Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Reactive dyes'
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Xue, Yulin. "Some new reactive dyes." Thesis, University of Kent, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333964.
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Matthews, Rosalyn D. "Transformation and decolorization of reactive phthalocyanine." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2003. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04062004-164728/unrestricted/matthews%5Frosalyn%5Fd%5F200312%5Fphd.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. Directed by Spyros G. Pavlostathis.Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 381-393).
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Beydilli, Mumtaz Inan. "Reductive biotransformation and decolorization of reactive azo dyes." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21451.
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Nabi, Asfia. "Modified reactive dyes for cellulosic fibres." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400880.
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Corner, David. "Reactive dyebath reuse systems." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/8498.
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Haleem, Asad Bilal. "Crosslinking nucleophilic dyes on cotton." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250890.
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Al-Gamdy, Ahmad H. "Adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination of reactive dyes." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2000. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/15294.
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The present study was mainly devoted to evaluate the applicability of differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry (DPAdSV) for the determination of ultra-trace concentration levels of a range of reactive dyes. The studied reactive dyes were found to adsorb effectively onto the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE). This applied electroanalytical method was primarily based on the nonelectrolytic accumulation (adsorption) of the analyte of interest (reactive dye), followed by a cathodic reduction scan measurement. Consequently, the adsorptive stripping voltammograms of the analysed reactive dyes exhibited several useful electrochemical signals, corresponding to the cathodic reduction of the anthraquinone, azo and halo-striazine groups.
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Mueller, Carolin M. "The design of novel strong navy reactive dyes." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492125.
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In the current work novel navy and black fibre-reactive dye molecules were designed, synthesised and evaluated technically against the market leading dye, C.1. Reactive Black 5. Novel intermediates were synthesised using a Michael-type addition of 4aminophenyl- p-vinylsulphone onto various primary and secondary amines. The resulting novel bis(aminoaryl) intermediates were isolated and characterised, before being tetrazotised and utilised as linker molecules in the synthesis of four novel reactive dyes, each possessing two 'twice coupled H-acid' units. These reactive dyes were then applied to cotton in an exhaust dyeing process, at different concentrations, and their dyeing performance was compared to that of the market leading dye. The novel dyes were up to 20% stronger on the cloth than the reference dye. This first series of dyes derived from novel linker intermediates had molar extinction coefficients of around 90,000 L mor1 cm-1 . The second series of dyes was derived from commercially available linker intermediates, which allowed a different degree of electron transfer from one chromophoric part of the molecule to the other. As a result of electron transfer, the molar extinction coefficients increased up to 144,000 L mor1 cm-1 . It was found that the structure of the linking molecule has a significant influence on the 3-dimensional structure of the overall dye molecule and thus on its dyeing performance, for example the dye derived from 3,3'-diaminodiphenyl sulphone performed much better, than its para-isomer. Arising from the unexpectedly large difference in technical properties of isomeric dyes, a series of eight isomeric dyes was synthesised and evaluated. The differences in dyeing performance were clearly related to their 3dimensional structures. It was found that dyes possessing a meta-sulphone linker were technically superior to the para-isomers. The isomers with meta structures appeared more hypsochromic with a wider half band width, while the para linker had a bathochromic influence and having a shorter half band width. All dyes performed better, at high concentrations, when applied at higher temperature, i.e. 80°C compared to 60 °C, possibly attributable to their size. A fourth series of four novel bis(monochlorotriazinyl) dyes was prepared from an identical dyebase, but with varying degree of sulphonation. This resulted in different levels of anionic charge, which influenced the dyes' solubility and dyeing performance. A number of eight sulphonate groups was found to be the optimum in terms of solubility and dyeing performance, but that the optimum number of sulphonate groups is strongly dependent on the type of chromophore.
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Lee, Young H. "Reductive biotransformation and decolorization of reactive anthraquinone dyes." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2003. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04062004-164708/unrestricted/lee%5Fyoung%5Fh%5F200312%5Fphd.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. Directed by Spyros G. Pavlostathis.Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 332-345).
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Kennerley, Vanessa M. "The microbial decolourisation of textile dyes." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314330.
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Horton, Aaron Michael. "Novel Reactive Dyes Based on Pyrimidine and Quinoxaline Systems." NCSU, 2009. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04302009-143537/.
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Fontenot, Eric John. "Decolorization of selective reactive blue dyes under methanogenic conditions." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21697.
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Hamlin, John D. "Novel auxiliaries with reactive dyes to solve environmental problems." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488205.
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Ratcliff, J. "Reactive dyes for cellulose : selectivities in alcohol/water solutions." Thesis, Swansea University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.638619.
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This project is concerned with reactive dyes for dyeing cellulose (cotton) where reactive groups in the dye molecule form a covalent bond with hydroxyl groups in the cellulose chain by nucleophilic substitution or addition mechanisms. A fundamental problem is that the undesirable hydrolysis of the dye is a competing reaction under dyeing conditions and the hydrolysed dye is then no longer available for reaction with the fibre. The particular feature of interest is the chemical selectivity of the reactions of these dyes towards the fibre in preference to reaction with water and the factors which can influence these selectivities. In order to study the selectivities alone, without complications from the diffusion characteristics and substantivities of individual dyes, a homogeneous system was preferable for the investigations. So, a range of compounds were chosen as models to represent cellulose in these reactions. They covered simple alcohols, diols, polyols, and carbohydrate and sugar molecules - methanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, ethane-1,2-diol, α- and β-methylglucopyranoside, tetrahydropyran-2-methanol, mannitol, sorbitol, glucose and maltose. Using methanol as a cellulose model, the effects on rates and selectivities of varying the temperature between 0 and 60°C and additives to the dye bath such as acetonitrile, tetrabutylammonium bromide, urea, sodium chloride, sodium carbonate and dimethylformamide in a concentration of 100g/l have been investigated. Finally a survey of dyes with a wide range of reactive systems was carried out to determine whether selectivities are related to the reactive group that is used in the dyeing process. Reactive groups covered were : dichlorotriazine, monochlorotriazine, monofluorotriazine, chlorodifluoropyrimidine, dichloroquinoxaline, masked vinyl sulphones and acrylamides.
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Morris, P. J. "Competing alcoholyses and hydrolyses of reactive dyes for cellulose." Thesis, Swansea University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.638250.
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This project is primarily concerned with the reactions of halotriazine reactive dyes for cellulose, in aqueous solution. The effect of small amounts of added alcohol (~ 0.05M) on the rates of hydrolysis of a dichlorotriazine dye has been analysed by study of the individual contributions towards rate, of the concurrent alcoholysis and hydrolysis reactions. Kinetics and products studies were all carried out using ion-pair reverse-phase HPLC. Of the alcohols studied; methanol, ethane-1,2-diol and propargyl alcohol, provided rate-product correlations; whilst α- and β-methylglucopyranoside, mannitol, sorbitol and trifluoroethanol all produced rate enhancements of hydrolysis in the region of 10-50%. Medium effects of the added alcohols were found to be negligible and most likely explanation of the rate enhancements has been proposed to be the presence of a third-order, alkoxide-assisted mechanism for hydrolysis. The viability of this proposal was investigated using Bronsted and KSIE analysis. Bronsted plots for second order alcoholyses and third order hydrolyses are linear, with plausible slopes, with the exception of hydroxide which exhibits a 100-fold negative deviation in all cases. Furthermore, significant evidence exists that the hydrolysis of the dye also undergoes a hydroxide-assisted mechanism, analogous to that observed in the presence of alkoxides. Salt effects on the reactions of these dyes were found to be substantial; Five-fold rate enhancements were observed in the presence of ~ 0.1M sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate and some tetraalkylammonium salts. Hence, no buffer catalysis could be observed. Method development of HPLC and HPLC-MS analysis of sulfonated dyes and their reaction products has been optimised. Finally, a survey of homogeneous chemistry of compounds containing a dinitrofluorobenzene reactive group was carried out. Model compounds were synthesised, on which rate and product studies were conducted in aqueous and methanolic solution.
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Hetheridge, Malcolm John. "An evaluation of the environmental fate of reactive dyes." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/467.
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Dyestuffs are widely used industrial chemicals, yet surprisingly little is known about their fate in the environment. The potential modes of transformation and removal of reactive dyes in treatment and in the environment are principally through anaerobic and aerobic biodegradation and photodegradation. The research herein describes the use of LC-MS analysis with laboratory simulations to develop a better understanding of the occurrence and fate of reactive dyes and their degradation products in the aquatic environment. One reason for the lack of information on the environmental fate of reactive dyes has been the paucity of robust analytical methods suitable for the determination of dyes in aqueous samples. Robust analytical methods were optimised to provide LC-MS and MSMS identification of degradation products. Additionally, interpretation of the MSMS spectra of known reactive dyes provided novel characteristic fragment ions indicative of the triazine reactive group of reactive dyes . Fibre reactive dyes are designed to have a degree of photostability and therefore their photodegradation behaviour has not been widely investigated. Little is known of their stability to daylight over prolonged periods of irradiation in dilute aqueous solutions and in the presence of humic substances. The kinetics of photodegradation of an anthraquinone dye (Reactive Blue H4R) and azo dye (Reactive Yellow P5G) were evaluated. The former underwent rapid and extensive degradation 01/2 1.5 h). The major products formed were identified using LC-MSMS and a photodegradation pathway proposed. By comparison, the photodegradation of the azo dye was significantly slower, 01/2 30 h). The addition of humic substancesa ppearedt o have little effect on the rate of photodegradationu nder the conditions used. The reduction of azo dyes under anaerobic treatment has been extensively studied, but the subsequent fate of the initial reduction products when exposed to air are not understood. Three relatively simple azo dyes, Amaranth, Sunset Yellow and Naphthol Blue-Black, were reduced and their autoxidation products identified by LC-MS. These were subsequently used to predict the autoxidation products of a more complex azo reactive dye: Reactive Red 3.1. Additionally, a persistent degradation product from the anaerobicaerobic treatment of Reactive Red 3.1 was identified from LC-MS data. Azo reactive dyes are generally regarded as being resistant to aerobic degradation and there are few published data regarding degradation pathways for reactive anthraquinone dyes. Pure cultures of Pseudomonas docunhae, A 9046 and A texaco and mixed bacterial consortia (semi-continuous activated sludge, SCAS) aerobic degradation of azo and anthraquinone reactive dyes was studied. Two azo dyes were degraded by pure cultures of A docunhae and A 9046, suggesting that azo dyes can be aerobically degraded given favourable conditions. The antraquinone dye was extensively degraded by SCAS and pure culture biodegradation. Metabolites were identified by LC-MS and a degradation pathway proposed.
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Arifoglu, M. "Kinetic factors in textile printing with fibre-reactive dyes." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376807.
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Morris, Kathryn Fiona. "The dyeing of cotton with multi-functional reactive dyes." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418783.
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Speirs, Neil M. "A spectroscopic study of the aggregation of reactive dyes." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14463.
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This thesis is concerned primarily with the use of fluorescence spectroscopy and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy to study the aggregation of phthalocyanine and orthp-hydroxyazo textile dyes in solution. A preliminary investigation of the use of laser irradiation to induce fading of dyed textiles, as a possible method of assessing light fastness of dyes, is also reported. Fluorescence and UV-Vis spectroscopy have been used to investigate the aggregation of a commercial reactive textile dye, a sulphonated copper phthalocyanine dye, known here as turquoise-1. With very few exceptions, phthalocyanine dimers are found to be non-fluorescent. This thesis reports on the observation of a fluorescent dimer of turquoise-1 in ethanol and water. Fluorescence excitation and emission spectra at room temperature and 77K are presented. These are consistent with the conventional model of exciton coupling in a cofacial dimer. The fluorescence arises from a dimer with a particular geometry, while the majority of dimer species present in solution, which give rise to the characteristic hypsochromically shifted absorption spectrum, are non-fluorescent. Theoretical modelling of extinction co-efficients obtained from aqueous solution of turquoise-1 shows that, in salt-free solutions, aggregates higher than dimers exist. However, in solutions containing high salt concentrations the tendency to form the higher aggregates dramatically decreases. The fluorescence spectra of the monomer and dimer species of a typical ortho-hydroxyazo dye, known here as red~l, are shown to be clearly distinguishable, while their absorption spectra overlap strongly and cannot be resolved. Thus, the aggregation of this dye in aqueous and ethanolic solution is not readily apparent from the absorption spectrum, but is revealed by fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorescence excitation spectra and emission spectra in water and ethanol, at room temperature and 77K are reported. The effect of increasing the temperature of the dye solution on the extent of aggregation has also been investigated. A number of ortho-hyroxyazo reactive dyes related structurally to red~l have also been investigated. These systems show similar behaviour to red~l and fluorescence spectroscopy is again shown to be a valuable probe of aggregation. Initial studies show that laser irradiation of dyed textile fabrics can be used to induce fading of the dye without damage to the textile fibre. The time taken for laser-induced fading of standard samples of blue-dyed wool is consistent with their light fastness values defined by the international dyestuffs industry. The effect of dye strength on laser-induced fading times is in line with results from conventional light fastness measurements. Cotton dyed with turquoise~l exhibits photochromism on laser irradiation, this is attributed to reversible one-electron reduction of the copper (II) phthalocyanine in the presence of free amine groups on the dyed fabric.
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Haji, Mohd Yusoff Abdull R. bin. "Cathodic stripping voltammetric studies on sulfonamides and reactive dyes." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1996. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/32235.
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Gooding, Stuart Robert. "Theoretical modelling of reaction mechanisms of triazine and trinitrobenzene derivatives." Thesis, University of Bath, 2001. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251114.
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Millan, Michael John. "The attachment of dyes to amino acids /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm6448.pdf.
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Jia, Binhai. "Synthesis and application of multifunctional reactive dyes for cellulosic fibres." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445380.
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Al-Degs, Yahya Salim. "Adsorption of anionic reactive dyes on activated carbon from aqueous solution." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394600.
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Grooby, Paul. "Chemical modification of cellulosic fibres to enhance dyeability with reactive dyes." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275699.
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Supaka, Nuttapun. "Microbial decolorization of reactive dyes in an anaerobic : aerobic treatment system." Toulouse, INPT, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPT031G.
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Dans ce travail, des souches bactériennes isolées d'unitéss de traitement d'effluents de l'industrie textile, ont été étudiées pour leur aptitude à dégrader des colorants. Une culture mixte A5-S1 s'est révélée la plus efficace sur des colorants de type azoi͏̈que et anthraquinone. Les souches ont été identifiées, elles appartiennent au genre Paenibacillus. Les conditions expérimentales ont été définies, cuivre et nitrates se sont avérés inhibiteurs. L'anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate accélère la décoloration par la souche A5. Cette quinone est réduite enzymatiquement en hydroquinone qui ensuite réduit chimiquement le colorant azoi͏̈que hors de la cellule. Il a été suggéré un rôle actif de la NADH quinone oxydoréductase membranaire dans cette réduction. Un réacteur à lit fluidisé mettant en oeuvre des cellules immobilisées dans des billes d'alginate a été utilisé en réacteur batch séquentiel : la décoloration s'effectue en anaérobiose suivie de l'abattement de la DCO en aérobiose.
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Edwards, Jessica Corinne. "Investigation of Color Removal by Chemical Oxidation for Three Reactive Textile Dyes and Spent Textile Dye Wastewater." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34091.
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This research investigated the efficacy of chlorine dioxide (ClO2), ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, UV in combination with chlorine dioxide (UV/ClO2), and UV in combination with hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2) for decolorizing three reactive azo dyes (sultan red, indigo blue and cypress green) and treated textile-manufacturing wastewater. The objective was to determine the best treatment for reducing color to the Virginia Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (VPDES) permit level of 300 American Dye Manufacturers Institute (ADMI) units. The effects of the three chemical oxidation treatments provided color reduction for all three dyes. The results suggested UV/H2O2 and UV/ClO2 treatments provided maximum color reduction of the red and blue dyes, and UV/H2O2 was the most effective for maximum reduction of the green dye.
A research goal was to provide predictive models of the wastewater effluent for the treatment processes, including the UV exposure time required to reach the 300 ADMI permit value and the effective ClO2 dose necessary to achieve the 300 units. The results of the investigations regarding the effluent indicated that UV/H2O2 and UV/ClO2 (5 mg/L) provided reduction to 300 units in less than 10 minutes UV exposure when the initial effluent color was less than 500 ADMI units. Without the addition of oxidant, contact times longer than 10 minutes were required for UV to decolorize these effluents to 300 ADMI units. Chlorine dioxide dosages between 10 and 30 mg/L both with and without UV irradiation achieved the same results.
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Pasha, Khalid. "An investigation into the use of novel reactive groups to optimise the fixation of reactive dyes to cotton." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488418.
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Rashid, Ahtisham. "Polyfunctional Reactive Dyes and Their Utility In High Temperature and Garment Dyeing." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.525186.
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Luo, Xujun. "Synthesis of reactive disperse dyes for dyeing natural fabrics in supercritical CO2." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/18859/.
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Over the course of time, the dyeing industry has become one of the greater polluters of water worldwide. The sheer volume of water and the high concentration of additives used in textile colouration are staggering, which have already caused unrepairable damage to environment and continue to directly impact on the sustainability of textile colouration industry. “Supercritical CO2 dyeing” uses supercritical CO2 as the dyeing medium, enabling the reduction and even elimination of the creation of textile colouration wastewater. Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) has a low critical point and is non-flammable. It can be recycled, providing a promising environmentally friendly substitute for aqueous media. Reactive disperse dyes that have both reactivity towards natural fabrics and high solubility in scCO2 would offer great promise for colouring natural fabrics. In this study, the isocyanate group, as a reactive group, was introduced to disperse dyes to create reactive disperse dyes suitable for supercritical dyeing. Thus, a series of reactive disperse dyes, containing both isocyanate groups and alkyl groups were successfully synthesised. Dyeing experiments under different dyeing conditions were performed to establish the optimal dyeing conditions for these synthesised dyes. A new synthesis route was developed to create an azo-based disperse reactive dye containing the vinyl sulphonyl reactive group, which was used to dye natural fibres using scCO2 as the dyeing medium. Using relatively moderate, optimal conditions in the scCO2 dyeing processes, uniform dyeing with high colour strength and fastness properties that were similar to those from conventional aqueous dyeing were achieved on natural fabrics that were dyed with the synthesised dyes. Furthermore, there are opportunities to modify a wide range of disperse dyes following this synthesis route.
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García, Montaño Julia. "Combination of Advanced Oxidation Processes and Biological Treatments for Commercial Reactive Azo Dyes Removal." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3252.
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La industria textil produce grandes cantidades de agua residual con un alto contenido de materia orgánica y color. Debido a la amenaza ambiental que supone su naturaleza refractaria, surge la necesidad del tratamiento antes de la descarga. Los procesos biológicos, físicos y químicos convencionales resultan ineficaces en la decoloración y mineralización completa de estos efluentes. Como alternativa emergen los Procesos Avanzados de Oxidación (PAOs), basados principalmente en la generación de radicales hidroxilo (HO·) altamente reactivos. Éstos pueden aplicarse de forma exclusiva o combinados con tratamientos biológicos con el fin de reducir su elevado consumo de reactivos y energía. Entre los diferentes PAOs disponibles, los procesos de Fenton y, particularmente, los procesos de foto-Fenton (basados en la generación de HO· mediante la adición de peróxido de hidrógeno y una sal ferrosa en disolución acuosa) suponen la mejor opción debido a su elevada eficacia y bajo coste económico. Adicionalmente, los procesos de foto-Fenton pueden llevarse a cabo bajo radiación solar, ofreciendo nuevas ventajas económicas y medioambientales. Esta tesis doctoral se centra básicamente en la aplicación del proceso de foto-Fenton como etapa previa en la degradación de soluciones de azo colorantes reactivos biorrecalcitrantes, con el propósito de generar un nuevo efluente compatible con un tratamiento biológico aerobio posterior de menor coste e impacto ambiental que el primero. La evolución de parámetros clave como el color, el carbono orgánico total, la aromaticidad, la toxicidad, la biodegradabilidad, la naturaleza de los intermedios de degradación, así como el efecto de la fuente de irradiación (luz artificial, luz solar), la temperatura, el tiempo de reacción y la concentración de reactivos, proporcionan información acerca de las condiciones idóneas para el acoplamiento PAO/tratamiento biológico.
Los resultados obtenidos confirman la idoneidad del PAO propuesto con este fin, tanto a escala de laboratorio como en planta piloto. Mediante el proceso de foto-Fenton aplicado bajo condiciones de oxidación suaves, las soluciones bajo estudio resultan incoloras, de naturaleza biodegradable y no tóxica. De este modo, el tratamiento combinado foto-Fenton/tratamiento biológico aerobio permite su degradación completa. La luz solar como fuente de radiación en el proceso de foto-Fenton proporciona los mejores resultados. Por otro lado, la secuencia oxidativa parece comenzar por la decoloración por rotura del grupo azo seguida de la degradación de aromáticos para formar ácidos carboxílicos alifáticos -dando lugar a la formación de CO2 y H2O- o el anillo triazina de naturaleza recalcitrante. Una parte importante de los heteroátomos presentes en la molécula original aparecen como productos finales de naturaleza inorgánica inocua.
El trabajo está ampliado con un estudio económico y medioambiental del proceso secuencial foto-Fenton (luz artificial)/tratamiento biológico. La evaluación medioambiental se ha realizado mediante la herramienta de Análisis de Ciclo de Vida. En comparación con los procesos simples foto-Fenton bajo luz artificial y foto-Fenton bajo luz solar, el tratamiento combinado resulta la mejor opción en ambos contextos. Los mayores impactos se asocian, en este orden, al consumo de peróxido de hidrógeno y de energía para alimentar la luz artificial. En consecuencia, y atendiendo a los resultados obtenidos previamente, es posible concluir que el proceso de foto-Fenton asistido con luz solar como pre-tratamiento de un proceso biológico sería la mejor opción en términos de efectividad, impacto medioambiental y coste operacional.
Finalmente, como alternativa a la estrategia de oxidación química/tratamiento biológico aerobio, el PAO se aplica como post-tratamiento a un proceso biológico anaerobio. Los PAOs considerados son la ozonización y el proceso de foto-Fenton. Los resultados obtenidos manifiestan la idoneidad de la secuencia propuesta, obteniéndose unos mejores niveles de degradación mediante el proceso con ozono. Estos resultados son de especial interés en futuras aplicaciones para el tratamiento de aguas residuales textiles reales.
The textile industry produces large quantities of wastewater that is highly coloured and contains large concentrations of organic matter. Due to the environmental threat that supposes its recalcitrant nature, the application of specific treatment is required prior discharge. Conventional biological, physical and chemical processes are quite inefficient to completely mineralise and decolourise these effluents. Alternatively appear the Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs), principally based on the generation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (HO·). They may be applied as exclusive processes or combined with biological treatments in an attempt to reduce their large chemicals and energy consumption. Among available AOPs, the Fenton and, particularly, the photo-Fenton processes (based on HO· generation by means of hydrogen peroxide and a ferrous salt addition in aqueous solution) are of special interest since they achieve high reaction yields with a lower operational cost. Additionally, the photoassisted reaction presents the possibility of be driven under solar irradiation, offering further economic and environmental advantages.
This doctoral dissertation is basically centred in the performance of the photo-Fenton process as a previous step to treat biorecalcitrant solutions polluted with commercial reactive azo dyes, aiming to generate a new effluent amenable to aerobic biotreatment (with a lower economic and environmental impact than the AOP). The evolution of key parameters such as the colour, the total organic carbon, the aromatic compounds content, the toxicity, the biodegradability, the generated by-products nature, as well as the type of irradiation effect (artificial light, solar light), the temperature, the reaction time and the reagents concentrations, provide information about the most suitable conditions to carry out the AOP/biological coupled treatment.
Obtained results evidence the aptness of the AOP proposed with this aim, either at laboratory and pilot plant scale. With a partial oxidation run under proper mild conditions, the studied dye solutions become decolourised, biodegradable as well as non toxic. In this way, the combined photo-Fenton/biological treatment allows the complete mineralisation. The solar light as a source of irradiation provides the best results. On the other hand, the oxidative sequence appears to begin with the hydroxyl radical attack to azo groups, giving place to the solutions decolourisation. The following aromatics degradation generates either short chain carboxylic acids -finally yielding CO2 and water- or the recalcitrant triazine moiety. An important part of the heteroatoms initially present in the molecule gradually appear as innocuous final products of inorganic nature.
The work is extended with an economic and environmental study of the sequential photo-Fenton (artificial light)/biological treatment process. The environmental evaluation has been realised by means of the Life Cycle Assessment tool. In comparison with single artificial light photo-Fenton process and solar driven photo-Fenton process, the combined treatment supposes the best option in both contexts. The major burdens are mainly attributed to the hydrogen peroxide requirements and the electrical energy consumption to run the artificial light, in this order. Consequently, and attaining to previously obtained results, the solar driven photo-Fenton process as a pre-treatment of a biological treatment would be the best option in terms of effectiveness, environmental impact and operational cost.
Finally, as an alternative to the chemical/aerobic biological treatment, the AOP is performed as a post-treatment of an ensuing anaerobic biotreatment. Ozonation and photo-Fenton processes have been chosen for this role. Obtained results manifest the suitability of the proposed sequence, attaining the best degradation levels by means of ozonation process. These results are of special interest for real wastewater applications.
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Mokhtari, Javad. "Synthesis and evaluation of novel trisazo chromophores for use in direct and reactive dyes." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488413.
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Reisel, Robert. "Co-application of a fibrillation protection agent and reactive dyes to tencel classic fibres." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498937.
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Amin, Nabeel. "Economically & environmentally friendly methods to improve wash-off of reactive dyes on cotton." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436445.
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Faisal, Saira. "Synthesis of multifunctional reactive dyes and their application onto wool fabric by inkjet printing." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6291/.
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Inkjet printing provides a favourable method for wool printing because of the ability to produce economical short print runs and providing flexibility in print design. This work focused on the synthesis and characterisation of series of novel multifunctional reactive dyes in magenta, blue and yellow hue based on chlorotriazines and chloropyrimidine reactive groups and their modification by: (1) replacing labile chlorine(s) by other labile sulfophenoxy group(s) and (2) replacing the imino bridging group by an aliphatic amino group. This study also focused on the formulation of a set of inks based on parent and modified dyes in magenta, yellow and blue hue, their application onto wool via inkjet printing, and evaluation of percent fixation along with their stability in ink formulations and colour fastness properties. Moreover, the results were also compared with commercially successful Jettex R Inks (DyStar). The research has shown that reactive dyes based on chlorotriazines and chloropyrimidine can be modified by the incorporation of sulfophenoxy group(s) onto the reactive group of the dye. The modified dyes, when inkjet printed onto the wool, were able to react with the wool fibre and show excellent fixation results. The incorporation of more than one reactive group on the dye chromophore has shown an increase in percent fixation compared to dyes with only one reactive group. Moreover, modified inks showed excellent colour fastness to light and wash. Additionally, comparative analysis of modified dye-based inks and commercially successful ‘Jettex R’ inks illustrates that the novel inks are superior in terms of percent fixation and colour fastness properties.
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Meireles, Gabriela. "Avaliação eco/genotoxicológica dos corantes têxteis Reactive Blue 4 e Reactive Blue 15." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/60/60134/tde-30092013-150534/.
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Os corantes são amplamente utilizados nas indústrias têxteis, farmacêuticas, alimentícias, cosméticas, fotográficas, entre outras. Contudo, essas substâncias podem ser tóxicas, mutagênicas e resistentes a muitos processos de degradação utilizados em estações de tratamento. Estima-se que cerca de 15% dos corantes utilizados no mundo sejam perdidos durante o processo de tingimento e lançados no ambiente, atingindo principalmente os corpos d\'água. No entanto, apesar da grande quantidade de corantes comerciais disponíveis e da alta quantidade lançada no ecossistema aquático, os estudos sobre a toxicidade dessas substâncias são escassos e pouco se conhece sobre seus efeitos mutagênicos e principalmente ecotoxicológicos. Dentro deste contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a ecotoxicidade, bem como a capacidade dos corantes têxteis Reactive Blue 4 (RB 4) e Reactive Blue 15 (RB 15) de lesar o material genético, empregando ensaios de toxicidade aguda com Daphnia similis e Vibrio fischeri, toxicidade crônica com Ceriodaphnia dubia, genotoxicidade (Teste do Cometa) com fibroblastos de derme humana e mutagenicidade com Salmonella typhimurium. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se a concentração de cobre em Ceriodaphnia dubia expostas ao corante Reactive Blue 15, que possui esse metal na sua estrutura química. O corante RB 4 foi moderadamente tóxico e o corante RB 15 foi relativamente não tóxico para Daphnia similis. Ambos corantes reduziram a luminescência de Vibrio fischeri em elevadas concentrações, sendo o corante RB 4 mais tóxico para a bactéria quando comparado ao corante RB 15. O corante RB 4 induziu efeito hormesis nos ensaios com C. dubia, ou seja, houve um estímulo na reprodução nas menores concentrações, seguido por um decréscimo em concentrações mais elevadas, ao passo que, o corante RB 15 reduziu a fecundidade de C. dubia. Não houve acúmulo de cobre nos organismos expostos ao corante RB 15. Nenhum dos corantes foram genotóxicos para fibroblastos de derme humana e apenas o corante RB 4 induziu mutagenicidade, por substituição de pares de base. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os corantes podem causar efeitos adversos nos organismos mesmo em baixas concentrações e que o lançamento contínuo dessas substâncias nos corpos d\'água é preocupante.Dyes are widely used in different types of industries, such as textile, pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics, photographic, among others. However, these substances can be toxic, mutagenic and resistant to many degradation processes used in wastewater treatment. It is estimated that about 15% of the dyes used in the world is lost during the dyeing process and released into the environment, affecting mainly water bodies. However, despite the large amount of commercial dyes available and high quantity released in the aquatic ecosystem, studies on the toxicity of these substances are scarce and little is known about their mutagenic and ecotoxicological effects. Considering that, the aim of this study was to evaluate the ecotoxicity, and the ability of the Reactive Blue 4 (RB 4) and Reactive Blue 15 (RB 15) textile dyes to damage the genetic material, using acute toxicity tests with Daphnia similis and Vibrio fischeri, Ceriodaphnia dubia chronic toxicity, genotoxicity (Comet assay) in human dermal fibroblasts and mutagenicity with Salmonella typhimurium. Additionally, we assessed the concentration of copper in Ceriodaphnia dubia exposed to the Reactive Blue 15 dye, which has this metal in its chemical structure. The RB 4 dye was moderately toxic and RB 15 dye was relatively non-toxic to Daphnia similis. Both dyes reduced the Vibrio fischeri luminescence in high concentrations, and the RB 4 was more toxic to bacteria when compared to dye RB 15. The RB 4 dye induced hormesis effect in the C. dubia tests. We observed that the reproduction was stimulated at lower concentrations followed by a decrease at higher concentrations. While the RB 15 dye reduced fecundity of Ceriodaphnia dubia. There was no accumulation of copper in organisms exposed to the RB 15 dye. None of the dyes were genotoxic to human dermal fibroblasts, and only the RB 4 dye induced mutagenicity, by base-pair substitution. The results show that the dyes can cause adverse effects on organisms even at low concentrations and that the continuous release of these substances in water bodies is worrying.
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Chen, Hsiao-San. "Dyeing of cellulosic fibres with reactive dyes in the presence of reduced quantities of electrolyte." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2001. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488442.
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Březinová, Lenka. "Barvení bavlny reaktivními barvivy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216343.
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The aim of this diploma thesis was to find out the change of the hue lightness saturation after the change of composition of dyeing liquor. The reactive dye Bezaktiv rot S-B was used for dyeing cotton. Dyeing was performed in the laboratory by exhaustion method with two concentrations of dye 0,5 and 2 %. The influence of the change of alkali and electrolyte concentration additions to dyeing bath liquor at different liquors dye ratio was studied. Sodium chloride and Glauber's salt as elektrolyte were used. The dyed samples were washed and then fixed by two types of fixative agents REWIN ACP and REWIN EL. After that the measurement of hue control and the evaluation of fastness to water and rubbing fastness were done. The results were displayed in L*a*b* space and CIE differences between chosen standards and samples were performed by Datacolor International DC 3890.
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Mehmood, Arshad. "One-pass process for the continuous dyeing of polyester/unmercerised cotton blends with disperse/reactive dyes." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.505866.
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In the continuous dyeing of polyester/cellulose blends, the trend over the last 20 years, towards shorter production runs and greater numbers of fashion shades, has led to the development of more productive processes, in particular, the use of a onepass Pad-Dry-Thermofix-Wash-off process for the application of disperse and reactive dyes. However, there are limitations to such a one-pass process, of which the most important is the colour depth that can be achieved on polyester/unmercerisedc otton blends, economically. The current study, which has focused on the performance of the dyes (disperse/reactive) used in DyStar's one-pass (TTN) continuous dyeing process, showed that it was the reactive dyes, which were responsible for the difficulty in achieving heavy shades, economically. It also suggested that the level of reactivity of the medium - low reactive dyes, most commonly recommended for use in this process, was not the prime reason for the poor performance in the one-pass process. The constituents of the pad liquor were varied to determine if the visual colour yield of selected reactive dye could be improved. In so doing, it was possible to speculate whether the low colour yield from some of the reactive dyes used in the one-pass process was due to inefficient `delivery' of the dye to the reactive sites on the cotton. It was also observed that, in a modification of the one-pass (TTN) continuous dyeing process, fixation efficiency of the reactive dyes but not the visual colour yield can be improved up to the level of that on mercerised cotton, if humidity (approx 25%) is injected during the drying stage @ 110°C. Furthermore, in the case of the yellow reactive dyes currently recommended for use in the process, the level of hydrophilicity (number and distribution of sulphonate groups) was a more important factor than the level of reactivity, in improving the fixation efficiency of these dyes on unmercerised cotton.
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Syed, Uzma. "The influence of woven fabric structures on the continuous dyeing of Lyocell fabrics with reactive dyes." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2386.
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Tencel, a regenerated cellulosic fibre is synthesised by an environmental friendly process. It can be dyed by the same dye types as recommended for other cellulosic fibres. The behaviour of reactive dyes on Tencel woven fabric varies with the type and the density of woven fabric. The highly crystalline Tencel fibre is less easy to dye uniformly by the continuous dyeing methods because of the short time of contact between the dye and fibre. The purpose of this work is to investigate the influences of weave structure on dyeing of standard Tencel fabric using reactive dyes applied by continuous dyeing methods. Programmes are developed using Matlab software to measure the fabric porosity and uniformity of fibre coloration (UFC) in the yarns of the woven fabric. UFC is also measured subjectively. Firstly, fabrics of four different weave structures (plain, 2/1, 3/1, 5/1 twill fabric) are studied. The visual depth and UFC standard deviation values is highest for the 2/1 twill fabric, gradually reducing towards the 5/1 twill fabric. Secondly, nine plain weave fabrics of different fabric densities are dyed using different padding procedures - a liquor temperature of 40⁰C with a 1 min dwell time and with a 5 min dwell time, and liquor at room temperature without any dwell time. The padded fabrics are then fixed by pad-steam, pad-dry-steam, pad-batch and pad-dry-thermosol continuous dyeing processes. To improve colour depth the plain weave fabrics are given a caustic pre-treatment and their dyeing characteristics are compared with untreated fabrics. The causticised fabrics are dyed using the same padding procedures, for comparison. The optimum dyeing procedure is found to be padding with a dwell time of 1 min in liquor at 40⁰C after caustic pre-treatment to achieve the highest visual depth, dye uptake, and uniformity of fibre coloration. The fibrillation tendency of the Tencel plain weave fabrics is also reduced using this procedure. Numerical relationships are established to enable the prediction of dyeing properties such as colour strength, UFC for fabrics of different weave structures, applied by the various continuous dyeing processes.
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Jaber, Adel Abdelaziz. "X-ray crystallographic study of the structure of cellulose and the liquid crystals of reactive dyes." Thesis, Keele University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261488.
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Marin, Sandra Liliana Albornoz. "Remoção dos corantes têxteis C.I. Reactive Blue 203 e C.I. Reactive Red 195 mediante o uso de bagaço de maçã como adsorvente." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1498.
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CNPqA indústria têxtil tem grande impacto ambiental devido ao seu amplo consumo de água e da utilização de diferentes produtos químicos orgânicos como os corantes. Existem diferentes métodos utilizados no tratamento de efluentes têxteis, sendo um deles, a adsorção. A utilização de resíduos agroindustriais como adsorventes é uma alternativa para a descontaminação de efluentes com corantes. Desta forma, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o resíduo agroindustrial de Bagaço de Maçã da variedade Fuji, proveniente da produção de sucos, como adsorvente alternativo na remoção de corantes têxteis C.I. Reactive Blue 203 e C.I. Reactive Red 195 em meio aquoso sintético. As características do adsorvente mostraram que o bagaço de maçã apresenta 89,36% de umidade, 35,64% de fibra bruta e a 52,72% de carbono. O pH(pcz) é de 3,5 e em sua superfície predomina sítios ácidos. Na espectroscopia do infravermelho observou-se a presença dos principais grupos funcionais (–OH), (–NH), (CH2), (–CO), (–C–O–), na microscopia eletrônica de varredura a morfologia da superfície do bagaço de maçã mostrou-se porosa e a determinação das características texturais indicaram uma área superficial de 2,088 (m2.g-1) para o tamanho de partícula de 0,125 mm. A partir dos resultados do planejamento experimental - 23, pode-se otimizar o processo de adsorção para os dois corantes pelo bagaço de maçã fixando as variáveis independentes com influência significativa (pH de 2,0 e granulometria do adsorvente em 0,125 mm). No estudo cinético o tempo de equilíbrio para o Reactive Blue 203 foi de 420 minutos e para Reactive Red 195 de 180 minutos e o ajuste matemático para ambos corantes foi para o modelo de pseudo-segunda ordem. As isotermas de equilíbrio foram testadas pelos modelos das isotermas de adsorção de Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Raduskevich e BET, sendo este último mais adequado para a descrição do processo. Os parâmetros termodinâmicos foram determinados em diferentes faixas de temperatura, em que valores negativos de ΔG° indicam a espontaneidade do processo de adsorção para os dois corantes e valores negativos para ΔH° no processo de adsorção do corante Reactive Blue 203 indicam natureza exotérmica no entanto para adsorção do corante Reactive Red 195 valores positivos de ΔH° sugerem a sua natureza endotérmica. Os valores de ΔH e Ea para a adsorção dos dois corantes em bagaço de maçã mostram que são da mesma ordem de grandeza que o calor e a energia de ativação da quimissorção. O bagaço de maçã mostrou-se altamente favorável para o processo de adsorção dos corantes Reactive Blue 203 e Reactive Red 195.
The textile industry has a big environmental impact because consume a lot of water, and use different chemical organic products like dyes. There are different methods for treatment of textile effluents one of those is adsorption. Using agroindustrial residues like adsorbents is an alternative for decontamination effluents by dyes. Therefore, this present work aimed to evaluate agroindustrial residue apple pomace of Fuji variety, that proceed of production of juices, like alternative adsorbent for the removal textile dyes C.I. Reactive Blue 203 and C.I. Reactive Red 195 in aqueous synthetic medium. The adsorbent characteristics showed that apple pomace present 89.36% of humidity and 35,64% of crude fiber. and 52,72% of C. The pH (pzc) is 3,5, and its surface prevails sites acids. In infrared spectroscopy it was observed the presence of the major functional groups (–OH), (–NH), (CH2), (–CO), (–C–O–). In scanning electron microscopy of the surface morphology of the apple pomace was found to be porous and determining the textural features indicated a surface area of 2,088 (m2.g-1) to 0,125 mm particle size. From the results of the experimental design 23 can optimize the process of adsorption of for both dyes by apple pomace, setting the independent variables with significant influence (pH of 2.0 and particle size of the adsorbent 0.125 mm). In the kinetic study the equilibrium time for Reactive Blue 203 was 420 minutes and for Reactive Red 195 was 180 minutes and for both dyes mathematical adjustment was to model the pseudo-second order. The equilibrium isotherms were tested by the models adsorption isotherms of Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Raduskevich and BET, the last being more suitable for the description of the process. The thermodynamic parameters were determined at different ranges of temperature, in which negative values of ΔG° means the spontaneity in the adsorption process for both dyes and negative values for ΔH° for adsorption process of Reactive Blue 203 suggest the exothermic nature However the adsorption to the dye Reactive Red 195 ΔH° positive values suggest its endothermic nature. The values for ΔH° and the Ea for the adsorption of the two dyes in apple pomace show that they are of the same order of magnitude as the heat and the activation energy of chemisorption. The apple pomace was highly favorable for the adsorption of the dye Reactive Blue 203 and Reactive Red 195.
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Fergusson, Stanley MacArthur, and mac fergusson@rmit edu au. "The Effect of Laundry Detergents and Residual Alkali on the Light Fastness of Reactive Dyes on 100% Cotton." RMIT University. Fashion and Textiles, 2008. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20081128.162252.
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This study presents findings on the effect of domestic laundry detergents on the fastness to light of selected fibre reactive dyes applied to cotton. The study was carried out to elucidate the reasons for the accelerated colour loss of cotton garments washed under Australian domestic laundering conditions. Cotton fabric dyed with commonly used reactive dyes were laundered with water only, several domestic detergents and a laboratory formulated neutral detergent, and then exposed to light for two hours in the wet state. Quantities of detergent used were in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations. Exposures were repeated fifteen times equivalent to 30 hours exposure. Colour loss and colour difference were measured after 5, 10 and 15 wash cycles and 10, 20 and 30 hours exposure. When the fabric was exposed wet the colour faded more rapidly than when exposed dry to light. Detergents increased the colour loss even when the fabric was not exposed to light. The presence of an oxidizing bleach (sodium perborate) in the detergent increased colour loss during washing and wet exposure to light. Ultraviolet radiation from the light source, heat, moisture, alkali and oxidising bleach during exposure resulted in hydrolysis of the dye-fibre bond causing dye desorption during washing and rinsing. Water alone increased the fading of the dyes most likely due to presence of dissolved oxygen held within the fibre. The combination of ultraviolet radiation and oxidizing bleaches altered the chemistry of the dye and hence its shade. This was particularly evident on the black dye and one of the navy blue dyes.
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Hales, Katherine J. "Synthesis, Characterizations, and Evaluation of New Reactive Two-Photon Absorbing Dyes for Two-Photon Excited Fluorescence Imaging Applications." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3575.
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Recent, cooperative advances in chemistry, biology, computing, photophysics, optics, and microelectronics have resulted in extraordinary developments in the biological sciences, resulting in the emergence of a novel area termed 'biophotonics'. The integrative and interdisciplinary nature of biophotonics cuts across virtually all disciplines, extending the frontiers of basic cellular, molecular, and biology research through the clinical and pharmaceutical industries. This holds true for the development and application of the novel imaging modality utilizing multiphoton absorption and its extraordinary contribution to recent advances in bioimaging. Intimately involved in the revolution of nonlinear bioimaging has been the development of optical probes for probing biological function and activity. The focus of this dissertation is in the area of probe development, particularly conjugated organic probes, optimized for efficient two-photon absorption followed by upconverted fluorescence for nonlinear, multiphoton bioimaging applications. Specifically, [pi]-conjugated fluorene molecules, with enhanced two-photon absorbing (2PA) properties and high photostability, were prepared and characterized. Contemporary synthetic methods were utilized to prepare target fluorene derivatives expected to be highly fluorescent for fluorescence imaging, and, in particular, exhibit high two-photon absorptivity suitable for two-photon excitation (2PE) fluorescence microscopy. The flexibility afforded through synthetic manipulation to integrate hydrophilic moieties into the fluorophore architecture to enhance compatibility with aqueous systems, more native to biological samples, was attempted. Incorporation of functional groups for direct covalent attachment onto target biomolecules was also pursued to prepare fluorene derivatives as efficient 2PA reactive probes. Linear and two-photon spectroscopic characterizations on these novel compounds reveal they exhibit high 2PA cross-sections on the order of ~100 GM units, nearly an order of magnitude greater than typical, commonly used fluorophores utilized in nonlinear, multiphoton microscopy imaging of biological samples. Photostability studies of representative fluorene derivatives investigated and quantified indicate these derivatives are photostable under one- and two-photon excitation conditions, with photodecomposition quantum yields on the order of 10[super-5]. Preliminary cytotoxicity studies indicate these fluorene derivatives exhibit minimal cytotoxic effects on proliferating cells. Finally, their ultimate utility as high-performance, 2PA fluorescent probes in 2PE fluorescence microscopy imaging of biological samples was demonstrated in both fixed and live cells. Due to the low cytotoxicity, high photostability, efficient 2PA, and high fluorescence quantum yield, the probes were found suitable for relatively long-term, two-photon fluorescence imaging of live cells, representing a significant advance in biophotonics.Ph.D.
Department of Chemistry
Arts and Sciences
Biomolecular Sciences: Ph.D.
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Turemen, L. M. "Investigation of the adsorption of reactive dyes and heavy metal ions from synthetic textile effluent by eggshell membrane." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368526.
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Bezerra, Katia Crystina Hipólito. "Estudo de remoção de cor de efluentes têxteis por meio do processo oxidativo avançado: UV/H2O2." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/100/100133/tde-09112015-162713/.
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A indústria têxtil utiliza grandes quantidades de água e como consequência gera efluente que apresenta um alto potencial de impacto ambiental. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o tratamento de efluentes têxteis produzidos com corantes reativos por processo de oxidação avançada H2O2/UV, os efluentes foram produzidos em laboratório segundo as condições de processos industriais e foram utilizados nos estudos de reuso em um novo processo de tingimento. Foram produzidos efluentes através dos tingimentos com três corantes reativos um amarelo Drimaren Cl-2R um vermelho Drimaren Cl-5B e um azul Drimaren, na concentração de 1,1% individualmente e em conjunto, compondo uma tricromia a 1,2%. Foram adicionados 14,71 mmol. L-1 peróxido de hidrogênio nas amostras residuais de efluentes e estas foram colocadas no reator de fotodegradação com radiação UV, foram utilizados como fonte de irradiação três lâmpadas de 6 Watts capazes de emissão de UV 1,7 Watts. As amostras foram coletadas e analisadas em intervalos de até 270 minutos de irradiação. Este processo foi executado em três faixas de pH diferentes, 4,0; 7,0 e 11,0, sendo que no pH 4,0 o processo foi mais eficiente com resultados de remoção de cor superiores a 91,12 ± 3,09%. Estas águas de reuso foram utilizadas para novos tingimentos nas mesmas condições e analisadas por meio de colorimetria resultando em valores de E menores que 0,62. Foram realizadas analises de carbono orgânico total (COT), as quais também corroboraram com os resultados anteriores, uma vez que demonstram que existe redução da carga orgânica de até 43,22%. Foram realizadas medições de condutividade dos banhos e assim foi possível fazer a correção de cloreto de sódio nos banhos dos processos de tingimentos posteriores, permitindo assim a redução da adição de cloreto de sódio nos banhos.The textile industry uses big quantities of water and normally as consequence the effluent has a high environmental impact. This study aimed treat textile effluents produced with reactive dyes by advanced H2O2 / UV oxidation process, the effluents were produced in the laboratory under conditions of industrial processes and have been used in studies of reuse in a new dying process. The effluents were produced by dying with three reactive yellow Drimaren dye CL 2R, red Drimaren CL 5B and blue Drimaren HF-RL in concentration of 1.1% individually and in combination, comprising a trichromy of 1.2%. In the waste effluent was added 14.71 mmol.L-1 hydrogen peroxide and these samples were placed on a photodegradation reactor where was used three lamps 6 Watts UV able to emit 1.7 Watts each of them. The samples were collected and analyzed at intervals of up to 270 minutes of irradiation. This process was performed in three different pH ranges, 4,0; 7,0 and 11,0, and at pH 4,0 the process was more efficient with color removal rate higher than 91,12 ± 3,09%.%.This reuse water has been used for new dying under the same conditions and analyzed through colorimetry resulting in lower E values than 0.62. The total organic carbon analysis (TOC), which also corroborate the previous results, since it shows that there is a reduction of the organic load of up to 43.22%. The bath conductivity measurements were carried out and it was possible to make the adjustment of sodium chloride in the further dying processes allowing the reduction of sodium chloride added in the baths.
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Zhao, Yifang. "La fixation des colorants réactifs au coton aux moyens du rayonnement infrarouge, Fixation of reactive dyes on cotton using infrared radiation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ57013.pdf.
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Zhao, Yifang. "La fixation des colorants réactifs au coton aux moyens du rayonnement infrarouge = Fixation of reactive dyes on cotton using infrared radiation." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2000.
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Yang, Hanbae. "Zero-Valent Iron Decolorization of the Anthraquinone Dye Reactive Blue 4 and Biodegradation Assessment of its Decolorization Products." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/6920.
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Anthraquinone dyes constitute the second largest class of textile dyes, and are used extensively in the textile industry. A high fraction of the initial reactive dye mass used in the dyeing process remains in the spent dyebath. Reactive dyes are not readily removed by typical wastewater treatment processes and the high salt concentration typical of reactive dyeing further complicates the management of spent reactive dyebaths. Investigation of the reductive transformation of reactive anthraquinone dyes and their decolorization products has been very limited. Additionally, very limited research has been conducted on the decolorization of spent reactive dyebaths.
Research was conducted to investigate the key operational parameters of batch and continuous-flow ZVI decolorization of a reactive anthraquinone dye, Reactive Blue 4 (RB4), under anoxic conditions, as well as the potential for the biodegradation of its decolorization products in a halophilic culture under aerobic conditions. The effect of two operational parameters, such as mixing intensity and initial dye concentration, on the ZVI batch decolorization kinetics indicates that ZVI decolorization of RB4 is a surface-catalyzed, mass transfer-limited process. The high salt and base concentrations enhanced the rate of RB4 decolorization. Based on parameters such as porosity, hydraulic conductivity, pore water velocity, and dispersion coefficient, non-ideal transport characteristics were observed in a continuous-flow ZVI column. The results of a long-term continuous-flow ZVI decolorization kinetics demonstrated that continuous-flow ZVI decolorization is feasible. However, column porosity losses and a shift of reaction kinetics occur in long-term column operation. ZVI decolorization of RB4 was successfully described with a pseudo first-order or a site saturation model. Lastly, the RB4 decolorization products generated by ZVI treatment had no inhibitory effect on the halophilic culture. However, biodegradation and/or mineralization of RB4 decolorization products was not observed after a long-term incubation of the culture.
This research demonstrated the feasibility of ZVI decolorization of reactive anthraquinone dyes, which will help in the development of a continuous-flow, dyebath decolorization process and the possible reuse of the renovated dyebath in the dyeing operation. Such a system could lead to substantial reduction of water usage, as well as a decrease of salt and dye discharges.
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Le, Tuong Thuy. "One-bath dyeing of polyester/cotton blends with disperse and bis-3carboxypyridinium-s-triazine reactive dyes at 130°C and neutral pH." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.490123.
Full textAbstract:
Over the last 20 years, selected disperse dyes and bis-3-carboxypyridinium-striazine reactive dyes have been widely promoted for the exhaust dyeing of polyester/cotton blends in a one-bath-one-stage ('All-in') process under neutral conditions. However, despite the time and energy savings afforded by this elegant dyeing process, there is a belief in the dyeing industry that economical production is limited to pale and medium depths of shade. The two dye classes (disperse dyes on polyester and bis-3-carboxypyridinium-striazine reactive dyes on cotton) were investigated to understand why heavy depths of shade could not readily be obtained, economically, using this process. The bis-3carboxypyridinium- s-triazine reactive dyes were responsible for the inability to achieve heavy depths of shade, economically, when dyeing at 130°C and neutral pH. The poor colour yield of the dyes was due to their low exhaustion level and low fixation efficiency at 130°C and pH 7.0-7.5, particularly when compared with the parent bis-monochlorotriazine dyes, fixed under alkaline conditions at 80°C. The synthesis and evaluation of some bis-3-carboxypyridinium-s-triazine reactive dye structures, possessing highly substantive chromophores, were investigated as a mecm of obtaining high colour yield, on 100% unmercersised cotton, at 130°C and pH 7.0-7.5. When a highly substantive bis-3-carboxypyridinium-s-triazine dye chromophore was incorporated into the reactive dye structures, heavy depths of shade could be readiiy obtained when dyeing at 130°C and neutral pH, using conventional salt concentrations. However, the wet fastness properties of the dye were poor, due to the slow removal of the hydrolysed dye and its propensity for back-staining adjacent white areas. If the high substantivity of a dye could be assigned to the reactive group, which is removed during the fixation of the dye, it may be possible to offer both acceptably high levels of build-up (and costeffectiveness) and wet fastness. The synthesis and evaluation of novel reactive dye structures, possessing substantivity-conveying reactive groups, when applied to cotton at 130°C and pH 7.0 - 7.5, were investigated. When a substantivity-conveying reactive group was incorporated into a reactive dye structure, as a replacement for a chlorine atom, the dye exhibited a higher substantivity than the parent monochlorotriazine dye. The use of amide derivatives of nicotinic acid as the reactive group in a s-triazinyl reactive dye resulted in an increase in the substantivity, compared with the parent 3carboxypyridinium- s-triazinyl dye. When two substantivity-conveying reactive groups were incorporated into a dye molecule, without changing the reactivity of the dye, the above effect is enhanced, resulting in higher colour yield than from the corresponding Kayacelon React dye. Since the substantivity-conveying reactive group is removed during the fixation of the dye, the high substantivity of the parent dye should not be an impediment to achieving good wet-fastness properties, without the need to use excessively long wash-off sequences.