Journal articles: 'Reactive dyes'

1

Teng, Xiao Xu, Jian Wei Shi, and Shu Fen Zhang. "Impact of Reactive Dye Structures on Dyeing Properties in Salt-Free Reactive Dyeing." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 2716–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.2716.

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The cationic cotton was obtained by pretreatment with tertiary amine cationic polyacrylamide, and dyed with various active groups reactive dyes in the absence of salt. The influences of reactive dye structures on dyeing properties were analyzed and the results showed that types of active groups in reactive dyes had little effect on dye exhaustion, but it was quite relative with dye reactivity and fixation. Reactive dyes with low molecular weight and more anionic groups were adsorbed more quickly on the cationic cotton and their adsorption time to reach adsorption equilibrium was shorter, compared with that with large molecular weight and less anionic groups. Moreover, exhaustion of reactive dyes with large molecular structures decreased due to sterically hindered effect in the salt-free dyeing. The results also displayed that the monochlorotriazine reactive dyes and the vinyl-sulfone ones were favorable to dye the cationic cotton without salt addition.

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Ashraful Alam, Zakaria Ahmed, Neaz Morshed, Pulak Talukder, and Taslima Rahman. "Research on reuse of standing dye bath of reactive dye." International Journal of Frontline Research and Reviews 1, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 006–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.56355/ijfrr.2022.1.2.0022.

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The aim of the work was to find out suitable method of dyeing so that costly reactive dye bath can be reused without draining them. Because of the hydrolysis of residual reactive dyes due to the fixation conditions and because of relatively large amounts of dyes and salts left in the effluent, reusing hydrolyzed reactive dyes is a challenge to dyers. Two reactive dyes were examined (reactive red, reactive yellow and two fabrics: nylon, silk as well as silk fiber and nylon yarn). When using suitable dyeing conditions by controlling pH and temperature, hydrolyzed reactive dye baths for silk and nylon dyeing showed very good wash and moderate colorfastness.

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Zhang, Guang Xian, Ling Zhong, Feng Xiu Zhang, Xu Ting Xue, Ming Lu, Hui Zheng, and Da Yang Wu. "Dyeing Acceleration Theory of Molecule Companion on Silk with Reactive Dyes." Advanced Materials Research 549 (July 2012): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.549.70.

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In this paper, a novel high efficient dyeing acceleration theory of molecule companion(DATMC) on silk with reactive dyes was invented and studied. Organic cations were used as accelerants to company reactive dyes to dye on silk, and the dyed silk was washed with anionic surfactant. The results showed that the dye-uptake rates were very high, nearly 100%. But if the carbon atom number of hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain of organic cation was equal to or more than 12, the organic cation would affect the fixation reaction of reactive dye on silk. On the contrary, if it was equal to or less than 8, the fixation reaction would be accelerated. The fixation rates were 98.10% and 98.48% with octyl trimethyl ammonium bromide(OTAB) and hexyl butyl dimethyl ammonium bromide(HBDAB) as accelerants, respectively. The fastnesses of dyed silk were 4-5, and the silk could be dyed uniformly if the accelerant was added in several times.

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Huang, Yuan Li, Bing Du, Ye Fang, Yu Ping Zhao, Ruo Yuan Song, and Lai Jiu Zheng. "Mixed Reactive Disperse Dyes on Wool Yarn Dyeing in Supercritical CO₂." Advanced Materials Research 627 (December 2012): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.627.217.

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Mixed reactive disperse dyes is adopted to dye wool yarn by supercritical CO2 dyeing equipment, and the influencing factors on the wool yarn uptake are analyzed including dyeing temperature, dyeing time, dyeing pressure. The results reveal the interaction relationship between single dyes dyeing on the wool yarn: the total uptake of mixed reactive disperse dyes and the uptake of single reactive disperse dyes increase with the increasing of temperature and pressure, it also increase by the extension of time. In the same conditions, the total uptake of mixed reactive disperse dyes is more than the uptake of single reactive disperse dyes. The uptake of single reactive disperse dyes in the mixed dyes is less than the uptake of single reactive disperse dyes. In the dyeing process of mixed dyes, the wool yarn dyeing of two dyes has selective and competitive. Both color fastness to rubbing and color fastness to washing of dyed wool yarn are in line with national institute of standards.

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Gao, Aiqin, Hongjuan Zhang, and Kongliang Xie. "Synthesis of a novel tetrakisazo navy-blue reactive dye based on DSD acid and its synergistic blackening property." Pigment & Resin Technology 44, no. 6 (November 2, 2015): 386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-10-2014-0095.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to synthesise a tetrakisazo reactive dye and to characterise its dyeing property to meet the demand for better black reactive dyes. Design/methodology/approach – The novel tetrakisazo navy-blue reactive dye based on 4,4′-diaminostilbene-2,2′-disulphonic acid was designed and synthesized. The dyeing behaviour of it on cotton fabric was discussed. The synergistic blackening effect and absorbance spectra were investigated by absorbance and reflectance spectra, K/S and colorimetric data. Findings – The exhaustion and fixation of the designed reactive dye were higher than 20 per cent than those of the commercial reactive dye, CI Reactive Black 5. The novel reactive dye has complementary with Reactive Red SPB and Reactive Yellow C-5R in absorbance spectra from 360 to 700 nm. Three reactive dyes had synergistic effect in colour deepening properties. The dyed cotton fabric possessed high K/S value and low reflectance in the whole visual spectrum range from 360 to 700 nm. Practical implications – Comparison with the commercial Reactive Black DN-RN, the blackness of the dyed fabrics with the mixture dyes was greatly improved and the fastness properties on cotton fabrics were also good. Originality/value – The paper is an original research work. Because the mixture dyes had better blackness and good fastness properties, it would have wide application in the dyeing of cotton fabric.

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Meng, Chun Li, Yan Wei Wang, and Ji Liang Cao. "Dyeing of Polyester/Cotton Blends with Encapsulated Disperse/Reactive Dyes for a One-Bath Auxiliary-Free Process." Advanced Materials Research 441 (January 2012): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.441.61.

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Research onthe one-bath dyeing process of encapsulated disperse dyes and reactive dyes on polyester/cotton blends showed that through the suitable modification before dyeing, polyester/cotton blends could be dyed with encapsulated disperse/reactive dyes in an auxiliary-free, one-bath method. The dyed goods attained excellent levelness and fastness. The residual dye in the final baths were very low. Thus, cleaner dyeing production and environment protection can be realized.

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7

Pei, Liujun, Juanjuan Liu, Guoqiang Cai, and Jiping Wang. "Study of hydrolytic kinetics of vinyl sulfone reactive dye in siloxane reverse micro-emulsion." Textile Research Journal 87, no. 19 (September 30, 2016): 2368–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517516671123.

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Reactive dyes maintain a long reaction with fiber and show a high dye uptake and fixation rate, and effectively decrease the dyeing waste water in siloxane reverse micro-emulsion. However, little research has been carried out into the hydrolysis reaction of reactive dyes in reverse micro-emulsion. In this study, Reactive Blue 19 was selected as a model vinyl sulfone reactive dye to study its hydrolysis in siloxane reverse micro-emulsion. The hydrolysis reaction was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography. The results show that the hydrolysis rate of vinyl sulfone dyes in siloxane reverse micro-emulsion was slower than that in a traditional bath. Influences due to the ratio of aqueous dye solution to siloxane, non-ionic surfactant, cellulose fiber, and temperature on the hydrolysis reaction of vinyl sulfone reactive dye were also researched. The results show that with more aqueous solution emulsified in the siloxane media, the hydrolysis reaction of vinyl sulfone dye is faster. Reactive dyes were emulsified into a water micro-environment with non-ionic surfactant, which formed reverse micro-emulsion, and decreased the content of free water; this further influenced the hydrolysis of reactive dye.

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Xiao, Hang, Chunhong Li, Peng Wang, and Tao Zhao. "A feasible approach for enhancing union dyeing of wool/acrylic blend fabrics with heterobifunctional cationic reactive dyes." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 23-24 (May 13, 2019): 5085–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519849452.

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In this work, a facile method to enhance union dyeing with cationic reactive dyes on wool/acrylic blend fabrics was reported. Three cationic reactive dyes containing various numbers of reactive groups were synthesized and employed on wool, acrylic and wool/acrylic blend fabrics using the one-bath one-step method. Factors affecting the dye exhaustion, union dyeing and leveling properties, including dyeing pH, temperature and dye structure, were investigated. Experimental results revealed that the cationic reactive dye containing heterobifunctional reactive groups and a cationic group attached on the backbone of structure exhibited better union dyeing properties, irrespective of dyeing method. The improvement in the union dyeing on wool and acrylic fabrics followed a decreasing order: Dye 1 > Dye 3 > Dye 2. In additional, the wool/acrylic blend fabrics dyed with Dye 1 showed outstanding leveling properties. The fastness properties of wool/acrylic fabrics for all cationic reactive dyes were good to excellent.

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Yan, Xiaoxing, Xingyu Qian, Rong Lu, and Tetsuo Miyakoshi. "Comparison and Optimization of Reactive Dyes and Coating Performance on Fraxinus mandshurica Veneer." Polymers 10, no. 12 (November 24, 2018): 1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10121302.

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In this study, Fraxinus mandshurica veneer was dyed with reactive brilliant red X-3B, black KN-B and blue K-3R dyes. The dye concentration, bath ratio and dyeing time were selected for an orthogonal experiment. Analysis of variance showed that the dye concentration had the greatest effect on the dye uptake of F. mandshurica veneer. In the independent experiments, dye uptake increased at first and then decreased with increasing dye concentration; the chromatic aberration increased with the dye concentration and then remained steady. The infrared spectra were used to examine the dyeing behaviors before and after dyeing and the binding form between reactive dyes and F. mandshurica veneer was analyzed. Based on the optimization of process parameters, the optimal dyeing condition was considered to be 75 °C, the dye concentration to be 0.5–1.0%, the dyeing time to be 60 min and the bath ratio to be 20:1. The dye uptakes of reactive brilliant red X-3B, black KN-B and blue K-3R dyes were 75.0–75.4%, 50.0–64.6% and 32.0–66.0%, respectively. The chromatic aberration of F. mandshurica veneer dyed with reactive brilliant red X-3B, black KN-B and blue K-3R dyes was 53.0–59.0, which was a significant increase. After dyeing, the hardness and impact strength of the waterborne coating on the dyed F. mandshurica increased but adhesion was reduced. The coating films produced a matte glossiness.

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10

Liu, Jie. "Dyeing Properties to Soybean/Flax Blended Yarn with Reactive Dyes." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 515–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.515.

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For producing more colorful soybean /flax blended yarns and fabrics and to evaluate the dye-ability of the blends yarn, two types of reactive dyes, containing mono- and bi-functional reactive groups, were studied. On basis of a number of experiments, influences of time and temperature, alkali dosage, addition of promoter are analyzed, the optimum conditions to soybean/flax fibers with Reactive Yellow K-R and Reactive Yellow B-4RFN are defined. Results of performance test indicate that both K-type reactive dyes and B-type reactive dyes have good colorfastness and levels, especially for light to moderate color, and B-types is better than K-types. The colorfastness of the dyed yarns can meet the general requirements.

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Miljkovic, Milena, Milovan Purenovic, Miodrag Stamenkovic, and Milica Petrovic. "Determination of two reactive dyes concentration in dyed cotton fabric." Chemical Industry 66, no. 2 (2012): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind110721091m.

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The purpose of this paper was to determine the unknown concentration of dichlortriazinyl reactive dyes, namely Reactive Yellow 22 and Reactive Blue 163, in dyed cotton fabric. The samples of cotton fabric were dyed individually with each dye as well as with a mixture of two dyes. The unknown concentrations of dyes were determined by measuring the corresponding reflectance values of dyed fabric samples and then using the relation between the concentration and reflectance values of the samples. The method set by Kubelka and Munk was used. The accuracy and repeatability of the concentrations determination were calculated by the statistical processing of the data obtained by measurements. Relative errors of individual determination of Reactive Yellow 22 and Reactive Blue 163 were 3.66% and 5.94% respectively. Relative errors in determination of Reactive Yellow 22 and Reactive Blue 163 in a mixture were 3.47% and 3.19% respectively. The results showed that reflectance spectrophotometry can be successfully used as the method for concentration determination of Reactive Yellow 22 and Reactive Blue 163 in dyed cotton fabric and can therefore be applied as the shade control method in dyeing.

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12

Qu, Li Yuan, Jian Feng Zhou, Yu Kun Si, Ling Zhong, Feng Xiu Zhang, and Guang Xian Zhang. "Dyeing Accelerant Octyl Hexyl Dimethyl Ammonium Bromide on Silk with Reactive Dyes." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 2726–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.2726.

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In order to increase the fixation rate of reactive dye on silk, and decrease the dosage of accelerant, Octyl hexyl dimethyl ammonium bromide was synthesized and used as an new accelerant for reactive dyes to dye silk. The results showed that only little Octyl hexyl dimethyl ammonium bromide as accelerant, the dye up-take rates and fixation rates of reactive dyes was very high. The dosage of Octyl hexyl dimethyl ammonium bromide was 10 times less than sodium sulfate. And the color fastness of dyed silk was very high. The dyed silk with Octyl hexyl dimethyl ammonium bromide as accelerant could be cleanly washed by anion surfactant. These showed Octyl hexyl dimethyl ammonium bromide had promising application prospect.

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13

Liu, Jin Qiang, Hua Li Miao, and Shen Zheng Li. "Non-Aqueous Dyeing of Reactive Dyes in D5." Advanced Materials Research 441 (January 2012): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.441.138.

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C.I. Reactive Red 195 was used for non-aqueous dyeing in D5 (Decamethyl Cyclopentasiloxane) and appropriate surfactants were selected to ensure the dyes dispersed stably in D5 medium. The feasible method for reactive dyeing in dyes/D5 suspension system was established through repeated experiments. At the same time, taking the color depth (K/S value) as the evaluation index, the process factors in dyeing such as temperature, dyeing duration, pick-up ratio of alkali solution on fabric, as well as the alkali concentration were optimized for setting up dyeing conditions. The results showed that, the dye up-take could reach nearly 100% without any salt as accelerating agent. Since just a little water was used in the process, hydrolysis of reactive dyes was restrained, fixing rate was increased, and the apparent color depth of the dyed sample was much better than traditional water bath dyeing. The washing fastness and rubbing fastness of samples dyed in dyes/D5 system were satisfactory.

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Ristić, Nebojša, Aleksandra Mičić, Ivanka Ristić, and Anđela Jovanović. "The study on the power of monofunctional reactive dyes: The influence of the ionic strength solution on coloring of cotton fabric." Tekstilna industrija 69, no. 4 (2021): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tekstind2104063r.

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Reactive dyes are the most popular dyes for dyeing cellulose fibers. The low affinity of dyes on cotton determines the presence of large amounts of electrolytes and additional substances in the dyeing bath. In recent years, methods for increased use of dyes with minimal consumption of chemicals and natural resources have been popular. The number of ions formed by the dissociation of electrolytes determines the ionic strength of the solution and has a promotional effect on exhaustion and fixation of reactive dyes. In this work, the influence of neutral salts (NaCl and Na2SO4) and alkali salt (Na2CO3) on the color intensity of cotton fabric by reactive dyes has been investigated. A bath with a higher ionic strength of neutral salt has a greater exhaustion of reactive dyes. The addition of an alkaline electrolyte to activate the chemical dye/fiber reaction has an additional promotional effect on the exhaustion of reactive dyes.

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15

VERMA, MONA, SAROJ S. JEET SINGH, and NEELAM M. ROSE. "OPTIMIZATION OF REACTIVE DYEING PROCESS FOR CHITOSAN TREATED COTTON FABRIC." Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 56, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2022): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.35812/cellulosechemtechnol.2022.56.16.

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The colour of textiles plays an important role in the marketability of fabrics, due to its psychological and eye-catching effects on consumers. Synthetic dyes are widely used in the textiles industry due to their ability to reproduce different colours and shades, easy application method and huge production to fulfill the demands of ever-increasing population. Reactive dyes are most commonly used for cotton fabric, due to their brilliant colours and good washing fastness. However, the major problem with reactive dyes is that they consume huge amounts of alkali or salts as mordant for the fixation of dyes on cotton fabric. Most of the commercial dyeing units and textile export houses have started seeking possibilities to use safe synthetic dyes for dyeing different textiles for targeting the niche market. For that purpose, appropriate standardized scientific dyeing techniques and procedures need to be adopted. In the present study, the use of chitosan as mordant, instead of alkali or salt, was investigated for dyeing cotton fabric with reactive red dye, and the dyeing variables were optimized to attain the maximum colour strength value. The results of study showed that higher percent dye absorption (78.90%), colour strength (18.72) and good wash fastness rating (4/5) were achieved for the chitosan treated dyed fabric, compared to the alkali treated dyed sample (68.36% and 13.03, respectively).

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Najafzadeh, Neda, Sima Habibi, and Mohammadreza A. Ghasri. "Dyeing of Polyester with Reactive Dyestuffs Using Nano-Chitosan." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 13, no. 2 (June 2018): 155892501801300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501801300207.

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The main objective of this work is to investigate the effect of nano-chitosan on the dyeing of polyester fabric with reactive dyes. Polyester fabric was treated with alkali and coated with nano-chitosan. Afterwards all samples were dyed with reactive dyes. The water absorption and bending resistance of pristine polyester, alkaline and chitosan-treated polyester were measured. In order to investigate surface chemical bonding, FTIR/ATR was employed. Surface morphology of fabrics was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Wettability and bending behavior of the treated polyester increased compared to the untreated one. The color difference between the dyed blank and chitosan-treated samples was estimated using a spectrophotometer. The data obtained shows it is possible to use reactive dyes to dye polyester fabrics finished with nano-chitosan and the resulting fabrics will exhibit acceptable washing and rubbing fastness.

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Saha, Tonmoy, Zulhash Uddin, Md Nazrul Islam, Md Shamsuzzaman, Abdullah Al Tahsin, and Md Didarul Islam. "Assessing the Effectiveness and Environmental Sustainability of Reactive Dyes for Their Structural Diversity." Textile & Leather Review 5 (March 4, 2022): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31881/tlr.2022.02.

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This study aims to assess the environmental impact of different chemical classes of reactive dyes and their treatment. To attain this outcome, four different types of reactive dyes (Procion Blue PX-3R (Monochlorotriazine), Levafix Blue CA (Bi-functional heterogeneous), Remazol Brilliant Blue R (Vinylsulphone) and Remazol Brilliant Blue RR (Bi-functional homogeneous) on the cotton fabric were analyzed. The potential cytotoxic effect of different reactive dyes was evaluated using the growth inhibition test according to AATCC 22662 by exposing the culture over 72 hours at 21 °C. The dyeing operation was performed in a labrotex sample dyeing machine, and a data color spectrophotometer was administered to analyze the strength percentage of dyes in post-dye liquor. Among the reactive dyes, Levafix Blue CA exhibited better effluent characteristics compared to others, lowering the threat to the environment. The dyed wastewater was directly disposed of and treated in a pilot plant containing lime and ferrous sulfate as coagulant and polyacrylamide as polyelectrolyte, which resulted in a significant reduction of BOD5 (64.97-74.67%), COD (61.03-70.28%), TDS (55.02-61.97%) and TSS (47.07-50.19%) with improved pH and DO values. This investigation reflects the specific selection of a reactive dye leading to a lower environmental impact of a dyeing process coupled with wastewater treatment processes.

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Lykidou, Smaro, Evangelos Karanikas, Nikolaos Nikolaidis, and Eforia Tsatsaroni. "Synthesis, characterization and ultrafiltration of reactive dyes. Application by exhaustion and/or ink-jet printing—II." Textile Research Journal 87, no. 6 (July 21, 2016): 694–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517516636004.

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Three novel vinyl sulfone reactive dyes of various metallic salts (Na, K, Li) have been synthesized by coupling 1-amino-phenyl-4-beta hydroxyethyl sulfone sulfate ester with 1-amino-8-hydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulfonic acid (H-acid). The reactive dyes were then purified using ultrafiltration (UF). The ultrafiltrated dyes of the various metallic salts were characterized by their spectrophotometrical data using Ultra Violet-visible (UV-vis), Fourier transform infra-red and optical emission spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and elemental analysis. The purity of the dyes was checked by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The solubility characteristics of the various salts of the ultrafiltrated reactive dyes were assessed and compared with the non-ultrafiltrated reactive dyes of the same salts. The dyes were characterized and applied to cotton, wool, and nylon 66 by exhaustion (dyeing). Novel water-based reactive ink-jet inks were prepared with the ultrafiltrated reactive dyes of the various metallic salts. Their suitability for digital printing applications was examined by using a digital printer on suitably pretreated cotton samples. Color and fastness properties measurements were performed for both the dyed and digitally printed samples. K/S values of the dyed samples were higher than those of the digitally printed ones, whereas K/S values of the samples dyed with the ultrafiltrated dyes were much higher than those of the non-ultrafiltrated dyes. The other coloristic co-ordinates L*, a*, b*, C*, and ho were in line with strength changes of the dyes before and after UF. The dyed and digitally printed samples had excellent wash and good light fastness properties. UF slightly improved the fastness properties of the dyed samples.

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Ding, Ying, Zaisheng Cai, Liming Wang, Yong Shen, and Qunyan Gao. "The Adsorption Character of Kapok Fiber and Reactive Dyeing Technology on Modified Kapok Fiber." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 9, no. 3 (September 2014): 155892501400900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501400900307.

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The adsorption character of kapok fiber with direct dyes and the dyeing technology of cationic modified kapok fiber with reactive dyes were studied in this article. The results indicate that the optimal dyeing technique parameters for the cationic modified kapok fiber with the reactive dye Cibacron FN-R include 0.5~1% (o.w.f) of dyes, 15~20g·L-1 of NaCl, and 2g·L-1 of JFC with bath ratio of 1:50 at a dyeing temperature of 40°C for 30min. The dyed kapok fiber was fixed with 15~20g·L-1 of Na2CO3 for 60min. As a result, the dye-uptake, fixation ratio, wash fastness, friction fastness, and K/S of cationic modified kapok fabric were enhanced by above technique.

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He, Liang, Li Hua Lu, and De Feng Zhao. "Synthesis and Application of Reactive Dyes Containing a Hydroxybenzophenone Ultraviolet Absorber." Advanced Materials Research 441 (January 2012): 512–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.441.512.

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Novel orange reactive dyes containing a built-in benzophenone moiety had been synthesized in four steps and characterized using electrospray mass spectroscopy analysis. They were applied to dye cotton fabrics and evaluated for their ability to give protection against the harmful UV radiation. The results showed that the anti-ultraviolet properties of the dyed cotton with the dyes containing a built-in hydroxybenzophenone moiety were significantly improved. However, the incorporation of methyl or ethyl groups into the benzophenone moiety did not show a beneficial effect on the UPF values of dyed cotton.

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Shan, Bin, Ruilin Cui, Shufen Zhang, and Bingtao Tang. "Synthesis and application of poly(vinylamine-co-acrylic acid) macromolecule dyes with high light fastness." Textile Research Journal 90, no. 2 (July 2, 2019): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519859936.

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New types of poly(vinylamine-co-acrylic acid) macromolecule dyes were designed and synthesized based on poly(vinylamine-co-acrylic acid) and reactive dyes. The structures of the synthesized dyes were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance and thin layer chromatography. They were applied for dyeing cotton fibers and high fixations were achieved due to their reactive abilities. The dyed samples showed excellent fastness to washing and rubbing and the light fastness of red, blue and yellow poly(vinylamine-co-acrylic acid) dye could reach grades 3–4, 4 and 6–7, respectively.

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Feng, Chengcheng, Nadia Sultana, Xinyi Sui, Yufei Chen, Evie Brooks, Mary Ann Ankeny, and Nelson R. Vinueza. "High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Reactive Dye Derivatives Removed from Biodegraded Dyed Cotton by Chemical and Enzymatic Methods." AATCC Journal of Research 7, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14504/ajr.7.s1.2.

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The purpose of this study was to determine and characterize the biodegradation of reactive dyes on cotton jersey fabrics buried in soil. Four commonly-used reactive dyes, C. I. Reactive Black 5 (RBlk5), C. I. Reactive Red 198 (RR198), C. I. Reactive Blue 49 (RB49), and C. I. Reactive Orange 35 (RO35), were used in this study. Degradation products were characterized and proposed based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). A chemical method and an enzymatic digestion were developed and used to remove the reactive dye from the control and degraded cotton fabrics. Hydrolyzed reactive dyes and reactive dyes having cellobiose units were synthesized and used as standards for comparison in this study. The possible degradation mechanism pathways of the reactive dyes bonded to cotton fabrics depends on the chemical structure of each dye.

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ABBAS, MUREED, SHUMAILA KIRAN, GHULAM HUSSAIN, TAHSIN GULZAR, and MIRZA NADEEM AHMAD. "Synthesis and characterization of novel resorcinol based trisazo reactive dye ligand and its different metal complexes for cotton dyeing." Industria Textila 73, no. 04 (August 31, 2022): 460–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.073.04.202251.

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The goal of this study was to create a new trisazo reactive dye ligand from 6-nitro-2-aminophenol-4-sulphonic acid, resorcinol derivative, and vinyl sulphone para ester, as well as their metal complexes with Fe (II), Ni (II), Cu (II), and Zn (II). The diazotization of 6-nitro-2-aminophenol-4-sulphonic acid was followed by coupling to resorcinol in an alkaline medium for the synthesis of a mono-azo dye ligand. To make reactive dye, diazotized vinyl sulphone para ester was coupled with 6-nitro-2-aminophenol-4-sulphonic acid resorcinol derivative in an alkaline medium. Metal complexes of reactive dyes with 3d transition metals such as iron, nickel, copper, and zinc have also been created. The novel synthesized reactive dyes were applied to cotton to see how well they dyed. Spectro-analytical techniques were used to authenticate the compositions of all newly synthesized substances. The prepared reactive dyes were also used on textiles for dyeing features such as light fastness and wash fastness and were found to have high values of 4–5 on the grey scales, and 4–5 on the blue scales.

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Sampaio, S., C. Martins, and Jaime R. Gomes. "Colored Nanoparticles for Ecological Dyeing of Cellulosic Fibres." Advanced Materials Research 332-334 (September 2011): 1136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.332-334.1136.

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Dyeing cellulosic fibres with reactive dyes wastes great quantities of salt and water. The objective of this work is to dye cellulosic fibers using colored nanoparticles (CNPs) as an alternative to dyeing with reactive dyes, without salt and without washing off at the end of dyeing. Samples of cotton were dyed by exhaustion with CNPs at medium to dark colours. Build-up of colour compared to samples from previous work is given and shows a big improvement. Washfastness results are given. Washing-off after dyeing was not necessary for the red and yellow colours. The blue colour needs some washing off since the fastness is lower than for the other colours even though soaping is not necessary, saving energy and time relative to dyeing with reactive dyes.

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Liu, Kai Qiang, Yan Lian Rui, and Guo Qiang Chen. "Dyeing of Silk/PLA Mixture with Reactive Dyes." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 1739–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.1739.

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Silk/PLA mixture is a new textile material, and it combines the outstanding characteristics of silk and PLA fibers. During the wet process, this mixture is subjected to some problems owing to the poor resistance of PLA fiber to alkali. The silk component in this mixture can be dyed with acid dyes under acidic condition, and with reactive dyes under alkaline condition. In the present work, silk/PLA mixture was dyed with Everzol ED reactive dyes in the case of the use of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate as alkalis for the fixation of dyes. The alkali dosage and dyeing temperature on the uptake of dyes by this mixture were discussed. Also, the dyeing rates, building-up properties and color fastness of reactive dyes were determined. It was found that Everzol ED reactive dyes exhibited good dyeing properties for silk/PLA mixture under weakly alkaline condition in the presence of sodium bicarbonate.

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Hosseini, Mehrsa, Majid Montazer, and Rogheih Damerchely. "Enhancing Dye-ability and Antibacterial Features of Silk through Pre-treatment with Chitosan." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 8, no. 3 (September 2013): 155892501300800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501300800313.

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Biopolymers are suitable replacement materials for different chemical processes. In this work, silk yarns were treated with different chitosan concentration and then dyed with mono and bi-functional reactive dyes. The color yield, color difference and color fastness to light and washing of the dyed silk yarns were evaluated. Also, the effects of chitosan concentration, type of the reactive dyes on dye uptake of samples were studied. The bi-functional reactive dye has a high adsorption compared to mono-functional ones. The silk yarn treated with 3% chitosan had higher K/S values, washing and light fastness. The effects of chitosan on the antibacterial properties of silk yarns against two kinds of bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were investigated. The treated silk samples were found to have antibacterial potential due to the antibacterial property of chitosan. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs reveal the deposition of chitosan on the treated yarns. Washing durability, handle properties, and yellowness of treated and dyed samples were also investigated.

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Hu, T. L. "Sorption of Reactive Dyes by Aeromonas biomass." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 1-2 (July 1, 1992): 357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0415.

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Because of the cheaical stability of the dye compounds and the difficulties of treating dyeing wastewaters by conventional processes, the reaoval of colour from textile and/or dyeing wastewaters is one of the major environmental problems. Reactive dyes are the largest class of dyes, and also one of the commonly used dyes with great variety of colours. Bacteria and yeasts with the ability of colour adsorption were isolated from activated sludge and soil samples. Eleven reactive dyes (100 mg/l) with different colour spectra were tested; the colour removal efficiencies ranged from 12.9-94.3 %, among these dyes, RG, a red colour dye, was effectively adsorbed by the isolated Aeromonas biomass. The specific adsorption capacity was 27.41 (mg dye/g dried cell), the ability to remove colour was 60.3%. The adsorption isotherm follows the Freundlich model, and the main adsorption site occurred at the cell wal1 portion.

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Śmigiel-Kamińska, Daria, Jolanta Wąs-Gubała, Piotr Stepnowski, and Jolanta Kumirska. "The Identification of Cotton Fibers Dyed with Reactive Dyes for Forensic Purposes." Molecules 25, no. 22 (November 20, 2020): 5435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225435.

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Some of the most common microtraces that are currently collected at crime scenes are fragments of single fibers. The perpetrator leaves them at a crime scene or takes them away, for example, on their clothing or body. In turn, the microscopic dimensions of such traces mean that the perpetrator does not notice them and therefore usually does not take action to remove them. Cotton and polyester fibers dyed by reactive and dispersion dyes, respectively, are very popular within clothing products, and they are hidden among microtraces at the scene of a crime. In our recently published review paper, we summarized the possibilities for the identification of disperse dyes of polyester fibers for forensic purposes. In this review, we are concerned with cotton fibers dyed with reactive dyes. Cotton fibers are natural ones that cannot easily be distinguished on the basis of morphological features. Consequently, their color and consequently the dye composition are often their only characteristics. The presented methods for the identification of reactive dyes could be very interesting not only for forensic laboratories, but also for scientists working in food, cosmetics or pharmaceutical/medical sciences.

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Семешко, О. Я., Т. С. Асаулюк, and Ю. Г. Сарібєкова. "ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ВПЛИВУ СВІТЛОСТАБІЛІЗАТОРІВ НА СВІТЛОСТІЙКІСТЬ ЗАБАРВЛЕНОГО АКТИВНИМИ БАРВНИКАМИ БАВОВНЯНОГО ТРИКОТАЖУ." Bulletin of the Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design. Technical Science Series 144, no. 2 (October 14, 2020): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/1813-6796.2020.2.3.

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The goal of the work is to study the effect of light stabilizers on the lightfastness of colours of cotton knit fabric dyed with reactive dyes. The study was carried out using a cotton 1+1 rib knit fabric with a surface weight of 150 g/cm2, prepared by the combined technology of boiling and bleaching. Dyeing of the fibrous material was carried out using Bezaktiv reactive dyes in a batch method at a concentration of 0.3% by weight of the material. UV absorbers 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, phenyl salicylate and antioxidants – diatomic phenols – hydroquinone, pyrocatechol and resorcinol were chosen as light stabilizers. In the work, the light stabilization of cotton knit fabric was carried out after dyeing with reactive dyes and washing the dyed knit material. The technological mode of application of the studied light stabilizers was to impregnate a knit fabric, drying and curing the material. The individual effect of light stabilizers on the colour change of dyed knit fabric samples and the photodestruction kinetics of dyes were investigated. The insolation of the samples was carried out on a device with a mercury-tungsten lamp RF 1201 BS ("REFOND"). After treatment and insolation, the total colour difference dE of knit samples were determined compared to untreated material using a TCR-200 colorimeter ("PCE Instruments"). The results obtained indicate that the change in the initial colours after treatment with light stabilizers depends on the colour of the dye and on the type of light stabilizer. The greatest colour changes are observed with phenyl salicylate, pyrocatechol and resorcinol. It has been established that UV absorbers exhibit a light-shielding effect to a greater extent than antioxidants. The obtained experimental results also indicate the need for the simultaneous use of UV absorbers and antioxidants in order to efficiently stabilize dyed cotton knit fabric. The individual effect of light stabilizers – UV absorbers and antioxidants – on the lightfastness of colours of cotton knit fabric dyed with Bezaktiv reactive dyes is investigated. It was established that for effective light protection of colours of cotton knit fabric dyed with reactive dyes, the simultaneous use of UV absorbers and antioxidants is necessary

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Nansheng, Deng, Tian Shizhong, and Xia Mei. "Photocatalytic Discolouration of Solutions of Reactive Dyes in the Presence of H2O2." Water Quality Research Journal 30, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1995.009.

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Abstract Tests for the photocatalytic degradation of solutions of three reactive dyes, Red M-5B, Procion Blue MX-R and Procion Black H-N, in the presence of H2O2 were carried out. When the solutions of the three reactive dyes were irradiated by UV or solar light, the colour of the solutions disappeared gradually. A statistical analysis of the test results indicated a linear relation between the concentration of dyes and the time of irradiation. The discolouration reaction of the solutions was of the first order. Rate equations for the discolouration reactions of dye solutions were developed. The dark reactions or the dye solutions containing H2O2 were very slow, illustrating that the photochemical reaction played a very important role. It was demonstrated that UV light and solar light (300 to 380 nm) photolyzes the HO and that the resulting OH radical reacts with the dye molecules and destroys the chromophore.

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31

Sana Islam, Sana Islam, Irfan Ahmed Shaikh Irfan Ahmed Shaikh, Nabeela Firdous Nabeela Firdous, and Azhar Ali and Yumna Sadef Azhar Ali and Yumna Sadef. "Performance Evaluation of Fenton Oxidation Treatment Method for the Reuse of Reactive Dyeing Effluent." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 41, no. 6 (2019): 1138. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000829/jcsp/41.06.2019.

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In this study, a novel wash-off method was investigated wherein the use of Fenton’s reagent was evaluated to get rid of hydrolyzed and unfixed reactive dyes from wash-off liquor and reused in next wash-off process. After dark shade dyeing (5% o.w.f) with C.I. Reactive Blue 72, C.I. Reactive Blue 221, C.I. Reactive Red 141, C.I. Reactive Red 198, C.I. Reactive Orange 84, C.I. Reactive Orange 122, C.I. Reactive Yellow 105 and C.I. Reactive Yellow 138 , fabrics were subjected to both clean water (reference) and treated wash-off liquors (batch) and comparisons were made. Fenton reagent was proved capable to achieve 88-97% color reduction in wash-off liquor at pH 3 by using optimal dose of FeSO4 and H2O2 at room temperature. Then effectiveness of Fenton’s reagent treated wash-off was evaluated in terms of color difference values (ΔL*, ΔC*, Δh* and ΔE*), wash fastness and crocking properties. For color fastness properties the commercially tolerable value of ΔE*≤1 was observed for blue and red dyes and slightly higher value for yellow and orange dyes. Wash fastness and crocking results are almost similar for reference and batch dyed fabrics and their values ranges 4-5 on grey scale. Color strength (K/S) showed negligible difference in values indicating that fabrics absorbed almost same amount of dyestuff for each dye .Fenton method of treatment proved to be an eco-friendly and economically feasible treatment method and treated liquor can be effectively used in next dyeing, without compromising quality parameters.

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El-Shishtawy, Reda M., Manal M. El-Zawahry, Fatma Abdelghaffar, and Nahed S. E. Ahmed. "Nucleophilic Addition of Reactive Dyes on Amidoximated Acrylic Fabrics." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/305930.

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Seven reactive dyes judiciously selected based on chemical structures and fixation mechanisms were applied at 2% owf of shade on amidoximated acrylic fabrics. Amidoximated acrylic fabric has been obtained by a viable amidoximation process. The dyeability of these fabrics was evaluated with respect to the dye exhaustion, fixation, and colour strength under different conditions of temperature and dyeing time. Nucleophilic addition type reactive dyes show higher colour data compared to nucleophilic substitution ones. FTIR studies further implicate the binding of reactive dyes on these fabrics. A tentative mechanism is proposed to rationalize the high fixation yield obtained using nucleophilic addition type reactive dyes. Also, the levelling and fastness properties were evaluated for all dyes used. Excellent to good fastness and levelling properties were obtained for all samples irrespective of the dye used. The result of investigation offers a new method for a viable reactive dyeing of amidoximated acrylic fabrics.

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Suwanruji, Potjanart, Rakchanok Sidarkote, and Jantip Suesat. "Investigation into the Blocking Effect of Reactive Dye Combinations in Exhaust Dyeing of Cotton." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 569–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.569.

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The blocking effect of reactive dye combinations during the exhaust dyeing of cotton was studied using C.I. Reactive Yellow 176, C.I. Reactive Red 239 and C.I. Reactive Black 5. In the exhaust dyeing of binary reactive dye combinations, reverse order of dyeing was carried out at the dye concentration of 1%owf. After the shade of dyed cottons were evaluated, we found that the combination of C.I. Reactive Yellow 176 and C.I. Reactive Black 5 exhibited a blocking effect. The blocking took place readily in the dyebath. Therefore, C.I. Reactive Blue 250 was used to replace C.I. Reactive Black 5 because of the similarity of their chromophores and reactive groups. The results showed less blocking effect, indicating low interaction between the dyes in the combination.

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34

Teng, Xiao Xu, Jian Wei Shi, and Shu Fen Zhang. "Research in the Cold Pad-Batch Dyeing Process for the Cationic Cotton." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 2145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.2145.

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Cotton fabrics pretreated with cationic polyacrylamide with quaternary ammonium group were dyed with three reactive dyes in the absence of salt by cold pad-batch dyeing method. The influences of various conditions in the dyeing process, including urea dosage, selection of alkali agent and its dosage, batching time and batching temperature on colour yield, were analyzed. Fastness properties of the dyed cotton and the dye penetration were investigated between the pretreated and untreated cotton. The results showed that the dyesK/Svalues of the pretreated cotton were improved compared with those of the untreated one, in addition, the penetration and fastness properties of the dyed cationic cotton were satisfied for application.

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35

Tang, Bing Tao, Wen Tao Wang, Jin Jing Qiu, Jian Huang, and Shu Fen Zhang. "Synthesis and Performances of Crosslinking Polymeric Dyes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 752-753 (April 2015): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.752-753.90.

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Development of dyes with high fixation and salt-free dyeing process for cotton and silk is essential for the textile industry due to ecological and economical reasons. In this study, the synthesis of novel crosslinking polymeric dyes and its salt-free crosslinking dyeing method are described, and cotton and silk have been effectively dyed with the novel dyes. Excellent dye fixation of over 99% on silk and over 97% on cotton, were achieved in a padding process in the salt-free condition. The dyes showed excellent wet fastness values equal to those observed for the standard reactive dyeing.

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36

Amalraj, Augustine, and P. Anitha Pius. "Photodegradation of Reactive Red 141 and Reactive Yellow 105 Dyes Using Prepared TiO₂ Nanoparticles." Materials Science Forum 807 (November 2014): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.807.65.

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The photodegradation of Reactive Red 141 (RR-141) and Reactive Yellow 105 (RY-105) dyes using TiO2 nanoparticles was investigated under UV light irradiation. TiO2 was prepared by sol-gel process and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) and FTIR. The effects of operational parameters such as illumination time, catalyst dose, initial concentration and pH of dye solutions on photodegradation by TiO2 have been analyzed. The degradation of the selected dyes followed pseudo-first order reaction according to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model.

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37

Zeng, Hong Xian, Min Zhong Li, and Ren Cheng Tang. "Dyeing Properties of Warm-Dyeing Reactive Dyes for Viscose/Chitin Blend Fiber." Advanced Materials Research 912-914 (April 2014): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.912-914.99.

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In this work, the dyeing properties of three warm-dyeing reactive dyes (C.I. Reactive Orange 16, Red 198 and Blue 222) for functional viscose/chitin blend fiber containing partially deacetylated chitin were investigated. Under all the dyeing conditions, reactive dyes exhibited higher exhaustion and fixation on viscose/chitin fiber than on conventional viscose fiber. The difference of dye exhaustion and fixation between viscose/chitin and viscose fibers became greater in the following cases: low to moderate dye concentration, low dyeing temperature, no alkali, the use of the dyes with low molecular weight, etc. The dependence of the exhaustion and fixation of reactive dyes on temperature on viscose/chitin fiber was less than that on viscose fiber. The reactive dyeing of viscose/chitin fiber required only a low dosage of sodium carbonate.

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38

Hansa, A., V. L. Pillay, and C. A. Buckley. "Analysis of reactive dyes using high performance capillary electrophoresis." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1999): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0649.

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Increasing reports of coloured effluent from waste water treatment plants receiving reactive dye waste from textile mills indicate the need to learn more about the fate of these dyes. The project concerns the development of analytical techniques for the analysis of reactive dyes in textile waste. An analytical procedure using High Performance Capillary Electrophoresis (HPCE) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for the separation of a range of reactive dyes in textile waste water is described. The dyes belong to a range of bis-monochlorotriazinyl dyes used widely in the dyeing of cotton textiles.

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39

Nikodijević, Milena, and Dragan Đorđević. "Equilibrium sorption of reactive dye on polyamide." Kragujevac Journal of Science, no. 44 (2022): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/kgjsci2244037n.

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The equilibrium sorption of dyeing polyamide 6.6 fabric with reactive dye is presented in this paper. Polyamide is a chemical fiber obtained from synthetically produced polymers, while reactive dyes are most often sulfonated azo compounds: which are derived from bendisidine and its derivatives. The solution in a constant volume contained dye concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/L. The samples were dyed at temperatures of 40, 60 and 98°C. A spectrophotometer (Cary 100 Conc UV-VIS, Varian) was used to measure the absorbance of aqueous dyed solutions and to calculate the unknown dye concentration in the solution and to construct a calibration curve. The degree of dye exhaustion and the amount of absorbed dye were calculated. Two models of adsorption isotherms were used: Freundlich and Florry-Huggins. The high functionality of the variable was observed in the Freundlich model.

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40

Lei, Ning Ning, Na Zhong, Yi Dong Shi, and Xiao Rui Ling. "Researches on the Fixation Performance of Chitosan and its Derivative." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 1547–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.1547.

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The fixing performance of chitosan hydrochloride (CSH) with different molecular weight and chitosan biguanide hydrochloride (CSGH) as a fixing agent for cotton fabric dyed with reactive dyes was discussed. The results showed that the fixing effects of CSH on reactive dyes were related to its molecular weight, and the CSH with high molecular weight (HMW) exhibited better fixing effects than that with low molecular weight (LMW). The fixing effects of CSGH on reactive dyes were superior to that of the CSH with HMW, because of the CSGH molecule with positive charges and the imino groups, which could further strengthened the interaction among the CSGH, dyes and cellulose molecules. After treated by the CSGH, the soaping, perspiration and dry rubbing fastness of the dyed fabrics could be increased 0.5 to 1 grade, while the wet rubbing fastness of ones was also improved obviously. The infrared spectrum (FTIR) of the dyed fabric treated by CSGH showed that a cross-linking was formed among CSGH, dyes and cellulose molecules.

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41

Chen, Cheng, Guang Xian Zhang, Feng Xiu Zhang, and Hui Zheng. "Adsorption Kinetics of Reactive Dyes on Silk with Octyl Butyl Dimethyl Ammonium Bromide as Accelerant." Advanced Materials Research 549 (July 2012): 278–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.549.278.

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With octyl butyl dimethyl ammonium bromide (OBDAB) as accelerant, adsorption kinetics of dyeing silk with three reactive dyes was studied in this paper. As concentration of OBDAB increased, the dye-uptake rate increased. The highest dye-uptake rates of three reactive dyes could reach to 89.40%~98.98% and the concentration of OBDAB was only 6-8g/L. This showed OBDAB was an effective accelerant. Pseudo first- and second-order kinetic models were used to analyze the adsorption kinetic data. The experimental data were found to follow the second-order kinetic model. Meanwhile, the initial dye adsorption rates of reactive red dye B-3BF, reactive yellow dye B-4RFN and reactive orange dye B-2RLN increased as temperature increased, and the activation energy of them were found respectively to be 28.42,13.14,32.90 kJ/mol.The positive values of and obtained indicated that reactive dyes adsorption with OBDAB as accelerant was an endothermic process. The conclusion showed OBDAB was a potential accelerant.

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42

Luangdilok, W., and T. Panswad. "Effect of chemical structures of reactive dyes on color removal by an anaerobic-aerobic process." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 3-4 (August 1, 2000): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0406.

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An Anaerobic/Aerobic SBR system was used to treat a synthetic wastewater with glucose and acetic acid (1000 mg/l COD) as carbon sources together with 20 and 100 mg/l of four different reactive dyes: disazo vinylsulphonyl, anthraquinone vinylsulphonyl, anthraquinone monochlorotriazinyle and oxazine. The decolorization efficiencies of the first three dyes at the 20 mg/l dye concentration were 63, 64 and 66%, respectively, and at the 100 mg/l dye concentration were 58, 32 and 41%, respectively. For the disazo dye, two color removal rates were evident, with the initial rate in the first two hours of the anaerobic stage higher than the latter. For the two anthraquinone dyes, only one rate of color removal was seen. For the oxazine dye, a high decolorization was observed in the reactor, but when disturbed, the color re-appeared for unexplainable reasons. The phosphorus removal efficiencies were 78, 52, 41 and 96% for the four dyes of 20 mg/l, respectively, while the corresponding numbers for the 100 mg/lcondition were 48, 48, 48 and 42%, respectively, and different types of dyes had different impacts on the phosphorus removal performance. COD and TKN removals were very high, i.e., 90–99 percent. The disazo reactive dye was decolorized by the reductive reaction, which resulted in the cleavage of the azo bond. Meanwhile, the decolorization of anthraquinone dyes is believed to be through the direct adsorption of dyes on to the floc materials.

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Griffiths, John, and R. Ian McDarmaid. "Azide Reactive Dyes." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 93, no. 12 (October 22, 2008): 455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1977.tb03319.x.

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44

Yi, Shixiong, Gang Sun, and Fangyin Dai. "Removal and separation of mixed ionic dyes by solvent extraction." Textile Research Journal 88, no. 14 (April 20, 2017): 1641–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517705631.

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To reduce environmental pollution from dyeing wastewater, reverse micelles were prepared and used for the removal and separation of anionic Color Index (CI) Reactive Yellow 3 and cationic CI Basic Red 14 in mixed dye aqueous solution. The effect of the amount of dye and surfactant on removal rates of dyes was investigated. An ion-exchange reaction model was used to fit the experimental data. Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra were employed to evaluate the state of dyes in mixed dye aqueous solution during the removal process. In addition, the removed dyes were recovered by back extraction and reused for dyeing fabrics. The results obtained indicated that the removal of dyes was increased with increasing the amount of surfactants, while the dye concentration exhibited the reverse trend. The dye extraction process could be described by the ion-exchange reaction equations. The mixed dyes could be removed and separated for the attractive force between dyes and the counter ionic surfactant. The mixed dyes were separated and recovered, which exhibited a good dyeing property.

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45

Aly, Amal A., Safia A. Mahmoud, and Morsy Ahmed El-Apasery. "Decolorization of reactive dyes, Part I: eco-friendly approach of reactive dye effluents decolorization using cationized sugarcane bagasse." Pigment & Resin Technology 47, no. 2 (March 5, 2018): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-10-2016-0092.

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Purpose This paper aims to decolorize the effluents of textile Reactive Orange 5 and Reactive Red 195 dyes by using cationized sugarcane bagasse. Design/methodology/approach Cationized sugarcane bagasse was prepared and used as an adsorbent for both reactive and hydrolyzed reactive dyes. Characterization of the sugarcane bagasse structure resulted by cationization was monitored using Fourier transform–infrared, while morphologically was detected using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. Findings The maximum adsorption capacities are 805, 1,664, 1,772 and 1,596 mg/g for Hydrolyzed Red 195, Hydrolyzed Orange 5, Reactive Red 195 and Reactive Orange 5 dyes, respectively. Research limitations/implications Factors affecting the percentage of dye removal were optimized on different parameters such as adsorbent dose and treatment time. The data were discussed using the Langmuir and Freundlich Models of adsorption. Practical implications The reuse of hydrolyzed reactive dyebaths gives reasonably good fastness properties on nylon fabrics. Social implications The study has enabled the production of an eco-friendly and less expensive method of reactive dye effluent decolorization. Originality/value The study provides a potentially simple approach to decolorize dye effluents of Reactive Orange 5, Red 195 dyes and also the reuse of hydrolyzed reactive dyebaths for dyeing nylon.

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46

Rusznák, I., J. Frankl, and J. Gombkötő. "Photoreactivity of Wool Dyed with Reactive Dyes." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 101, no. 4 (October 22, 2008): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1985.tb01015.x.

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47

Fang, Long, Xiaodong Zhang, Jinhai Ma, Deshuai Sun, Botao Zhang, and Jimei Luan. "Eco-friendly cationic modification of cotton fabrics for improving utilization of reactive dyes." RSC Advances 5, no. 57 (2015): 45654–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra05887b.

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The cotton fabric was modified by the eco-friendly cationic polymer. The modified cotton fabric could be dyed with reactive dyes without salt. This investigation provided a feasible and eco-friendly way to realize salt-free dyeing of reactive dyes.

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Yi, Shi Xiong, and Yong Chun Dong. "Adsorption Study of Reactive Dyes on Cotton Fabric in Non-Aqueous Systems." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.671.

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Abstract: The non-ionic reverse micelles used for dyeing cotton fabric were prepared with a non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 (TX-100) by injecting small amount of reactive dye aqueous solution. The effect of electrolyte on the adsorption capacity of reactive dyes onto cotton fabric in this system was studied. And the adsorption properties of three water-soluble anionic azo dyes including Reactive Blue 222, Reactive Red 195 and Reactive Yellow 145 onto cotton fabric in TX-100 reverse micelle were also studied and compared. The results indicated that reactive dyes showed a better adsorption property on cotton fabric in TX-100 reverse micelle without the addition of NaCl. The adsorption of the dyes onto cotton showed better agreement with Langmuir isotherm equation. Reactive Yellow 145 with lower negative charge and higher hydrophilicity exhibited the higher adsorption capacity than the other dyes. The adsorption process follows by the chemical adsorption.

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Choe, Eun Kyung, Soon Young Park, Hee Cheol Cha, and Byong Dae Jeon. "Effect of Pre-Existing Dyes and Fabric Type on Cellulase Treatment of Cotton Fabrics." Textile Research Journal 67, no. 3 (March 1997): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759706700301.

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Fabric weight loss through cellulase treatment of six different cottons depends on mercerization, yarn size, and fabric structure. Weight loss decreases in the order of Ne = 60 mercerized > Ne = 60 nonmercerized ≈ Ne = 40 mercerized > Ne = 40 nonmercerized knit fabrics > Ne = 20 ≈ Ne = 10 nonmercerized woven fabrics, indicating increased enzymatic hydrolysis on mercerized cotton knits with smaller yarn size. The effect of pre-existing dyes on cellulase activity is examined by measuring the difference in weight reduction for mercerized and nonmercerized cotton knits previously dyed with direct, reactive, and vat dyes. All six dyes in this study inhibit the cellulase reaction, and the degree of inhibition depends on the dye class. The concentration of dyes on fabric as estimated by K/S proves to be the most critical factor governing resulting weight losses. The planar structure of vat dyes with larger molecular sizes than indigo dye seems to play an important role in their inhibitory effect. Compared with monoreactive, direct, and vat dyes, the largest inhibitory effect is with bifunctional dyes, implying that the crosslinking property of bifunctional dyes is related to cellulase hydrolysis. This suggestion is further supported by the small reduction in weight after cellulase treatment of DMDHEU-treated cotton fabric. A model is proposed to explain the slower progress of enzymatic cleavage on crosslinked cellulose fibers.

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Hoque, Md Asadul, Md Saiduzzaman, A. Nayeem Faruqui, and Md Ashadul Islam. "Tenacity and colorfastness properties of chemically modified jute fibres dyed with Reactive Orange 14 and Basic Violet 14." Research Journal of Textile and Apparel 20, no. 2 (June 6, 2016): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rjta-10-2015-0030.

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Abstract:

Purpose This paper aims to examine the loss of tenacity and colorfastness properties of bleached and modified (acrylonitrile, AN and methacrylonitrile, MAN) jute fibres dyed with Reactive Orange 14 and Basic Violet 14. Design/methodology/approach Jute fibres dyed with Reactive Orange 14 and Basic Violet 14 were studied as a function of exposure to sunlight in air, washing with soap solution and spotting with acids and alkalis. Findings Dye absorption of Basic Violet 14 was higher compared to Reactive Orange 14 at optimum dyeing conditions. Optimum dye uptake of Reactive Orange 14 required relatively severe conditions compared to that of Basic Violet 14. Whereas, Reactive Orange 14 showed overall good colorfastness to sunlight and moderate in washing compared to Basic Violet 14. All the bleached and modified fibres showed good colorfastness to weak acids and alkalis regardless of Reactive Orange 14 and Basic Violet 14 dyes. The loss in tenacity was higher in the case of non-modified fibres, and among the modified fibres, Basic Violet 14 showed the lowest loss in tenacity in the exposure to sunlight. Originality/value Many studies have been devoted to improve the substantivity of cellulosic fibre for reactive dyes. A few efforts were made to improve the light fastness. In this work, investigation will be made on a comparative study of loss of tenacity and colorfastness properties of bleached and modified (AN and MAN) jute fibres dyed with both Reactive Orange 14 and Basic Violet 14 on exposure to sunlight, washing and acid and alkali spotting. Optimum dyeing conditions will also be investigated for economic dyeing.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Reactive dyes'

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