Academic literature on the topic 'Reactive strategies'

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Journal articles on the topic "Reactive strategies"

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Leung, Andrew P. "Reactive investment strategies." Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 49, no. 1 (July 2011): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.insmatheco.2011.02.004.

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Ohtsuki, Hisashi. "Reactive strategies in indirect reciprocity." Journal of Theoretical Biology 227, no. 3 (April 2004): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2003.11.008.

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Nadel, Steven J., and Phillip Greene. "Strategies for high rate reactive sputtering." Thin Solid Films 392, no. 2 (July 2001): 174–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(01)01024-0.

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McAvoy, Alex, and Martin A. Nowak. "Reactive learning strategies for iterated games." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 475, no. 2223 (March 2019): 20180819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2018.0819.

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In an iterated game between two players, there is much interest in characterizing the set of feasible pay-offs for both players when one player uses a fixed strategy and the other player is free to switch. Such characterizations have led to extortionists, equalizers, partners and rivals. Most of those studies use memory-one strategies, which specify the probabilities to take actions depending on the outcome of the previous round. Here, we consider ‘reactive learning strategies’, which gradually modify their propensity to take certain actions based on past actions of the opponent. Every linear reactive learning strategy, p *, corresponds to a memory one-strategy, p , and vice versa. We prove that for evaluating the region of feasible pay-offs against a memory-one strategy, C ( p ) , we need to check its performance against at most 11 other strategies. Thus, C ( p ) is the convex hull in R 2 of at most 11 points. Furthermore, if p is a memory-one strategy, with feasible pay-off region C ( p ) , and p * is the corresponding reactive learning strategy, with feasible pay-off region C ( p ∗ ) , then C ( p ∗ ) is a subset of C ( p ) . Reactive learning strategies are therefore powerful tools in restricting the outcomes of iterated games.
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Sørensen, Eva, and Sigurd Skogestad. "Control strategies for reactive batch distillation." Journal of Process Control 4, no. 4 (January 1994): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0959-1524(94)80042-1.

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Colangelo, Anna Maria, Giovanni Cirillo, Maria Luisa Lavitrano, Lilia Alberghina, and Michele Papa. "Targeting reactive astrogliosis by novel biotechnological strategies." Biotechnology Advances 30, no. 1 (January 2012): 261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.06.016.

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Schwenke, David W., Steven L. Mielke, and Donald G. Truhlar. "Variational reactive scattering calculations: computational optimization strategies." Theoretica Chimica Acta 79, no. 3-4 (1991): 241–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01113695.

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Laganà, A., L. Pacifici, and D. Bellucci. "Parallelization strategies for quantum reactive scattering codes." Future Generation Computer Systems 20, no. 5 (June 2004): 829–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2003.11.022.

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Calzia, Kevin J., Anne Forcum, and Alan J. Lesser. "Comparing reinforcement strategies for epoxy networks using reactive and non-reactive fortifiers." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 102, no. 5 (2006): 4606–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.24401.

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A, Ajayi, Izuagie F.I, and Jerome D.K. "Reactive Power Compensation Strategies in Power System Engineering." IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 9, no. 2 (2014): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1676-09276672.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Reactive strategies"

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Zeng, Zhen [Verfasser], Albert [Akademischer Betreuer] Gollhofer, and Daniel [Akademischer Betreuer] König. "Effects of dietary strategies on reactive oxygen species production." Freiburg : Universität, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1237617979/34.

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Perdigão, José Nuno Bebiano Mesquita de Azeredo. "Reactive-control strategies for an oscillating-water-column device." Phd thesis, Instituições portuguesas -- UTL-Universidade Técnica de Lisboa -- IST-Instituto Superior Técnico -- -Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, 1998. http://dited.bn.pt:80/29667.

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Landgren, Emma, and Martina Lidberg. "Managing negative eWOM in the retail industry : A qualitative study of proactive and reactive strategies." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-185339.

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In the fast pace of the development of the Internet and the increased use of it more and more people use interactive platforms to connect with each other. The increased opportunity and ability to share content with people around the globe has led to the emergence of eWOM. eWOM means that consumers generate content that is consumption-related and mainly directed towards other consumers. Today, social media sites are the biggest source to eWOM. Consumers are actively searching for eWOM in order to gain information and reduce uncertainty, as a part of their purchasing process. In general, consumers tend to trust consumer generated content more than marketer generated content. Therefore, eWOM becomes a crucial component to business performance.  Negative eWOM has been shown to affect the purchase intentions, loyalty and trust in a negative way, which eventually affects the turnover for a company. Negative eWOM has further been seen to have a larger impact on consumers, compared to positive eWOM. These consequences emphasize the importance of marketers being aware of negative eWOM and have strategies to manage it. The subject of eWOM has been acknowledged by practitioners and researchers. However, despite the increased interest in eWOM and its effects on business performance, there are still research gaps on how to proactively and reactively avoid and manage negative eWOM.  The purpose of this study was to examine and understand what strategies companies use in order to avoid and manage negative eWOM on company owned and external interactive platforms. To fill the identified research gaps, this study took an inductive approach and the authors conducted a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews. The sample was purposively selected to include respondents within different companies that had knowledge about the companies’ strategies and approach towards managing negative eWOM. The sample consisted of companies of different sizes, which provided different perspectives and rich information of how companies can approach negative eWOM. A thematic analysis was conducted in order to analyze the empirical data and present relevant findings from the data collection.  As a result of the thematic analysis, two global themes were identified: proactive strategies and reactive strategies. Within the global theme proactive strategies, five sub- themes were found: observation, detect critical potential scenarios and questions, communicate expectations, encourage feedback and facilitate contact. Within the global theme reactive strategies, six sub-themes were found: acknowledge or leave, do not delete, accommodative, defensive, answer in public, drive to private, and humorous and cleverly. These themes laid the foundation for a final conceptual model. The findings of this study suggest that marketers in retail use different proactive strategies to avoid negative eWOM from occurring in the first place. Moreover, the findings of this study show that marketers in retail, depending on the content of the negative eWOM and the platform it is taking place on, also use different reactive strategies to manage negative eWOM. The results also show that what strategy to use is to a large extent dependent on the individual’s subjective ability to interpret the negative eWOM.
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Ritz, Mariah. "Strategies to Manage Noncompliance in Preschool Classrooms." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1370860439.

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Unosson, Erik. "Antibacterial Strategies for Titanium Biomaterials." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Tillämpad materialvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-249181.

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Titanium and titanium based alloys are widely used in dentistry and orthopedics to replace hard tissue and to mend broken bones. It has become a material of choice due to its low density, high strength, good biocompatibility and its capacity to integrate closely with the bone. Today, modern materials and surgical techniques can enable patients to live longer, and aid in maintaining or regaining mobility for a more fulfilling life. There are, however, instances where implants fail, and one of the primary causes for implant failure is infection. This thesis deals with two possible ways of reducing or eliminating implant associated infections; TiO2 photocatalysis, where a surface can become antibacterial upon irradiation with UV light; and incorporation of silver, where a subsequent release of silver metal ions result in an antibacterial effect. For the TiO2 photocatalysis strategy, a simple and cost effective chemical oxidation technique, using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and water, was used to create an active TiO2 surface on titanium substrates. This surface was shown to effectively degrade an organic model substance (rhodamine B) by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) under UV illumination. However, it was shown that Ti-peroxy radical species remaining in the surface after the H2O2-oxidation process, rather than generation of ROS from a heterogeneous photocatalytic process, was responsible for the effect. This discovery was further exploited in a TiO2/H2O2/UV system, which demonstrated synergy effects in both rhodamine B degradation tests and in antibacterial assays. For the silver ion release strategy, a combinatorial materials science approach was employed. Binary Ag-Ti oxide gradients were co-deposited in a reactive (O2) environment using a custom built physical vapor deposition system, and evaluated for antibacterial properties. The approach enabled synthesis and composition-structure-property evaluation unlikely to have been achieved by traditional means, and the gradient coatings demonstrated antibacterial properties against both S. aureus and S. epidermidis according to silver ion release. The release was shown to depend more on structural features, such as surface area, crystallinity and oxidation state, than on composition. Ag-Ti oxide gradients were also evaluated under UV illumination, as Ag deposits on crystalline TiO2 can enhance photocatalytic properties. In this work, however, the TiO2 was amorphous and UV illumination caused a slight reduction in the antibacterial effect of silver ions. This was attributed to a UV-induced SOS response in the S. epidermidis bacteria. The results of this thesis demonstrate that both TiO2 photocatalysis, or UV induced activation of Ti-peroxy radical species, as well as incorporation of silver are viable antibacterial strategies for titanium biomaterials. However, their clinical applications are still pending risk-benefit analyses of potential adverse host tissue responses.
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Addiego-Guevara, Ernesto. "Quantifying the value of reactive and proactive feedback control strategies for intelligent wells." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.516180.

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Tudoroiu, Nicolae. "Application of multivariable and intelligent control strategies for improving plasma characteristics in reactive ion etching." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ59229.pdf.

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Henkes, Amanda Erin. "Solution-mediated strategies for synthesizing metal oxides, borates and phosphides using nanocrystals as reactive precursors." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2674.

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Wu, Hao. "Numerical Investigations of Geologic CO2 Sequestration Using Physics-Based and Machine Learning Modeling Strategies." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99604.

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Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is an engineering-based approach for mitigating excess anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Deep brine aquifers and basalt reservoirs have shown outstanding performance in CO2 storage based on their global widespread distribution and large storage capacity. Capillary trapping and mineral trapping are the two dominant mechanisms controlling the distribution, migration, and transportation of CO2 in deep brine aquifers and basalt reservoirs. Understanding the behavior of CO2 in a storage reservoir under realistic conditions is important for risk management and storage efficiency improvement. As a result, numerical simulations have been implemented to understand the relationship between fluid properties and multi-phase fluid dynamics. However, the physics-based simulations that focus on the uncertainties of fluid flow dynamics are complicated and computationally expensive. Machine learning method provides immense potential for improving computational efficiency for subsurface simulations, particularly in the context of parametric sensitivity. This work focuses on parametric uncertainty associated with multi-phase fluid dynamics that govern geologic CO2 storage. The effects of this uncertainty are interrogated through ensemble simulation methods that implement both physics-based and machine learning modeling strategies. This dissertation is a culmination of three projects: (1) a parametric analysis of capillary pressure variability effects on CO2 migration, (2) a reactive transport simulation in a basalt fracture system investigating the effects of carbon mineralization on CO2 migration, and (3) a parametric analysis based on machine learning methods of simultaneous effects of capillary pressure and relative permeability on CO2 migration.
Doctor of Philosophy
Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) has been proposed as a technological approach to mitigate the deleterious effects of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. During CCS, CO2 is captured from power plants and then pumped in deep geologic reservoirs to isolate it from the atmosphere. Deep sedimentary formations and fractured basalt reservoirs are two options for CO2 storage. In sedimentary systems, CO2 is immobilized largely by physical processes, such as capillary and solubility trapping, while in basalt reservoirs, CO2 is transformed into carbonate minerals, thus rendering it fully immobilized. This research focuses on how a large range of capillary pressure variabilities and how CO2-basalt reactions affect CO2 migration. Specifically, the work presented utilizes numerical simulation and machine learning methods to study the relationship between capillary trapping and buoyancy in a sandstone formation, as well as the combined effects of capillary pressure and relative permeability on CO2 migration. In addition, the work also identifies a new reinforcing feedback between mineralization and relative permeability during reactive CO2 flow in a basalt fracture network. In aggregate, the whole of this work presents a new, multi-dimensional perspective on the multi-phase fluid dynamics that govern CCS efficacy in a range of geologic formations.
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Niemeyer, Kyle Evan. "Reducing the Cost of Chemistry in Reactive-Flow Simulations: Novel Mechanism Reduction Strategies and Acceleration via Graphics Processing Units." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1378393709.

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Books on the topic "Reactive strategies"

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White, S. Mark. Affordable housing: Proactive & reactive planning strategies. Chicago, IL (1313 60th St., Chicago 60637): American Planning Association, Planning Advisory Service, 1992.

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Sanders, William R. Development of the Reactive Planning Strategies Simulation (REPSS). Arlington, Va: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 2006.

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Attachment disorders: Treatment strategies for traumatized children. Lanham, Md: Jason Aronson, 2006.

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Hinton, David A. Relative merits of reactive and forward-look detection for wind-shear encounters during landing approach for various microburst escape strategies. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1990.

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Singh, Hemant. Strategies for waste minimisation in reaction systems. Manchester: UMIST, 1995.

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Kunreuther, Howard. Learning from catastrophes: Strategies for reaction and response. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Wharton School Pub., 2010.

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Ancient DNA typing: Methods, strategies, and applications. Berlin: Springer, 2003.

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O, Tollefsbol Trygve, ed. Telomerase inhibition: Strategies and protocols. Totowa, N.J: Humana, 2007.

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Education, Newfoundland Dept of. Literacy in a changing society: Policies, perspectives and strategies for ... : Departmental reaction. [St. John's, Nfld: Newfoundland, Dept. of Education, 1989.

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Capoccia, Giovanni. Defending democracy: Strategies of reaction to political extremism in inter-war Europe. San Domenico (FI) Italy: European University Institute, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Reactive strategies"

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Kenna, J. Gerry, and Richard A. Thompson. "INTEGRATED REACTIVE METABOLITE STRATEGIES." In Metabolite Safety in Drug Development, 111–39. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118949689.ch5.

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Haddadin, Sami. "Reactive Pre-collision Strategies." In Towards Safe Robots, 171–93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40308-8_7.

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Battiti, Roberto, Franco Mascia, and Mauro Brunato. "Algorithm Portfolios and Restart Strategies." In Reactive Search and Intelligent Optimization, 1–11. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09624-7_9.

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Breier, Jakub, Wei He, and Shivam Bhasin. "Reactive Design Strategies Against Fault Injection Attacks." In Fault Tolerant Architectures for Cryptography and Hardware Security, 213–29. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1387-4_11.

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Frind, E. O., K. U. Mayer, H. Daniels, and A. Peters. "Computational Strategies in Multicomponent Reactive Transport Modelling." In Computational Methods in Water Resources X, 1523–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9204-3_184.

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Zhang, Jianwei, and Alois Knoll. "Integrating Deliberative and Reactive Strategies via Fuzzy Modular Control." In Fuzzy Logic Techniques for Autonomous Vehicle Navigation, 367–85. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-1835-2_15.

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Masegosa, Antonio D., Franco Mascia, David Pelta, and Mauro Brunato. "Cooperative Strategies and Reactive Search: A Hybrid Model Proposal." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 206–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11169-3_15.

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Kothari, Vinay B. "Lack of Marketplace Competitive Excellence: Reactive Strategies and Approaches." In Executive Greed, 111–20. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230109650_11.

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Bischof, Kai, and Ralf Rautenberger. "Seaweed Responses to Environmental Stress: Reactive Oxygen and Antioxidative Strategies." In Ecological Studies, 109–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28451-9_6.

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Talukdar, Md Ibrahim, and Md Sharif Hossen. "Reactive and Proactive Routing Strategies in Mobile Ad Hoc Network." In Opportunistic Networks, 37–54. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003132585-3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Reactive strategies"

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Mestriner, Daniele, Alessandro Labella, Andrea Bonfiglio, Ivone Benfatto, Jinchao Li, Yulong Ye, and Zhiquan Song. "ITER Reactive Power Compensation Systems: analysis on reactive power sharing strategies." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2019 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eeeic.2019.8783219.

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Pereira, A., L. Silva, W. Meira, and W. Santos. "Assessing reactive QoS strategies for Internet services." In International Symposium on Applications and the Internet (SAINT'06). IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/saint.2006.14.

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DAASE, CHRISTOPHER. "PREVENTING TERRORISM – FROM REACTIVE TO PROACTIVE STRATEGIES." In Proceedings of the International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies — 27th Session. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812705150_0030.

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Morais, Hugo, Tiago Sousa, Pedro Faria, and Zita Vale. "Reactive power management strategies in future smart grids." In 2013 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesmg.2013.6672332.

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Pipolo, S., S. Bifaretti, V. Bonaiuto, L. Tarisciotti, and P. Zanchetta. "Reactive power control strategies for UNIFLEX-PM Converter." In IECON 2016 - 42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iecon.2016.7793903.

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Shao, Xiao-Feng. "Reactive Strategies for Supply Disruption Management: Backordering vs. Upgrading." In 2010 International Conference on Management and Service Science (MASS 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmss.2010.5575594.

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Levorato, Marco, Pradeep Chathuranga Weeraddana, and Carlo Fischione. "Distributed optimization of transmission strategies in reactive cognitive networks." In GLOBECOM 2014 - 2014 IEEE Global Communications Conference. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/glocom.2014.7036924.

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Li, Erxia, Wanxing Sheng, Xiaojun Wang, and Bin Wang. "Combined compensation strategies based on instantaneous reactive power theory for reactive power compensation and load balancing." In 2011 International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering (ICECE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceceng.2011.6057765.

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Gao, Weidong, Yuanshu Zhou, and Yueqing Gu. "Comparison of two strategies for detection of reactive oxygen species." In Twelfth International Conference on Photonics and Imaging in Biology and Medicine (PIBM 2014), edited by Qingming Luo, Lihong V. Wang, and Valery V. Tuchin. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2068769.

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Eustace, D. "Combining predictive and reactive control strategies in multi-agent systems." In International Conference on Control '94. IEE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19940269.

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Reports on the topic "Reactive strategies"

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Thomas, David Wyn. Integration strategies for the reactive scheduling. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.6171.

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Sanders, William R., Christopher V. Fultz, and N. K. Sharp. Development of the Reactive Planning Strategies Simulation (REPSS). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada454775.

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Hayes-Roth, Barbara, Lee Brownston, and Anne Collinot. Strategic Control of Reactive Behavior in Intelligent Agents. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada264376.

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Hoak, T., R. Jenkins, P. Ortoleva, G. Ozkan, M. Shebl, W. Sibo, K. Tuncay, and K. Sundberg. Naturally fractured reservoirs: Optimized E and P strategies using a reaction-transport-mechanical simulator in an integrated approach. Annual report, 1996--1997. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/661405.

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Ortoleva, P. J., K. R. Sundberg, and T. E. Hoak. Naturally fractured reservoirs: Optimized E and P strategies using a reaction-transport-mechanical simulator in an integrated approach. Summary of project accomplishments; Final report, September 30, 1998. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/307831.

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King, Jerry A., and Joshua H. McKay. Disaster Response Contracting in a Post-Katrina World: Analyzing Current Disaster Response Strategies and Exploring Alternatives to Improve Processes for Rapid Reaction to Large Scale Disasters within the United States. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada460411.

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Führ, Martin, Julian Schenten, and Silke Kleihauer. Integrating "Green Chemistry" into the Regulatory Framework of European Chemicals Policy. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627727.

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Abstract:
20 years ago a concept of “Green Chemistry” was formulated by Paul Anastas and John Warner, aiming at an ambitious agenda to “green” chemical products and processes. Today the concept, laid down in a set of 12 principles, has found support in various arenas. This diffusion was supported by enhancements of the legislative framework; not only in the European Union. Nevertheless industry actors – whilst generally supporting the idea – still see “cost and perception remain barriers to green chemistry uptake”. Thus, the questions arise how additional incentives as well as measures to address the barriers and impediments can be provided. An analysis addressing these questions has to take into account the institutional context for the relevant actors involved in the issue. And it has to reflect the problem perception of the different stakeholders. The supply chain into which the chemicals are distributed are of pivotal importance since they create the demand pull for chemicals designed in accordance with the “Green Chemistry Principles”. Consequently, the scope of this study includes all stages in a chemical’s life-cycle, including the process of designing and producing the final products to which chemical substances contribute. For each stage the most relevant legislative acts, together establishing the regulatory framework of the “chemicals policy” in the EU are analysed. In a nutshell the main elements of the study can be summarized as follows: Green Chemistry (GC) is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. Besides, reaction efficiency, including energy efficiency, and the use of renewable resources are other motives of Green Chemistry. Putting the GC concept in a broader market context, however, it can only prevail if in the perception of the relevant actors it is linked to tangible business cases. Therefore, the study analyses the product context in which chemistry is to be applied, as well as the substance’s entire life-cycle – in other words, the six stages in product innovation processes): 1. Substance design, 2. Production process, 3. Interaction in the supply chain, 4. Product design, 5. Use phase and 6. After use phase of the product (towards a “circular economy”). The report presents an overview to what extent the existing framework, i.e. legislation and the wider institutional context along the six stages, is setting incentives for actors to adequately address problematic substances and their potential impacts, including the learning processes intended to invoke creativity of various actors to solve challenges posed by these substances. In this respect, measured against the GC and Learning Process assessment criteria, the study identified shortcomings (“delta”) at each stage of product innovation. Some criteria are covered by the regulatory framework and to a relevant extent implemented by the actors. With respect to those criteria, there is thus no priority need for further action. Other criteria are only to a certain degree covered by the regulatory framework, due to various and often interlinked reasons. For those criteria, entry points for options to strengthen or further nuance coverage of the respective principle already exist. Most relevant are the deltas with regard to those instruments that influence the design phase; both for the chemical substance as such and for the end-product containing the substance. Due to the multi-tier supply chains, provisions fostering information, communication and cooperation of the various actors are crucial to underpin the learning processes towards the GCP. The policy options aim to tackle these shortcomings in the context of the respective stage in order to support those actors who are willing to change their attitude and their business decisions towards GC. The findings are in general coherence with the strategies to foster GC identified by the Green Chemistry & Commerce Council.
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