Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Réaction photochimiques'
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Soules, Aurélien. "Apports des activités chimiques et photochimiques des alkyls azides à la synthèse macromoléculaire." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ENCM0001.
Full textThis work aims at using both chemical and photochemical activities of fluorinated telomers bearing azido end groups, to promote the synthesis of thermostable macromolecules and original photocrosslinked networks. In a first part, we have prepared and characterized a novel class of linear poly(alkyl aryl) ethers by the promotion of competitive “Click” reaction and Hay coupling. Then, the photolysis under UV irradiation of these fluorinated polymers was studied and used to generate photocrosslinked materials. The surface free energies of the resulting films were established using the Owens-Wendt model. The roughness and composition of the surfaces were investigated by profilometry, AFM and EDX analysis. Finally, the preparation under UV irradiation of original polymer networks was performed. The post-sulfonation of these materials allowed to prepare new proton exchange membranes for fuel cells application. The microstructures, physical and chemical properties of these electrolytes were investigated
Frey, Marie-Lucie. "Le vieillissement des huiles essentielles : principales réactions chimiques et conséquences sur quelques essences particulières et parfums." Strasbourg 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STR10790.
Full textGöttle, Adrien. "Étude théorique de propriétés photophysiques et photochimiques de complexes de ruthénium." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00957277.
Full textTinel, Liselotte. "Des réactions photochimiques aux interfaces atmosphériques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10263/document.
Full textThe works presented in this thesis concern firstly the characterization of two new photosensitizers by spectroscopic methods. This way the kinetics of the oxidation reaction between the triplet state of the photosensitizers, imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde and 6-carboxypterin, and three halides have been determined by laser flash photolysis. Also, the reactivity of the singlet state of 6-carboxypterin with halides and four organic acids has been studied by static fluorimetry. These photosensitizers are relevant for the photochemistry at the surface of the ocean, but also at the surface of atmospheric particles. The reactions evidenced by these studies lead to the formation of very reactive radical species influencing the composition of the condensed and gas phase of the marine environment. This study then focalized on the analysis of the products formed at the organic coated air-water interface through photo-induced processes. Two different organics were used as surfactants, octanol and nonanoic acid. In the presence of a photosensitizer and UVA light, the changes in the gas phase were monitored online by SRI-ToF-MS and in the condensed bulk phase by UPLC-(ESI)-HRMS offline analysis. These analysis showed that photochemical reactions at the interface lead to the formation of functionalized and unsaturated compounds initiated by a hydrogen abstraction on the organic surfactant. These products, observed in the condensed and gas phase have the potential to contribute to the formation of aerosols. Surprisingly, some of these products were also observed in the two phases without the presence of a photosensitizer, bringing into evidence a photochemistry of nonanoic acid at the air-water interface. Potential formation mechanisms of the products and environmental consequences are discussed
Gomez, fernandez Mario Andres. "Synthèse des composés biologiquement actifs en utilisant des réactions photochimiques." Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIMS009.
Full textIn life sciences, there is a continuos research for new biological active molecules, this is true for both pharmaceultical industry and agrochemical industry. In the last years regulations have become more and more severe. In recent years, the technology for the test of new chemical compounds in industry has considerably evolved. Nowdays it is possible to test a vast number of compounds for the screening of biological activity in a short time. This means that industry is searching for new methodologies that allow the obtention of diverse chemical structures that can present biological activity.In this context, chemical industry, in particular, pharmaceutical and agrochemical industry are interested in the use of photochemical reactions in organic synthesis. Photochemical reactions allow the obtention of a variety of complex structures that are not easily obtained by classical methods. This chemical space has not been completly explored in the search of biological active compounds.In the works presented in this PhD research we first explored the [2+2] photocycloadtion of a carbonyl compound to an olefin, the called Paternò-Büchi reaction. We succesfully applied this reaction to obtain oxetanes wich posses agro-like substituents and key sites for further functionalization, a requirement demanded in industry. We also explored the use of fluorinated olefins in this photoreaction. The results are very promising: we discovered a new family of stable fluorinated oxetanes. These compounds can be used cas molecular scaffolds for the obtention of biological active compounds. At the same time, we discovered a new photochemical reactivity: a Photo-Wittig like reaction. This new reactivity depends on the substitution pattern of the carbonyl group. We hypothesize that the new reactivity depends on the excited state of the carbonyl compound
Dargham, Khadigé. "Valorisation chimique et photochimique de l'acide isocyanurique." Toulouse, INPT, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988INPT008G.
Full textLaurent, Michel. "Comportement de molécules chromophores dans des mésophases nématiques lyotropes et application à l'analyse d'une réaction photochimique." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112005.
Full textSemenzin, Delphine. "Réactions "d'hydrophosphoration". Etude comparée de différentes méthodes d'activation." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30210.
Full textSakri, El-Bahri. "Etude cinétique de la polymérisation photochimique du méthacrylate de méthyle en présence d'agents complexant organochloroaluminiques." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066140.
Full textMasse, François. "Cinétique de photolyse d’oxydes d’azote sous rayonnement UV." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9795.
Full textRadjagobalou, Robbie. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation d'une réaction de photooxygénation avec sensibilisateur soluble ou supporté dans des photoréacteurs continus milli-structurés éclairés par des LED." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0101.
Full textOrganic photochemistry becomes a key synthesis pathway for sustainable chemistry thanks to its ability to address molecular complexity and diversity with a “flick of a switch”, often in one step. Sensitized photooxygenations are particularly attractive: singlet oxygen 1O2 is here generated by photosensitization of the triplet molecular oxygen 3O2, most often in the visible range with catalytic amounts of an organic sensitizer (dye). Despite the several advantages, these reactions have not found widespread implementations in the chemical industry, mainly due to currently available technology based on outdated batch reactors (poor light penetration, high dilution) equipped with energy demanding mercury lamps (intensive cooling and optical filter needs). In that way, continuous flow microstructured technologies have recently emerged as alternatives to batch processing and their suitability for photoreactions has been highlighted; the combination with narrowly emitting LED light sources additionally enables energy savings, increased yields and selectivity. At present, however, there are few attempts to understand these benefits using a chemical engineering perspective. In keeping with this context, this thesis investigates photooxygenation in different continuous-flow microreactor devices with the aim at (i) understand how and why the operating conditions can affect the yield and the selectivity; and (ii) providemodelling tools for defining a methodology for smart scale-up. For that, three types of LED-driven microreactors were considered: the Vapourtec® photoreactor, the home-made spiral-shaped photoreactor and the advanced-flow G1 photoreactor from Corning®. As a case of study, the photooxygenation of -terpinene into ascaridole was selected, in the sustainable solvent ethanol and using rose Bengal as a sensitizer of industrial interest. In a first step, a revised protocol of actinometry using the Reinecke’s salt (visible domain) was proposed to measure the incident photon flux (i. e the one arriving at the reactor surface). It was successfully implemented in the spiral-shaped microreactor, and based on simplified 1D model, this parameter could be estimated. Secondly, the kinetic law based on all mechanistic steps was established for the chosen reaction. From this, the set of operating conditions potentially influencing the photoreaction rate were identified. Subsequently, experiments with soluble Rose Bengal were carried in both lab-scale and meso-scale microreactors, enabling to cover a large operating window and thus to collect an important database. Whatever the continuous-flow reactors, the conditions enabling minimization of sensitizer bleaching while achieving quantitative conversion were identified. A 1D model of representation, taking into account the Lambertian nature source and the potential reflection at the back optical surface, was proposed. It enabled to formalize the different coupled phenomena, to analyze and estimate the experimental trends at different scales. Finally, the photooxygenation of -terpinene was performed under continuous-flow with solid-supported sensitizer. The latter consisted in photoactive microgels (~300 nm) transported by the liquid phase: the sensitizer Bengal rose was grafted on a polymer matrix that had the ability to swell into water or alcoholic solvents and thus induced a decrease of their average refraction index. The underlying idea was to test a new-resource efficient photochemical synthesis concept that could circumvent the downstream separation processes and also protect the sensitizer from its ability to photodegrade during the irradiation time. The implementation of these photoactive microgels lead to very promising results, in terms of both conversion, bleaching reduction and reusability, and thus offer very interesting perspectives for supported photooxygenation in the future
Bendaikha, Tahar. "Photopolymérisation réticulante de macromères multifonctionnels : comportement photochimique de réseaux polyacryliques tridimensionnels." Mulhouse, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MULH0016.
Full textBen, Chaabane Tahar. "Transfert d'électron en micelles et vésicules : effet du potentiel électrique interfacial." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112188.
Full textRaoul, Sébastien. "Réactions d'oxydation des bases puriques des acides nucléiques." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10178.
Full textChang, Zong. "Photochemical Syntheses of Functionalized Complex Cyclobutane Derivatives." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS420/document.
Full textPhotochemical transformations are powerful tools for the creation of molecular diversity from simple and readily available starting materials; they employ the simplest of reagents, a photon. Photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition reactions of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl or carboxyl compounds with olefins are one of the most widely applied photochemical reactions in organic synthesis. The cyclobutane photoadducts have been used ubiquitously in multi-step syntheses of a wide array of natural products or related derivatives, and they have also been used as intermediates in other synthetic procedures which exploit their strained molecular skeletons and their resulting intrinsic chemical reactivity.In the first part of this thesis, we focused on a photochemical approach for the synthesis of ring-substituted cyclobutane β-amino acids. Our objective was to establish a robust, large-scale and efficient synthesis of cis- and trans-2-aminocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acids (cis- and trans-ACBC) diversely substituted at the 3- or 4-positions. The cyclobutane ring was constructed using a photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition reaction between tert-butyl vinyl ether and either maleimide or maleic anhydride. The amine and carboxylic acid functions were subsequently installed through consecutive or one-pot protocols including a Hofmann rearrangement. The protected racemates of 3- and 4-cis-syn-hydroxy-ACBCs obtained in this way were resolved using a chiral oxazolidinone auxiliary to provide a large scale access to enantiomerically pure samples of the target β-amino acids in either free or orthogonally protected form. A controlled cis-to-trans epimerization procedure from cis-syn-3-hydroxy-ACBC substrates permitted facile access to target trans-syn-3-hydroxy-ACBCs. Finally, diversely substituted 3-ACBCs with cis-anti or trans-anti relative configurations were synthesized using Mitsunobu or other SN2-type reactions, starting from corresponding cis-syn- or trans-syn-3-hydroxy-ACBC derivatives.In the second part of the thesis, we investigated photochemical tandem and cascade processes which began with a photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition reaction. In collaboration with a post-doctoral researcher, we reacted cyclopent-2-enones and alkenes to afford libraries of cyclobutene acetals and polycyclic oxetanes, in a controlled manner, via tandem and triple cascade photoreactions. The tandem process consisted of a photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition followed by Norrish I/γ-H transfer which led to cyclobutene aldehydes; these reactive photoadducts were trapped in situ as stable acetal derivatives. The triple cascade process provided access to unprecedented angular tricyclic oxetanes via an intramolecular Paternò-Büchi reaction of the above-mentioned cyclobutane aldehydes. The scope of these two domino processes was investigated using panels of 2- and 4-substituted cyclopent-2-enones and three representative alkene partners. The formation of some of the compounds obtained during this study was attributed to an additional SN’ reaction. Preliminary investigations on this unexpected transformation were performed
Lelimousin, Mickaël. "Traitement des interactions électrostatiques dans les systèmes moléculaires : étude par simulation numérique de protéines fluorescentes." Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10075.
Full textReaction processes in biological systems are henceforth modeled by more and more advanced quantum mechanics (QM) methods coupled with force fields of molecular mechanics (MM). This improvement involves problems in the usual treatment of the QM/MM electrostatic interactions. In the first part of the thesis, we have developed a more consistent approach for the calculation of these interactions. In a second part, we have applied some computational methods to fluorescent proteins. A molecular dynamics study has revealed weak van der Waals interactions which control the improved fluorescence for Cerulean, a variant of ECFP (Enhanced Cyan Fluorescent Protein). We have also investigated the photoconversion mechanism of the fluorescent protein EosFP using predictive QM/MM potentials for excited states. Finally, thermodynamic stability of different structures in IrisFP has been estimated. These molecular modeling studies improve our knowledge about fluorescent proteins in order to develop more advanced highlighters for cell imaging
Ammar, Rachid. "Etude des réactions atmosphériques photoinduites à l’interface air/solide : application au dépôt urbain." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10028/document.
Full textThe atmosphere contains a wide variety of solid and liquid particles, named Aerosol. These particles can affect the radiatif balance, air quality in urban environment and can change the composition of the atmosphere. The atmospheric gas phase can react with the vegetation and the buildings containing the urban grime. This work is focused on the investigations of the heterogeneous chemistry between atmospheric gas phase and the urban grime. The aim of the present work is to study the effect of the irradiation on the heterogeneous kinetic of NO2 on pur organic films (pyrene, fluoranthene, phenanthrene) and on organic/inorganic films (pyrene/KNO3, pyrene/Fe2O3, pyrene/KNO3/Fe2O3) as a first attempt to simulate the complexity of the urban grime. A coated flow tube reactor coupled with a NOx analyzer is used to study this kinetic. This work demonstrates the effect of solar radiation on the heterogeneous reaction between gasphase NO2 and the urban grime. The uptake coefficient calculated is a function of the initial NO2 concentration, the relative humidity and the irradiation intensity. We identified after this reaction the formation of nitrous acid and nitric oxide, nitrite ions and 1‐nitropyrene.The nitrous acid is an important compound which dissociates to form the hydroxyl radical and can promote the ozone formation. The results discussed herein suggest that PAHcontaining urban grime on windows and buildings may be a key player in urban air pollution
El-rachidi, Mariam. "Étude cinétique et mécanistique des réactions hétérogènes du folpel et du dimethomorphe avec l'ozone et les radicaux OH. Photooxydation homogène des composés morpholiniques avec les radicaux OH." Thesis, Reims, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REIMS011.
Full textThe research study discussed in this thesis concerns the determination of the kinetic rate constants of the heterogeneous degradation of pesticides folpet and dimethomorph by ozone and OH-radicals using the technique of a simulation chamber coupled to a GC/MS analytical system. The study also involves the identification of the degradation products of the analyzed compound in the condensed phase using SPME/GC/MS. The heterogeneous OH and O3-reactivities of the identified degradation product of dimethomorph, (4-chlorophenyl)(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methanone (CPMPM), are also evaluated experimentally. The obtained results show that the rate constant values of the analytes are in the order of 10-20-10-19 and 10-14-10-12 cm3.molecule-1.s-1 relative to heterogeneous O3 and OH-oxidation, respectively. Such values implicate tropospheric life-times that vary from a few days to several months, meaning that these compounds are relatively persistent and may be transported to regions far from their point of application.The UV-absorption spectra and homogeneous OH-reactivities of the expected degradation product of dimethomorph in the gas phase, N-formylmorpholine (NFM), and two other gaseous compounds, morpholine and N-acetylmorpholne (NAM) are also studied. The results show that these compounds are not susceptible to photolysis in the atmosphere and that they exhibit strong reactivity towards OH-radicals. Generally speaking, their atmospheric life-times are in the order of a few hours and thus they are non-persistent
Ermolenko, Lioudmila. "Photooxydation des alcanes catalysée par les polyoxotungstates en présence d'oxygène moléculaire." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997DENS0010.
Full textSaghbini, Samar. "Étude photophysique de la cinétique de formation de complexes." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPL032N.
Full textMiyazaki, Koji. "Study of the nature and roles of peroxy radicals in the atmosphere towards the understanding of oxidant formation using laser-flash photolysis and LIF detection technique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10074/document.
Full textPeroxy radicals RO2 (with R = H or CxHy) play an important role in the photo-oxidation cycles of the troposphere. They are produced mainly via the atmospheric oxidation of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide by OH radicals and subsequent reactions with O2. They can further react with NO to produce NO2, witch is an important reaction of tropospheric ozone generation. To understand the mechanism of this tropospheric ozone generation, precise and accurate measurements of ambient peroxy radical concentrations are essential. And not only atmospheric concentration measurements but also atmospheric kinetics studies such as lifetime measurements of peroxy radicals are necessary. Recent publications show big differences between measured peroxy radical concentrations and those calculated with chemical models. These could be caused by missing reaction pathways and uncertainties in reaction yields and rate constants. To investigate these missing reactions and the uncertainties in known peroxy radical reactions via ambient measurements, newly developed two instruments as described below are applied. One is a technique for the selective measurement of atmospheric peroxy radical concentrations of HO2 and RO2 using the PERCA technique. HO2 radicals are selectively removed by using a glass denuder to achieve the selective measurement. The other one is a technique for total HO2 loss rate measurement in the atmosphere by using laser-flash photolysis and LIF detection of HO2. Generated HO2 radicals by laser-flash photolysis react with ambient reactive species such as NOX in the reaction tube. HO2 loss is measured using LIF at 308 nm coupled with chemical conversion with NO
Schapman, Fanny. "Fonctionnalisation et étude de la réticulation d'un polybutadiène hydroxy téléchélique." Rouen, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ROUES035.
Full textRajaona, Tovoarinjara. "Raffinement local de maillage avec une méthode de décomposition de domaine : application au calcul de la dispersion des polluants dans le voisinage d'une source." Rouen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ROUES038.
Full textPerny, Sébastien. "Alignement de cristaux liquides par irradiation en lumière linéairement polarisée de film minces de polymères photoréticulables." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998DENS0042.
Full textCazin, Bernadette. "Contribution à l'étude de générateurs chimiques d'oxygène singulet en solution aqueuse." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA060049.
Full textSayes, Morgane. "Développement d'une réaction d'amidation utilisant le diphénylsilane en tant qu'agent de couplage et d'une réaction de borocyclopropanation photochimique." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23405.
Full textThis manuscript describes the work carried out in Pr. Charette’s laboratory between 2015 and 2019. It can be divided into two different topics: the development of new amidation strategies and the development of new cyclopropanation methodologies. Amide synthesis is still a challenge for the scientific community nowadays. Indeed, the development of simple, robust, atom economical and environmental friendly procedures remain one of the research priority in organic chemistry. To contribute to this field, an amide synthesis methodology has been developed by using diphenylsilane as a coupling reagent. The latter is commercially available, stable and cheap. Moreover, only a siloxane and dihydrogen are generated during the reaction. The developed methodology has also been applied to the synthesis of a series of di- and tripeptides. The cyclopropane moiety has been increasingly used in pharmaceuticals. Indeed, this moiety can influence different crucial parameters in the development of bioactive molecules. The development of new cyclopropanation methodologies is therefore a relevant field. Borocyclopropane synthesis is of particular interest: as a matter of fact, these compounds can create structural diversity via boronate functionalization. In order to obtain a user-friendly, robust and greener chemical process, a photochemical approach using continuous flow technology has been favored. A photoredox borocyclopropanation of styrenes has been developed; the latter is carried out under UV-A irradiation with xanthone as a photosensitizer. Mechanistic studies have supported that this transformation proceeds according to two concurrent photoredox catalytic cycles. Finally, a new diiodo reagent bearing a pinacol boronate group and a trimethylsilyl group has been developed to access gem-disubstituted cyclopropanes. The bases of a UV-visible photochemical process using this new reagent have then been established. Thereby, the first example of a gem-borocyclopropyl silane derived from styrene has been synthesized.
Parisien-Collette, Shawn. "Développement de réactions photochimiques pour la synthèse d’hétérocycles azotés en chimie en flux continu." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24769.
Full textThis thesis will focus on the development of new photochemical methodologies using continuous flow chemistry. The work presented in Chapter 2 describes the use of an iron(II) photocatalyst for the synthesis of substituted carbazoles. The cyclization of diaryls and triarylamines was carried out using the [Fe(phen)3](NTf2)2/O2 catalyst system with yields varying between 63 and 91 %. Continuous flow chemistry technology has made it possible to undertake the study of the scale-up of this photochemical reaction. The numbering-up technique reduced by half the process time to form one gram of final product. Chapter 3 deals with the development of a new photochemical reactor composed of purple LEDs. This photoreactor makes it possible to carry out the decomposition of aromatic azide to provide heterocycles like carbazoles, indoles and pyrroles. More than 21 examples were synthesized with yields from 33 to 95 %. In addition, carbazoles having a carbon-halogen bond have been synthesized without bond breakage which can be used as a synthetic handle in a multi-step process. Finally, Chapter 4 presents the work incorporating the azide photodecomposition reaction developed in Chapter 3 into a multi-step continuous flow process (post-functionalization). Clausine C derivatives synthesis was investigated using the azide photodecomposition providing a brominated derivative that can be subsequently transformed upon Suzuki cross-coupling. This type of multi-step process has made it possible to develop a library of eight Clausine C derivatives with overall yields ranging from 36 to 74 % (over 2 steps). In addition, the first multi-step process incorporating two subsequent photochemical transformations was studied using a metallophotoredox coupling to form a Csp2-Csp3 bond. The synthesis of the benzyl derivative of Clausine C was obtained with a total yield of 39 % (over 2 steps).
Ait, Ali Nadia. "Étude des mécanismes d'inhibition du transport des électrons photosynthétiques induite par les xénobiotiques affectant les réactions photochimiques du photosystème II." Thèse, 2008. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/873/1/D1623.pdf.
Full textLelimousin, Mickaël. "Traitement des interactions électrostatiques dans les systèmes moléculaires - Etude par simulation numérique de protéines fluorescentes." Phd thesis, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00446463.
Full textEl-Rachidi, Mariam. "Étude cinétique et mécanistique des réactions hétérogènes du folpel et du dimethomorphe avec l'ozone et les radicaux OH. Photooxydation homogène des composés morpholiniques avec les radicaux OH." Thesis, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REIMS011/document.
Full textThe research study discussed in this thesis concerns the determination of the kinetic rate constants of the heterogeneous degradation of pesticides folpet and dimethomorph by ozone and OH-radicals using the technique of a simulation chamber coupled to a GC/MS analytical system. The study also involves the identification of the degradation products of the analyzed compound in the condensed phase using SPME/GC/MS. The heterogeneous OH and O3-reactivities of the identified degradation product of dimethomorph, (4-chlorophenyl)(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methanone (CPMPM), are also evaluated experimentally. The obtained results show that the rate constant values of the analytes are in the order of 10-20-10-19 and 10-14-10-12 cm3.molecule-1.s-1 relative to heterogeneous O3 and OH-oxidation, respectively. Such values implicate tropospheric life-times that vary from a few days to several months, meaning that these compounds are relatively persistent and may be transported to regions far from their point of application.The UV-absorption spectra and homogeneous OH-reactivities of the expected degradation product of dimethomorph in the gas phase, N-formylmorpholine (NFM), and two other gaseous compounds, morpholine and N-acetylmorpholne (NAM) are also studied. The results show that these compounds are not susceptible to photolysis in the atmosphere and that they exhibit strong reactivity towards OH-radicals. Generally speaking, their atmospheric life-times are in the order of a few hours and thus they are non-persistent