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Academic literature on the topic 'Reaction rules'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Reaction rules"

1

ZHDANOV, VLADIMIR P. "BORESKOV–HORIUTI–ENOMOTO RULES FOR REVERSIBLE HETEROGENEOUS CATALYTIC REACTIONS." Surface Review and Letters 14, no. 03 (2007): 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x0700958x.

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In the middle of the previous century, G. K. Boreskov, and J. Horiuti and S. Enomoto independently showed that for reversible reactions, running via a one-route mechanism with a rate-limiting step, there exist general relationships between the reaction rates in the forward and backward directions and also between the corresponding apparent activation energies and reaction heat. Their treatments are formally applicable to gas- and liquid-phase reactions and also to heterogeneous catalytic reactions (HCR) occurring in an ideal overlayer adsorbed on a uniform surface. In reality, HCR often run on heterogeneous surfaces, and the HCR kinetics are complicated by adsorbate–adsorbate lateral interactions. I explicitly demonstrate that in such situations the Boreskov–Horiuti–Enomoto rules are applicable as well.

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Rodger, Alison, and Pieter E. Schipper. "Symmetry selection rules for reaction mechanisms." Chemical Physics 107, no. 2-3 (1986): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-0104(86)85011-x.

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Fuji, Taiki, Shiori Nakazawa, and Kiyoto Ito. "Feasible-metabolic-pathway-exploration technique using chemical latent space." Bioinformatics 36, Supplement_2 (2020): i770—i778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa809.

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Abstract Motivation Exploring metabolic pathways is one of the key techniques for developing highly productive microbes for the bioproduction of chemical compounds. To explore feasible pathways, not only examining a combination of well-known enzymatic reactions but also finding potential enzymatic reactions that can catalyze the desired structural changes are necessary. To achieve this, most conventional techniques use manually predefined-reaction rules, however, they cannot sufficiently find potential reactions because the conventional rules cannot comprehensively express structural changes before and after enzymatic reactions. Evaluating the feasibility of the explored pathways is another challenge because there is no way to validate the reaction possibility of unknown enzymatic reactions by these rules. Therefore, a technique for comprehensively capturing the structural changes in enzymatic reactions and a technique for evaluating the pathway feasibility are still necessary to explore feasible metabolic pathways. Results We developed a feasible-pathway-exploration technique using chemical latent space obtained from a deep generative model for compound structures. With this technique, an enzymatic reaction is regarded as a difference vector between the main substrate and the main product in chemical latent space acquired from the generative model. Features of the enzymatic reaction are embedded into the fixed-dimensional vector, and it is possible to express structural changes of enzymatic reactions comprehensively. The technique also involves differential-evolution-based reaction selection to design feasible candidate pathways and pathway scoring using neural-network-based reaction-possibility prediction. The proposed technique was applied to the non-registered pathways relevant to the production of 2-butanone, and successfully explored feasible pathways that include such reactions.

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Liu, Shuqin, Xican Li, Ban Chen, Xiaojian Ouyang, Yulu Xie, and Dongfeng Chen. "Phytophenol Dimerization Reaction: From Basic Rules to Diastereoselectivity and Beyond." Molecules 27, no. 15 (2022): 4842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154842.

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Phytophenol dimerization, which is a radical-mediated coupling reaction, plays a critical role in many fields, including lignin biosynthesis. To understand the reaction, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical was used to initiate a series of phytophenol dimerization reactions in methanol. The products were identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS) analysis in situ. The identified products mainly included biphenols, magnolol, honokiol, gingerol 6,6′-dimers, 3,6-dimethoxylcatechol β,β′ dimer, euphorbetin, bis-eugenol, dehydrodiisoeugenol, trans-ε-viniferin, (+) pinoresinol, and (−) pinoresinol. Structure–function relationship analysis allowed four basic rules to be defined: meta-excluded, C–C bonding domination, ortho-diOH co-activation, and exocyclic C=C involvement. The exocyclic C=C involvement, however, required conjugation with the phenolic core and the para-site of the -OH group, to yield a furan-fused dimer with two chiral centers. Computational chemistry indicated that the entire process was completed via a radical coupling reaction and an intramolecular conjugate addition reaction. Similar results were also found for the horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-catalyzed coniferyl alcohol dimerization, which produced (+) and (−) pinoresinols (but no (−) epipinoresinol), suggesting that the HRP-catalyzed process was essentially an exocyclic C=C-involved phytophenol dimerization reaction. The reaction was highly diastereoselective. This was attributed to the intramolecular reaction, which prohibited Re-attack. The four basic rules and diastereoselectivity can explain and even predict the main products in various chemical and biological events, especially oxidase-catalyzed lignin cyclization.

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Yang, Kun, Zemin Tian, Jinghua Li, and Yingwen Yan. "Theoretical Investigation of Rate Rules for H-Intermigration Reactions for Cyclic Alkylperoxy Radicals." Energies 16, no. 6 (2023): 2881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16062881.

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As a starting channel, the H-intermigration reaction of alkylperoxy radicals (ROO radicals) that yields hydroperoxyl alkyl radicals (QOOH radicals) determines the low-temperature chemistry of alkanes. In this work, this type of reaction was investigated for typical cyclic alkanes, which are important fuel components and soot precursors, using theoretical ab initio methods. First, all the molecular geometries and vibrational frequencies were computed using the density functional theory method and the single point energies were refined using the post-Hartree fork method (M062X/6-311G(d,p)//DLPNO-CCSD(T)/CBS). Then, high-pressure limit rate constants were evaluated with tight transition state theory, with which tunneling effects were considered using the Eckart model and low-frequency torsion modes were modeled as hindered rotors. Pressure-dependent rate constants were also calculated for typical reaction channels. Rate expressions in the Arrhenius form for 91 reactions are proposed. All reactions were categorized into seven reaction types and the rate rule for each reaction type was estimated with uncertainty factors of three to six. These rules can be potentially used in the development of low-temperature kinetic mechanisms for cycloalkanes. A comparison between different reaction types was also performed and the favorable channels are discussed.

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Wang, Lin, Chiam Yu Ng, Satyakam Dash, and Costas D. Maranas. "Exploring the combinatorial space of complete pathways to chemicals." Biochemical Society Transactions 46, no. 3 (2018): 513–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20170272.

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Computational pathway design tools often face the challenges of balancing the stoichiometry of co-metabolites and cofactors, and dealing with reaction rule utilization in a single workflow. To this end, we provide an overview of two complementary stoichiometry-based pathway design tools optStoic and novoStoic developed in our group to tackle these challenges. optStoic is designed to determine the stoichiometry of overall conversion first which optimizes a performance criterion (e.g. high carbon/energy efficiency) and ensures a comprehensive search of co-metabolites and cofactors. The procedure then identifies the minimum number of intervening reactions to connect the source and sink metabolites. We also further the pathway design procedure by expanding the search space to include both known and hypothetical reactions, represented by reaction rules, in a new tool termed novoStoic. Reaction rules are derived based on a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) compatible reaction operator, which allow us to explore natural promiscuous enzymes, engineer candidate enzymes that are not already promiscuous as well as design de novo enzymes. The identified biochemical reaction rules then guide novoStoic to design routes that expand the currently known biotransformation space using a single MILP modeling procedure. We demonstrate the use of the two computational tools in pathway elucidation by designing novel synthetic routes for isobutanol.

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7

Hulick, Victoria P. "Proxy voting: the rules and industry reaction." Journal of Investment Compliance 3, no. 4 (2002): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joic.2003.3.4.31.

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Hulick, Victoria P. "Proxy voting: the rules and industry reaction." Journal of Investment Compliance 3, no. 4 (2003): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/15285810210812880.

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9

Manolopoulos, D. E. "REACTION DYNAMICS: Bending or Breaking the Rules?" Science 296, no. 5568 (2002): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1071814.

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10

Niégawa, A. "Calculational rules for finite temperature reaction rates." Physics Letters B 247, no. 2-3 (1990): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(90)90908-o.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Reaction rules"

1

Schwarb, Hillary. "The importance of stimulus-response rules in sequence learning." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28221.

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2

Ferga, Jumuaa. "UK monetary policy reaction functions, 1992-2014 : a cointegration approach using Taylor rules." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2016. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/28564/.

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For more than two decades, monetary policy of countries around the world has undergone significant transformation. The long-term stabilization and lowering of inflation is the primary target of central banks founded on the principles of transparency and credibility. The achievement of inflation targeting and control is ultimately judged by the public’s expectations about future inflation. This objective has focused central bank policy making on modern monetary principles and the adoption of one of its core principles, the monetary policy rule. The central bank of the United Kingdom officially adopted an explicit inflating targeting monetary policy in October 1992 following its operational independence in May 1997. In this study, we attempt to investigate the behaviour of the Central Bank of England under an inflation targeting framework. In other words, whether Taylor-type policy rules can be used to describe the behaviour of the Central Bank of England. We specifically attempt to shed light on the question does Taylor's rule (Taylor, 1993) adequately describes central bank behaviour? And whether the existence of formal targets has induced nonlinearity in this behaviour, beginning in October 1992 until December 2014. The study uses time series estimations of Taylor-type reactions functions to characterise monetary policy conduct in the UK, we use time series data, because all the other studies in this area are using the time series method and recommended it, Osterholm (2005), Nelson (2000), Adam et al (2003), Clarida et al (2000) amongst others. In addition, this study uses a long database which is useful for time series analysis. The analysis uses a modified cointegration and error correction model that is robust to the stationary properties of the data as well as vector autoregression techniques; therefore, our methodology in this study employed three types of econometric tests namely: unit root tests, cointegration tests and error correction models. We used monthly data for the UK over the period October 1992 to December 2014, and we estimate Taylor-type policy rules for the UK in order to find answers to these questions. Our results indicate that the Central Bank of England has not been following the Taylor rule. In other words, the regression results clearly indicated that the Central Bank of England did not follow the Taylor rule in the period 1992-2014. This is because all coefficients of inflation gap and the output gap were statistically insignificant. In addition, we conclude these results link with the New Consensus Macroeconomics, criticism of inflation targeting and endogenous money theory. The main contribution in this study is an up-to-date analysis, and evidence that Bank of England policy does not work with Taylor rules. In addition, on the methodological level most previous studies reviewed in the literature have measured the interest rate, inflation and the output gap using one dependent variable, to measure the behaviour of the Central Bank of England, to assess whether the Taylor rule is effective or not. However, this study fills this gap by using two measure for interest rate, three measure for inflation and two variables to measure the output gap, using The Hodrick-Prescott (HP) filter and moving averages, to assess whether the Taylor rule is effective or not effective by using more than one dependent variable.

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Albhbah, Atia M. "Dynamic web forms development using RuleML. Building a framework using metadata driven rules to control Web forms generation and appearance." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5719.

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Web forms development for Web based applications is often expensive, laborious, error-prone, time consuming and requires a lot of effort. Web forms are used by many different people with different backgrounds and a lot of demands. There is a very high cost associated with the need to update the Web application systems to achieve these demands. A wide range of techniques and ideas to automate the generation of Web forms exist. These techniques and ideas however, are not capable of generating the most dynamic behaviour of form elements, and make Insufficient use of database metadata to control Web forms¿ generation and appearance. In this thesis different techniques are proposed that use RuleML and database metadata to build rulebases to improve the automatic and dynamic generation of Web forms. First this thesis proposes the use of a RuleML format rulebase using Reaction RuleML that can be used to support the development of automated Web interfaces. Database metadata can be extracted from system catalogue tables in typical relational database systems, and used in conjunction with the rulebase to produce appropriate Web form elements. Results show that this mechanism successfully insulates application logic from code and suggests that Abstract iii the method can be extended from generic metadata rules to more domain specific rules. Second it proposes the use of common sense rules and domain specific rules rulebases using Reaction RuleML format in conjunction with database metadata rules to extend support for the development of automated Web forms. Third it proposes the use of rules that involve code to implement more semantics for Web forms. Separation between content, logic and presentation of Web applications has become an important issue for faster development and easy maintenance. Just as CSS applied on the client side to control the overall presentation of Web applications, a set of rules can give a similar consistency to the appearance and operation of any set of forms that interact with the same database. We develop rules to order Web form elements and query forms using Reaction RuleML format in conjunction with database metadata rules. The results show the potential of RuleML formats for representing database structural and active semantics. Fourth it proposes the use of a RuleML based approach to provide more support for greater semantics for example advanced domain support even when this is not a DBMS feature. The approach is to specify most of the semantics associated with data stored in RDBMS, to overcome some RDBMSs limitations. RuleML could be used to represent database metadata as an external format.

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4

Birchwood, Anthony. "Implementation of taylor type rules in nascent money and capital markets under managed exchange rates." Thesis, Brunel University, 2011. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/6447.

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We investigate the practical use of Taylor-type rules in Trinidad and Tobago, which is in the process of implementing market based monetary policy and seeks to implement flexible inflation targeting in the presence of a managed exchange rate. This is motivated by the idea that normative Taylor rules can be shaped by the practical experience of developing countries. We find that the inflation – exchange rate nexus is strong, hence the country may be unwilling to allow the exchange rate to float freely. We contend that despite weak market development the Taylor rule can still be applied as the central bank is able to use moral suasion to achieve full pass through of the policy rate to the market rate. Our evidence rejects Galí and Monacelli’s (2005) argument that the optimal monetary policy rule for the open economy is isomorphic for a closed economy. Rather, our evidence suggests that the rule for the open economy allows for lower variability when the rule is augmented by the real exchange rate as in Taylor (2001). We also reject Galí and Monacelli’s (2005) hypothesis that domestic inflation is optimal for inclusion in the Taylor-type rule. Instead we find that core CPI inflation leads to lower variability. Additionally, our evidence suggests that the monetary rule, when applied to Trinidad and Tobago, is accommodating to the US Federal Reserve rate. Further, we expand the work of Martin and Milas (2010) which considered the pass through of the policy rate to the interbank rate in the presence of risk and liquidity. By extending the transmission to the market lending rate, we are able to go beyond those disruptive factors by considering excess liquidity and spillovers of international economic disturbances. We found that these shocks are significant for Trinidad and Tobago, but it is not significant enough to disrupt the pass through. As a result, full pass through was robust to the presence of these disruptive factors.

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5

Witt, Johannes [Verfasser]. "Modelling and Analysis of the NF-kappaB Signalling Pathway and Development of a Thermodynamically Consistent Modelling Approach for Reaction Rules / Johannes Witt." Aachen : Shaker, 2012. http://d-nb.info/105240832X/34.

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6

Albhbah, Atia Mahmod. "Dynamic web forms development using RuleML : building a framework using metadata driven rules to control Web forms generation and appearance." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5719.

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Web forms development for Web based applications is often expensive, laborious, error-prone, time consuming and requires a lot of effort. Web forms are used by many different people with different backgrounds and a lot of demands. There is a very high cost associated with the need to update the Web application systems to achieve these demands. A wide range of techniques and ideas to automate the generation of Web forms exist. These techniques and ideas however, are not capable of generating the most dynamic behaviour of form elements, and make Insufficient use of database metadata to control Web forms' generation and appearance. In this thesis different techniques are proposed that use RuleML and database metadata to build rulebases to improve the automatic and dynamic generation of Web forms. First this thesis proposes the use of a RuleML format rulebase using Reaction RuleML that can be used to support the development of automated Web interfaces. Database metadata can be extracted from system catalogue tables in typical relational database systems, and used in conjunction with the rulebase to produce appropriate Web form elements. Results show that this mechanism successfully insulates application logic from code and suggests that Abstract iii the method can be extended from generic metadata rules to more domain specific rules. Second it proposes the use of common sense rules and domain specific rules rulebases using Reaction RuleML format in conjunction with database metadata rules to extend support for the development of automated Web forms. Third it proposes the use of rules that involve code to implement more semantics for Web forms. Separation between content, logic and presentation of Web applications has become an important issue for faster development and easy maintenance. Just as CSS applied on the client side to control the overall presentation of Web applications, a set of rules can give a similar consistency to the appearance and operation of any set of forms that interact with the same database. We develop rules to order Web form elements and query forms using Reaction RuleML format in conjunction with database metadata rules. The results show the potential of RuleML formats for representing database structural and active semantics. Fourth it proposes the use of a RuleML based approach to provide more support for greater semantics for example advanced domain support even when this is not a DBMS feature. The approach is to specify most of the semantics associated with data stored in RDBMS, to overcome some RDBMSs limitations. RuleML could be used to represent database metadata as an external format.

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7

Kim, Sok Won. "Essays on monetary economics and financial economics." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1770.

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8

Correia, Ana Filipa Bandeirinha Abrantes. "Regras de Taylor Uma aplicação à política monetária alemã." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3947.

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Mestrado em Economia Monetária e Financeira<br>No contexto da literatura sobre política monetária, uma questão que tem sido objecto de discussão é a utilização de regras de política monetária como um instrumento dos bancos centrais para conduzirem e comunicarem a política seguida. Por regras de política monetária entende-se o compromisso da autoridade em cumprir um determinado objectivo ou em estabelecer a trajectória do instrumento da política de uma forma clara e transparente. Uma das regras muito discutida é a regra de Taylor, que relaciona o instrumento da política, a taxa de juro, com apenas duas variáveis: a inflação e o hiato do produto. Neste trabalho procura-se fazer um resumo da literatura sobre esta regra realçando as várias abordagens, nomeadamente a adequação empírica da regra à política realizada, através de estimação de funções de reacção, o estudo como regra óptima em modelos macroeconómicos simples e a análise do seu desempenho em modelos, nos quais não foi deduzida em termos óptimos. Numa segunda parte do trabalho pretende-se validar a sua utilização como forma de representar a política alemã, através da estimação da função de reacção do Bundesbank com uma abordagem de cointegração.<br>In the context of the literature about monetary policy, one question many times discussed is the utilisation of monetary policy rules as an instrument of the central banks to conduct and communicate the followed policy. By monetary policy rules one understands the commitment of the authority in delivering a determined objective or in establishing a trajectory for the instrument of monetary policy in a transparent way. One of the rules that as been object of discussion is the Taylor rule that establishes a relation between the instrument of policy, the interest rate with only two variables: the inflation and the output gap. This work presents a survey of the literature about Taylor rules taking into account several approaches, namely the empirical support through the estimation of reaction functions, the study of this rule as an optimal one in simple macro models and the analysis of the performance in models, in which it wasn't deduced in optimal terms. On the second part of the work is intend to evaluate the empirical support for the German monetary policy trough the estimation of the reaction function of Bundesbank, with a cointegration approach.

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9

Bertoldi, Adriana. "A eficiência das regras de política monetária nos bancos centrais dos Estados Unidos, do Japão e da União Européia, a partir da década de 1990." Universidade do Vale do Rio do Sinos, 2009. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/2772.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T18:57:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 30<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Este trabalho investiga a função de reação de política monetária, seguindo a abordagem da Regra de Taylor para avaliar o desempenho dessa política, conduzida pela Reserva Federal (FED), pelo Banco do Japão (BOJ) e pelo Banco Central Europeu (ECB), durante o período selecionado para a pesquisa. Considerou-se para a análise, tanto para o FED como para o BOJ, o período de janeiro de 1990 até junho de 2008; enquanto que para o ECB, em virtude da constituição da Área do euro, a análise abrange janeiro de 1998 a junho de 2008. Inicialmente, é realizada a revisão da literatura sobre discricionariedade versus regras de política monetária, em que são apresentados alguns resultados empíricos sobre o uso de regras na condução da política monetária. Num segundo momento, faz-se uma abordagem sobre como estão estruturados os bancos centrais e os sistemas de pagamentos dos países selecionados. Além disso, traçam-se considerações sobre o regime monetário e cambial de cada economia e faz-se também uma breve retrospectiva da c<br>This work investigates the function of reaction of monetary policy following the approach of the Taylor Rule to evaluate the performance of this policy, lead for the Federal Reserve (FED), for the Bank of Japan (BOJ) and for European Central Bank (ECB), during the period selected for the research. It was considered for the analysis, as much for the FED how much for the BOJ, the period of January 1990 until June 2008; whereas for the ECB, in virtue of the constitution of the Euro Area, the analysis encloses January 1998 until June 2008. Initially, the revision of literature on discretion versus rules of monetary policy is made, where some empirical results on the use of rules in the conduction of the monetary policy are presented. At as a moment, approach becomes on as the central banks and the systems of payments of the selected countries are structuralized. Moreover, considerations are traced on the monetary and exchange regimen of each economy and become one brief retrospective of the management of the mone

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Aguirre-Samboní, Giann Karlo. "Ecosystem Causal Analysis Using Petri Net Unfoldings." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASG105.

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De nombreux problèmes de vérification des systèmes concurrents ont été traités avec succès par diverses méthodes au fil des ans, en particulier les dépliages de réseaux de Petri. Cependant, les questions de comportement et de stabilisation à long terme ont reçu relativement peu d'attention. Par exemple, les caractéristiques cruciales de la dynamique à long terme des écosystèmes, telles que les bassins d'attraction et les points de basculement, restent difficiles à identifier et à quantifier avec une bonne couverture. L'une des principales raisons en est l'accent mis, dans la modélisation écologique, sur les modèles continus, qui fournissent des simulations raffinées mais ne permettent généralement pas d'étudier la manière dont l'évolution du système serait modifiée en cas d'événements supplémentaires ou dans des situations différentes. Dans ce travail, nous visons à fournir une boîte à outils pour l'analyse et la modélisation de la dynamique des écosystèmes. Nous proposons des réseaux de Petri à réinitialisation sûre pour la modélisation, car ils ont le potentiel de donner une vue d'ensemble exhaustive des différents scénarios d'évolution possibles. Le dépliage des réseaux de Petri nous fournit les bons outils pour déterminer les trajectoires du système menant à l'effondrement et/ou à la survie, et finalement caractériser les actions ou inactions qui aident à soutenir la stabilisation de l'écosystème. Cette caractérisation de la production/consommation de jetons a été utilisée pour séparer les configurations minimalement condamnées des configurations libres, c'est-à-dire les exécutions conduisant inévitablement à l'effondrement du système même si ces exécutions ne sont pas identifiées a priori comme mauvaises et les exécutions qui maintiennent le système stable, en excluant les états mauvais ou condamnés, respectivement. Le déploiement des réseaux de réinitialisation sûrs et la partie algorithmique permettant de trouver des configurations minimalement condamnées ont été mis en œuvre avec succès dans un outil logiciel appelé Ecofolder et testés à l'aide de quelques ex- emples intrigants<br>Many verification problems for concurrent systems have been successfully addressed by a variety of methods over the years, in particular, Petri net unfoldings. However, questions of long-term behaviour and stabilisation have received relatively little attention. For instance, crucial features of the long-term dynamics of ecosystems, such as basins of attraction and tipping points, remain difficult to identify and quantify with good coverage. A central reason for this is the focus, in ecological modeling, on continuous models, which provide refined simulations but do not in general allow to survey how the system evolution would be altered under additional events, or in otherwise different situations. In this work we aimed to provide toolkit for modeling and analyzing ecosystem dynamics. We advocate for safe reset Petri nets for modeling since them have the potential to give an exhaustive possibilistic overview of the different evolution scenarios that are feasible. The unfolding of Petri nets provides us the right tools to determine system trajectories leading to collapse and/or survival, and eventually characterize those actions or inactions that help to support ecosystem stabilisation. This characterization of token's production/consumption was used to separate minimally doomed configurations from free ones, meaning executions leading inevitably to the system's collapse even though these executions are not identified a priori as bad ones and executions that keep the system stable, excluding bad or doomed states, respectively. Both the unfolding of safe reset nets and the algorithmic part for finding minimally doomed configurations have been successfully implemented in a software tool called Ecofolder and tested with some intriguing examples

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Books on the topic "Reaction rules"

1

Johnson, Richard. Fiscal reaction rules in numerical macro models. Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 2001.

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Kang, Yul Hyoung Ryul. Inferring Decision Rules from Evidence, Choice, and Reaction Times. [publisher not identified], 2018.

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Alan, O'Day, ed. Reactions to Irish nationalism. Hambledon Press, 1987.

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Alan, O'Day, ed. Reactions to Irish nationalism. Gill and Macmillan, 1987.

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Vangi, Dario, and Virginio Rivano, eds. Ricostruzione della dinamica degli incidenti stradali. L'ambito giuridico, la strada, il conducente e il veicolo. Firenze University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-398-2.

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The third and last instalment of the Firenze University Press work devoted to the reconstruction of road accidents, this book is an important complement to the two previous volumes by Dario Vangi and Virginio Rivano. Consisting of original contributions written by experts in each individual sector, the work explores the legal aspect of road accidents, consultancy and the rules of behaviour and then x-rays all the aspects relating to the road (from risk factors to containment devices), the driver (from reaction times to forensic medicine) and, finally, the vehicle (from safety systems to causes of fire and techniques of repair and estimates).

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Chilean agriculture under military rule: From reform to reaction, 1973-1980. Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1985.

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missing], [name. Assassination, politics and miracles: France and the Royalist reaction of 1820. McGill-Queens University Press, 2003.

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Malone, Mary Fran T. The rule of law in Central America: Citizens' reactions to crime and punishment. Continuum International Pub. Group, 2012.

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Symposium on the Future of Drug Safety: Challenges for the FDA (2007 Washington, D.C.). Challenges for the FDA: The future of drug safety : workshop summary. National Academies Press, 2007.

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Stevens, Rob Matheus Maria. Phase equilibria and other physicochemical aspects of interest for enzymatic reactions in near-critical carbon dioxide. Delft University Press, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Reaction rules"

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Wagner, Gerd. "Reaction Rules." In Foundations of Knowledge Systems: with Applications to Databases and Agents. Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5723-4_4.

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Paschke, Adrian, Harold Boley, Zhili Zhao, Kia Teymourian, and Tara Athan. "Reaction RuleML 1.0: Standardized Semantic Reaction Rules." In Rules on the Web: Research and Applications. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32689-9_9.

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Paschke, Adrian, and Alexander Kozlenkov. "Rule-Based Event Processing and Reaction Rules." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04985-9_8.

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John, Mathias, Cédric Lhoussaine, Joachim Niehren, and Cristian Versari. "Biochemical Reaction Rules with Constraints." In Programming Languages and Systems. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19718-5_18.

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Halevi, E. Amitai. "The Woodward-Hoffmann Rules in Perspective." In Orbital Symmetry and Reaction Mechanism. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83568-1_1.

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Blinov, Michael L., and Ion I. Moraru. "Leveraging Modeling Approaches: Reaction Networks and Rules." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7210-1_30.

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Pommereau, Franck, Colin Thomas, and Cédric Gaucherel. "Petri Nets Semantics of Reaction Rules (RR)." In Application and Theory of Petri Nets and Concurrency. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06653-5_10.

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Brodo, Linda, Roberto Bruni, and Moreno Falaschi. "SOS Rules for Equivalences of Reaction Systems." In Functional and Constraint Logic Programming. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75333-7_1.

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Mezey, Paul G. "From Reaction Path to Reaction Mechanism: Fundamental Groups and Symmetry Rules." In The Reaction Path in Chemistry: Current Approaches and Perspectives. Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8539-2_2.

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Paschke, Adrian, Paul Vincent, and Florian Springer. "Standards for Complex Event Processing and Reaction Rules." In Rule-Based Modeling and Computing on the Semantic Web. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24908-2_17.

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Conference papers on the topic "Reaction rules"

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Meng, Ziqiao, Peilin Zhao, Yang Yu, and Irwin King. "Doubly Stochastic Graph-based Non-autoregressive Reaction Prediction." In Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-23}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/452.

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Organic reaction prediction is a critical task in drug discovery. Recently, researchers have achieved non-autoregressive reaction prediction by modeling the redistribution of electrons, resulting in state-of-the-art top-1 accuracy, and enabling parallel sampling. However, the current non-autoregressive decoder does not satisfy two essential rules of electron redistribution modeling simultaneously: the electron-counting rule and the symmetry rule. This violation of the physical constraints of chemical reactions impairs model performance. In this work, we propose a new framework called ReactionSink that combines two doubly stochastic self-attention mappings to obtain electron redistribution predictions that follow both constraints. We further extend our solution to a general multi-head attention mechanism with augmented constraints. To achieve this, we apply Sinkhorn's algorithm to iteratively update self-attention mappings, which imposes doubly conservative constraints as additional informative priors on electron redistribution modeling. We theoretically demonstrate that our ReactionSink can simultaneously satisfy both rules, which the current decoder mechanism cannot do. Empirical results show that our approach consistently improves the predictive performance of non-autoregressive models and does not bring an unbearable additional computational cost.

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López, Carlos Silva. "PLAYING IN THE FRONTIERS OF THE WOODWARD-HOFFMANN RULES." In 1st INTERNATIONAL Conference on Chemo and BioInformatics. Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac,, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/iccbi21.015l.

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Pericyclic reactions are known for their exquisite selectivity and, in many cases, the formation of multiple chiral centers with a high degree of control. With the advent of accurate computational tools, this control was translated into predictability, and the design and exploitation of this set of reactions opened a new era in organic synthesis. Suddenly, highly complex and profusely decorated polycyclic structures were accessible in relatively short reaction sequences. Out interest in exploring the limits of application of the rules that govern these reactions with ironfist led us to discover a range of eye opening post-transitional effects that are key to ultimately understand reactivity at a microscopic level.

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Liang, Xiao. "Adaptation and Maintenance of Multi-agent Systems using Reaction Rules." In 2nd International Conference on Computer Application and System Modeling. Atlantis Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccasm.2012.138.

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Correia, João, Vítor Pereira, and Miguel Rocha. "Combining Evolutionary Algorithms with Reaction Rules Towards Focused Molecular Design." In GECCO '23: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3583131.3590413.

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Akutsu, Tatsuya. "Efficient extraction of mapping rules of atoms from enzymatic reaction data." In the seventh annual international conference. ACM Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/640075.640076.

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Lamagnère, P., Y. Lejeail, C. Petesch, et al. "Design Rules for Ratcheting Damage in AFCEN RCC-MRX 2012 Code." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28324.

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The paper describes the design rules for ratcheting in the 2012 edition of the RCC-MRx Code issued in French and English versions by AFCEN (French Association for the rules governing the Design, Construction and Operating Supervision of the Equipment Items for Electro Nuclear Boilers). For austenitic stainless steels, the RCC-MRx Code uses the efficiency diagram concept to evaluate an effective primary stress, Peff. Peff is defined as a virtual stress that applied alone would cause the same strain as the combination of the primary static stress and the secondary cyclic strain really applied. This concept is extended to significant creep domain and includes corrections to take into account structures cases presenting secondary membrane stresses (e.g. cylinders subjected to axial thermal gradients varying with time and space) or short duration overloads (as a level A seismic load, or an overload due to rapid drain-out caused by a sodium-water reaction). An alternative 3Sm design rule is proposed for all materials in the case of non-significant creep damage.

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Champenois, E. G., D. M. Sanchez, J. Yang, et al. "Conformer-specific photochemistry imaged in real space and time." In International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena. Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/up.2022.f2a.6.

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We imaged the conformer-specificity of an electrocyclic ring-opening reaction as predicted by the Woodward-Hoffmann rules in real space and time employing a combination of ultrafast electron diffraction and excited state dynamics simulations.

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Porter, Mike, Dennis Martens, Sean McGuffie, and John Wheeler. "A Means of Avoiding Sulfur Recovery Reaction Furnace Fired Tube Boiler Failures." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-78073.

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One of the common causes of premature tube failure in fired tube boilers — technically described as film boiling — is overheating of the tubes caused by steam blanketing. Current literature contains a significant amount of information on this problem, but not much in the way of definitive guidance for avoiding the problem. General “rules of thumb” are available for identifying the heat flux limit required to avoid the problem as in Martens et al [1]. Unfortunately, the values presented by different sources are often in disagreement. This paper will look at a sulfur recovery unit (SRU) Claus waste heat boiler application and, through the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), develop a means of predicting the conditions that lead to steam blanketing and resultant tube failure. Local heat flux conditions at gas side discontinuities (such as the tube inlet ceramic ferrule terminations) combined with associated local water side steam entrainment, and steam generation with coupled velocity effects are discussed.

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Huang, Wan-Chia, Cheng-Liang Shih, Irin Tri Anggraini, Nobuo Funabiki, and Chih-Peng Fan. "Human’s Reaction Time Based Score Calculation of Self-practice Dynamic Yoga System for User’s Feedback by OpenPose and Fuzzy Rules." In 2023 11th International Conference on Information and Education Technology (ICIET). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciet56899.2023.10111121.

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Naik, Chitralkumar V., Karthik V. Puduppakkam, and Ellen Meeks. "An Improved Core Reaction Mechanism for Saturated C0–C4 Fuels." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-46705.

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Accurate chemistry models are required to predict the combustion behavior of different fuels, such as synthetic gaseous fuels and liquid jet fuels. A detailed reaction mechanism contains chemistry for all the molecular components in the fuel or its surrogates. Validation studies that compare model predictions with the data from fundamental combustion experiments under well defined conditions. Such fundamental experiments are least affected by the effect of transport on chemistry. Therefore they are the most reliable means for determining a reaction mechanism’s predictive capabilities. Following extensive validation studies and analysis of detailed reaction mechanisms for a wide range of hydrocarbon components reported in our previously published work [1–5], we identified some common issues in the predictive nature of the mechanisms that are associated with inadequacies of the core (C0–C4) mechanism. For example predictions of laminar flame speeds and autoignition delay times for several fuels were inaccurate beyond the level of uncertainty in the data. This core mechanism is shared by all of the mechanisms for the larger hydrocarbon components. Unlike the reaction paths for larger hydrocarbon fuels, however, reaction paths for the core chemistry do not follow prescribed reaction rate-rules. In this work, we revisit our core reaction mechanism for saturated C0–C4 fuels, with the goal of improving predictions for the widest range of fundamental experiments as possible. To evaluate and validate the mechanism improvements, we performed a broad set of simulations of fundamental experiments. These experiments include measurements of ignition delay, flame speed and extinction strain rate, as well as species composition in stirred reactors, flames and flow reactors. The range of conditions covers low to high temperatures, very lean to very rich fuel-air ratios, and low to high pressures. Our core reaction mechanism contains thermochemical parameters derived from a wide variety of sources, including experimental measurements, ab initio calculations, estimation methods and systematic optimization studies. Each technique has its uncertainties and potential inaccuracies. Using a systematic approach that includes sensitivity analysis, reaction-path analysis, consideration of recent literature studies, and an attention to data consistency, we have identified key updates required for the core mechanism. These updates resulted in accurate predictions for various saturated fuels when compared to the data over a broad range of conditions. All reaction rate constants and species thermodynamics and transport parameters remain within known uncertainties and within physically reasonable bounds. Unlike most mechanisms in the literature, the mechanism developed in this work is self-consistent and contains chemistry of all saturated C0–C4 fuels.

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Reports on the topic "Reaction rules"

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Okumura, Shin, and Myagmarjav Odsuren. Summary Report of the Workshop on the Compilation of Experimental Nuclear Reaction Data. IAEA Nuclear Data Section, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.61092/iaea.zcyf-xyxc.

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The Workshop on the Compilation of Experimental Nuclear Reaction Data was held at IAEA Head-quarters in Vienna from 22 to 25 October 2018. The workshop was organized to discuss various aspects of the compilation process including compilation rules, different techniques for nuclear reaction data measurements, software developments of experimental nuclear reaction database, EXFOR. A summary of the presentations and discussions that took place during the workshop is reported here.

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Bastos, Fabiano, and Emilio Pineda. Fiscal Space of Brazilian States. Inter-American Development Bank, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006972.

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We estimate the fiscal space of Brazilian States defined as the difference between a State's actual debt and the theoretical debt limit implied by the historical behavior of its policymakers. We estimate fiscal reaction functions and debt limits using publicly available data between 2000 and 2011 for the 26 Brazilian States and the Federal District. The results suggest that, after a decade of fiscal consolidation, a number of States have fiscal space but there remains significant heterogeneity across States. Going forward, enhancing the role of market incentives and strengthening rules-based approaches governing subnational debt build-up would contribute to a prudent and effective use of existing fiscal space.

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Parrado, Eric. An Exchange Rate Policy Rule. Inter-American Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005491.

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This paper introduces a novel monetary policy framework where the exchange rate becomes the central instrument. Using Singapore as a case study, it explores the Monetary Authority's adoption of the exchange rate as the primary tool since 1981, diverging from conventional approaches centered on interest rates or monetary aggregates. The estimated exchange rate reaction function aligns well with actual deviations, supporting the hypothesis that Singapore's forward-looking policy rule effectively responds to inflation and output volatility, especially during economic crises. This framework offers a promising alternative for countries with open economies and challenges in implementing traditional interest rate instruments.

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Seccareccia, Mario, and Guillermo Matamoros. Is “Inflation First” Really “Rentiers First”? The Taylor Rule and Rentier Income in Industrialized Countries. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp209.

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The Taylor rule has returned as a significant policy guide amid increasingly overt political pressures for its official (and not just its implicit) adoption at the US Fed as inflation fears have come to dominate monetary policy actions both in the US and internationally in recent times. Our paper analyzes the effect of monetary policy on the functional distribution of income by reconstructing how the post-1970s “inflation first” policy commitments of central banks came to be crystallized in the Taylor rule. While there are differences among the various specifications of this “rule”, the Taylor relation is merely an offshoot of what can be described generically as the family of Wicksellian reaction functions whose implications support rentier income over time. Because of the internal logic of the Taylor rule, this has led to different interpretations such as, for example, the more Keynesian Yellen rule, which depart from the strict sense of the Taylor rule. The paper also interprets the Taylor Rule in light of Wicksell’s formulation and analyzes the potential consequence of the differences. In contrast to the strict Wicksell rule of “proportional” adjustment, our econometric findings suggest evidence that central banks adjust “over-proportionally” the benchmark money interest rate in the presence of changes in the inflation rate for the complete “inflation first” era since the 1970s until the COVID-19 crisis. They thereby strongly favored rentier incomes in their reaction functions, with the possible exception of the post-financial crisis period. To limit the pro-rentier consequences of such inflation-targeting regimes, it is important that policymakers mandate multiple objectives for central banks, as exemplified in the current US Fed’s dual mandate.

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Parrado, Eric, and Rodrigo Heresi. Trade Openness and Exchange Rate Management. Inter-American Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005490.

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Singapore's unique monetary policy consists of a managed exchange rate framework that can be characterized as a Taylor-like reaction function with the nominal devaluation rate instead of the nominal interest rate as the main policy instrument. We build a small open economy New Keynesian model to estimate and characterize such a monetary rule from a welfare perspective. Welfare gains under an exchange rate rule (ERR) relative to the more standard interest rate-based Taylor rule (IRR) are unambiguously increasing in the degree of trade openness (defined as exports plus imports as a share of GDP). For Singapore, where trade openness is 280% of GDP, we estimate welfare gains of 1.48% of permanent consumption under an ERR. In a counterfactual thought experiment, we find that Chile, an established inflation-targeting economy using an IRR, would be better off under an ERR for any degree of openness above 100% (currently at 70%).

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Galata, Monenus Hundara. EPRDF’s State-building Approach: Responsive or Unresponsive? IFF, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.51363/unifr.diff.2016.22.

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State-building establishes state-nation(s) [the state that makes diversity and democracy possible] as opposed to nation-building [which urges to create one nation (nation-state) without due consideration of diversity]. Through the institutional, policy and politico-psychological innovations, state-building is geared to accommodate diversity and ensure democratic good governance. In this regard, federal governance has the potential to do so as it combines elements of shared-rule and regional self-rule. Since 1991, Ethiopia has been in the track of state-building project experimenting identity-based federal model on one hand and lavishly adding (un) responsive strategies. This paper argues responsive state-building strategies consolidate federal democracy; foster culture of accommodating and managing diversity; strengthens federal decentralization and resolves conflict in Ethiopia. To the contrary, the paper challenges any unresponsive state-building approach that emanate from government’s ideology, policy, practice on one hand and unconstitutional ways of peoples’ reaction to the state.

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Yatsymirska, Mariya. SOCIAL EXPRESSION IN MULTIMEDIA TEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11072.

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The article investigates functional techniques of extralinguistic expression in multimedia texts; the effectiveness of figurative expressions as a reaction to modern events in Ukraine and their influence on the formation of public opinion is shown. Publications of journalists, broadcasts of media resonators, experts, public figures, politicians, readers are analyzed. The language of the media plays a key role in shaping the worldview of the young political elite in the first place. The essence of each statement is a focused thought that reacts to events in the world or in one’s own country. The most popular platform for mass information and social interaction is, first of all, network journalism, which is characterized by mobility and unlimited time and space. Authors have complete freedom to express their views in direct language, including their own word formation. Phonetic, lexical, phraseological and stylistic means of speech create expression of the text. A figurative word, a good aphorism or proverb, a paraphrased expression, etc. enhance the effectiveness of a multimedia text. This is especially important for headlines that simultaneously inform and influence the views of millions of readers. Given the wide range of issues raised by the Internet as a medium, research in this area is interdisciplinary. The science of information, combining language and social communication, is at the forefront of global interactions. The Internet is an effective source of knowledge and a forum for free thought. Nonlinear texts (hypertexts) – «branching texts or texts that perform actions on request», multimedia texts change the principles of information collection, storage and dissemination, involving billions of readers in the discussion of global issues. Mastering the word is not an easy task if the author of the publication is not well-read, is not deep in the topic, does not know the psychology of the audience for which he writes. Therefore, the study of media broadcasting is an important component of the professional training of future journalists. The functions of the language of the media require the authors to make the right statements and convincing arguments in the text. Journalism education is not only knowledge of imperative and dispositive norms, but also apodictic ones. In practice, this means that there are rules in media creativity that are based on logical necessity. Apodicticity is the first sign of impressive language on the platform of print or electronic media. Social expression is a combination of creative abilities and linguistic competencies that a journalist realizes in his activity. Creative self-expression is realized in a set of many important factors in the media: the choice of topic, convincing arguments, logical presentation of ideas and deep philological education. Linguistic art, in contrast to painting, music, sculpture, accumulates all visual, auditory, tactile and empathic sensations in a universal sign – the word. The choice of the word for the reproduction of sensory and semantic meanings, its competent use in the appropriate context distinguishes the journalist-intellectual from other participants in forums, round tables, analytical or entertainment programs. Expressive speech in the media is a product of the intellect (ability to think) of all those who write on socio-political or economic topics. In the same plane with him – intelligence (awareness, prudence), the first sign of which (according to Ivan Ogienko) is a good knowledge of the language. Intellectual language is an important means of organizing a journalistic text. It, on the one hand, logically conveys the author’s thoughts, and on the other – encourages the reader to reflect and comprehend what is read. The richness of language is accumulated through continuous self-education and interesting communication. Studies of social expression as an important factor influencing the formation of public consciousness should open up new facets of rational and emotional media broadcasting; to trace physical and psychological reactions to communicative mimicry in the media. Speech mimicry as one of the methods of disguise is increasingly becoming a dangerous factor in manipulating the media. Mimicry is an unprincipled adaptation to the surrounding social conditions; one of the most famous examples of an animal characterized by mimicry (change of protective color and shape) is a chameleon. In a figurative sense, chameleons are called adaptive journalists. Observations show that mimicry in politics is to some extent a kind of game that, like every game, is always conditional and artificial.

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McCallum and Richard. L52247 Human Factors Analysis of Leak Detection and Response Scoping Study. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010251.

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There has been a substantial level of effort over the past several decades to understand the role of the human controller/operator in process control industry accidents. This work received a substantial impetus from the Three Mile Island nuclear reactor accident in March 1979, which led to an increased focus on the role of the operator as a decision-maker within the process control system. In response to this focus, industry guidelines were developed to address human factors issues in control room design and plant maintainability, among other issues. During the same period that industry guidelines were being developed in the nuclear industry, the human factors community made significant progress in developing theoretical models of the role of the operator in process control. Models that recognized the importance of operators" cognitive capacities, tendencies, and errors provided additional analytic power in both reconstructing accidents and developing approaches toward new designs. Two alternative near-term research plans were identified, along with the required funds, industry resources, and time. Expected products resulting from two alternative research efforts were outlined. An immediate benefit to industry in supporting the outlined research would be implementation of the Human Factors Operational Review Procedure. This would allow operators to come into compliance with key aspects of the Pipeline Integrity Management rules. More specifically, this guideline would be responsive to the requirement to identify and evaluate preventive and mitigative measures to protect High Consequence Areas, including emergency procedures for responding to spills and ruptures. Human factors critically affect operators" capability to detect and respond to spills, ruptures, and other emergency conditions; and the proposed guideline would directly support these requirements. More generally, it is anticipated that support of this research would result in significant improvement in operational safety, reliability, and efficiency.

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Konzek, G. J., and R. I. Smith. Technology, safety and costs of decommissioning a reference pressurized water reactor power station: Technical support for decommissioning matters related to preparation of the final decommissioning rule. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7131241.

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Konzek, G. J., and R. I. Smith. Technology, safety and costs of decommissioning a reference boiling water reactor power station: Technical support for decommissioning matters related to preparation of the final decommissioning rule. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6913663.

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