Relevant bibliographies by topics / Reacting experiments

Academic literature on the topic 'Reacting experiments'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Reacting experiments"

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Ryding, M. J., A. S. Zatula, P. U. Andersson, and E. Uggerud. "Reactions of H+(pyridine)m(H2O)n and H+(NH3)1(pyridine)m(H2O)n with NH3: experiments and kinetic modelling." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 6 (March 16, 2012): 2809–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-2809-2012.

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Abstract. Reactions between pyridine containing water cluster ions, H+(pyridine)1(H2O)n, H+(pyridine)2(H2O)n and H+(NH3)1(pyridine)1(H2O)n (n up to 15) with NH3 have been studied experimentally using a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The product ions in the reaction between H+(pyridine)m(H2O)n (m = 1 to 2) and NH3 have been determined for the first time. It is found that the reaction mainly leads to cluster ions of the form H+(NH3)1(pyridine)m(H2O)n-x, with x = 1 or 2 depending on the initial size of the reacting cluster ion. For a given number of water molecules (from 5 to 15) in the cluster ion, rate coefficients are found to be slightly lower than those for protonated pure water clusters reacting with ammonia. The rate coefficients obtained from this study are used in a kinetic cluster ion model under tropospheric conditions. The disagreement between ambient ground level measurements and previous models are discussed in relation to the results from our model and future experimental directions are suggested.
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ASO, Shigeru. "Report on "High Temperature Reacting Gas: Experiments and Computations"." Journal of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences 46, no. 533 (1998): 320–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2322/jjsass1969.46.320.

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Brown, R. J., and R. W. Bilger. "Experiments on a reacting plume—1. Conventional concentration statistics." Atmospheric Environment 32, no. 4 (February 1998): 611–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(97)00294-x.

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Brown, R. J., and R. W. Bilger. "Experiments on a reacting plume—2. Conditional concentration statistics." Atmospheric Environment 32, no. 4 (February 1998): 629–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(97)00295-1.

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Li, Shou Hai, Xue Juan Yang, Kun Huang, Mei Li, and Jian Ling Xia. "Preparation and Characterization of Dimer Fatty Acids-Based Vinyl Ester Resin Monomer." Advanced Materials Research 721 (July 2013): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.721.86.

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Novel dimer fatty acids-based vinyl ester resin monomer was prepared via simple ring-opening and esterification reaction with the aid of dimer fatty acids (DA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) as raw material. The effects of different catalyst system, reacting time and reacting temperature on the yield, color, and viscosity of the final product were analyzed. The results of optimal experiments showed that BTEAC catalyst could make the final product with moderate viscosity and lighter color, the optimal BTEAC catalyst addition amount was 0.5wt.%, the optimal reacting temperature and reacting time was 115 °C and 2h, respectively. FTIR and 13C-NMR demonstrated that the target product had been successfully synthesized.
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Yasunaga, N., S. Furukawa, Y. Kawaai, and J. Hirotsuji. "Investigation of radical reactions for efficiency improvement in ozone-hydrogen peroxide treatment." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 2 (January 1, 2001): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0091.

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It was verified by laboratory-scale experiments that the two-port ozone injection method was more advantageous for reaction efficiency in the ozone-hydrogen peroxide treatment than the conventional one-port ozone injection method under the condition of same ozone dose. The reason for this effectiveness was also investigated in detail by computer simulations in the wide range of the rate constant of OH radical reacting with TOC (kTOC). The laboratory-scale experiments revealed that the amount of TOC decomposed (δTOC) increased by up to 41% by the two-port injection method, indicating a 27% improvement in δO3/δTOC. A detailed investigation of these experimental results by computer simulations showed that by injecting ozone in two ports the amount of ozone consumed for the OH radical formation was increased more remarkably than that of ozone consumed for the radical chain reactions, and that the amount of OH radical reacting with TOC was increased more strikingly than that with ozone. Furthermore, it was found that the smaller the kTOC value within 105–109 M–1s–1 was, the more advantageous for the reaction efficiency the two-port injection method was.
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Yang, Fafu, Yanhua Wang, Hongyu Guo, Jianwei Xie, and Zhiqiang Liu. "Novel lariat calix[4]-1,3-aza-crowns with two branched chains — The excellent phase transfer catalysts for nucleophilic substitution reaction." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 88, no. 7 (July 2010): 622–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v10-061.

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By reacting calix[4]-1,3-diethoxylaminoethyl derivative (2) with phenyl isothiocyanate, novel dendritic calix[4]arene derivative (3) with two different branched chains was synthesized in a yield of 78%. By reacting compound 2 with 1,6-diisocyanatohexane or N,N′-bis(2-chloracetamide)ethylene in a “1 + 1” intermolecular addition mode, novel lariat calix[4]-1,3-aza-crowns (4 and 5, respectively) with two branched ethoxyl chains were prepared in reasonable yields. The composition, structures, and conformations of all new compounds were confirmed by elemental analyses, IR, ESI-MS, 1H NMR, and so forth. The liquid–liquid extraction experiments showed that all new hosts possessed good extraction abilities towards soft and hard metal cations. The liquid membrane transport experiments suggested that they had good transport abilities for K+ and Ag+. The experiments of phase transfer catalysis indicated that they possessed excellent catalytic properties of aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction and benzyl nucleophilic substitution. The optimum yields of products in catalytic reaction were as high as approximately 100%.
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González, U. F., S. F. Shen, and Claude Cohen. "Rheological characterization of fast-reacting thermosets through spiral flow experiments." Polymer Engineering & Science 32, no. 3 (February 1992): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760320303.

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Salvitti, Chiara, Federico Pepi, Anna Troiani, and Giulia de Petris. "Intracluster Sulphur Dioxide Oxidation by Sodium Chlorite Anions: A Mass Spectrometric Study." Molecules 26, no. 23 (November 24, 2021): 7114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237114.

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The reactivity of [NaL·ClO2]− cluster anions (L = ClOx−; x = 0–3) with sulphur dioxide has been investigated in the gas phase by ion–molecule reaction experiments (IMR) performed in an in-house modified Ion Trap mass spectrometer (IT-MS). The kinetic analysis revealed that SO2 is efficiently oxidised by oxygen-atom (OAT), oxygen-ion (OIT) and double oxygen transfer (DOT) reactions. The main difference from the previously investigated free reactive ClO2− is the occurrence of intracluster OIT and DOT processes, which are mediated by the different ligands of the chlorite anion. This gas-phase study highlights the importance of studying the intrinsic properties of simple reacting species, with the aim of elucidating the elementary steps of complex processes occurring in solution, such as the oxidation of sulphur dioxide.
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Li, Lang, Rengkang Liang, Ye Tian, Jianjun Shi, Jieyu Liu, and Gang Huang. "Unified algorithm of chemically reacting flows at all speeds." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 14, no. 11 (November 2022): 168781322211367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878132221136762.

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Based on traditional 3-D multi-component NS(Navier-stokes) equations, with chemical reaction Preconditioning method was analyzed and the preconditioning matrix was applied for the pseudo-time derivative term of the equations. Preconditioned AUSM+-up scheme was used for space discretization, with implicit time integration LU-SGS (Lower-Upper Symmetric Gauss-Seidel). These two schemes were combined to develop a unified algorithm for flows at all speeds. In addition, Numerical experiments of flows from low speed to high speed, with and without chemical reaction, were performed in this paper. By comparing the results of simulations with experiments showed the algorithm utilized the imposed preconditioning matrix, obtained better results. It was fairly well demonstrated that the improved methods can be applied efficiently for chemical reacting flow at all speeds.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Reacting experiments"

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Heitor, Manuel Frederico Tojal de Valsassina. "Experiments in turbulent reacting flows." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/12044.

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Montello, Aaron David. "An Experimental Investigation of Water Droplet Growth, Deformation Dynamics and Detachment in a Non-Reacting PEM Fuel Cell via Fluorescence Photometry." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1228248650.

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Keller, Tobias [Verfasser]. "Reactive Distillation for Multiple-reaction Systems: Experimental Investigation, Modelling and Optimisation / Tobias Keller." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2013. http://d-nb.info/103728948X/34.

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Brown, Richard J. "Experimental investigation of a turbulent reacting plume." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1996. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/32127/1/Richard_Brown_Thesis.pdf.

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An experimental investigation has been made of a round, non-buoyant plume of nitric oxide, NO, in a turbulent grid flow of ozone, 03, using the Turbulent Smog Chamber at the University of Sydney. The measurements have been made at a resolution not previously reported in the literature. The reaction is conducted at non-equilibrium so there is significant interaction between turbulent mixing and chemical reaction. The plume has been characterized by a set of constant initial reactant concentration measurements consisting of radial profiles at various axial locations. Whole plume behaviour can thus be characterized and parameters are selected for a second set of fixed physical location measurements where the effects of varying the initial reactant concentrations are investigated. Careful experiment design and specially developed chemilurninescent analysers, which measure fluctuating concentrations of reactive scalars, ensure that spatial and temporal resolutions are adequate to measure the quantities of interest. Conserved scalar theory is used to define a conserved scalar from the measured reactive scalars and to define frozen, equilibrium and reaction dominated cases for the reactive scalars. Reactive scalar means and the mean reaction rate are bounded by frozen and equilibrium limits but this is not always the case for the reactant variances and covariances. The plume reactant statistics are closer to the equilibrium limit than those for the ambient reactant. The covariance term in the mean reaction rate is found to be negative and significant for all measurements made. The Toor closure was found to overestimate the mean reaction rate by 15 to 65%. Gradient model turbulent diffusivities had significant scatter and were not observed to be affected by reaction. The ratio of turbulent diffusivities for the conserved scalar mean and that for the r.m.s. was found to be approximately 1. Estimates of the ratio of the dissipation timescales of around 2 were found downstream. Estimates of the correlation coefficient between the conserved scalar and its dissipation (parallel to the mean flow) were found to be between 0.25 and the significant value of 0.5. Scalar dissipations for non-reactive and reactive scalars were found to be significantly different. Conditional statistics are found to be a useful way of investigating the reactive behaviour of the plume, effectively decoupling the interaction of chemical reaction and turbulent mixing. It is found that conditional reactive scalar means lack significant transverse dependence as has previously been found theoretically by Klimenko (1995). It is also found that conditional variance around the conditional reactive scalar means is relatively small, simplifying the closure for the conditional reaction rate. These properties are important for the Conditional Moment Closure (CMC) model for turbulent reacting flows recently proposed by Klimenko (1990) and Bilger (1993). Preliminary CMC model calculations are carried out for this flow using a simple model for the conditional scalar dissipation. Model predictions and measured conditional reactive scalar means compare favorably. The reaction dominated limit is found to indicate the maximum reactedness of a reactive scalar and is a limiting case of the CMC model. Conventional (unconditional) reactive scalar means obtained from the preliminary CMC predictions using the conserved scalar p.d.f. compare favorably with those found from experiment except where measuring position is relatively far upstream of the stoichiometric distance. Recommendations include applying a full CMC model to the flow and investigations both of the less significant terms in the conditional mean species equation and the small variation of the conditional mean with radius. Forms for the p.d.f.s, in addition to those found from experiments, could be useful for extending the CMC model to reactive flows in the atmosphere.
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O'Neal, Stephen Vernon. "A kinetic study of the chromium (VI) - arsenic (III) reaction in pyridine-pyridinium buffer solutions containing oxalate." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104524.

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Jerez, Briones Jorge Antonio. "Aluminosilicate-coated silica sand for reactive transport experiments." Online access for everyone, 2005. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2005/J-J%5FBriones%5F050305.pdf.

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Prat, Resina Xavier. "Study of the reaction mechanism in Mandelate racemase enzyme: reaction path and dynamical sampling approaches." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3175.

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En aquesta tesi s'ha dissenyat i aplicat diferents eines teòriques i computacionals per a l'estudi de la reactivitat de l'enzim Mandelat Racemasa.
L'enzim Mandelat Racemasa catalitza la interconversió dels dos enantiòmers (S) i (R) de l'àcid mandèlic a una velocitat semblant. El mecanisme de reacció que es postula experimentalment passa per l'abstracció d'un protó molt poc àcid. Aquesta reacció molt poc favorable en medi aquós l'enzim la catalitza a una velocitat sorprenentment alta.
Fent un estudi Mecànica Quàntica / Mecànica Molecular (QM/MM) de la reactivitat de l'enzim s'han trobat els intermedis i les barreres de reacció que permeten deduir tres mecanismes a través dels quals el substracte natural mandelat i altres dos substractes anàlegs poden racemitzar. Expliquem de quina manera l'enzim pot fer la catàlisi tant efectiva i equivalent per als dos enantiòmers.
Partint de la necessitat de millorar l'estudi QM/MM anterior, sobretot pel què fa a l'acurada localització dels estats de transició (barreres reacció), s'ha dissenyat un mètode d'optimització d'estructures per ser aplicat a sistemes de milers d'àtoms com ho és el nostre enzim.
El mètode anomenat micro-iteratiu es basa en una cerca segons les equacions Rational Function Optimization (RFO) en una zona reduida mentre es minimitza l'entorn amb un mètode computacionalment barat com el LBFGS. Aquest mètode micro-iteratiu ha estat formulat, implementat i testejat en sistemes moleculars grans i petits. Se n'ha estudiat les diferents opcions donant una recepta pràctica per al seu ús en altres reaccions. També se n'ha justificat el seu desenvolupament posant de relleu les millores obtingudes amb aquest nou mètode quan es comparen els nous resultats amb els obtinguts en l'estudi QM/MM inicial.
Finalment, l'energia lliure de la reacció enzimàtica s'ha calculat amb tècniques de la dinàmica molecular i de l'Umbrella Sampling. Per aquest tipus de càlcul és imprescindible escollir a priori una coordenada de reacció que permeti anar de reactius a productes, en altres paraules, és necessari saber com té lloc la reacció. Gràcies a la prèvia localització d'estats de transició amb el mètode micro-iteratiu podem conèixer el mecanisme de reacció. I per tant podem emprar una coordenada de reacció adequada que ens permet calcular l'energia lliure de reacció de forma efectiva.
In this thesis several theoretical techniques to study the Mandelate Racemase enzyme reactivity are designed and used.
The Mandelate Racemase enzyme catalyses the interconversion of both enantiomers (S) and (R) of mandelic acid at apparently the same rate. Experimental results suggest that the reaction mechanism takes place through the abstraction of a non-acid hydrogen. This reaction is very low in aqueous media but the enzyme catalyzes it at an extremely fast rate.
We carry out a QM/MM study of the enzyme reativity. We have found the intermediate structures and the energy barriers corresponding to three proposed mechanisms that the natural substrate mandelate and two other substrate analogues may undergo. We are able to explain how the the efficient catalysis is performed for the two enantiomers.
Due to the lack in the previous QM/MM study of an efficient method to locate transition state structures (energy barriers) we have designed an structure optimization method to be applied to systems constituted by thousands of atoms such as our enzyme.
The so-called micro-iterative method consists in a search based on the Rational Function Optimization (RFO) equations applied in a core zone while the environment is minimized through a computationally affordable method such as LBFGS. The micro-iterative method has been formulated, implemented and tested for small and big molecular systems. We have studied several possible options giving as a result a practical guide for its usage in other reactions. Comparing the results coming from the initial QM/MM study with the ones found by this micro-iterative method we show an improvement that justifies the development.
Finally, the free energy corresponding to the enzymatic reaction is calculated by means of Molecular Dynamics and Umbrella Sampling techniques. The free energy computation requires the a priori election of a reaction coordinate that allows the system to go from reactants to products. In other words, it is essential to know how the reaction takes place. Thanks to the accurate search of transition states performed previously by the micro-iterative we can find the reaction mechanism. In this sense we can use an adequate reaction coordinate that permits us an efficient calculation of the reaction free energy.
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Terremoto, Luis Antonio Albiac. "Experimento de coincidência 26Mg (e,e\'c)." Universidade de São Paulo, 1993. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43131/tde-11032014-165807/.

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O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em estudar as ressonâncias gigantes no \'ANTPOT. 26 MG\' por intermédio de reações nucleares de eletrodesintegração em que o elétron espalhado inelasticamente e a partícula carregada c emitida (onde c designa um próton ou uma partícula alfa) são medidos em coincidência. Durante o experimento foi utilizado o feixe contínuo de elétrons do acelerador Microtron-A2, instalado no Instituto de Física Nuclear da Universidade de Mainz (Alemanha). Os elétrons espalhados foram medidos nos ângulos de \'22 GRAUS\' e \'35 GRAUS\', correspondentes a momentos transferidos de 0,35 e 0,54 \'fm POT. -1\', respectivamente, uma vez que a energia cinética dos elétrons incidentes era de 183,5 MeV. O experimento abrangeu uma faixa de energia de excitação do núcleo-alvo compreendida entre 10,6 MeV 31,8 MeV e tornou possível a investigação do decaimento das ressonâncias gigantes em um estado final definido dos núcleos-produto. Os elétrons espalhados inelasticarnente foram detectados por um espectrômetro magnético de \'180 GRAUS\' bifocal e as partículas carregadas c por um sistema compostos por detectores de barreira de superfície, ambos conectados por uma eletrônica de coincidência. O processo de redução e análise dos dados experimentais constitui a ênfase deste trabalho, uma vez que não houve participação direta na realização do experimento. Foram obtidas as seções de choque e distribuições angulares para as reações \'ANTPOT. 26 MG\'(e, e\' \'alfa IND. 0\') \'ANTPOT. 22 NE\', \'ANTPOT. 26 MG\'(e, e\' \'alfa IND. 1\') \'ANTPOT. 22 NE\', \'ANTPOT. 26 MG\'(e, e\' \'p IND. 01\') \'ANTPOT. 25 NA\' e \'ANTPOT. 25 MG\'(e, e\' \'p IND. 2\') \'ANTPOT. 25 NA\'. No caso específico do decaimento \'alfa IND. 0\' , foi efetuada uma separação independente de modelo das componentes multipolares da seção de choque. Um estudo da influência de efeitos de isospin e deformação nuclear nas ressonâncias gigantes do \'ANTPOT. 26 MG\' foi realizado com base em comparações com resultados de outros experimentos que abrangem a faixa de energia de excitação localizada entre 10 Me V e 40 MeV.
Measurements of the ANTPOT 26 MG\'(e, e\' c) reaction (c standing for p or alfa) have been performed at electron energy of 183.5 Me V and scattering angles of \'22 GRAUS\' and \'35 GRAUS\' (momentum transfer of 0.35 and 0.54 \'fm POT. -1\', respectively). Excitation energy of the target nucleus ranged from 10.6 MeV to 31.8 MeV and cross sections and angular distributions were determined for the following decay channels: \'alfa IND. 0\', \'alfa IND. 1\', \'p IND. 01\' and \'p IND. 2\'. The multi polar composition of the \'alfa IND. 0 channel was determined by means of a model independent analysis. A simple model based on effects of isospin, nuclear deformation and configurational splitting was used to explain the observed behaviour of the strength distribution of the giant resonances as a function of energy.
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Rallabhandi, Aniketh S. "Experimental Investigation of the Reacting Flowfield of a Radial-Radial Swirler." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin154409847287965.

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Geipel, Philipp. "Experimental research on turbulent reacting flows using gaseous and liquid fuels." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/5544.

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An investigation into turbulent reacting flows in an opposed jet geometry and a sudden expansion duct has been performed. For the opposed jet geometry, measurements of the velocity and reaction progress variable were obtained in lean premixed flames. Both velocity and scalar measurements were taken using PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry). Three gaseous fuels (methane, propane and ethylene) and three liquid fuels (JP-10, cyclopentane and cyclopentene) were considered for a range of equivalence ratios. The broad range of fuels enabled an investigation of the effect of different fuel reactivities on the velocity field and flame location and also allowed the effect of the Lewis number on flame extinction to be investigated. Preliminary work included isothermal measurements of the flow between and inside the nozzles. The use of fractal grids inside the nozzle increased turbulence intensities at the nozzle exit by 100% and turbulent Reynolds numbers between 50 - 220 were achieved. Velocity and normal stress components were measured with attention focused on the inlet boundary, along the burner centreline and the stagnation plane. A circular duct, incorporating a sudden expansion step, was also used to investigate the effect of swirl on pressure oscillations within the duct, the lean flammability limits and the NOx emissions. Measurements were performed for stratified flow conditions using methane as a fuel. The results show that excessive swirl leads to an increase in local strain in the vicinity of the expansion step and makes the flame more prone to local extinction. Moderate swirl was found to lower the amplitudes of the pressure oscillations close to global extinction and also to decrease the lean extinction limit of the stratified flow conditions. However, it did not decrease the overall equivalence ratio of flows with a richer core and a leaner annulus. Flows with only air in the core flow led to an overall equivalence ratio as lean as 0.3 for methane compared with 0.6 for the uniform flow. Stratification with a fuel rich core flow and a leaner annular flow led to an increase in NOx emissions due to locally increased temperatures. The addition of moderate swirl enhanced mixing of the annular and the core flows, which resulted in a more uniform fuel distribution close to the step and a reduction in NOx-levels up to 50%.
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Books on the topic "Reacting experiments"

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Chemical reactions. Redding, Conn: Brown Bear Books, 2010.

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Berty, J. M. Experiments in catalytic reaction engineering. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1999.

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Baer, Tomas. Unimolecular reaction dynamics: Theory and experiments. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

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Richards, Jon. Chemicals & reactions. Brookfield, Conn: Copper Beech Books, 2000.

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Scientific inquiry in action: Chemical reaction! New York: PowerKids Press, 2009.

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Navarro, Paula. Incredible experiments with chemical reactions and mixtures. Hauppage, New York: Barron's Educational Series, 2014.

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Basu, Samar, and Lars Wiklund. Studies on experimental models. New York: Humana Press, 2011.

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I, Dalko Peter, ed. Enantioselective organocatalysis: Reactions and experimental procedures. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2007.

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Dalko, Peter I. Enantioselective organocatalysis: Reactions and experimental procedures. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2007.

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Dalko, Peter I. Enantioselective organocatalysis: Reactions and experimental procedures. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Reacting experiments"

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Grauer, Samuel J., Timothy A. Sipkens, Paul J. Hadwin, and Kyle J. Daun. "Statistical Inversion, Uncertainty Quantification, and the Optimal Design of Optical Experiments." In Optical Diagnostics for Reacting and Non-Reacting Flows: Theory and Practice, 1137–202. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/5.9781624106330.1137.1202.

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Poulis, J. A., J. P. Frančlois, C. H. Massen, and L. C. Van Poucke. "Quenching Experiments." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 47–48. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145326.ch20.

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Obertelli, Alexandre. "Nuclear Reaction Experiments." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 75–113. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22204-8_3.

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Basu, Chinmay. "Nuclear Reaction Experiments." In An Introduction to Experimental Nuclear Reactions, 41–50. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003083863-5.

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Douberly, Gary E. "Infrared Spectroscopy of Molecular Radicals and Carbenes in Helium Droplets." In Topics in Applied Physics, 155–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94896-2_4.

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AbstractThe helium droplet is an ideal environment to spectroscopically probe difficult to prepare molecular species, such as radicals, carbenes and ions. The quantum nature of helium at 0.4 K often results in molecular spectra that are sufficiently resolved to evoke an analysis of line shapes and fine-structure via rigorous “effective Hamiltonian” treatments. In this chapter, we will discuss general experimental methodologies and a few examples of successful attempts to efficiently dope helium droplets with organic molecular radicals or carbenes. In several cases, radical reactions have been carried out inside helium droplets via the sequential capture of reactive species, resulting in the kinetic trapping of reaction intermediates. Infrared laser spectroscopy has been used to probe the properties of these systems under either zero-field conditions or in the presence of externally applied, homogeneous electric or magnetic fields.
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Osawa, Yoichi, Kashime Nakatsuka, Mark S. Williams, James T. Kindt, and Mikiya Nakatsuka. "Reactions of Reactive Metabolites with Hemoproteins—Toxicological Implications." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 37–45. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9480-9_6.

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Schmal, Martin, and José Carlos Pinto. "Experimental Design." In Chemical Reaction Engineering, 267–90. 2nd ed. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003046608-12.

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Schmal, Martin, and José Carlos Pinto. "Experimental practices." In Chemical Reaction Engineering, 721–42. 2nd ed. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003046608-25.

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Poulis, J. A., J. P. Frančlois, C. H. Massen, and L. C. Van Poucke. "Experimental Techniques." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 46–47. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145326.ch18.

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Woolford, Jason A. "Experimental." In The Double [3+2] Photocycloaddition Reaction, 115–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22860-5_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Reacting experiments"

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DIMOTAKIS, P., and H. ROSEMANN. "Experiments in non-reacting compressible shear layers." In 29th Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1991-629.

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Young, Gregory, Rama Balar, and Kenneth Yu. "Combustor Experiments of Reacting Nano-Particle Laden Flows." In 42nd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2006-4401.

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Hall, Benjamin F., and Thomas Povey. "Experimental Study of Non-Reacting Low NOx Combustor Simulator for Scaled Turbine Experiments." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-43530.

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This paper presents the first experimental characterisation of a fully annular combustor simulator incorporating both swirl and temperature pattern. The simulator has been designed to non-dimensionally replicate the conditions of next-generation low NOx combustors, with high swirl and high near wall temperature gradients, making it suitable for use in fully scaled (correct Re, M, N/√T, TG/TW) turbine facilities, to investigate combustor turbine interaction effects. In reacting combustor flows with high swirl, combustion has a significant influence on vortex stability and therefore flow structure. In non-reacting simulators, with approximately isothermal flow, it is common to find instabilities that are not present in the equivalent reacting flow. Where this is the case, artificial methods must be used to stabilise the vortex core. It has previously been shown numerically and in simple experimental studies that a low-momentum axial jet at the vortex centre suppresses precession of the vortex core. This paper reports experimental data for highly swirling flows both with and without stabilizing jets. This investigation is the first of its type, and the results have implications for the design of simulators for next-generation scaled turbine experiments both in industry and academia.
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Kim, T., and J. B. Ghandhi. "Investigation on the Ignition Conditions From a Comparison Between Reacting and Non-Reacting Diesel Spray Experiments." In ASME 2002 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2002-456.

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Natural luminosity images from reacting diesel sprays were acquired in a combustion-type constant-volume spray chamber. Using an ambient condition of 15 kg/m3 and 1000 K, the effects of peak injection pressures (60, 90 and 150 MPa) and nozzle hole sizes (140, 158 and 200 μm) were investigated. From high-speed natural luminosity cinematography, macroscopic reacting spray characteristics such as flame lift-off height and ignition delay time were obtained. For increasing injection pressures the ignition delay time decreased, and the flame lift off height increased. For increasing hole diameter the ignition time delay decreased, and the flame lift-off height decreased. The authors’ previous results of the fuel concentration measurement from non-reacting spray experiments were used to ascertain the local equivalence ratio for the reacting spray during the ignition and initial flame development period. The first detection of the luminosity (believed to be chemiluminescence) signal was found to occur in fuel-rich vapor regions near the boundary of the liquid core with an equivalence ratio near 2 and a temperature of approximately 800 K. These conditions were found to be independent of injection pressure and nozzle diameter for the condition tested (15 kg/m3 and 1000 K ambient), suggesting that this is a kinetically controlled process.
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Solomon, T. H., M. S. Paoletti, and C. R. Nugent. "Experiments on pattern formation in reacting systems with chaotic advection." In Proceedings of the Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812772428_0009.

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Bakhtiyarov, Sayavur I., Azizaga Kh Shakhverdiev, Geilani M. Panakhov, Eldar M. Abbasov, and Dennis Siginer. "In-Situ Carbon Dioxide Generation for Oil Recovery: Experimental Study of Pressure and Temperature Variations During Stoichiometric Reaction." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15708.

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Experimental simulation of chemical reaction behavior between gas-forming (GF) and carbonate rock components has been conducted. During the reaction an allocation of carbon dioxide and pressure change in PVT bombe were discovered. In these series of experiments a dynamics of pressure and temperature changes during stoichiometric reaction between GF reactant and a carbonate rock was investigated. The GY component was prepared on fresh water (Shollar). As a carbonate rock samples, Karadag rock deposits (Azerbaijan) were used. Researches were conducted at constant temperature T=293 K and at various volumetric ratios of GY reactant and a carbonate rock The quantity of reacting agents was defined from stoichiometric correlation which provided a full neutralization of the tested rock.
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van Keuk, Joern, Josef Ballmann, Simon Sanderson, and Hans Hornung. "Numerical Simulation of Experiments on Shock Wave Interactions in Reacting Hypervelocity Flows." In 41st Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2003-960.

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Ahmed, Shoaib, Kishore Ranganath Ramakrishnan, Srinath Ekkad, Prashant Singh, Federico Liberatore, and Yin-Hsiang Ho. "Overall Cooling Effectiveness of Effusion Cooled Can Combustor Liner Under Reacting and Non-Reacting Conditions." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-15221.

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Abstract Emphasis on lean premixed combustion in modern low NOx combustion chambers limits the availability of air for cooling the combustion liner. Hence the development of optimized liner cooling designs is imperative for effective usage of available coolant. Effusion cooling (also known as full-coverage film cooling) is a common method to cool the combustor liner, which involves uniformly spaced holes distributed throughout the liner curved surface area. This paper presents findings from an experimental study on the characterization of overall cooling effectiveness of an effusion-cooled liner wall, which was representative of a can combustor under heated flow (non-reacting) and lean-combustion (reacting) conditions. The model can-combustor was equipped with an industrial swirler, which subjected the liner walls to engine representative flow and combustion conditions. Inline and staggered arrangement of effusion holes have been studied. These configurations were tested for five different blowing ratios ranging from 0.7 to 4, under both reacting and non-reacting conditions. The experiments were carried out at a constant Reynolds number (based on combustor diameter) of 12,500. Infrared Thermography (IRT) was used to measure the liner outer surface temperature and detailed overall effectiveness values were determined under steady-state conditions. Under non-reacting conditions, the staggered configuration was found to be 9–25% more effective compared to inline configuration. Under reacting conditions, the staggered configuration was be 4–8% more effective compared to inline configuration. It is clear that the coolant-flame interaction for the reacting cases had a significant impact on the liner cooling effectiveness as compared to the non-reacting cases and results in less variation between inline and staggered configurations.
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Kedukodi, Sandeep, Suhyeon Park, Siddhartha Gadiraju, Srinath Ekkad, Yong Kim, and Ram Srinivasan. "Numerical and Experimental Investigations for Flow Fields Under Non-Reacting and Reacting Conditions Through a Lean Premixed Fuel Nozzle." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-64911.

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Numerical methods coupled with experimental benchmarking approaches, are typically used as effective tools for solving engineering problems due to their significant time saving benefits. In this paper, the swirling flow through an industrial lean-premixed fuel nozzle as used in actual gas turbine combustors is numerically analyzed and compared with experimental observations. The analysis is performed under both non-reacting and reacting conditions for a specific Reynolds number. The reacting experiments were performed using compressed methane as the fuel and air as the oxidizer. A specific inlet Reynolds number flow was studied to understand the combustor flow field with an overall equivalence ratio of 0.65 and 6% pilot fuel. Steady state simulations were performed using Fluent solver using Realizable k-ε turbulence model. The reacting flow was simulated using Flamelet Generation Manifold (FGM) model to simulate partially premixed combustion. The non-reacting simulations predicted the combustor flow profiles with certain deviation from Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) data within the central recirculation region. This deviation may be attributed to the inherent limitations of turbulence model in predicting the central vortex accurately. However, the simulated flow fields were in very good agreement with PIV data under reacting conditions. Additionally, the study was also extended to investigate the sensitivity of inlet swirl on the jet impingement location along the combustor wall. It was found that reaction significantly modifies the jet impingement location for lower inlet swirl angles and showed negligible impact under non-reacting conditions. The presented studies in this paper provide a comprehensive summary of modified flow features under non-reacting and reacting conditions and also demonstrates the sensitivity of inlet swirl changes on the location of liner wall impingement. This study is believed to offer a strong base for future studies involving heat transfer characterization along the combustor walls under reacting conditions; and also provide valuable information to the gas turbine combustor design community towards improved liner wall designs using simplistic numerical modeling approaches.
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Umeh, Chukwueloka O. U., Zvi Rusak, and Ephraim J. Gutmark. "Experimental Study of Reaction and Vortex Breakdown in a Swirl-Stabilized Combustor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-60183.

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Non-reacting and lean reacting flow experiments are conducted in a swirl-stabilized combustor with several configurations of a Triple Annular Research Swirler (TARS) fuel injector. The test chamber is composed of the TARS swirler at the inlet of a straight cylindrical fuel pre-mixing section, followed by a sudden expansion and a finite-length concentric pipe. The combustor chamber exit is open to the atmosphere, hence pressure is ambient for all test cases. Non-reacting flow tests are conducted with air at 300K and 600K. The reacting flow tests use premixed air (preheated to 600K) and commercial grade gaseous propane fuel (injected at ambient temperature) at low equivalence ratios. Particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) is used to measure the distribution of axial, radial and circumferential velocity fields from which the swirl ratio at a cross section near the expansion plane and the position and size of the vortex breakdown zone are determined for a certain swirler configuration with non-reacting cold and pre-heated flows and with reacting flows at various equivalence ratios. Simultaneous OH chemiluminescence is taken and used to identify the location of the reaction zones and hence the flame anchoring point for each reacting-flow case. Results show the complex dynamical interaction between the flame and the breakdown zone, and the appearance of oscillations in the position of both. In the non-reacting cold flow case, the breakdown zone appears near the expansion plane. In the non-reacting pre-heated flow case on the other hand, it is pushed downstream of the dump plane. For reacting flows with low equivalence ratios (near the lean blow out point) the breakdown zone is anchored to the dump plane and expansion corners and is relatively stable, while the flame oscillates inside it. On the other hand, at higher equivalence ratios, the flame is anchored to the dump plane and expansion corners while the breakdown zone oscillates behind it. The swirl numbers measured near the expansion plane exhibits nice correlation with the position of the vortex breakdown and satisfies the necessary theoretical conditions for the first appearance of breakdown in a premixed reacting swirling flow.
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Reports on the topic "Reacting experiments"

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Bazan, F., and J. H. Rego. Tuff reaction vessel experiment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/59933.

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Johnson, Carl Edward, Elizabeth Green Francois, Michael John Murphy, Mark Andrew Lieber, Scott I. Jackson, and Richard L. Gustavsen. Reactive Burn Modeling Applications and Experiments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1223755.

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Regele, Jonathan, and Frederick Ouellet. Progress in understanding reactive ejecta experiments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1884750.

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Egolfopoulos, Fokion N., and Hai Wang. Experiments and Reaction Models of Fundamental Combustion Properties. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada547652.

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Lyman, J., H. Fry, D. Breshears, and J. Romero. Detonation chemistry apparatus experiments with nonreactive liquids, reactive liquids, and a reactive solid. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/244544.

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Or, Dani, Shmulik Friedman, and Jeanette Norton. Physical processes affecting microbial habitats and activity in unsaturated agricultural soils. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7587239.bard.

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experimental methods for quantifying effects of water content and other dynamic environmental factors on bacterial growth in partially-saturated soils. Towards this end we reviewed critically the relevant scientific literature and performed theoretical and experimental studies of bacterial growth and activity in modeled, idealized and real unsaturated soils. The natural wetting-drying cycles common to agricultural soils affect water content and liquid organization resulting in fragmentation of aquatic habitats and limit hydraulic connections. Consequently, substrate diffusion pathways to soil microbial communities become limiting and reduce nutrient fluxes, microbial growth, and mobility. Key elements that govern the extent and manifestation of such ubiquitous interactions include characteristics of diffusion pathways and pore space, the timing, duration, and extent of environmental perturbations, the nature of microbiological adjustments (short-term and longterm), and spatial distribution and properties of EPS clusters (microcolonies). Of these key elements we have chosen to focus on a manageable subset namely on modeling microbial growth and coexistence on simple rough surfaces, and experiments on bacterial growth in variably saturated sand samples and columns. Our extensive review paper providing a definitive “snap-shot” of present scientific understanding of microbial behavior in unsaturated soils revealed a lack of modeling tools that are essential for enhanced predictability of microbial processes in soils. We therefore embarked on two pronged approach of development of simple microbial growth models based on diffusion-reaction principles to incorporate key controls for microbial activity in soils such as diffusion coefficients and temporal variations in soil water content (and related substrate diffusion rates), and development of new methodologies in support of experiments on microbial growth in simple and observable porous media under controlled water status conditions. Experimental efforts led to a series of microbial growth experiments in granular media under variable saturation and ambient conditions, and introduction of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) to study cell size, morphology and multi-cell arrangement at a high resolution from growth experiments in various porous media. The modeling efforts elucidated important links between unsaturated conditions and microbial coexistence which is believed to support the unparallel diversity found in soils. We examined the role of spatial and temporal variation in hydration conditions (such as exist in agricultural soils) on local growth rates and on interactions between two competing microbial species. Interestingly, the complexity of soil spaces and aquatic niches are necessary for supporting a rich microbial diversity and the wide array of microbial functions in unsaturated soils. This project supported collaboration between soil physicists and soil microbiologist that is absolutely essential for making progress in both disciplines. It provided a few basic tools (models, parameterization) for guiding future experiments and for gathering key information necessary for prediction of biological processes in agricultural soils. The project sparked a series of ongoing studies (at DTU and EPFL and in the ARO) into effects of soil hydration dynamics on microbial survival strategy under short term and prolonged desiccation (important for general scientific and agricultural applications).
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Asenath-Smith, Emily, Emma Ambrogi, Eftihia Barnes, and Jonathon Brame. CuO enhances the photocatalytic activity of Fe₂O₃ through synergistic reactive oxygen species interactions. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42131.

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Iron oxide (α-Fe₂O₃, hematite) colloids were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and investigated as catalysts for the photodegradation of an organic dye under broad-spectrum illumination. To enhance photocatalytic performance, Fe₂O₃ was combined with other transition-metal oxide (TMO) colloids (e.g., CuO and ZnO), which are sensitive to different regions of the solar spectrum (far visible and ultraviolet, respectively), using a ternary blending approach for compositional mixtures. For a variety of ZnO/Fe₂O₃/CuO mole ratios, the pseudo-first-order rate constant for methyl orange degradation was at least double the sum of the individual Fe₂O₃ and CuO rate constants, indicating there is an underlying synergy governing the photocatalysis reaction with these combinations of TMOs. A full compositional study was carried out to map the interactions between the three TMOs. Additional experiments probed the identity and role of reactive oxygen species and elucidated the mechanism by which CuO enhanced Fe₂O₃ photodegradation while ZnO did not. The increased photocatalytic performance of Fe2O3 in the presence of CuO was associated with hydroxyl radical ROS, consistent with heterogeneous photo-Fenton mechanisms, which are not accessible by ZnO. These results imply that low-cost photocatalytic materials can be engineered for high performance under solar illumination by selective pairing of TMOs with compatible ROS.
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Idar, D. J., R. A. Lucht, J. W. Straight, R. J. Scammon, R. V. Browning, J. Middleditch, J. K. Dienes, C. B. Skidmore, and G. A. Buntain. Low amplitude insult project: PBX 9501 high explosive violent reaction experiments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/334327.

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Bonazza, Riccardo. Experimental and numerical investigation of reactive shock-accelerated flows. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1336609.

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Glumac, Nick. Experimental Research in Advanced Concepts for Novel Reactive Materials. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada584590.

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