year 2000, and since then it became endemic and widespread in Israel. Control by vaccination of commercial flocks with an inactivated vaccine has been introduced since 2007. In face of the continuous H9N2 outbreaks, and the application of the vaccination policy, we aimed in the present study to provide a method of differentiating naturally infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). The aim of the assay would be detect only antibodies created by a de-novo infection, since the inactivated vaccine virus is not reproducing, and might provide a simple tool for mass detection of novel infections of commercial flocks. To fulfill the overall aim, the project was designed to include four operational objectives: 1. Evaluation of the genetic evolution of AIV in Israel; 2. Assessment of the diagnostic value of an NS1 ELISA; 3. NS1 ELISA as evaluation criteria for measuring the efficacy of vaccination against H9N2 AIV; 4. Development of an AIV H9 subtype specific ELISA systems. Major conclusion and implications drawn from the project were: 1. A continuous genetic change occurred in the collection of H9N2 isolates, and new introductions were identified. It was shown thatthe differences between the HA proteins of viruses used for vaccine productionand local fieldisolatesincreasedin parallelwith the durationand intensity ofvaccine use, therefore, developing a differential assay for the vaccine and the wild type viruses was the project main aim. 2. To assess the diagnostic value of an NS1 ELISA we first performed experimental infection trials using representative viruses of all introductions, and used the sera and recombinant NS1 antigens of the same viruses in homologous and heterologous NS1 ELISA combination. The NS1 ELISA was evidently reactive in all combinations, and did not discriminate significantly between different groups. 3. However, several major drawbacks of the NS1 ELISA were recognized: a) The evaluation of the vaccination effect in challenged birds, showed that the level of the NS1 antibodies dropped due to the vaccination-dependent virus level drop; b) the applicability of the NS1-ELISA was verified on sera of commercial flocks and found to be unusable due to physico-chemical composition of the sera and the recombinant antigen, c) commercial sera showed non-reactivity that might be caused by many factors, including vaccination, uncertainty regarding the infection time, and possibly low antigen avidity, d) NS1 elevated antibody levels for less than 2 months in SPF chicks. Due to the above mentioned reasons we do not recommend the application of the DIVA NS1 ELISA assay for monitoring and differentiation AIV H9N2 naturally-infected from vaccinated commercial birds.
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Ding, Yukang, Xixia Chen, and Yongpeng Ge. Inflammatory myopathy following coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination: a systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.9.0084.
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Review question / Objective: Reports of unexpected side effects have accompanied the vaccination of larger proportions of the population against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), including a few cases of inflammatory myopathy (IM). In a bid to improve understanding of the clinical course of vaccine complications, a systematic review of reported cases of IM following COVID-19 vaccination has been conducted. Condition being studied: Safety concerns have surrounded the vaccines since their development, with common adverse effects including local reaction at the site of injection and diverse non-specific flu-like symptoms (9). Most symptoms occur soon after vaccination and resolve within a short period but some serious events such as myopericarditis and cerebral venous thrombosis post COVID-19 vaccination had been reported. Meanwhile, some rare cases of vaccine-associated IMs have been reported. The current study systematically reviewed IM cases reported post-COVID-19 vaccination to date. Clinical and laboratory features are described and therapy and prognosis discussed.
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Bercovier, Herve, Raul Barletta, and Shlomo Sela. Characterization and Immunogenicity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis Secreted and Cellular Proteins. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7573078.bard.
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Our long-term goal is to develop an efficient acellular vaccine against paratuberculosis based on protein antigen(s). A prerequisite to achieve this goal is to analyze and characterize Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (Mpt) secreted and cellular proteins eliciting a protective immune response. In the context of this general objective, we proposed to identify, clone, produce, and characterize: the Mpt 85B antigen and other Mpt immunoreactive secreted proteins, the Mpt L7/L12 ribosomal protein and other immunoreactive cellular proteins, Mpt protein determinants involved in invasion of epithelial cells, and Mpt protein antigens specifically expressed in macrophages. Paratuberculosis is still a very serious problem in Israel and in the USA. In the USA, a recent survey evaluated that 21.6% of the dairy herd were infected with Mpt resulting in 200-250 million dollars in annual losses. Very little is known on the virulence factors and on protective antigens of Mpt. At present, the only means of controlling this disease are culling or vaccination. The current vaccines do not allow a clear differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals. Our long-term goal is to develop an efficient acellular paratuberculosis vaccine based on Mpt protein antigen(s) compatible with diagnostic tests. To achieve this goal it is necessary to analyze and characterize secreted and cellular proteins candidate for such a vaccine. Representative Mpt libraries (shuttle plasmid and phage) were constructed and used to study Mpt genes and gene products described below and will be made available to other research groups. In addition, two approaches were performed which did not yield the expected results. Mav or Mpt DNA genes that confer upon Msg or E. coli the ability to invade and/or survive within HEp-2 cells were not identified. Likewise, we were unable to characterize the 34-39 kDa induced secreted proteins induced by stress factors due to technical difficulties inherent to the complexity of the media needed to support substantial M. pt growth. We identified, isolated, sequenced five Mpt proteins and expressed four of them as recombinant proteins that allowed the study of their immunological properties in sensitized mice. The AphC protein, found to be up regulated by low iron environment, and the SOD protein are both involved in protecting mycobacteria against damage and killing by reactive oxygen (Sod) and nitrogen (AhpC) intermediates, the main bactericidal mechanisms of phagocytic cells. SOD and L7/L12 ribosomal proteins are structural proteins constitutively expressed. 85B and CFP20 are both secreted proteins. SOD, L7/L12, 85B and CFP20 were shown to induce a Th1 response in immunized mice whereas AphC was shown by others to have a similar activity. These proteins did not interfere with the DTH reaction of naturally infected cows. Cellular immunity provides protection in mycobacterial infections, therefore molecules inducing cellular immunity and preferentially a Th1 pathway will be the best candidate for the development of an acellular vaccine. The proteins characterized in this grant that induce a cell-mediated immunity and seem compatible with diagnostic tests, are good candidates for the construction of a future acellular vaccine.
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Knowles, Donald, and Monica Leszkowicz Mazuz. Transfected Babesia bovis expressing the anti-tick Bm86 antigen as a vaccine to limit tick infestation and protect against virulent challenge. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598160.bard.
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Bovine babesiosis, caused by the apicomplexan parasites Babesiabovisand B. bigemina, is a major tick borne disease of cattle with significant economic importance globally. The vectors of Babesia parasites are R. (Boophilus) annulatusand R. microplus. In Israel these parasites are transmitted manly by R. annulatus. The main goal of the proposal was developing and testing a novel B. bovisvaccine based on stably transfected attenuated B. bovisexpressing the anti-tick Bm86 antigen. This required generating a transfected- attenuated B. bovisparasite containing a bidirectional promoter expressing both, the gfp- bsd selectable marker and the tick vaccine antigen Bm86. The vaccine was tested for its ability to elicit protective immune responses against T. annulatusticks. Efficient control of babesiosis is based on a complex scheme of integrated management, including preventive immunization, anti-babesial chemotherapy and control of tick populations. Live vaccines based on attenuated parasites are the most effective measure to control babesiosis, and are currently used in several countries, including Israel. Live attenuated parasites lead to a chronic infection and development of strong and long term immunity in vaccinated cattle. Still, live vaccines have several limitations, including the difficulty to distinguish among vaccinated and naturally infected cattle and potential for sporadic outbreaks in vaccinated animals. Tick limitation is essential to control babesiosis but the main measure to reduce tick infestation is traditionally approached using acaricides, which is limited by environmental concerns and the development of resistance by the ticks. Alternative tick-control measures including the use of anti-tick vaccines are emerging, and at least partial protective immunity has been achieved against tick vectors by vaccination with recombinant protective tick antigens (ie: Bm86). In addition, the Babesia vaccine development toolbox has been recently expanded with the development of transfection technology in Babesia parasites. In this approved proposal we successfully developed a Babesia live attenuated transfected vaccine, which is able to express a B. bovisMSA-1 signal-Bm86 chimera and eGFP genes under the control of the B. bovisef- 1 and actin promoters respectively. Genetic analysis demonstrated specific stable integration of the transfected genes in the expected ef-1 locus, and immunofluorescence analysis confirmed expression of Bm86 in the surface of transfected parasites. When applied to splenectomized calves, the transfected parasites were able to cause persistent B. bovisinfection with production of antibodies reactive with Bm86 for at least six months. In addition, partial protection against ticks was also observed upon challenging the vaccinated animals with R. annulatuslarvae. However, when used on intact calves, the vaccine failed to elicit detectable immune responses against Bm86, and we are still in the process of interpreting the data and make necessary changes in our experimental approaches. Overall, the results obtained here represent a step forward towards the development of integrated vaccines against both ticks and tick –borne pathogens, using the Babesia attenuated parasites as a platform to the delivery of exogenous protective antigens
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Gelb, Jr., Jack, Yoram Weisman, Brian Ladman, and Rosie Meir. Identification of Avian Infectious Brochitis Virus Variant Serotypes and Subtypes by PCR Product Cycle Sequencing for the Rational Selection of Effective Vaccines. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586470.bard.
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Objectives 1. Determine the serotypic identities of 40 recent IBV isolates from commercial chickens raised in the USA and Israel. 2. Sequence all IBV field isolates using PCR product cycle sequencing and analyze their S 1 sequence to detennine their homology to other strains in the Genbank and EMBL databases. 3. Select vaccinal strains with the highest S 1 sequence homology to the field isolates and perform challenge of immunity studies in chickens in laboratory trials to detennine level of protection afforded by the vaccines. Background Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a common, economically important disease of the chicken. IB occurs as a respiratory form, associated with airsacculitis, condemnation, and mortality of meat-type broilers, a reproductive form responsible for egg production losses in layers and breeders, and a renal form causing high mortality in broilers and pullets. The causative agent is avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Replication of the virus' RNA genome is error-prone and mutations commonly result. A major target for mutation is the gene encoding the spike (S) envelope protein used by the virus to attach and infect the host cell. Mutations in the S gene result in antigenic changes that can lead to the emergence of variant serotypes. The S gene is able to tolerate numerous mutations without compromising the virus' ability to replicate and cause disease. An end result of the virus' "flexibility" is that many strains of IBV are capable of existing in nature. Once formed, new mutant strains, often referred to as variants, are soon subjected to immunological selection so that only the most antigenically novel variants survive in poultry populations. Many novel antigenic variant serotypes and genotypes have been isolated from commercial poultry flocks. Identification of the field isolates of IBV responsible for outbreaks is critical for selecting the appropriate strain(s) for vaccination. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of the Sl subunit of the envelope spike glycoprotein gene has been a common method used to identify field strains, replacing other time-consuming or less precise tests. Two PCR approaches have been used for identification, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and direct automated cycle sequence analysis of a diagnostically relevant hypervariab1e region were compared in our BARD research. Vaccination for IB, although practiced routinely in commercial flocks, is often not protective. Field isolates responsible for outbreaks may be unrelated to the strain(s) used in the vaccination program. However, vaccines may provide varying degrees of cross- protection vs. unrelated field strains so vaccination studies should be performed. Conclusions RFLP and S1 sequence analysis methods were successfully performed using the field isolates from the USA and Israel. Importantly, the S1 sequence analysis method enabled a direct comparison of the genotypes of the field strains by aligning them to sequences in public databases e.g. GenBank. Novel S1 gene sequences were identified in both USA and Israel IBVs but greater diversity was observed in the field isolates from the USA. One novel genotype, characterized in this project, Israel/720/99, is currently being considered for development as an inactivated vaccine. Vaccination with IBV strains in the US (Massachusetts, Arkansas, Delaware 072) or in Israel (Massachusetts, Holland strain) provided higher degrees of cross-protection vs. homologous than heterologous strain challenge. In many cases however, vaccination with two strains (only studies with US strains) produced reasonable cross-protection against heterologous field isolate challenge. Implications S1 sequence analysis provides numerical similarity values and phylogenetic information that can be useful, although by no means conclusive, in developing vaccine control strategies. Identification of many novel S1 genotypes of IBV in the USA is evidence that commercial flocks will be challenged today and in the future with strains unrelated to vaccines. In Israel, monitoring flocks for novel IBV field isolates should continue given the identification of Israel/720/99, and perhaps others in the future. Strains selected for vaccination of commercial flocks should induce cross- protection against unrelated genotypes. Using diverse genotypes for vaccination may result in immunity against unrelated field strains.