Relevant bibliographies by topics / RDX AND HMX

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'RDX AND HMX'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "RDX AND HMX"

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Zhao, Jian-Shen, Charles W. Greer, Sonia Thiboutot, Guy Ampleman, and Jalal Hawari. "Biodegradation of the nitramine explosives hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine in cold marine sediment under anaerobic and oligotrophic conditions." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 50, no. 2 (February 1, 2004): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w03-112.

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The in situ degradation of the two nitramine explosives, hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), was evaluated using a mixture of RDX and HMX, incubated anaerobically at 10 °C with marine sediment from a previous military dumping site of unexploded ordnance (UXO) in Halifax Harbor, Nova Scotia, Canada. The RDX concentration (14.7 mg·L–1) in the aqueous phase was reduced by half in 4 days, while reduction of HMX concentration (1.2 mg·L–1) by half required 50 days. Supplementation with the carbon sources glucose, acetate, or citrate did not affect the removal rate of RDX but improved removal of HMX. Optimal mineralization of RDX and HMX was obtained in the presence of glucose. Using universally labeled (UL)-[14C]RDX, we obtained a carbon mass balance distributed as follows: CO2, 48%–58%; water soluble products, 27%–31%; acetonitrile extractable products, 2.0%–3.4%; and products covalently bound to the sediments and biomass, 8.9% (in the presence of glucose). The disappearance of RDX was accompanied by the formation of the mononitroso derivative hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX) and formaldehyde (HCHO) that subsequently disappeared. In the case of HMX, mineralization reached only 13%–27% after 115 days of incubation in the presence or absence of the carbon sources. The disappearance of HMX was also accompanied by the formation of the mononitroso derivative. The total population of psychrotrophic anaerobes that grew at 10 °C was 2.6 × 103 colony-forming units·(g sediment dry mass)–1, and some psychrotrophic sediment isolates were capable of degrading RDX under conditions similar to those used for sediments. Based on the distribution of products, we suggest that the sediment microorganisms degrade RDX and HMX via an initial reduction to the corresponding mononitroso derivative, followed by denitration and ring cleavage.Key words: biodegradation, nitramine explosives, marine sediment, psychrotrophic bacteria.
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Xu, Si-yu, Er-gang Yao, Han-yu Jiang, and Qing Pei. "Reactivity of high active aluminum powder with RDX and HMX mixtures." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2478, no. 3 (June 1, 2023): 032060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2478/3/032060.

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Abstract In order to reveal the interaction law of high active aluminum powder with RDX and HMX mixture, the thermal decomposition behavior of highly active Al powder and its interaction with typical nitramine explosive RDX and HMX were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), thermo-mass spectrometry (TG-DTG-DSC-MS) and CO2 laser ignition technology. Results show that when the nanometer aluminum powder and RDX and HMX respectively, two typical nitramine explosive mixing action is of little influence on the mixing action to respond to the thermal decomposition of HMX, depress RDX points liberation degree of temperature, both the thermal decomposition process of mixed system for random nucleation and subsequent growth process, the ignition delay time decreases with the increase of laser ignition power density. The ignition delay time and ignition energy of the mixture of high active aluminum powder and RDX are greater than that of the mixture of high active aluminum powder and HMX and the high active aluminum powder.
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Lee, S. J., H. S. Son, H. K. Lee, and K. D. Zoh. "Photocatalytic degradation of explosives contaminated water." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2002): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0729.

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This study was undertaken to examine the degradation of TNT, RDX and HMX in a circular photocatalytic reactor with TiO2 as a photocatalyst. We examined the impact of parameters such as the initial concentration, initial pH of solution on rates of photocatalized transformation, and the mineralization. The results showed that photocatalysis is an effective process for the degradation of TNT, RDX and HMX. They could be completely degraded in 150 min with 1.0 g/L TiO2 at pH 7. An increase in the photocatalytic degradation of HMX was noticed with decreasing initial HMX. The rates of RDX and HMX degradation were greater in neutral pH than in acidic and alkaline conditions. In case of TNT degradation, the rate of degradation was the fastest at pH 11. Approximately 82% TOC decrease in the TNT degradation was achieved after 150 min, whereas TOC decrease in RDX and HMX was 24% and 59%, respectively. Nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium ions were detected as the nitrogen byproducts from the photocatalysis, and more than 50% of the total nitrogen was recovered as nitrate ion in every explosives.
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Myint, Philip C., and Albert L. Nichols. "Thermodynamics of HMX Polymorphs and HMX/RDX Mixtures." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 56, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 387–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6b03697.

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Hammer Johansen, Øyvind, Jørn Digre Kristiansen, Richard Gjersøe, Alf Berg, Terje Halvorsen, Kjell-Tore Smith, and Gunnar Ove Nevstad. "RDX and HMX with Reduced Sensitivity Towards Shock Initiation–RS-RDX and RS-HMX." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 33, no. 1 (February 2008): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.200800203.

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Zhang, Haobin, Jinjiang Xu, Shichun Li, Jie Sun, and Xiaolin Wang. "Characterization of Nano-Scale Parallel Lamellar Defects in RDX and HMX Single Crystals by Two-Dimension Small Angle X-ray Scattering." Molecules 27, no. 12 (June 16, 2022): 3871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123871.

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Nano-scale crystal defects extremely affect the security and reliability of explosive charges of weapons. In this work, the nano-scale crystal defects of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) single crystals were characterized by two-dimension SAXS. Deducing from the changes of SAXS pattern with sample stage rotating, we firstly found the parallel lamellar nano-scale defects in both RDX and HMX single crystals. Further analysis shows that the average diameter and thickness of nano-scale lamellar defects for RDX single crystal are 66.4 nm and 19.3 nm, respectively. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicate that the lamellar nano-scale defects distribute along the (001) in RDX and the (011) in HMX, which are verified to be the crystal planes with the lowest binding energy by the theoretical calculation.
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Mao, Xiaoxiang, Longfei Jiang, Chenguang Zhu, and Xiaoming Wang. "Effects of Aluminum Powder on Ignition Performance of RDX, HMX, and CL-20 Explosives." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5913216.

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As a kind of high explosives, aluminized explosive cannot release the energy maximumly, which is a key problem. Using DTA-TG equipment, the ignition performance of three kinds of aluminized explosives (RDX, HMX, and CL-20) with different mass percentages of aluminum powder (0%, 10 wt.%, 20 wt.%, and 30 wt.%) was investigated. The results showed that the energy release of the HMX/Al composite explosive with 10 wt.%, 20 wt.%, and 30 wt.% aluminum powder was only equivalent to 80%, 65%, and 36% of pure HMX, respectively. It was similar to RDX/Al and CL-20/Al composite explosives, except the CL-20/Al mixture with 10% aluminum powder. Rather than participating in the ignition and combustion, the aluminum powder does effect the complete reaction of RDX, HMX, and CL-20 in the initial stage of ignition or in the lower temperature area of the boundary.
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Jangid, Suresh Kumar, Mrityunjay Kumar Singh, Vasant Jadavji Solanki, Rabindra Kumar Sinha, and Krothapalli Prabhakara Subrahmania Murthy. "Studies on Sheet Explosive Formulation Based on Octahydro-1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-Tetrazocine and Hydroxyl Terminated Polybutadiene." Defence Science Journal 67, no. 6 (November 6, 2017): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.67.10533.

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<p class="p1">The effect of replacing hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) by octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) in HTPB-binder on the performance, sensitivity, thermal, and mechanical properties of the sheet explosive formulation has been studied. The maximum loading of HMX was achieved up to 78 per cent in HTPB-binder system. The velocity of detonation (VOD) of HMX-based sheet explosive was observed about 7300 m/s which is marginally higher than existing RDX-based sheet explosive formulation (RDX/HTPB-binder, 80/20). The VOD trends were verified by theoretical calculation by BKW code using FORTRAN executable program. The thermal decomposition kinetics of sheet explosive formulations was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The activation energy for sheet explosive formulation HMX/HTPB-binder (78/22) was calculated using Kissinger kinetic method and found to be 170.08 kJ/mol, infer that sheet explosive formulation is thermally stable.</p>
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Van Aken, Benoit, Jong Moon Yoon, and Jerald L. Schnoor. "Biodegradation of Nitro-Substituted Explosives 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene, Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine, and Octahydro-1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5-Tetrazocine by a Phytosymbiotic Methylobacterium sp. Associated with Poplar Tissues (Populus deltoides × nigra DN34)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 1 (January 2004): 508–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.1.508-517.2004.

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ABSTRACT A pink-pigmented symbiotic bacterium was isolated from hybrid poplar tissues (Populus deltoides × nigra DN34). The bacterium was identified by 16S and 16S-23S intergenic spacer ribosomal DNA analysis as a Methylobacterium sp. (strain BJ001). The isolated bacterium was able to use methanol as the sole source of carbon and energy, which is a specific attribute of the genus Methylobacterium. The bacterium in pure culture was shown to degrade the toxic explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazene (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5-tetrazocine (HMX). [U-ring-14C]TNT (25 mg liter−1) was fully transformed in less than 10 days. Metabolites included the reduction derivatives amino-dinitrotoluenes and diamino-nitrotoluenes. No significant release of 14CO2 was recorded from [14C]TNT. In addition, the isolated methylotroph was shown to transform [U-14C]RDX (20 mg liter−1) and [U-14C]HMX (2.5 mg liter−1) in less than 40 days. After 55 days of incubation, 58.0% of initial [14C]RDX and 61.4% of initial [14C]HMX were mineralized into 14CO2. The radioactivity remaining in solution accounted for 12.8 and 12.7% of initial [14C]RDX and [14C]HMX, respectively. Metabolites detected from RDX transformation included a mononitroso RDX derivative and a polar compound tentatively identified as methylenedinitramine. Since members of the genus Methylobacterium are distributed in a wide diversity of natural environments and are very often associated with plants, Methylobacterium sp. strain BJ001 may be involved in natural attenuation or in situ biodegradation (including phytoremediation) of explosive-contaminated sites.
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Mckenney, Robert, and Thomas Krawietz. "Binary Phase Diagram Series: HMX/RDX." Journal of Energetic Materials 21, no. 3 (July 1, 2003): 141–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/716100385.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "RDX AND HMX"

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Czerski, Helen. "Ignition of HMX and RDX." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442574.

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Davidson, Jeffrey E. "Combustion Modeling of RDX, HMX and GAP with Detailed Kinetics." BYU ScholarsArchive, 1996. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6531.

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A one-dimensional, steady-state numerical model of the combustion of homogeneous solid propellant has been developed. The combustion processes is modeled in three regions: solid, two-phase (liquid and gas) and gas. Conservation of energy and mass equations are solved in the two-phase and gas regions and the eigenvalue of the system (the mass burning rate) is converged by matching the heat flux at the interface of these two regions. The chemical reactions of the system are modeled using a global kinetic mechanism in the two-phase region and an elementary kinetic mechanism in the gas region. The model has been applied to RDX, HMX and GAP. There is very reasonable agreement between experimental data and model predictions for burning rate, temperature sensitivity, surface temperature, adiabatic flame temperature, species concentration profiles and melt-layer thickness. Many of the similarities and differences in the combustion of RDX and HMX are explained from sensitivity analysis results. The combustion characteristics of RDX and HMX are similar because of their similar chemistry. Differences in combustion characteristics arise due to differences in melting temperature, vapor pressure and initial decomposition steps. A reduced mechanism consisting of 18 species and 39 reactions was developed from the Melius-Yetter RDX mechanism (45 species, 232 reactions). This reduced mechanism reproduces most of the predictions of the full mechanism but is 7.5 times faster. Because of lack of concrete thermophysical property data for GAP, the modeling results are preliminary but indicate what type of experimental data is necessary before GAP can be modeled with more certainty.
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Mazzeu, Maria Alice Carvalho. "Estudo da compatibilidade de RDX e HMX com polímeros e materiais inertes." Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, 2010. http://www.bd.bibl.ita.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=984.

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A compatibilidade química de explosivos é estudada para avaliar potenciais riscos quando os mesmos são colocados em contato com outros materiais durante a produção, armazenamento e manuseio. Esta compatibilidade pode ser estudada por vários métodos, tais como DSC (Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial), TG (Termogravimetria), Estabilidade química a vácuo, microcalorimetria, calorimetria de fluxo de calor, etc. Os métodos de ensaios e a definição de critérios de avaliação são elementos importantes quando um estudo de compatibilidade está sendo realizado. Nesse trabalho, a compatibilidade química de dois importantes explosivos utilizados em armamentos, RDX (ciclotrimetilenotrinitroamina) e HMX (ciclotetrametilenotetranitroamina), foi estudada com polímero fluorado (Viton B) e alumínio em pó (Al 123), usando os métodos DSC, TG e Estabilidade química a vácuo. Os três métodos forneceram informações importantes sobre a compatibilidade química dos materiais, através dos parâmetros térmicos e volume de gás liberado. Observou-se que o HMX apresenta compatibilidade com Viton B e Al, da mesma forma que o RDX apresenta compatibilidade com Viton, porém no estudo de compatibilidade do RDX com Al, com os métodos DSC e TG, nota-se um pico adicional, após o pico de decomposição, o que é um indicativo de incompatibilidade. Os métodos foram comparados em relação aos fatores que podem influenciar o resultado, servindo de base para futuros estudos de compatibilidade química. A conclusão é que, quando se utilizam os métodos DSC e TG, os sistemas HMX - Al, HMX - Viton e RDX - Viton são compatíveis, porém o sistema RDX - Al apresenta um grau de incompatibilidade. Entretanto, todos são compatíveis quando se utiliza o método da estabilidade química a vácuo.
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DAVEL, JAN L. "BIODEGRADATION OF THE ENERGETIC COMPOUNDS TNT, RDX AND HMX IN FLUIDIZED-BED AND ACTIVATED SLUDGE REACTORS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1035234722.

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Anderson, Travis Jake. "Phytoremediation of energetic compounds at Eglin Air Force Base." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/458.

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The energetic compounds TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine), and HMX (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine) contaminate military testing ranges worldwide yet are known to be degraded by plants and microbes in the laboratory. However, these contaminants remain persistent in the environment and represent a health threat to both humans and ecosystems. The use of traditional soil remediation technologies, such as landfilling or incineration, require large excavation costs and disrupt the ecology of the site. Phytoremediation, the use of green plants for the in situ treatment of contaminants, may be the most appropriate means of treating energetic residues present at military testing ranges. Eglin Air Force Base (EAFB), located near Niceville, FL, is one of the largest military installations in the world and holds many plant and animal species which are threatened or endangered. The use of explosives during training exercises on firing ranges at EAFB has resulted in contamination of energetics on range soils. In an effort to increase range sustainability with respect to explosives contamination, EAFB has been established as the site where phytoremediation processes will be explored for this research.
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Pessina, Florent. "Toward particle size reduction by spray flash evaporation : the case of organic energetic crystals and cocrystals." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAE031/document.

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La cristallisation en continu de nanoparticules énergétiques est un défi de longue date. Le Spray Flash Evaporation (SFE) est une technique majeure développée et brevetée en interne, pour la production en continu de matériaux énergétiques submicroniques ou nanométriques ; la technologie se base sur la surchauffe d’un solvant pulvérisé dans le vide et s’évaporant de manière flash. Ce présent travail de recherche a pour but de comprendre et contrôler la cristallisation au sein du procédé SFE. Le RDX et le cocristal CL-20:HMX 2:1 sont étudiés. La sursaturation, concernant le SFE, est une fonction du temps et de l’espace liée aux tailles et vitesses de gouttes : elle fut variée par un anti-solvant et par l’amélioration du SFE avec un système double buse. Ensuite, PVP 40K et PEG 400 ont été utilisés afin de contrôler la nucléation et la croissance. Les particules ont pu être ajustées d’une taille de 160 nm à 5 µm, avec des morphologies facettées ou sphériques et avec des sensibilités moindres
The continuous formation of nanosized energetic material is a long-standing challenge. Spray Flash Evaporation (SFE) is a major technique, internally developed and patented, for continuously producing energetic materials at submicron or nano scale; it relies on the superheating of a solvent sprayed into vacuum and thus flashing. This present research project aims to understand and control the crystallisation occurring in the SFE process. RDX and the cocrystal CL-20:HMX 2:1 was studied overcome the limited in situ characterizations also. The supersaturation is a function of time and space in SFE, linked to the size distribution and velocity of droplets. Supersaturation was raised with an anti-solvent and by the enhancement of the SFE with a dual nozzle system. Then PVP 40K and PEG 400 were successfully used to alter the nucleation and the growth. The particles were subsequently tuned from 160 nm spheres to 5 µm grains and were less sensitive, especially toward electrostatic discharge
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Conroy, Michael W. "First-principles studies of energetic materials." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002276.

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Myrgren, Dennis. "Integrating FM/RDS/DAB radio with digital HMI for usage in off-highway vehicles." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Signaler och System, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325673.

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This thesis aimed to integrate a radio module, for listening to FM and DAB primarily, with CrossControl's display computers. The connection was done by converting the USB signals from the display computer to UART signals that were sent to the radio module. To be able to communicate a communication library was ported from C to Qt, and C++, which was used by a graphical user interface created during the project. This user interface aimed to keep a simplistic and clean look as well as making sure that the user could operate as easily as possible. The different radio standards around the world were reviewed and the analog standard FM radio and the digital standard DAB+ was chosen for testing the capabilities of the radio module, mostly because of their availability in Sweden.
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Benwell, Martin James. "Medical and professional homoeopathy in the UK : a study of tensions in a heterodox healthcare profession." Thesis, City University London, 1998. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/12048/.

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Homoeopathic practitioners in the United Kingdom can be divided into two groups,those with medical qualifications and those without, professional homoeopaths. This study examines these two groups to discover how they practise homoeopathy and why. Also examined are any tensions that may exist, both between the two groups and within the groups. Collecting qualitative and quantitative data using questionnaires and interviews, a randomly selected sample of homoeopaths was studied. All subjects were members of either the Faculty of Homoeopathy or the Society of Homoeopaths. The study starts by examining the development of homoeopathy over its almost 200 year history. Following this section data regarding the practice of homoeopathy and the opinions of homoeopaths on this practice are discussed. The homoeopath's opinions regarding their opposite numbers are also discussed, that is professional homoeopath's opinions of medically qualified homoeopaths and vice versa. The data highlighted a number of tensions that exist between medically qualified homoeopaths and professional homoeopaths. Medically qualified homoeopaths questioned the wisdom of allowing non-medically qualified people to practice homoeopathy and the professional homoeopaths questioned the validity of the homoeopathic methods used by medically qualified homoeopaths. Tensions within professional homoeopathy were also identified between pro and anti professionalisation and registration subgroups. Another tension identified was between those professional homoeopaths who claim to use the original, 'classical' formulation of homoeopathy and those using a more eclectic therapeutic regime with changes to the original method incorporated into their practices. Finally, the utility of the concept of heresy when describing both medically qualified homoeopaths and professional homoeopaths in the United Kingdom was addressed. Although the labelling of heretics is properly reserved for those members of the orthodoxy, not for researchers, a small number of homoeopaths were identified as holding potentially heretical ideas. On the whole the medically qualified homoeopaths and the majority of professional homoeopaths could not be regarded as heretics or dissenters in any way. In the light of the tensions that were identified, and the policies being promoted by the professional bodies, the conclusion examines the possible future of homoeopathy in the United Kingdom in the first years of the new millennium. A thoroughly modernist medicine in a possibly postmodern era.
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Mottram, A. "A sociological analysis of patients' experiences of day surgery." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2007. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/2775/.

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The aim of this study was to examine patients’ experiences of day surgery from a sociological perspective. Although there has been massive expansion in day surgery provision, both internationally and in the United Kingdom, there has been surprisingly little sociological research concerning this development. Within the space of three hours a patient is admitted to hospital, undergoes a general anaesthetic, followed by a significant surgical intervention and is then discharged home where responsibility for their care, which was previously performed by health service professionals, is now undertaken by the patient and their families. A study was devised to gain an understanding of the patients’ experiences within a sociological framework of analysis. One-hundred and forty-five patients and their relatives, from two different day surgery units within the United Kingdom, were recruited to the study. A qualitative framework, utilizing the grounded theory approach, enabled the researcher to gain deep insights into the patient experience. Fieldwork comprised semi-structured interviews and observation, as well as extensive use of field notes and memos. During a two-year span in the field, patients were interviewed on three occasions. The first interview took place in the pre-operative assessment clinic, where fitness for day surgery was assessed. The second and third interviews were carried out by telephone, at forty-eight hours and four weeks post-operatively. Data was simultaneously analyzed alongside data collection. Line by line analysis of the transcribed interview was undertaken whereby keywords and phrases were identified. Codes were then clustered into groups from which emerged core concepts. The core concepts which emerged from this study were: Time, the ambiguities of the Sick Role, Control, the importance of therapeutic relationships and formal communication. Recommendations include improved educational preparation for day surgery patients and their families as well as for the day surgery and community staff who are called upon to support the patient following discharge.
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Books on the topic "RDX AND HMX"

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Price, Cynthia B. Transformation of RDX and HMX under controlled Eh/pH conditions. Vicksburg, Miss: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, 1998.

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F, Jenkins T., and Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (U.S.), eds. Reverse phase HPLC method for analysis of TNT, RDX, HMX and 2,4-DNT in munitions wastewater. [Hanover, N.H.]: US Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory, 1985.

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Recovery and Reuse of HMX/RDX from Propellants and Explosives. Storming Media, 2002.

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Myers, David G., SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, and Worth Publishers. MOD PSYCH 6E&SCI AM RDR&HM RDR. Worth Publishers, 2005.

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Myers, David G., and Thomas Ludwig. Psychology, 7e in Modules (spiral),PsychInquiry, SA Rdr, HM Rdr & Imp Mind and B. Worth Publishers, 2004.

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Myers, David G. Mod Psy 7e C and Sci Am Rdr for Myers and HM Rdr and PsychInquiry. 7th ed. Worth Publishers, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "RDX AND HMX"

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Singh, Rita, and Antaryami Singh. "Biodegradation of Military Explosives RDX and HMX." In Environmental Science and Engineering, 235–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23789-8_9.

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Bernstein, Anat, and Zeev Ronen. "Biodegradation of the Explosives TNT, RDX and HMX." In Environmental Science and Engineering, 135–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23789-8_5.

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Chen, T. H. "Comparative Study of RDX and HMX by DEPMS and TSLC/MS." In Advances in Analysis and Detection of Explosives, 309–21. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0639-1_30.

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Bulusu, S. "Nitrogen-15 Solid-State NMR Study of RDX and HMX-Polymorphs." In Materials Characterization for Systems Performance and Reliability, 479–85. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2119-4_27.

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Pennington, Judith C., Guilherme Lotufo, Charolett A. Hayes, Beth Porter, and Robert D. George. "TNT, RDX, and HMX Association with Organic Fractions of Marine Sediments and Bioavailability Implications." In ACS Symposium Series, 185–95. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2011-1069.ch010.

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Piermarini, Gasper J., Stanley Block, and Philip J. Miller. "Effects of Pressure on the Thermal Decomposition Rates, Chemical Reactivity and Phase Behavior of HMX, RDX and Nitromethane." In Chemistry and Physics of Energetic Materials, 391–412. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2035-4_17.

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Behrens, Richard. "Thermal Decomposition of HMX and RDX: Decomposition Processes and Mechanisms Based on STMBMS and TOF of Velocity-Spectra Measurements." In Chemistry and Physics of Energetic Materials, 347–68. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2035-4_15.

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Douglas, Thomas A., Marianne E. Walsh, Christian J. McGrath, Charles A. Weiss, Ashley Marie Jaramillo, and Thomas P. Trainor. "The Fate of Nitroaromatic (TNT) and Nitramine (RDX and HMX) Explosive Residues in the Presence of Pure Metal Oxides." In ACS Symposium Series, 197–215. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2011-1069.ch011.

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Szecsody, Jim E., Steve Comfort, Herb L. Fredrickson, Robert E. Riley, Fiona Crocker, Patrick Shea, Jim P. McKinley, et al. "In Situ Degradation and Remediation of Energetics TNT, RDX, HMX, and CL-20 and a Byproduct NDMA in the Sub-Surface Environment." In Environmental Science and Engineering, 313–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01083-0_15.

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Sviatenko, Liudmyla K., Leonid Gorb, Danuta Leszczynska, Sergiy I. Okovytyy, Manoj K. Shukla, and Jerzy Leszczynski. "Application of Computational Approaches to Analysis of Multistep Chemical Reactions of Energetic Materials: Hydrolysis of Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine (RDX) and Octahydro-1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-Tetrazocine(HMX)." In Practical Aspects of Computational Chemistry V, 215–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83244-5_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "RDX AND HMX"

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Hawthorne, Steven B., Arnaud J. M. Lagadec, David J. Miller, and Peter J. Hammond. "Non-Oxidative Destruction of TNT, RDX, and HMX on Contaminated Soil Using Subcritical (Hot/Liquid) Water." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4792.

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Subcritical (hot/liquid) water was used in a simple static (non-flowing) vessel to treat three soils from former defense sites which were contaminated with the explosives TNT (12 wt.%), or RDX (0.62 wt.%) and HMX (0.16 wt. %). Significant degradation of RDX began at 100 C, and at 125 C for TNT and HMX, with the bulk of the undergraded explosives remaining in the soil rather than in the water phase. Based on HPLC/UV analysis, intermediate degradation products formed, but quickly degraded at < 250 C. Remediations performed using a generator-powered mobile pilot-scale unit (4 to 6 kg soil) with 4-L of water at 275 C for 1 h of real soils resulted in > 99.9% destrcution of TNT and HMX, and > 99.5% desstruction of RDX. None of the mutagenic nitroso derivatives of RDX and HMX were formed. “Microtox” acute toxicity tests with Vibrio fischeri showed no significant (compared to background) residual toxicity in either the process wastewaters or leachates from the treated soils. The operation is closed-loop (no air or water emissions), and process water can be recycled without treatment. Initial cost analysis indicates that the process should be competitive with other approaches such as bioremediation.
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Smith, J. A. S. "Nitrogen-14 quadrupole resonance detection of RDX and HMX based explosives." In European Convention on Security and Detection. IEE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19950514.

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Washburn, Ephraim, and Merrill Beckstead. "Modeling Multi-Phase Effects in the Combustion of HMX and RDX." In 40th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2004-3870.

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Wemhoff, Aaron P., Alan K. Burnham, Albert L. Nichols, and Jaroslaw Knap. "Calibration Methods for the Extended Prout-Tompkins Chemical Kinetics Model and Derived Cookoff Parameters for RDX, HMX, LX-10 and PBXN-109." In ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2007-32279.

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Thermal explosions result when local temperature-dependent heat generation exceeds heat loss via conduction. The temperature dependence of the heat source term is directly related to the material’s chemical kinetics, and hence the chemical kinetics has a direct impact on the thermal explosion times of a material. Much success has been gained in past work to accurately model thermal explosions in various explosives using multi-step Arrhenius chemical kinetics models. However, the generation of these kinetics models is time consuming and complex. Therefore, a methodology has been developed that allows for calibration of a single-reaction global kinetics model using One Dimensional Time to Explosion (ODTX) experimental data, which combines an iterative approach with a steepest descents optimization. This methodology has been applied to calibrate kinetic parameters for the widely-used explosives RDX (1, 3, 5-trinitrohexahydro-striazine), HMX (octahydro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetranitro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetrazocine), LX-10 (95% HMX, 5% Viton binder), and PBXN-109 (64% RDX, 20% Al, 16% binders). The average error between experimental and simulated ODTX and STEX data using this technique is approximately equivalent to that using the traditional multi-step models, and the time required for calibration of the global kinetics model has been reduced from months to hours.
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Finlinson, Jerry, Richard Stalnaker, and Fred Blomshield. "HMX and RDX T-burner pressure coupled response from 200 to 1000 psi." In 36th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1998-556.

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Shaik, Abdul Kalam, and Venugopal Rao Soma. "Standoff Detection of RDX, TNT, and HMX Using Femtosecond Filament Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy." In Fourier Transform Spectroscopy. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fts.2018.jw4a.1.

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Sewell, Thomas D. "Monte Carlo calculations of the physical properties of RDX, β-HMX, and TATB." In The tenth American Physical Society topical conference on shock compression of condensed matter. AIP, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.55645.

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Sreedhar, S., M. Ashwin Kumar, G. Manoj Kumar, P. Prem Kiran, Surya P. Tewari, and S. Venugopal Rao. "Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of RDX and HMX with nanosecond, picosecond, and femtosecond pulses." In SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, edited by Augustus W. Fountain III and Patrick J. Gardner. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.850007.

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Stennett, Chris, Malcolm Cook, Philip Cheese, Andrew Wood, Nathan White, and Tom Reeves. "Live imaging and heating of confined RDX and HMX crystals until reaction using the dual windowed test vehicle." In SHOCK COMPRESSION OF CONDENSED MATTER - 2017: Proceedings of the Conference of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5044993.

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Francois, Elizabeth Green, V. Eric Sanders, and John Morris. "Front curvature and rate stick data on formulations containing DAAF, TATB, RDX and HMX including diameter and temperature effects." In SHOCK COMPRESSION OF CONDENSED MATTER - 2011: Proceedings of the Conference of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3686346.

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Reports on the topic "RDX AND HMX"

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Card, R. E. Jr, and R. Autenrieth. Treatment of HMX and RDX contamination. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/587711.

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Lynch, Jason C. Dissolution Kinetics of High Explosive Compounds (TNT, RDX, HMX). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada407663.

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Poehlein, Sara, Caroline Wilharm, Keith Sims, Dan Burch, and Tom Schilling. Recovery and Reuse of HMX/RDX from Propellants and Explosives. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada399361.

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Schilling, Tom, Mike Miks, Dan Burch, Keith Sims, and Jim Wheeler. Recovery and Reuse of HMX/RDX from Propellants and Explosives. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada607447.

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Cragin, J. H., D. C. Leggett, B. T. Foley, and P. W. Schumacher. TNT RDX and HMX Explosives in Soils and Sediments. Analysis Techniques and Drying Losses. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada163278.

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NAVAL SURFACE WARFARE CENTER CRANE DIV IN. Recovery and Reuse of HMX/RDX from Propellants and Explosives (150 lbs/day Pilot Plant). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada604326.

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Yoon, Jong M., Jerald L. Schnoor, Benoit Van Aken, Laura B. Brentner, Sachiyo Tanaka, and Brittany Flokstra. Identification of Metabolic Routes and Catabolic Enzymes Involved in Phytoremediation of the Nitro- Substituted Explosives TNT, RDX, and HMX. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada476298.

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Beal, Samuel, Matthew Bigl, and Charles Ramsey. Live-fire validation of command-detonation residues testing using a 60 mm IMX-104 munition. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45266.

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Command detonation (i.e., static firing) provides a method of testing munitions for their postdetonation residues early in the acquisition process. However, necessary modifications to the firing train and cartridge orientation raise uncertainty whether command detonation accurately represents residue deposition as it occurs during live-fire training. This study col-ected postdetonation residues from live-fired 60 mm IMX-104 mortar cartridges and then compared estimated energetic-compound deposition rates between live fire and prior command detonations of the same munition. Average live-fire deposition rates of IMX-104 compounds determined from 11 detonations were 3800 mg NTO (3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one), 34 mg DNAN (2,4-dinitroanisole), 12 mg RDX (1,3,5-Trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-Triazine), and 1.9 mg HMX (1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-Tetrazocane) per cartridge. Total live-fire residue deposition (mean ± standard deviation: 3800 ± 900 mg/cartridge) was not significantly different from command detonation using a representative fuze simulator (3800 ± 900 mg/cartridge, n = 7, p = 0.76) but was significantly different from command detonation using a simplified fuze simulator (2200 ± 500 mg/cartridge, n = 7, p < 0.01). While the dominant residue compound NTO was broadly similar between live fire and command detonation, the minor residue compounds RDX and DNAN were underestimated during command detonation by a factor of approximately three to seven.
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Beal, Samuel, Matthew Bigl, and Charles Ramsey. Live-fire validation of command-detonation residues testing using an 81 mm IMX-104 munition. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46913.

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Postdetonation energetic residues can have environmental impacts that present a risk to military training-range sustainment. As munitions with new explosive formulations are developed and fielded, quantitative methods for assessing their residues are needed. Command detonation (i.e., static firing) allows residue testing to occur early in the acquisition process; however, its representation of live-fire residue production is uncertain due to differences in the initiation mechanism and cartridge orientation. This study aims to validate residue testing by command detonation through statistical comparison of residue deposition rates between live fire and command detonation. Live-fire residues were collected from fourteen 81 mm IMX-104 mortar cartridges fired onto snow, and deposition rates were compared with previous command-detonation tests of the same munition. Average live-fire deposition rates were 8000 mg NTO (3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one), 60 mg DNAN (2,4-dinitroanisole), 20 mg RDX (1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine), and 2 mg HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane) per cartridge. Compared to command detonation, live fire of the study munition produced significantly greater residues of NTO (p < 0.0001) and RDX (p = 0.01) but not DNAN (p = 0.067). Although absolute deposition rates of some IMX-104 compounds differed, command detonation was successful at predicting the order of magnitude of each IMX-104 compound for the studied 81 mm munition.
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Byrd, Edward F., and Jesse J. Sabatini. Theoretical Prediction of the Heats of Formation, Densities and Relative Sensitivities, and/or Synthetic Approaches Toward the Synthesis of High Energy Dense Materials (HEDMs): 3,5-Dinitro-1,3,5-Oxadiazinane, Bis-Adjacent RDX, Bis-Adjacent HMX, 4,4',6,6'-Tetranitro-1,1'-Bis(N-oxide)-5,5',6,6'-4H,4'H-5,5'-Bisimidazo Oxadiazole, and the Open-Cage Derivative of CL-20. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada626921.

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