Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Re-emigration'

A União Europeia depara-se com a falta de trabalhadores qualificados devido ao crescimento da idade média da sua população. Durante as últimas décadas, enquanto a América do Norte atraía muitos trabalhadores qualificados, a Europa era também um destino de imigração, mas devido à falta de uma política coerente de imigração muitos eram imigrantes ilegais que por sua vez não eram trabalhadores altamente qualificados. Tem havido muita pesquisa sobre a imigração na Europa e em Portugal, mas nenhuma focou o assunto da re-emigração de trabalhadores estrangeiros qualificados para fora de Portugal. O estudo que aqui se apresenta foca-se nos investigadores / académicos que vieram para Portugal por um período de tempo, e visa identificar os factores que levaram estes académicos a estabelecerem-se em Portugal ou a ir para um terceiro país. À medida que estes académicos vêm para Portugal para fazer as suas pesquisas para o seu Doutoramento e Pós-doutoramento eles são considerados trabalhadores qualificados, que podem ser um recurso útil para o mercado Português após terem terminado os seus estudos. Para executar esta pesquisa foi usado um questionário na web que foi aplicado a 46 académicos iranianos e indianos e foram feitas entrevistas aleatórias. O questionário possui uma grande variedade de questões que podem ser úteis para outros estudos similares. Através dos resultados deste estudo, foram revelados os principais factores que contribuíram para a tomada de decisão dos investigadores (estabelecerem-se em Portugal ou ir para um terceiro país). Estes factores ajudam na construção de um sistema de avaliação no que respeita à aceitação de imigrantes qualificados baseado naqueles que têm mais probabilidades de integração. ABSTRACT: The European Union is confronted to the lack of skilled workers due to the increasing of the average age of its population. During recent decades, while North America was attracting many skilled workers, Europe was also a destination for immigrants, but due to the lack of a consistent immigration policy, many of these were illegal immigrants and thus were not highly educated workers. Much research has been conducted about immigration in Europe and Portugal, but none has focused on the subject of re-emigration of non- Portuguese skilled workers out of Portugal. This study focuses on Iranian and Indian academics who have come to Portugal for a period of time, and attempts to identify the factors which impact on the decision of these academics to settle in Portugal or to re-emigrate to a third country. As these academics came to Portugal to do their PhD and post-doctoral research, they are considered skilled workers who can be a useful resource for the Portuguese market after finishing their studies. To carry out this research, a web-based questionnaire was used to investigate 46 Iranian and Indian academics and random interviews were conducted. The questionnaire covers a broad range of questions which can be useful for similar studies. From the results of this study the main factors contributing to the decision making of academics (to settle in Portugal or to re-emigrate to a third country) was revealed. These factors may help in the design of an evaluation system for accepting skilled immigrants in Portugal based on those who have more probability of integration.

The centrality of the thesis is the impact upon the individual Greek migrant who chose to leave his place of birth by emigrating, repatriating, and subsequently re-emigrating, and how the surreptitious nature of acculturation alters perceptions and thoughts. The causes of such migratory translocations will be analyzed within the sociocultural and historicoeconomic conditions that appertained at the time the decisions were taken to deracinate oneself. The study will provide an analysis of diachronic Hellenic migration and Australian immigration policies (since its inception as a federated state). There will also be an analysis of Australia's diachronic and dedicated immigration control mechanisms since federation, its various post-immigration integration policies of immigrants, the mass immigration program activated in the post-WWII period, and the adoption and incorporation of multiculturalism as the guiding force in migrant selection and integration. Australia's history, its cultural inheritance, its socioeconomic development, and its attraction as a receiving country of immigrants are analyzed, as are Australia's xenophobia and racism at its inception, and how these twin social factors influenced its immigration program. The study examines limitations placed upon social intercourse, employment opportunities, and other hindrances to Greek (and other non-British migrants) immigrants because of Australia's adoption of restrictive, racially-based immigration policies. The study focuses upon the under-development of Hellas in the first half of the twentieth century, its high unemployment and under-employment rates, and the multiple other reasons, aside form unemployment, which forced thousands of Hellenes to seek an alternative (for a better life) through internal or external migration. Particular emphasis will be placed upon historic occasions in Greece's history and the influence of foreign powers upon internal Greek politics. The motivations for each distinct stage of translocation, in the lives of the respondents, will be examined within the ambit of social, cultural, economic, and historical context, which will place emphasis on the socioeconomic development of Hellas, the development of Hellenic Diaspora, Australia's development as a receiving immigrant country, and the effects of acculturation and nostalgia upon first-generation Greek-Australians. Given that the thesis is based upon personal recollections and detailed information that span decades of the respondents' lives, the thesis is divided into four parts for greater clarity and comprehension: the first examines respondents' lives in region of birth, their families' economic, educational, and social environment, scholastic achievements by respondents, employment status, future prospects, religiosity, hopes and aspirations, and reasons for seeking to migrate. The second part examines respondents' lives in Australia, within the contextuality of accommodation, employment, family creation, social adaptation, language acquisition, attitude towards unionism and religion, expectations about Australia, and reasons for repatriating. The third part analyzes repatriation and life in Greece through resettlement, accommodation, children's schooling and adaptation, relatives' and friends' attitude, disappointments, and longing for things Australian, while it also examines re-emigratory causes and the disillusionment suffered through repatriation. The final part assesses resettlement in Australia, and all associated social, economic, and environmental aspects, as well as respondents' children's readaptation to different lifestyle and educational system. The thesis concludes with recommendations for possible further studies associated with the thesis' nature.

The centrality of the thesis is the impact upon the individual Greek migrant who chose to leave his place of birth by emigrating, repatriating, and subsequently re-emigrating, and how the surreptitious nature of acculturation alters perceptions and thoughts. The causes of such migratory translocations will be analyzed within the sociocultural and historicoeconomic conditions that appertained at the time the decisions were taken to deracinate oneself. The study will provide an analysis of diachronic Hellenic migration and Australian immigration policies (since its inception as a federated state). There will also be an analysis of Australia�s diachronic and dedicated immigration control mechanisms since federation, its various post-immigration integration policies of immigrants, the mass immigration program activated in the post-WWII period, and the adoption and incorporation of multiculturalism as the guiding force in migrant selection and integration. Australia�s history, its cultural inheritance, its socioeconomic development, and its attraction as a receiving country of immigrants are analyzed, as are Australia�s xenophobia and racism at its inception, and how these twin social factors influenced its immigration program. The study examines limitations placed upon social intercourse, employment opportunities, and other hindrances to Greek (and other non-British migrants) immigrants because of Australia�s adoption of restrictive, racially-based immigration policies. The study focuses upon the under-development of Hellas in the first half of the twentieth century, its high unemployment and under-employment rates, and the multiple other reasons, aside form unemployment, which forced thousands of Hellenes to seek an alternative (for a better life) through internal or external migration. Particular emphasis will be placed upon historic occasions in Greece�s history and the influence of foreign powers upon internal Greek politics. The motivations for each distinct stage of translocation, in the lives of the respondents, will be examined within the ambit of social, cultural, economic, and historical context, which will place emphasis on the socioeconomic development of Hellas, the development of Hellenic Diaspora, Australia�s development as a receiving immigrant country, and the effects of acculturation and nostalgia upon first-generation Greek-Australians. Given that the thesis is based upon personal recollections and detailed information that span decades of the respondents� lives, the thesis is divided into four parts for greater clarity and comprehension: the first examines respondents� lives in region of birth, their families� economic, educational, and social environment, scholastic achievements by respondents, employment status, future prospects, religiosity, hopes and aspirations, and reasons for seeking to migrate. The second part examines respondents� lives in Australia, within the contextuality of accommodation, employment, family creation, social adaptation, language acquisition, attitude towards unionism and religion, expectations about Australia, and reasons for repatriating. The third part analyzes repatriation and life in Greece through resettlement, accommodation, children�s schooling and adaptation, relatives� and friends� attitude, disappointments, and longing for things Australian, while it also examines re-emigratory causes and the disillusionment suffered through repatriation. The final part assesses resettlement in Australia, and all associated social, economic, and environmental aspects, as well as respondents� children�s readaptation to different lifestyle and educational system. The thesis concludes with recommendations for possible further studies associated with the thesis� nature.

This thesis deals with the National Society Against Emigration (Sw.Nationalföreningen mot emigrationen) – referred to as the NE – and its radical right-wing leader Adrian Molin. Th e NE was founded in 1907 in order to stem the tide of emigration from Sweden and facilitate re-immigration by providing jobs and accomodation. Its many bureaus served as employment offi ces, land distribution centres and own-your-own-home companies, mainly aimed at creating smallholdings for Swedish working-class families.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the organization, concept and practise of the internal colonization of rural Sweden between 1907 and 1925. By following both the successes and setbacks of the NE during the first decades of the twentieth century, ideas and opportunities circulating in Swedish society in a time of wide-ranging ideological and material change are discussed. Questions in focus include why a society to prevent

emigration from Sweden emerged at that particular time; the function it served for both society and the state; the form internal colonization actually took and how it was conducted in comparison with other governmental and private agricultural reforms; and the attitude of the NE toward modernization in general. Theoretically the dissertation takes its point of departure in theories on nation-building and internal colonization (i.e., the establishment of small-scale farming and the cultivation of new land within the national borders), corporatism and attitudes toward modernization. The ideological analysis has been inspired by political scientist Michael Freeden´s theory of the construction of political ideologies via political concepts, as well as an analysis of the view of social categories such as gender, class and ethnicity. The source material is comprised of magazines, newspaper articles, letters and books and offi cial parliamentary publications. The practise of internal colonization has been studied with the aid of preserved accounts of the NE’s small-scale farming colonies, real estate documents, company reports, correspondance and further press materials.

The surge of anti-emigration attitudes is explained as a powerful reaction arising at the turn of the century due to the economic upswing in Swedish industry and the social transformations which followed in the 1890s, when the country was seen as a nation with a promising future. That Adrian Molin founded the NE in 1907 is viewed as a consequence of his nationalistic thought. Together with political scientist Prof. Rudolf Kjellén, Molin was one of the country´s foremost advocates of an integrative nationalism.

The NE was led by an elite of middle- and upper-class men involved in politics, industry and voluntary associations. Female members and representatives of the lower social classes were mostly absent. In general the NE neglected women in both speeches and plans, being preoccupied with ideas concerning the cultivation of middle-class Swedish men.

The NE became a co-actor in a corporative colonization eff ort sanctioned by government financing during the 1910s. In 1920 the NE’s projects were condemned as hierarchical and undemocratic in comparison with other own-home organizations. Many other own-home companies were built on a cooperative foundation,

while the NE was run by a national, regional, and local political and financial elite. Suspicions were raised about the raison d´être of the society. The state withdrew its subsidies and loans, and the NE lost it close connections with the government. Though conservative and reactionary in social issues, the NE cannot be characterized as critical of civilization or economic modernization of the country. Its programme intended to aid in the development

of both agriculture and industry. The creation of more smallholdings would help bridge the problematic transition between two systems, from agrarian to industrial society.

This thesis is an exploration of how particular Bolivian men and women who have migrated from Bolivia to Argentina, and have recently 'returned' to Bolivia, define, negotiate, and (re)create their identities in the migration experience. I argue that both the narratives and experiences of transnational migration for these migrants varies according to gender, age, economic possibilities, and legal circumstances. Furthermore, I suggest that this experience varies according to the multiple encounters with 'others' along the transnational circuit. By using a conceptualization of "migration" in transnational terms, my work has centered on how these migrants conceptualize the social conditions in which they live and how they actively search for ways to improve their living conditions in both Bolivia and Argentina. In this sense, the concept of 'home' has been critically explored in order to grasp the complex narratives of belonging and displacement.

Ne kiekvienas žmogus turi galimybę keliauti, bet beveik kiekvienas norėtų. Taip yra greičiausiai dėl to, jog kelionė yra suvokiama tarsi poilsio forma, tačiau ji neabejotinai turi ir kitokį aspektą, kadangi tai kelionė yra ir iššūkis, išbandymas, priverčiantis galvoti apie gyvenimo naujas kategorijas. Baigiamąjį diplominį darbą „Re – Voyage“, sudaro dviejų kelioninių rankinių grupė ( viena didelė, kita maža ), teorinis darbo aprašas ir video pristatymas. Diplominiam darbui pasirinkta aktuali šiems laikams kelionių, žmonių migracijos tematika. Ją atskleisti ir įprasminti siekiama panaudojant klasikinės kelioninės rankinės tipą – sakvojažą. Teorinėje dalyje nagrinėjama šio laikmečio kelionių prasmės ir pasekmės, apžvelgiama rankinių, kelioninių rankinių ir lagaminų istorija, jų formos, tipai, konstrukcijų ypatumai, pateikta kūrybinio darbo proceso eiga, apžvelgiama edukaciniai darbo aspektai. Šiuo darbu siekiama atkreipti dėmesį į savojo autentiškumo plėtojimo svarbą. Toks kilmės priminimas nepajėgs sustabdyti Lietuvos išeivio ( kadangi jo emigracija gali būti ir priverstinė), tačiau primins apie jo ištakas, iš kur jis yra kilęs, galbūt paskatins atrasti kelią į tėvynę. Tradicinė „sacvoyage“ formos rankinė pasirinkta todėl, kadangi ji savo konstrukcija yra labai tvirta ir ilgaamžė, savo forma ir talpumu pritaikyta kelionėms. Rankinių korpusai dekoruojami visiems lengvai atpažįstamais pašto atributais.
Not every person has the opportunity to travel, but almost everyone would like to. Traveling in our perception usually means vacations and the relaxation. Together it is challenge, and even more, as it makes us rethink about our life in new category. Complete thesis entitled Re-Voyage consist of two traveling bags (one bigger, one smaller), theoretical description and video presentation. This is relevant theme to this time. Time of traveling, migration. It seek to reveal and explain the use of classical type of traveling bag the sacvoyage. The theoretical part deals with the meaning of this time travel and the consequences, overviewing handbags, luggage and travelling handbags history, its forms, types, design features. The creative work processes, an overview of the educational aspects of the work also described in this part. This work was intended to highlight his own authenticity and importance of the development. Maybe not suspend Lithuanian emigrants (since emigration can be enforced also), but recall of its origins, from where it originates. Traditional sacvoyage chosen because it is developed and adapted for travel. It is known for structure and durableness. The composition of the traveling bag draw attention to the nowadays and invites to think, to come back and touch own roots.

Over the past two decades, large-scale transnational migrations between Central America and the United States have had a significant impact upon both home and host societies. In Guatemala, cross-border movement was spawned by the brutal civil war that devastated many indigenous communities in the early 1980s. Over time, this flow resulted in the formation of complex transnational networks and identities that span home and host locations. This thesis examines the manners in which a community of K'iche' Indians straddled between the highlands of El Quiche, Guatemala and an industrial New England city have responded to the deterritorialization caused by the confluence of violence and displacement. It describes, on the one hand, the context of post-war reconstruction in El Quiche, which is shaped by a fragile institutional peace process and an emerging ethnopolitical movement that emphasizes a pan-Maya identity. On the other hand, it depicts an inner-city space in the US where K'iche' labor migrants lead hidden, marginal lives, seeking to obscure any overt form of collective organization or identity. By examining the flows of people, money, commodities and symbols between these contrasting environments, the thesis shows how K'iche's in both communities maintain concrete and imaginary connections with each other despite the many ruptures caused by violence and dislocation. The thesis also teases out the manners in which today's cross-border movements, which involve ever larger distances, absences, and cash inflows, are both inscribed in, and differ from, previous local strategies of, and discourses on, internal movement and migration within Guatemala, which have long formed part of K'iche' culture. Specifically, it shows how K'iche's draw on their "mobile" past in order to maintain a sense of continuity in the present and elaborate viable identities and strategies for the future. Overall, the thesis argues that the multiplicity of strategies and discourses developed b

This study investigates the supranational policy engagement of Turkish migrant associations in France and Germany in EU immigration policy process from a comparative perspective. It seeks the answer to the following question: What explains similarities and differences in terms of forms and levels of participation by migrant associations in different national contexts as they engage in the EU immigration policy process? In addressing this question, it analyzes the forms and levels of migrants' supranational engagement by focusing on the combined impact of emerging macro-level political opportunity structures (EU institutional context and EU) and micro-level (collective action problems of nationally organized stakeholders) variables.
The study claims that in spite of the newly introduced supranational channels into the EU policy process, the collective organizational experience at the national level locks-in a certain path dependency that holds back the new policy actors (migrant groups) from making full use of EU-level opportunities. Consequently an incompatibility surfaces between the supranational opportunities provided by the EU and the capabilities of national-level stakeholders who intend to use them. Through an examination of two cases, this study claims that there exists a supranational opportunity/national capability rift in terms of stakeholder participation in EU policy processes. Underlying this rift are the problems intrinsic to the design of supranational opportunities which impair their potential to cater to national-level clients. At the same time, while national-level capabilities allow actors to operate in the domestic context (albeit with problems), they are not readily transposed so as to permit reaping supranational benefits.
Accordingly, this study claims that despite the variety and extensiveness of EU efforts, the re-definition of the dynamics of policy involvement and the expansion of the policy space to include multiple stakeholders remain at an incipient stage. The problems and limits of activities at the supranational level continue to originate from constraints associated with the nation state as much, if not more, than the problems of the supranational channels themselves.

This thesis explores representations of Italian migrant women in textual renditions of the Italian presence in Britain written and produced by descendants of Italian migrants between 1982 and 2002. The thesis offers detailed critical readings of six texts focusing on the experiences of Italian migrant women in Britain and their identity formation, and is organised according to genre categories including: theatre, romantic fiction and culinary memoir. Through close textual analysis, paying particular attention to key themes of movement, space and place within the context of female migration; the study scrutinizes the identity formation of Italian migrant women by demonstrating how seemingly clear and univocal models of Italian identity can be reconfigured as fluid conceptualizations of identity. It is argued that Italian identity as it is represented in a British context can be considered as a construct constituted by the repetition of a series of stylized acts. It is precisely through the repetition of these acts that Italian migrant women create forms of sustenance and stability for themselves and their families within the host country. This study moves beyond monolithic images of Italian migrant women, broadening the number of perspectives from which they can be viewed, by examining the way in which they are represented as stretching the seemingly fixed boundary between the public and private sphere in an attempt to transgress spatial and identity boundaries.

Considerable historical attention has been paid to the end of Empire in Britain’s East African colonies and the consequences of this for postcolonial states. The forced migration of minority South Asian populations from the new nation-states of East Africa has received considerably less attention. South Asians remain at the margins of African and British national histories, constructed variously as either fringe opponents of anti-colonial nationalist movements or marginalised minorities. Yet re-assessing the history of these ‘refugee’ communities has the potential to enhance scholarly understanding of both colonial and postcolonial power relations and migrant-refugee identity formulation and re-formulation. Moreover, studies of migrant communities in Britain have tended to treat South Asians as a homogenous group, paying relatively little attention to the specific identity trajectories of those who were expelled from the new nation-states of East Africa. In contrast, this research takes as its starting point the transnational experiences of East African Asians as multiple migrants, exploring the reformulation of political and cultural identities during the course of their expulsion, migration and resettlement in and between postcolonial states.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 259-270) Based on 18-months fieldwork, 1997-1999, in various organisations, social clubs and radio programs that were constructed by participants and 'outsiders' as an expression of a local migrant community. Attempts to answer and challenge what it means to be a Latin American in Adelaide and in what sense Latin American migrants and refugees in Adelaide can be spoken about as members of an 'ethnic/migrant community' in relation to the official multiculturalism discourse and popular representations of migrants in Australia.

First Czech villages were founded in the region of Banat, Romania, in the first half of the 19th century. The original impetus had come from the administration who intended to populate the mountainous regions of the then military border. To this day a none too numerous community of Czechs surrounded by other nations have kept their original Czech traditions, speak exclusively Czech, and proudly profess their roots. In the course of the 20th century these Czech villages were hit by three waves of re-emigration which resulted in a portion of the locals relocating to their ancestral country. The last wave of re-emigration began in 1989, following the reopening of the borders and the simplification of the whole process of relocation, and it essentially continues to this day. Young people in particular come to the Czech Republic hoping to find here a better job, higher wages and better quality of life, which goes hand in hand with it. These expectations are often exaggerated and unrealistic, though. The first part of this thesis presents a theoretical framework of the whole work, and a historical overview of the Czech community and the individual waves of re-emigration which affected it. Attention will also be paid to the continuous interest in this community on the part of the Czech authorities and...

The diploma thesis is based on a seven-month research of a family of Czech re-emigrants from the Romanian Banat. The aim of the research was to find out how these people understand the term home, how they negotiate it and what they related to it; the method employed here consisted of qualitative interviews. The researched sample does not represent the whole population, but rather the studied issue. The main focus was to gather as much exhaustive (and therefore related to understanding, negotiating and constructing of the meaning of the concept home) data related to the issue of home as possible within the given family rather than any universal application or generalization of the collected data to the whole of the Czech re-emigrants from the Banat. The author defines the term home as multidimensional, stemming from an individual and group experience, and from the current situation of an individual person; and as such she tries to depict it through different theoretical concepts. The thesis also presents an outline of a historical-sociological context of the existence of a Czech minority in Romania and its re-emigration. In relation to the main topic of home also emerged other topics, such as motivations for re-emigration, perceptions of Romania and the Czech Republic, response of the majority...

Praca Anety Nisiobęckiej poświęcona jest reemigracji polskich obywateli z Francji po II wojnie światowej, której przedmiotem analizy jest nieomówiona dotąd w literaturze przedmiotu adaptacja Polaków przybyłych z Francji do realiów Polski Ludowej. Reemigracja z Francji była możliwa dzięki czterem porozumieniom zawartym między Polską a Francją: 20 lutego 1946 r., 10 września 1946 r., 28 listopada 1946 r. i 24 lutego 1948 r. Celem pracy było zanalizowanie założeń polityki komunistycznego rządu w Warszawie oraz stanowiska Paryża wobec reemigracji Polaków. Nie bez znaczenia była opinia Polonii francuskiej o reemigracji i analiza adekwatności założeń polskiej polityki repatriacyjnej i reemigracyjnej oraz związanych z nią obietnic awansu zawodowego, składanych polskim robotnikom w stosunku do rzeczywistej sytuacji stalinowskiej Polski. Analiza dokumentów ministerialnych rządów Polski i Francji dała podstawy Autorce, by twierdzić, że oczekiwania obu państw wobec polskiej emigracji zarobkowej były rozbieżne ze względu na katastrofalną sytuację demograficzną i gospodarczą Polski i Francji po II wojnie światowej. W części pierwszej Aneta Nisiobęcka przedstawiła genezę emigracji zarobkowej do Francji w okresie międzywojennym, egzemplifikując trudności w adaptacji Polaków emigrujących z ziem polskich oraz przybyłych do Francji z regionu Westfalii i Nadrenii - „Westfalaków”. Część drugą poświęciła aspektom prawnym i organizacyjnym związanym z powrotem polskich obywateli z Francji do Polski oraz zanalizowała przyczyny zakończenia i niepowodzenia akcji reemigracyjnej. Przebadany materiał archiwalny pozwolił Autorce ustalić, że do Polski z planowanych 40 tys. rodzin powróciło ich zaledwie 25 tys. tj. ok. 70 tys. osób. Drugie 70 tys. Polaków uzyskano poprzez niezorganizowane powroty w 1945 r. oraz repatriację „emigracji wojennej”. Jednym z głównych powodów tego niepowodzenia była opinia emigracji polskiej. Sukcesem zakończyła się tylko pierwsza umowa reemigracyjna (powrót ponad 5 tys. górników, głównie komunistów). Celów następnych umów nie udało się osiągnąć. Polacy pozostali we Francji zmieniali swoje decyzje o wyjeździe do Polski pod wpływem niepokojących informacji napływających od pierwszych osiedleńców na temat złych warunków pracy i płacy, mizerii mieszkaniowej, kolektywizacji rolnictwa, złej organizacji akcji reemigracyjnej. Obawiali się utraty dorobku życia i braku perspektyw na osiągnięcie w kraju takiego standardu materialnego jak we Francji. W tych poglądach wspierał ich rząd francuski konsekwentnie sabotujący administracyjne czynności, które miały zapobiec odpływowi polskich fachowców potrzebnych we francuskim sektorze gospodarczym. Niesprzyjająca powrotom była też sytuacja międzynarodowa. W wyniku otwartego konfliktu między obu państwami, które znalazły się po obu stronach „żelaznej kurtyny” polska emigracja robotnicza niechętnie decydowała się na powrót do Polski. Życie w kraju okazało się dużo trudniejsze niż we Francji, o czym Autorka pisze w trzeciej części pracy. Mocno na wyrost okazały się obietnice rządu o możliwości uzyskania wyższego statusu społecznego i zawodowego, nawet dla tych polskich górników z Francji deklarujących poglądy komunistyczne. Większość skazano na gorycz porażki i pełną inwigilację przez Urząd Bezpieczeństwa. Z raportów odnalezionych w archiwach francuskich i polskich wynika, że duża część reemigrantów żałowała swojej decyzji o powrocie do Polski a oszukańczą propagandę Polski Ludowej odczuli bardzo boleśnie. Aneta Nisiobęcka’s doctoral dissertation is dedicated to the re-emigration of Polish citizens from France after World War II. In particular, it analyzes the topic that has not been discussed so far, that is the adaptation of Poles who arrived from France to the realities of the Polish People’s Republic. The re-emigration from France was conducted on the basis of four agreements signed between Poland and France: on February 20, 1946, September 10, 1946, November 28, 1946 and February 24, 1948. The aim of this study is to examine the policy of the Polish communist government as well as the position of Paris towards the re-emigration of Poles. The opinion of the Polish community in France also proved significant. The examination of Polish and French ministerial documents allowed to draw a conclusion that the expectations of both countries towards the Polish economic emigration were different because of the dramatic demographic and economic situation of the two countries after World War II. The first part of the thesis presents the genesis of the economic emigration to France during Poland’s twenty years of independence after World War I. It exemplifies the difficulties that Poles arriving to France from Poland and from Westphalia and Rhineland experienced in their adaptation. The second part is devoted to the legal and organizational aspects of the return of Polish citizens from France. It details the reasons for the interruption and failure of the re-emigration process. The research material allowed to determine that out of 40 000 families who planned to return, only 25 000, that is 70 000 people, succeeded. Another 70 000 of Poles returned individually in 1945 and during the ‘war repatriation’. One of the main reasons for the failure of the re-emigration project was the opinion of the Polish community living in France. Only the first re-emigration agreement was a success (over 5 000 miners, majority of them of communist beliefs, returned). The consequent agreements, however, did not succeed. The Polish immigrants in France changed their opinions on coming back because of the alarming news received from those who returned first. They reported bad work and pay conditions, poor housing, collectivization of agriculture and poor organization of the re-emigration process. People were afraid to lose their life’s work and did not expect to achieve the same economic status as they had in France. Such opinions were strongly supported by the French government who consequently sabotaged administrative actions so as not to lose the Polish workers needed for the French economy. The international situation was not favorable either. As a result of an open conflict between the two countries situated on the opposite sides of the “iron curtain”, Polish workers were reluctant to return to their homeland. The third part of the thesis describes life in Poland, which turned out much more difficult than in France. The government’s promises of higher social and professional status proved highly inadequate, even for the Polish miners living in France and declaring communist beliefs. After they had come back to Poland, the majority of them had to face the bitter taste of failure and full invigilation of the Polish Internal Security Office. The reports found in French and Polish archives show that a large number of re-emigrants regretted their decision to come back. To them, the deceitful communist propaganda in Poland proved extremely painful.

The presented diploma thesis deals with bilateral relations between Czechoslovakia and Romania during first years after the World War II. It is concentrated primarily on research of the political and economical relations. The introduction is followed by the brief summary of tradition of the mutual bilateral cooperation in the framework of Little Entente. Next chapter occupies itself with the negotiations of Romanian exile politicians with the Allies concerning the armistice treaty in which Czechoslovak diplomatic representatives of the exile government in London played a key role. The following part describes and analyses the process of re- establishment of the diplomatic relations between Czechoslovakia and Romania after the war. The chapter presenting the situation of Czechs and Slovaks living in Romania between 1944- 1945 follows after that. Two texts about the contribution of Romanian military troops on the liberation of Czechoslovakian territory and about the post-war re-emigration of Czech and Slovakian compatriots from Romania back to Czechoslovakia represent an essential part of this diploma thesis. The following chapter deals with the Czechoslovakian attitude towards the prepared peace treaty with Romania during the Paris Peace Conference negotiations in 1946. The penultimate part...

Introduced diploma thesis presents the results of the research project which investigated the impact on the national identity. The goal of the research project was to find out with a help of the quality research, in detail an anchored theory, the central phenomenon in the perception of the national identity. The results of the anchored theory shows, that this phenomenon is level of adaptation of the individual on the environment respectively level of acculturation and flowingly level of reintegration. Intervene conditions, such as strategy of the handling of the stress situations, work success or family and friends' bounds also influence this phenomenon. Main context line in this direction presents emigration and re-emigration of the individual with all the possible causes and intervene conditions. Important part of the context line is the fact of the leaving of the individual itself, including his or hers preparation for leaving the country. This in its' nature determines even the process of acculturation of the individual in emigration with the impact on the perception of the national identity. If I should state the result of the research in one sentence, I would characterize it as following: "Level of acculturation of the individual in the emigration determines the perception of the national...

secret emigration in 1940' and reasons that later let to the mass emigration in The fifth chapter describes the emigrant's situation before they left la Gomera d emigrant's life in Venezuela. It's devided into particular sub

A finais do século XIX e principios do XX funcionan dúas imaxes sobre Galiza e os galegos en Portugal: unha negativa, asociada ao fenómeno migratorio, e outra de afinidade, baseada nos vínculos históricos, lingüísticos e culturais entre os dous lados do río Miño. O obxectivo desta disertación de mestrado é demostrar que estas dúas imaxes están presentes na obra de Fialho de Almeida e, asemade, analizar como o escritor alentexano vai evolucionando da imaxe negativa á de afinidade a medida que coñece a realidade galega.
Between the end of the XIX century and the beginning of the XX century, two images of Galicia and of the Galicians circulated in Portugal. The first image is a negative one, as it is associated with migration phenomena. The second is one of affinity, based on the existing historic, linguistic and cultural ties on both sides of Minho. This MA dissertation aims at demonstrating that both images are present in the works of Fialho de Almeida, while analyzing how the writer born in the Alentejo evolves from a negative impression of Galicia and its people until one of affinityas he gets to know the region more profoundly.

Consideration of the significance of religious institutions in the experience of immigrant settlement is, at best, marginalized in immigration and church history literature. The limited amount of research that has been carried out is limited in time frame and/or by its lack of consideration of the wider social service functions of the church. It is rarely recognized that for new immigrants, churches can function as critical access routes to the host society or as protective cultural communities. Churches provide stability in unfamiliar territory through the creation of a sense of community, a sense of place and an extended family of support. This research seeks to understand how the church has served the German ethnic and immigrant community; how the church has aided cultural preservation as well as immigrant integration; and finally, how some churches have re-defined themselves in the face of member 'assimilation,' generational changes and neighbourhood transition. For some churches, their mission has been extended beyond their original German ethnic community to local neighbourhood residents, predominantly of Asian origin. Unstructured interviews with over twenty-five church leaders from ten German ethnic churches in Vancouver suggest that for many immigrants, the church provided stability and acted as a centre of social networks through which, for example, employment and housing were found. However, the position of the church in maintaining culture is significantly more complex; often dependent upon various factors including church age and the histories of immigrant congregations. This research demonstrates that churches have significant but generally unrecognized impacts on the immigrant settlement experience and that ethnic churches can, but do not necessarily, play supportive roles in maintaining culture. Churches that have recognized the social changes impacting their congregations have found new models of mission to integrate new immigrant communities.