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Alkhybari, Essam. "Establishing diagnostic reference levels and optimisation methods for patients undergoing PET/CT examinations." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/22082.
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Objectives: This thesis investigates the diagnostic reference levels (DRL) for positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and identifies factors that contribute to radiation doses from whole-body (WB) PET/CT procedures. The specific objectives are to (i) establish a regional DRL (RDRL) for Australian (AU) Queensland and Western Australian states (AU QLD/WA) and the first national DRL (NDRL) for New Zealand (NZ); (ii) derive an AU local DRL (LDRL) for paediatric patients based on age and weight categories; and (iii) investigate the associated factors behind variations in WB PET/CT radiation doses for AU and NZ adult patients and AU paediatric patients. Methods: The design for a modified DRL study, based on two survey booklets, was performed to collect the demographic data of adult and paediatric patients, PET/CT radiation doses, and PET/CT protocols and technological details. Further data analyses were performed to identify factors influencing radiation dose. Results: A modified DRL adult survey was used in this study to report the AU QLD/WA RDRL and NZ NDRL for WB PET/CT examinations. The AU QLD/WA RDRL and the NZ NDRL for WB fluoride-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET/CT were 333.75 MBq and 332.87 MBq, respectively. The reported AU QLD/WA and NZ volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP) for the CT scan were 4.41 mGy and 483.75 mGy.cm, and 13.07 mGy and 1318.60 mGy.cm, respectively. The determined AU QLD/WA RDRL and NZ NDRL for 18F-FDG were in agreement with published NDRL data. In the paediatric study, the LDRLs for radiation doses from 18F-FDG PET/CT investigations were reported based on age and weight categories. The main factor influencing adult radiation doses was patients’ weight (PET: 45% AU & NZ) and mAs (CT: 84% AU/ 80% NZ); patients’ weight was the main factor for CT in the paediatric age and weight groups. Conclusion: The modified DRL method facilitates DRL reporting and investigating sources of variation in PET/CT radiation doses. The associated factors influencing dose variation for adult patients were weight for PET administered activity and mAs for CT dose, and weight was the main factor for the paediatric CT dose. This thesis acknowledged the potential for DRLs to promote dose optimisation strategies.
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Charlesworth, Steven Roy. "Investigation into resistance strategies against geminiviruses by understanding and adapting RNA interference." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/121482/2/Steven%20Roy%20Charlesworth%20Thesis.pdf.
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This project investigated new strategies to improve viral resistance in crops against the increasing global threat of DNA viruses. The research showed that a combination of protective strategies is more likely to be effective and durable than a single approach. A gene from a wild relative was identified as a new potential source of DNA virus resistance.
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Alsubaie, Fehaid. "Cu(0)-mediated RDRP : synthesis of multiblock copolymers and mechanistic studies." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2016. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/81846/.
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The aim of this work is to investigate the versatility of Cu(0)-mediated reversible deactivation radical polymerisation (RDRP) in aqueous media in order to facilitate the synthesis of multiblock copolymers consisting of various acrylamides. Under carefully optimised conditions, a simple and highly efficient one-pot polymerisation procedure (full conversion for each block and no intermediate purification required) will be developed allowing access to iterative monomer additions, fast polymerisation rates and high level of control. As a result, complex microstructures (such as hexablocks) can be achieved in a quantitative manner in a matter of few hours, which consists the fastest synthesis of such material up to date. However, the loss of the halide chain end will be shown to be the main limitation of the in situ chain extensions and block copolymerisations of acrylamides in water. In order to assess the effect of the nature of the monomer to the loss of the end group fidelity, a further investigation into the monomer nature and the lifetime of the ω-Br chain end will be conducted further highlighting the importance to monomer structure and sequence in poly(acrylamide)s multiblocks in order to maximise the retention of the bromine chain end. At the second part of this thesis, a mechanistic investigation of Cu(0)-mediated polymerisation in organic and aqueous media will also be presented. The role of the Cu(0) on the polymerisation kinetics and will be extensively investigated differentiating Cu(0)-wire from the in situ generated Cu(0) particles. The extent of disproportionation and comproportionation reactions in aqueous, organic and aqueous/organic mixtures will be also evaluated and the effect of the monomer on these reactions will also be shown demonstrating a completely different behaviour between organic and aqueous media. Finally, a direct comparison between Cu(0) and Cu(I) mediated polymerisation under exactly the same reaction conditions will be attempted indicating different active species depending on the conditions employed. Nevertheless and regardless the mechanism, the ideal polymerisation protocol that allows access to the preparation of high ordered materials will be shown. Very fast polymerisation rates (achieving quantitative conversion within 10 min), high end group fidelity even at full monomer conversion and good control over the molecular weight distribution will highlight Cu(0)-mediated polymerisation as a versatile tool for the synthesis of a wide range of materials.
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Yasmin, Aneela [Verfasser]. "Identification and molecular characterization of the Rdr1 resistance gene from roses / Aneela Yasmin." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover, 2011. http://d-nb.info/101111593X/34.
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Scrase, Andrew N. "On RDL and its application to the performability of communications networks." Thesis, Open University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278916.
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Röhrs, Ina [Verfasser]. "Role of the Rdr1 gene family in the black spot resistance in roses / Ina Röhrs." Hannover : Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1213523397/34.
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Faul, Charmaine Hester. "The impact of Retail Distribution Review (RDR) on the South African financial planning industry." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/15193.
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The Retail Distribution Review (RDR) was introduced by the Financial Services Board (FSB) to change the distribution and remuneration practices in the financial services industry in an attempt to ensure that clients receive fair treatment when purchasing financial products. The FSB aims to ensure that clients are sold products which are suitable for their financial needs and objectives; that clients receive appropriate advice which is not biased and not subject to product supplier influence in particular and that there is full transparency in the sales process. The current distribution of financial products and some financial advisor remuneration models are noted as contributing factors to the poor outcomes of current product selling practices. The impact of RDR on the sustainability of the South African financial services industry and advisor force is expected to be substantial, especially in terms of advisor remuneration, the reduction in qualified experienced advisors and a growing advice gap. This study reviewed the research conducted in the UK and Australia where RDR has been implemented and the impact thereof on the financial planning industry in these countries. This study aimed to determine if the South African advisors have started changing their business models to ensure that they are ready for the implementation of RDR and to reduce the impact of RDR on their practices. An environmental scan was conducted in order to identify and understand other factors specific to the South African context which will impact the financial services industry in the future. Research was conducted via online questionnaires as well as personal interviews to determine the perception of clients pertaining to the trustworthiness and professionalism of financial advisors and what they perceive as value in terms of financial planning, their knowledge of RDR and the changing environment. Industry experts were given the opportunity to share their views regarding the impact of RDR on the industry as well as their proposals in terms of the implementation and roll-out of RDR.
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Araújo, Alexandre Gentil Corte-Real de. "O fortalecimento dos poderes locais na República democrática de Timor Leste (uma nova interpretação da Constituição da RDTL/2002)." Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito da UFBA, 2008. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/10728.
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O legislador atual do Timor Leste ainda não cumpriu o seu dever obrigatório de editar as leis ordinárias previstas no texto constitucioanal, principalmente aquelas relacionadas à instalação e implementação da política de descentralização político-administrativa em Timor Leste, em consonância com a Constituição nacional. Por esse motivo, o Governo Central ainda acumula todo o poder. Para alterar este quadro, é urgente que o atual legislador ordinário crie leis relativas à descentralização, para que assim possa fortalecer a existência do Poder Local, e, consequentemente, chegar-se à democratização.
Salvador
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Romon, Marjorie. "Rôle du gène de floraison VvFT dans la mise en place de la floraison chez la vigne : mise en évidence des mécanismes d'extinction génique chez la vigne et de leurs réponses face aux stress abiotiques." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ125/document.
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Chez la vigne, les gibbérellines activent le débourrement des bourgeons latents et stimulent la formation de vrilles mais contrairement à Arabidopsis, celles-ci semblent inhiber la formation d'inflorescences. Par ailleurs, comme la floraison de la vigne n'est pas sensible à la photopériode,on peut se demander si l'orthologue du gène FT (VvFT) a tout de même un rôle intégrateur au niveau des feuilles et s'il active l'expression de l'orthologue du gène LFY (VFL). Dans la première partie de ma thèse, nous avons conduit une analyse moléculaire avec un matériel original : un porte-greffe 41 B transformé avec une construction contenant le gène VvFT sous contrôle du promoteur 35S et une plante dérivée du Pinot Meunier, portant une mutation dans le gène GA-INSENSITIVE (GAl). Notre étude montre que les gibbérellines ou/et le gène VvFT activent les gènes de floraison comme VFL. mais avec des réponses très différentes entre la vrille, les bourgeons latents et les inflorescences.Dans la seconde partie de ma thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés au silencing. Nous avons produit des plantes transgéniques de la lignée PN40024 contenant soit le gène codant la GFP, soit une construction tige-boucle GF-FG, soit les deux. Les cals embryogènes transgéniques GFP et GFP+GF-FG sont fluorescents. Par contre, nous avons observé une disparition totale de la fluorescence chez ces PN40024 GFP+GF-FG, dès l'apparition des premières feuilles et chez la plante entière. L'étude moléculaire a mis en évidence des petits ARNs de 21 nt et 24nt produits à partir de la construction tige-boucle GF-FG. Des petits ARNs secondaires de 21 nt produit à partir de la séquence de la GFP ont été également été détectésIn grapevine, gibberellins activate latent bud and stimulate the formation of tendrils but in contrast to Arabidopsis, they appear to inhibit the formation of inflorescences. Moreover, as the flowering of the grapevine is not sensitive ta photoperiod, one might wonder whether the ortholog of the FTgene (VvFT) still has an integrative raie in leaves and it activates the expression of the ortholog ofLFY gene (VFL). ln the first part of my thesis, we conducted a molecular analysis with original material: a rootstock 41 B transformed with a construct containing the VvFT gene under the control of the 35S promoter and a derivative of the plant Pinot Meunier, carrying a mutation in the GA-INSENSITIVE gene (GAl). Our study shows that gibberellins and 1 or the gene VvFT activate genes in flowering as a VFL, but with very different responses between the tendril, latent buds and inflorescences.ln the second part of my thesis, we are interested in silencing. We produced transgenic plants of the PN40024 which line containing either the gene encoding GFP, a stem-loop structure GF-FG, orbath. The embryogenic callus transgenic GFP and GFP + GF-FG fluoresce. We observed acomplete disappearance of fluorescence in PN40024 GFP + GF-FG, from the first leaves appear and in the whole plant Molecular analysis revealed small RNAs of 21 nt and 24nt produced from the stem-loop structure GF-FG. Small secondary 21 nt RNAs produced from the sequence of the GFP were also detected
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Amroun, Abdennour. "Caractérisation d'antiviraux contre divers Bunyaviridae, criblage, validation et étude du cap-snatching et les mécanismes d'initiation de la transcription du phlebovirus Toscana." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0666/document.
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Lors d’un crible d’une chimiothèque de ChemBridge (28 500 composés), nous avons identifié deux molécules (T10 et T13), chimiquement très proches, capables d’inhiber la réplication du phlebovirus Toscana (TOSV) (Phenuiviridae) dans des cellules de singe Vero E6. Une recherche d’analogues disponibles commercialement a permis d’identifier le (T101) capable d’inhiber divers virus appartenant à l’ordre des Bunyavirales, mais aussi des flavivirus et des alphavirus. Le large spectre d’activité du T101 suggérait une cible cellulaire que nous avons pu identifier avec son mécanisme d’action potentiel (confidentiel avant dépôt de brevet). En collaboration avec un groupe de chimistes de l’Institut de Virologie de Hambourg (Allemagne), nous avons synthétisé et testé environ 300 analogues structuraux (2D et 3D) de ces molécules en vue d’optimiser l’activité antivirale par une étude SAR (relation structure-activité). Les meilleures molécules (index de sélectivité CC50/IC50> 400) suivant les virus et l’origine de l’espèce cellulaire (humaine, singe et souris), ont été sélectionnées pour des études de leurs propriétés de solubilité, d’absorption, et de stabilité métabolique (ADME-TOX). La molécule la plus active sur cellules murines sera testée lors d’infections expérimentales de souris.En parallèle, j’ai écrit une revue sur la RdRp des Bunyavirales en décrivant sa structure, ses motifs et les différents mécanismes de synthèse des ARN viraux. J’ai également fait une étude sur le mécanisme de vol de coiffe du TOSV. J’ai essayé de construire un système de génétique inverse pour TOSV. Enfin j’ai aussi participé à l’étude de l’évolution du CHIKV dans les cellules d’insectes et de mammifèresWe have screened a subset of the ChemBridge chemical library (28,500 compounds) for compounds inhibiting the replication of Toscana phlebovirus (TOSV) (Phenuiviridae family) in Vero E6 primate cell cultures. Tow molecules chemically very close (T10, T13) have been validated as good inhibitors of TOSV replication. The search for commercially available analogs allowed the identification of (T101). This compound is found active against viruses from highly divergent families such as Bunyavirales order, Flavivirus and Alphavirus. We have determined that the target of this compound family is a cellular enzyme (the cellular target and the mechanism of action are confidential). The inhibitors family was further explored through the synthesis, by a group of chemists (Hambourg University, Germany), of about 300 structural analogs in order to optimize the antiviral activity using SAR studies (structure-activity relationship). The most active molecules (selectivity index CC50 / IC50> 400) depending on virus species and origin of cell species (human, monkey and mouse) were selected for studies of solubility, absorption, metabolic stability (ADME-TOX) and pharmacodynamics. The most promising compound that is active in murine cells will be tested in experimentally infected mice.I wrote a review on the RdRp of bunyaviruses describing its structure, motifs and the various mechanisms of viral RNA synthesis. I also made a study on the cap-snatching mechanism and the initiation of transcription of TOSV and tried to develop a reverse genetics system for TOSV. In parallel I also participated in the study of the evolution of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in insect and mammalian cells
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Devert, Anthony. "Etude des ARN Polymérases ARN-dépendantes impliquées dans le RNA silencing." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22086.
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Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’étude des ARN polymérases ARN dépendant impliquées dans le RNA silencing chez Arabidopsis thaliana. Durant ma thèse, la recherche d'interacteurs des RDR, parmi des protéines impliquées dans le RNA silencing, a permis la détection d'interaction entre RDR6 et SDE3, RDR6 et SGS3, mais aussi entre SDE3 et SGS3 en Co-IP et BiFC. Une co-localisation de ces protéines a été observée lorsqu'elles sont produites transitoirement dans des cellules épidermales de N. benthamiana.Un crible d’une banque d’ADNc d’A. thaliana par double hybride de levure, a permis d’isoler des interacteurs potentiels de RDR6. Deux interacteurs potentiels, AtUAP56-1 et U2B’’, sont impliqués dans l’épissage des précurseurs des ARNm. Un effet sur le RNA silencing dans des mutants de l’épissage en 3’ des ARNm était connu et nous avons confirmé l’interaction entre RDR6 et AtUAP56-1 par BiFC. L’étude de lignées mutantes pour AtUAP56-1 a donc été initiée.Une étude biochimique de RDR6 et de RDR2 a été réalisée. Des formes recombinantes de RDR2 et RDR6 ont été produites de façon transitoire dans des feuilles de N. benthamiana, et une étude comparative de RDR2 et RDR6 a été réalisée. Les deux RDR sont actives sur des matrices ARN et ADN, et montrent in vitro une activité amorce-indépendante. De plus, nous avons détecté pour la première fois une activité amorce-dépendante de RDR6 et RDR2. Ces résultats apportent de nouvelles données biochimiques qui sont en accord avec les études menées in vivo et enrichissent les modèles actuels du RNA silencingThe aim of this work was to study RNA-dependent RNA polymerases involved in RNA silencing in Arabidopsis thaliana. During my thesis, the search for RDR interactors among proteins involved in RNA silencing allowed the detection of interactions between RDR6 and SDE3, RDR6 and SGS3, and also between SDE3 and SGS3 using Co-IP and BiFC. In addition, the co-localisation of these proteins was observed when produced transiently in epidermal cells of N. Benthamiana.A screen of an A. thaliana cDNA library by yeast two hybrid allowed us to identify some putative new RDR6 interactors. Two putative RDR6 interactors, AtUAP56 and U2B’’, are known to be involved in pre-miRNA splicing. Furthermore, a link between pre-mRNA 3’ splicing and RNA silencing was previously reported. We also confirmed the interaction between AtUAP56-1 and RDR6 by BiFC. An investigation of A. thaliana of AtUAP56-1 mutants has been initiated.Recombinant RDRs were produced transiently in N. Benthamiana, and a biochemical comparative study of RDR2 and RDR6 performed. We found that RDR2, like RDR6, has a de novo polymerase activity on DNA and RNA templates, and for both RDRs we also showed, for the first time, a primer-dependant synthesis of dsRNA from RNA template. These findings provide important new insights into our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of RNA silencing amplification in Arabidopsis
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Zhang, Shaoyan. "Overexpression of the Turnip Crinkle Virus Replicase Exerts Opposite Effects on the Synthesis of Viral Genomic RNA and a Novel Viral Long Non-Coding RNA." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1595258672390499.
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Hackett, Brent A. "CRITICAL EVENTS IN HUMAN METAPNEUMOVIRUS INFECTION: FROM ENTRY TO EGRESS." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/biochem_etds/10.
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Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory pathogen in Paramyxovirus family that demonstrates extremely high morbidity in the population, with most individuals having been infected by the age of five. Despite the prevalence of this negative-sense RNA virus in the population for decades, it was only identified in 2001. As such, there is currently no specific treatment for HMPV and the potentially severe consequences of infection for elderly and immunocompromised individuals and particularly infants make development of antivirals targeting HMPV of high significance. HMPV constitutes a quarter of all respiratory hospitalizations among infants, placing it second only to RSV, in addition to becoming a greater concern in concentrated populations of seniors. For these susceptible populations, the consequences of infection have a much greater probability of leading to pneumonia, bronchiolitis and even death. These studies investigate events throughout the infectious cycle of HMPV. They describe specific amino acids that modulate the triggering of viral fusion activity in response to low pH. They also include a report on the dynamic and variable control exercised over gene transcription by viral promoters. Finally, the interplay between viral nonstructural proteins and their distinct roles in both replication and assembly are examined. Ultimately, this work seeks to elucidate the goings-on within an HMPV-infected cell at multiple points throughout the process.
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Kim, Young-Chan. "Protein-ligand and protein-protein interactions involved in de novo initiation of RNA synthesis by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3204540.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Chemistry, 2006.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-01, Section: B, page: 0249. Adviser: C. Cheng Kao. "Title from dissertation home page (viewed Feb. 9, 2007)."
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Lindberg, Sandra. "Common cause failure analysis : Methodology evaluation using Nordic experience data." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-131841.
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Within the nuclear industry there is an extensive need for evaluation of the safety of the plant. In such evaluations there is one phenomenon requiring some particular treatment, namely common cause failure (CCF). This involves the occurrences of components failing dependently, meaning failures that can overcome the applied redundancy or diversity. The impact of CCF is relatively large, but unfortunately the process of CCF analysis is complicated by the complex nature of CCF events and a very sparse availability of CCF data. Today, there are a number of methods for CCF analysis available with different characteristics, especially concerning their qualitative and quantitative features. The most common working procedure for CCF treatment is to divide the analysis in a qualitative and a quantitative part, but unfortunately the development of tools for the qualitative part has to a certain extent got behindhand. This subject is further explored in a comparative study focused on two totally different approaches for CCF analysis, the impact vector method and the unified partial method. Based on insights from this study an integrated impact vector and ‘Relations of Defences, Root causes and Coupling factors’ (RDRC) methodology is suggested to be further explored for progress towards a methodology incorporating both qualitative and quantitative aspects.
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Tripathi, Ajay. "Developing a Modular Hydrogeology Ontology Extending the Sweet Ontologies." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2005. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/geosciences_theses/3.
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Application of ontologies in the environmental science will allow experts in this field to model their domain knowledge for more efficient exchange and reuse. This thesis presents a modular approach in reengineering existing upper-level ontologies to conceptualize specific domain knowledge. The aim of extending these upper-level ontologies is to tailor and transform the existing conceptual models into new ones designed for the use in a specific domain in the earth sciences. This thesis extends the upper-level Semantic Web for Earth and Environmental Terminology (SWEET)ontologies to develop ontologies for part of the hydrogeology domain. The existing SWEET ontologies are developed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion lab for Earth system science (http://sweet.jpl.nasa.gov/ontology/). In the new model, presented in this thesis, the architecture and orthogonal design of the SWEET ontologies is not disturbed but restructured at certain levels. New concepts are added to the old structure and the consistency is maintained for use by other domains. This thesis discusses the useful steps,necessary tools and other procedures involved in ontological reengineering of existing upper-level ontologies. The hydrogeology domain modeled in this thesis by means of reengineering, exemplifies the reusability methodology for the Earth system science knowledge base.
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McCourt, James. "Retail distribution review : a critical evaluation of the retail distribution review." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25942.
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Despite the high profile nature of the interventions made by regulators after the global financial crisis, there have been few objective assessments of their success and of the orthodoxy of market failure analysis that underpins the rationale for taking action. This study addresses both literature gaps by developing a distribution landscape segment model to measure the success of an exemplar; the Retail Distribution Review (RDR). It also undertakes exploratory research to establish a basis for a diagnostic paradigm based on customer value rather than well established, but criticised, classical economic indicators. A “stock flow” based model was constructed to assess post-RDR levels of asymmetry, agency and trust. The absence of source data prompted a second exploratory phase of research into Trust as a welfare benefit, using customer focus groups and telephone surveys. An evidential basis for an alternative framework based on what consumers value, rather than how economists think is rational for them to act, was established. The model results indicated a landscape which is more complex than 2013, with competing interests transmuted rather than eradicated and information asymmetry growing rather than shrinking. The results support a view that interventions focussing on narrow “market” definitions do not reflect the complexity of human behaviour and are simply “squeezing the balloon”. The customer value research found that trust is complicated and related to several key “motivators”. These have underlying attributes which differ between socio economic groups, the financial objectives and whether customers have advisers. The conclusion reached is that an evidence based customer perspective should be at the heart of regulatory analysis, if public welfare is to be maximised. The study provides evidence of complexities and connectedness between actors and economic forces in the retail financial services landscape, cautiously supporting the literature on regulatory interventions as socio-technical assemblages. It argues that the customer value framework enriches the regulatory toolkit by forming a guard against intellectual capture and unintended consequences of shaping reality to fit a so-called perfect market model.
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Martínez, Arias Germán Eugenio. "Relación entre el silenciamiento de RNA y la patogénesis inducida por un viroide con replicación nuclear." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/11302.
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Interés del estudio:
Los viroides son patógenos exclusivos de plantas que infectan un gran número de especies de interés agronómico. Sin capacidad descrita para codificar proteínas, todas las fases de su ciclo vital son estrictamente dependientes de su interacción con factores del huésped. Históricamente se ha asumido que la patogénesis es consecuencia de la competencia huésped-patógeno por factores celulares implicados en el ciclo vital del viroide. En los últimos años se ha propuesto que la respuesta de silenciamiento de RNA (RNAi) del huésped frente a estos patógenos es la responsable de la respuesta patogénica de los viroides. En el presente trabajo se ha tratado de estudiar en profundidad la relación entre el mecanismo de silenciamiento de RNA y la patogénesis viroidal (en concreto del viroide del enanismo del lúpulo, HSVd).
Objetivos:
1- Estudiar el proceso de patogénesis inducido por HSVd y la maquinaria de RNAi
2- Caracterizar mediante secuenciación masiva los sRNAs derivados de HSVd (vd-sRNAs).
4- Analizar la distribución diferencial de vd-sRNAs en distintos tejidos (hoja y floema).
5- Determinar las alteraciones inducidas por la infección en las vías endógenas de RNAi.
Elementos de la metodología a destacar:
- Uso de un sistema transgénico para estudiar el fenómeno de la patogénesis.
- Uso de técnicas de secuenciación masiva para la caracterización de sRNAs.
- Análisis bioinformático de los datos generados por la secuenciación masiva.
Resultados logrados:
- Primera publicación en la literatura de la relación de un componente de las rutas de RNAi en la patogénesis viroidal ocasionada por HSVd.
- Publicación de una de las primeras secuenciaciones masivas de sRNAs derivados del HSVd.
- Primera caracterización de las poblaciones de sRNAs endógenos de C.sativus, incluyendo la primera caracterización de microRNAs en esta especie.
- Identificación y detección de nuevos microRNAs en C.sativus.Martínez Arias, GE. (2011). Relación entre el silenciamiento de RNA y la patogénesis inducida por un viroide con replicación nuclear [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/11302
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Wright, Sam Mathew. "Structural and biophysical studies of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d5c2a16d-e1e2-4c22-aca5-70f72aa96853.
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RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps) play a vital role in the life cycle of RNA viruses, being responsible for genome replication and mRNA transcription. In this thesis viral RdRps (vRdRps) of dsRNA bacteriophage phi6 (phi6 RdRp) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronavirus [non structural protein 12 (NSP-12)] are studied. For SARS polymerase NSP-12, a library-based screening method known as ESPRIT (Expression of Soluble Protein by Random Incremental Truncation) was employed in an attempt to isolate domains of NSP-12 that express solubly in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and are thereby suitable for structural studies. This experiment identified for the first time in a systematic fashion, conditions under which the SARS polymerase could be solubly expressed at small scale and allowed mapping of domain boundaries. Further experiments explored different approaches for increasing expression levels of tractable fragments at large scale. Bacteriophage phi6 RdRp is one of the best studied vRdRps. It initiates RNA synthesis using a de novo mechanism without the need for a primer. Although formation of the de novo initiation complex has been well studied, little is known about the mechanism for the transition from initiation to elongation (i.e. extension of an initiated dinucleotide daughter strand). In the phi6 RdRp initiation complex the C-terminal domain (CTD) blocks the exit path of the newly synthesised dsRNA which must be displaced for the addition of the third nucleotide. The crystal structure of a C-terminally truncated phi6 RdRp (P2T1) reveals the strong non-covalent interactions between the CTD and the main body of the polymerase that must be overcome for the elongation reaction to proceed. Comparing new crystal structures of complexes of both wild-type (WT) and a mutant RdRp (E634 to Q, which removes a salt-bridge between the CTD and main body of the polymerase) with various oligonucleotides (linear and hairpin), nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) and divalent cations, alongside their biophysical and biochemical properties, provides an insight into the precise molecular details of the transition reaction. Thermal denaturation experiments reveal that Mn2+ acquired from the cell and bound at the phi6 RdRp non-catalytic ion site sufficiently weakens the polymerase structure to facilitate the displacement of the CTD. Our crystallographic and biochemical data also indicate that Mn2+ is released during this displacement and must be replaced for the elongation to proceed. Our data explain the role of the non-catalytic divalent cation in vRdRps and pinpoint the Mn2+-dependent step in viral replication. In addition, by inserting a dysfunctional Mg2+ at the non-catalytic ion site for both WT and E634Q RdRps we captured structures with two NTPs bound within the active site in the absence of Watson-Crick base pairing with template and could map movements of divalent cations during preinitiation through to initiation. Oligonucleotides present on the surface of phi6 RdRp allowed mapping of key residues involved in template entry and unwinding of dsRNA; these preinitiation stages have not been observed previously. Considering the high structural homology of phi6 RdRp with other vRdRps, particularly from (+)ssRNA hepatitis C virus (HCV), insights into the mechanistic and structural details of phi6 RdRp are thought to be relevant to the general understanding of vRdRps.
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Landa, Borges José Manuel. "Radar search and detection with the CASA 212 S43 aircraft." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1228.
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Approved for public release; distribution in unlimited.This research develops a detection rate model to analyze the effectiveness of the RDR 1500B search radar installed in the CASA 212 S43 aircraft belonging to Venezuelan Naval Aviation. The model is based on a search and detection mission to find a diesel submarine executing an incursion inside the Venezuelan Caribbean Sea area, assumed to be intermittently operating with periscopes or masts exposed above the sea surface. The analysis obtains cumulative probability of detection vs. time based on the radar manufacturer's performance data, user inputs for aircraft search area size, search speed, and search altitude, and submarine periscope or mast exposure profile. The model can use given periscope radar cross section data, or roughly calculate radar cross section given assumptions about exposed periscope height above the sea-surface and sea-state conditions. Submarine evasion due to radar counterdetection is also modeled.
Lieutenant Commander, Venezuelan Navy
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Rousseau, Maxime. "Impact des technologies d'intégration 3D sur les performances des composants CMOS." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00441653.
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Les innovations actuelles en électronique allient à la fois des critères de coût, de performance et de taille. Or à l'ère du tout numérique, les technologies CMOS sont confrontées à la stagnation de leurs performances électriques. Parallèlement, les systèmes hétérogènes multifonctions s'orientent vers une complexification extrême de leurs architectures, augmentant leur coût de conception. Les problématiques de performance électrique et d'hétérogénéité convergent vers un objectif commun. Une solution industriellement viable pour atteindre cet objectif d'architecture ultime est l'intégration tridimensionnelle de circuits intégrés. En empilant verticalement des circuits classiques aux fonctionnalités diverses, cette architecture ouvre la voie à des systèmes multifonctions miniaturisés dont les performances électriques sont meilleures que l'existant. Néanmoins, les technologies CMOS ne sont pas conçues pour être intégrées dans une architecture 3D. Cette thèse de doctorat s'intéresse à évaluer toute forme d'impact engendré par les technologies d'intégration 3D sur les performances électriques des composants CMOS. Ces impacts sont classifiés en deux familles d'origine thermomécanique et électrique. Une étude exploratoire réalisée par modélisation TCAD a permis de montrer l'existence d'un couplage électrique par le substrat provoqué par les structures d'intégration 3D dont l'influence s'avère non négligeable pour les technologies CMOS. La seconde partie de l'étude porte sur la mise en œuvre et le test de circuits conçus pour quantifier ces phénomènes d'interaction thermomécanique et électrique, et leur impact sur les performances de transistors et d'oscillateurs en anneau.
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Sörensen, Nicolai. "Kinetics and Mechanism of Cu-Catalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization." Doctoral thesis, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-9662-7.
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Schröder, Hendrik. "Metal-Catalyzed Radical Polymerization up to High Pressure." Doctoral thesis, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-962F-C.
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Nikzad, Dehaji Mohammad. "Structural Improvements of Convolutional Neural Networks." Thesis, Griffith University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/410448.
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Over the last decade, deep learning has demonstrated outstanding performance in almost every application domain. Among different types of deep frameworks, convolutional neural networks (CNNs), inspired by the biological process of the visual system, can learn to extract discriminative features from raw inputs without any prior manipulation. However, efficient information circulation and the ability to explore effective new features are still two key and challenging factors for a successful deep neural network. In this thesis, we aim at presenting novel structural improvements of the CNN frameworks to enhance their effectiveness and efficiency of feature exploring and exploiting capability. To this end, first, we propose a novel residual-dense lattice network (RDL-Net), a 2-dimensional triangular lattice of convolutional units connected using residual and dense connections. RDL-Net effectively harnesses the advantages of both residual and dense aggregations without over-allocating parameters for feature re-usage. This property improves the network’s capacity to effectively and yet efficiently extract and exploit features. Furthermore, our extensive experimental investigation in processing 1D sequential speech signals shows that RDL-Nets can achieve a higher speech enhancement performance than many state-of-the-art CNN-based speech enhancement approaches. Further, we modify RDL topology to be applicable for the spatial (2D) signals. Hence, inspired by RDL-Nets innovation, we present an attention-based pyramid dilated lattice network (APDL-Net) for blind image denoising. The proposed framework employs a novel pyramid dilated convolution strategy alongside a channel-wise attention mechanism to effectively capture contextual information corresponding to different noise levels through the training of a single model. The extensive empirical studies in image denoising and JPEG artifacts suppression tasks verify the effectiveness and efficiency of the APDL architecture. We also investigate the capability of the lattice topology for hyperspectral image classification. For this purpose, we introduce a new attention-based lattice network (ALN) empowered by a unique joint spectral-spatial attention mechanism to capture spectral and spatial information effectively. The proposed ALN achieves superior accuracy and computational efficiency against state-of-the-art deep learning benchmark approaches for hyperspectral image classification. In addition to the above architectural improvements of CNNs, inspired by geographical analysis, we propose a novel channel-wise spatially autocorrelated (CSA) attention mechanism. The proposed CSA exploits the spatial relationships between feature maps channels. It also employs a unique hybrid spatial contiguity measure based on directional metrics to measure the degree of spatial closeness between feature maps effectively. Furthermore, imposing negligible learning parameters and light computational overhead to the deep model, making CSA a powerful yet efficient attention module of choice. The experimental results on large scale image classification and object detection datasets demonstrate that CSA-Nets can consistently achieve superior performance than different state-of-the-art attention-based CNNs. Besides the above architectural and attention-based advances, this research presents a simple and novel feature pooling method as gradient-based pooling (GP). This method considers the spatial gradient of the pixels within a pooling region as a key to pick the possible discriminative information. In contrast, other common pooling methods mostly rely on pixel values. The superiority of the GP over other pooling methods is proved through experiments on different benchmark image classification tasks.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Eng & Built Env
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Bignold, Adam. "Rule-based interactive assisted reinforcement learning." Thesis, Federation University Australia, 2019. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/169240.
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Reinforcement Learning (RL) has seen increasing interest over the past few years, partially owing to breakthroughs in the digestion and application of external information. The use of external information results in improved learning speeds and solutions to more complex domains. This thesis, a collection of five key contributions, demonstrates that comparable performance gains to existing Interactive Reinforcement Learning methods can be achieved using less data, sourced during operation, and without prior verifcation and validation of the information's integrity. First, this thesis introduces Assisted Reinforcement Learning (ARL), a collective term referring to RL methods that utilise external information to leverage the learning process, and provides a non-exhaustive review of current ARL methods. Second, two advice delivery methods common in ARL, evaluative and informative, are compared through human trials. The comparison highlights how human engagement, accuracy of advice, agent performance, and advice utility differ between the two methods. Third, this thesis introduces simulated users as a methodology for testing and comparing ARL methods. Simulated users enable testing and comparing of ARL systems without costly and time-consuming human trials. While not a replacement for well-designed human trials, simulated users offer a cheap and robust approach to ARL design and comparison. Fourth, the concept of persistence is introduced to Interactive Reinforcement Learning. The retention and reuse of advice maximises utility and can lead to improved performance and reduced human demand. Finally, this thesis presents rule-based interactive RL, an iterative method for providing advice to an agent. Existing interactive RL methods rely on constant human supervision and evaluation, requiring a substantial commitment from the advice-giver. Rule-based advice can be provided proactively and be generalised over the state-space while remaining flexible enough to handle potentially inaccurate or irrelevant information. Ultimately, the thesis contributions are validated empirically and clearly show that rule-based advice signicantly reduces human guidance requirements while improving agent performance.Doctor of Pholosophy
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Moura, Vinicius Calado Nogueira de. "Caracterização da resistência a quinolonas em Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. bolletii e outras micobactérias de crescimento rápido relacionadas." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2011. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6113.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorEm diversos estados do Brasil, foram relatadas epidemias de infecções causadas por micobactérias de crescimento rápido (MCR) desde o ano 2000. A maioria dos casos foi principalmente associada ao clone BRA100 de Mycobacterium massiliense, recentemente renomeada para Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. bolletii, isolado de pacientes submetidos a procedimentos invasivos nos quais os instrumentos médicos não foram adequadamente esterilizados e/ou desinfetados. Sendo as quinolonas uma opção no tratamento de infecções por MCR e sugerida para esquemas terapêuticos para esses surtos, foram avaliadas nesse trabalho as atividades in vitro de quatro gerações de quinolonas para cepas clinicas e de referência de MCR através da microdiluição em caldo. Também foram analisadas as sequências peptídicas das regiões determinantes da resistência a quinolonas (RDRQ) das subunidades A e B da DNA gyrase (GyrA e GyrB) após o seqüenciamento de DNA seguido pela tradução da sequência de aminoácidos. Cinquenta e quatro cepas de M. abscessus subsp bolletii, incluindo o clone BRA100, isoladas em diferentes estados do Brasil, e 19 cepas de referência de MCR foram caracterizadas. Todas as 54 cepas clínicas de M. abscessus subsp. bolletii foram resistentes a todas as gerações de quinolonas e mostraram o mesmo resíduo nas RDRQ, incluindo Ala-83 em GyrA, Arg-447 e Asp-464 em GyrB, descritos como sendo responsáveis por gerar um baixo nível de resistência a quinolonas em micobactérias. Porém, outras espécies de MCR apresentaram diferentes susceptibilidade e padrões de mutações contrários aos classicamente já definidos, sugerindo que outros mecanismos de resistência, diferentes de mutações em gyrA e gyrB também possam estar envolvidos na alta resistência a quinolonas.
Several outbreaks of infections caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) have been reported in many Brazilian states since 2000. Most of the cases were mainly associated to Mycobacterium massiliense, recently renamed as Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. bolletii, BRA100 clone recovered from patients who had undergone invasive procedures, in which medical instruments have not been properly sterilized and / or disinfected. Since quinolones have represented an option for the treatment of general RGM infections and suggested for therapeutic schemes for these outbreaks, we evaluated the in vitro activities of four generations of quinolones for clinical and reference RGM by broth microdilution, and analysis of peptide sequences of the quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDR) of GyrA and GyrB after DNA sequencing followed by amino acid translation. Fifty four isolates of M. abscessus subsp bolletii, including clone BRA100, recovered in different states of Brazil, and 19 reference strains of RGM species were characterized. All 54 M. abscessus subsp. bolletii isolates were resistant to all generations of quinolones and showed the same amino acids in the QRDR including the Ala-83 in GyrA, Arg-447 and Asp-464 in GyrB, described as responsible for an intrinsic low level of resistance to quinolones in mycobacteria. But other RGM species presented distinct susceptibilities to this class of antimicrobials and patterns of mutations contrary to what has been traditionally defined, suggesting that other mechanisms of resistance, different from gyrA or gyrB mutations, may also be involved in resistance to high levels of quinolones.
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Ma, Yue. "Modèles compacts électro-thermiques du premier ordre et considération de bruit pour les circuits 3D." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEI042/document.
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L'intégration tridimensionnels (3D) ont été couronnés de succès dans les dispositifs traditionnels pour augmenter la densité logique et réduire les distances de mouvement des données. Il résout les limites fondamentales de la mise à l'échelle, par ex. retard croissant dans les interconnexions, les coûts de développement et la variabilité. La plupart des périphériques de mémoire livrés aujourd'hui comportent une forme d'empilage de puce. Mais en raison des limites de dissipation de puissance des circuits intégrés, la fréquence de fonctionnement du MPU d'aujourd'hui a été limitée à quelques GHz. Le but de la thèse est de fournir une méthode de conception globale pour le circuit intégré 3D dans le domaine électrique, thermique, électrothermique et aussi le bruit. À cette fin, la question de recherche est la suivante: Comment réaliser la conception 3D IC, comment gérer VLS 3D IC et comment résoudre les problèmes thermiques dans le CI 3D. Dans ce contexte, les méthodes de simulation pour le substrat et également la connectivité relative (TSV, RDL, Micro strip et circuits intégrés dans le substrat) sont proposées. Afin de satisfaire la demande de recherche, un 3D-TLE et une impédance de substrat sont programmés dans Matlab, qui peut automatiquement extraire de tous les contacts; impédance, de forme arbitraire et de matière arbitraire. L'extracteur est compatible à 100% avec le simulateur de cœur SPICE et vérifié avec les résultats de mesure et les résultats de simulation FEM. Et comme pour une démo, une fréquence de 26 GHz et un filtre RF de bande passante 2GHz sont proposés dans ce travail. Un autre simulateur électrothermique est également programmé et vérifié avec ADS. En tant que solution à la dissipation thermique locale, le caloduc plat est proposé comme composant potentiel. Le modèle caloduc est vérifié avec une simulation FEM. La méthode d'analyse du bruit des substrats et les méthodes de calcul de électriques et thermo-mécanique KOZ sont également présentéesThree Dimensional (3D) Integration and Packaging has been successful in mainstream devices to increase logic density and to reduce data movement distances. It solves the fundamental limits of scaling e.g. increasing delay in interconnections, development costs and variability. Most memory devices shipped today have some form of chip-stacking involved. But because of the power dissipation limits of ICs, today’s MPU’s operating frequency has been limited to a few GHz. The aim of the thesis is to provide a global design method for the 3D integrated circuit in electrical, thermal, electro-thermal and also noise field. To this end, the research question is as follows: How to realize the 3D IC design, how to manage VLS 3D IC and how to solve the thermal issues in the 3D IC. In this context, the simulation methods for substrate and also relative connectivity (TSV, RDL, Micro strip and circuits embedded into the substrate) are proposed. In order to satisfy the research demand, a 3D-TLE and a substrate impedance are programmed in Matlab, which can automatically extract from any contacts; impedance, of arbitrary shape and arbitrary material. The extractor is 100% compatible with SPICE core simulator, and verified with measurement results and FEM simulation results. And as for a demo, a 26 GHz frequency and 2GHz bandwidth RF filter is propose in this work. Another electro-thermal simulator is also programmed and verified with ADS. As a solution to the local heat dissipation, flat heat pipe (FHP) is proposed as a prospective component. The heat-pipe model is verified with FEM simulation. The substrates noise analysis method and electrical and thermos-mechanical keep-out-of-zone (KOZ) calculation methods are also presented
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Burridge, Kevin Michael. "Application and characterization of polymer-protein and polymer-membrane interactions." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1624882451668094.
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Palé, Titi Eri Aramatou. "Paysage électoral et stratégies de communication des candidats à la présidentielle de 2010 en Côte d'Ivoire." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BOR30020.
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En 2010, les Ivoiriens organisaient une élection présidentielle au sortir d’une décennie de guerre civile. Depuis lors, ces élections défraient la chronique, en raison de leur issue critique : crise postélectorale meurtrière en 2011, réconciliation nationale poussive et, depuis 2016, mutineries dans les rangs d’une armée composite et de transition. La présente étude considère ces élections ivoiriennes de 2010 comme un objet d’étude scientifique et se consacre à la communication politique de campagne de trois « grands candidats » : Henri Konan Bédié du Parti Démocratique de Côte d’Ivoire (PDCI), Laurent Gbagbo de la Majorité Présidentielle (LMP) et Alassane Ouattara du Rassemblement Des Républicains (RDR). L’objectif scientifique est ici de déterminer les différents axes de communication partisane, qui éclairent le profil sociopolitique et le comportement de l’électeur ivoirien aux présidentielle de 2010. Plus spécifiquement, nos investigations sont consacrées, d’une part, à la détermination de l’électorat ivoirien dans sa composition sociale, politique et culturelle, mais aussi psychosociologique. Cet électorat est ici défini en termes d’intentions de vote, ou de motivation à voter pour tel ou tel candidat. D’autre part sont observés les moyens de communication utilisés par ces candidats majeurs qui deviennent des points structurants du champ politique ivoirien en s’endossant aux partis mandataires. Dans cette confrontation électorale pour capturer la majorité des voix interfèrent des représentations et des imaginaires politiques très marqués, qui consacrent ces candidats en challengers de la vie politique nationale et des sondages du moment. Ces enjeux affectent et différencient les stratégies de communication politique de campagne, que la thèse analyse en collectant les données et les ressources qui les influencent en sourdine et structurent autant les discours que les pratiques médiatiques des candidats étudiés. En clair, le contexte électoral de 2010 et ses déterminants sociohistoriques forgent les stratégies de communication et le comportement médiatique des candidats majeursAt the end of the year 2010, the Ivorians organized a presidential election after a decade of civil war. Since then, these elections are still in the news because of their critical outcome: murderous post-electoral crisis in 2011, complicated national reconciliation and, since the year 2016, mutinies in the ranks of a composite and transitional army. This study considers the Ivorian presidential elections of 2010 as a social sciences study subject and is devoted to the political campaign communication of three "great candidates" : Henri Konan Bédié of the Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire (PDCI), Laurent Gbagbo of the Presidential Majority (LMP) and Alassane Ouattara of the Rally of Republicans (RDR). The scientific purpose here is to determine the different axes of partisan communication, which illuminate the socio-political profile and behavior of the Ivorian voter in the 2010 presidential election. More specifically, our investigations are devoted, on the one hand, to the determination of the Ivorian electorate in its social, political and cultural composition, but also psycho-sociological dimension. This electorate is here defined in terms of voting intentions, or motivation to vote for a particular candidate. On the other hand are observed the means of communication used by these major candidates who become structuring points of the Ivorian political field by endorsing the mandatory parties. In this electoral confrontation to capture the majority of voices, the study shows how interfere a very strong political representations and imaginings, which consecrate these candidates into challengers of national political life and polls of the moment. These issues affect and differentiate campaign political communication strategies, which the thesis analyzes by collecting data and resources that influence them below and structure both the speeches and the media practices of the candidates studied. Clearly, the electoral context of 2010 and its sociohistorical determinants forge communication strategies and the media behavior of major candidates
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Wolpers, Arne. "Advances in chain-growth control and analysis of polymer: boosting iodine-mediated polymerizations and mastering band-broadening effects in size-exclusion chromatography." Doctoral thesis, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-9654-7.
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Braga, Daniel Palma Perez. "Sistemas agroflorestais com cacau para recuperação de áreas degradadas, em São Félix do Xingu - PA." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-23062015-135642/.
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Em contraposição ao avanço do desmatamento da floresta amazônica em São Félix do Xingu - PA, principalmente pela atividade pecuária, diversas inciativas vêm estimulando a recuperação de áreas degradadas (RAD) por meio da implantação de sistemas agroflorestais com cacau (Theobroma cacao L.) (SAF-cacau). A fim de estudar o potencial SAF-cacau como ferramenta de RAD nesta região, conduzi a pesquisa em quatro hipóteses principais: (1) recupera parcialmente a estrutura florestal; (2) recupera parcialmente a riqueza/diversidade de plantas; (3) recupera a fertilidade do solo; (4) recupera a riqueza/diversidade de grupos de macroinvertebrados do solo. Para tanto, agrupei os SAF\'s em três categorias de sombreamento: sombra inicial (SI), sombra secundária (SS) e sombra abandonada (A), analisando-as comparativamente com Floresta e Pasto. Em paralelo, realizei entrevista socioeconômica e ambiental, pautada na percepção dos produtores rurais, a fim de contextualizar as ações humanas com os usos do solo em estudo. Os principais resultados mostram que os solos são semelhantes em termos de textura e fertilidade, independentemente da situação de uso. Os SAF-cacau são potenciais ferramentas de RAD em termos de estrutura florestal e diversidade florística, necessitando maiores estudos com relação à composição de plantas. A rentabilidade do SAF-cacau mostrou-se expressivamente superior à pecuária, por unidade de área, ocupando menor espaço territorial na propriedade, além de outros benefícios socioambientais, com destaque para provisão de serviços ambientais.In contrast to the advance of the Amazon rainforest deforestation, mainly by cattle activity, in Sao Felix do Xingu - PA municipality, several initiatives have been stimulating the reclamation of degraded lands (RDL) through the implementation of agroforestry systems with cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) (cacao-AFS). Aiming to study the cacao-AFS as a potential tool to reclaim degraded lands in this region, I based the research in four main hypothesis: (1) it partially reclaims the forestry structure; (2) it partially reclaims the richness/diversity of plants; (3) it reclaims the soil fertility; (4) it reclaims the richness/diversity of soil macroinvertebrates. Thus, I grouped the AFS in three categories: initial shade (IS); secondary shade (SS); abandoned shade (A), comparing them with Forest and Pasture land uses. In parallel, I performed a socioeconomic and environmental interview, based on farmers perception, in order to contextualize the human actions in the studied the land uses. The main results showed similarity in soil\'s texture and fertility, regardless of use situation. The cocoa- AFS are potential tools of RAD in terms of forest structure and floristic diversity, requiring further studies regarding the composition of plants. The profitability of the cacao-AFS was found to be significantly higher than the cattle, per unit area, occupying less territorial space on the property, plus other social and environmental benefits, especially the provision of many environmental services.
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Griveau, Lucie. "Emulsion polymerization in the presence of reactive PEG-based hydrophilic chains for the design of latex particles promoting interactions with cellulose derivatives." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1329/document.
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Dans cette thèse, des particules de polymère fonctionnalisées en surface avec des groupes poly (éthylène glycol) (PEG) ont été synthétisées pour favoriser leur interaction avec les dérivés cellulosique via liaisons hydrogène intermoléculaires. Deux voies de synthèse ont été proposées pour obtenir ses composites cellulose/latex.La première voie est basée sur l'auto-assemblage induit par polymérisation (PISA) pour former des nanoparticules fonctionnalisées avant leur adsorption sur un substrat cellulosique. La PISA tire profit de la formation de copolymères blocs amphiphiles dans l'eau en combinant la polymérisation en émulsion avec les techniques de polymérisation radicalaire contrôlées (RDRP). Ces dernières sont utilisées pour synthétiser des polymères hydrophiles agissant à la fois comme précurseur pour la polymerization en émulsion d'un monomère hydrophobe, et comme stabilisant des particules de latex obtenues. Deux techniques de RDRP ont été étudiées : les polymérisations RAFT et SET-LRP. Des polymères hydrophiles à base de PEG de faible masse molaire ont été synthétisés en utilisant ses deux techniques qui sont ensuite utilisés pour la polymérisation d'un bloc hydrophobe dans l'eau. Le transfert de l'agent de contrôle au site de la polymérisation était difficile en utilisant la SET-LRP en émulsion, conduisant à la formation de larges particules. En utilisant la RAFT en émulsion, des particules nanométriques ont été obtenues, avec un changement morphologique observé en fonction de la taille du segment hydrophobe, puis adsorbées sur des nanofibrilles de cellulose (CNF).La seconde voie utilise la polymérisation en émulsion classique réalisée en présence de nanocristaux de cellulose (CNC) conduisant à une stabilisation Pickering des particules de polymère. L'interaction cellulose/particule est assurée grâce à l'ajout d’un comonomère à type PEG. Une organisation a été visualisé dans laquelle plusieurs particules de polymère recouvrent chaque CNCIn this thesis, polymer particles surface-functionalized with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) groups were synthesized to promote their interaction with cellulose derivatives via intermolecular hydrogen bond. Two synthetic routes were proposed to obtain such cellulose/latex composites.The first route was based on the polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) to form functionalized polymer nanoparticles prior to adsorption onto cellulosic substrate. PISA takes advantage of the formation of amphiphilic block copolymers in water by combining emulsion polymerization with reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) techniques. The latter were used to synthesize well-controlled hydrophilic polymer chains, acting as both precursor for the emulsion polymerization of a hydrophobic monomer, and stabilizer of the final latex particles. Two RDRP techniques were investigated: reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT), and single electron transfer-living radical polymerization (SET-LRP). Low molar mass PEG-based hydrophilic polymers have been synthesized using both techniques, used for the polymerization of a hydrophobic block in water. The transfer of controlling agent at the locus of the polymerization was challenging for SET-LRP in emulsion conditions leading to surfactant-free large particles. Nanometric latex particles were obtained via RAFT-mediated emulsion polymerization, with morphology change from sphere to fibers observed depending on the size of the hydrophobic segment, which were then able to be adsorbed onto cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs).The second route used conventional emulsion polymerization performed directly in presence of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) leading to Pickering-type stabilization of the polymer particles. Cellulose/particle interaction was provided thanks to the addition of PEG-based comonomer. Original organization emerged where CNCs were covered by several polymer particles
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Es-Salah, Zeineb. "Analyse électrophysiologique, pharmacologique et moléculaire de facteurs modulant les effets d'un insecticide, le fipronil, sur des récepteurs gabaergiques d'insectes." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00439681.
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Les récepteurs ionotropes du GABA (GABARs) sont inhibés par des insecticides tels que les phénylpyrazoles (fipronil). Deux facteurs susceptibles de modifier leur sensibilité au fipronil ont été examinés : 1) l'édition de l'ARNm d'une sous-unité de GABAR (RDL) et 2) la phosphorylation par la PKC. La sous-unité RDL de drosophile présente des mutations (A301êS/G et/ou T350êM) induisant une résistance aux insecticides, ainsi que des sites d'édition dont un dans le domaine N-terminal (R122êG). Les effets fonctionnels de l'édition R122êG ont été testés par expression de divers isoformes de la sous-unité RDL (mutés ou non, édités ou non) dans des ovocytes de xénope. Les résultats montrent que l'édition R122êG entraîne une réduction de la sensibilité des récepteurs RDL au GABA et au fipronil. Deux types de récepteurs (GABAR1 et GABAR2) sont exprimés à la surface des neurones DUM isolés de Periplaneta americana, les GABAR2 étant régulés positivement par la CaMKII. Ce modèle cellulaire a été utilisé pour étudier, par la technique du patch-clamp, la régulation des GABARs par la PKC et ses conséquences sur les effets du fipronil. Les GABAR2 apparaissent plus sensibles à l'inhibition par des PKC que les GABAR1, et la potentialisation de l'activité des GABAR2 par la CaMKII s'exerce via l'inhibition d'une PKC. Les GABAR2 étant plus sensibles au fipronil que les GABAR1, leur blocage sélectif par une PKC entraîne une réduction importante de l'inhibition exercée par le fipronil. Le clonage de la sous-unité RDL dans la chaîne nerveuse de la blatte et dans les neurones DUM révèle la présence de sites potentiels de phosphorylation par la PKC et la CaMKII ainsi que l'existence de deux variants différant par vingt résidus dans la boucle M3-M4.
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Garriga, i. Rigau Damià. "Anàlisi estructural de partícules i proteïnes del virus de la bursitis infecciosa." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7196.
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La malaltia de la bursitis infecciosa, o alaltia de Gumboro, és una patologia aviària d'origen viral que afecta principalment les cries d'aus. En les granges de cria d'aviram, el virus que la origina, l'IBDV, provoca una elevada mortalitat en els pollastres. La determinació de l'estructura tridimensional a alta resolució de la proteïna de la càpside d'aquest virus, la VP2, ha permès caracteritzar alguns dels elements que medien l'assemblatge i l'estabilitat de la càpside viral. També s'han identificat els residus implicats en la formació de cossos d'inclusió, que confereixen resistència a les partícules virals en l'entorn extracel·lular. D'altra banda, la determinació de l'estructura tridimensional de la polimerasa del virus, la VP1, ha aportat noves dades sobre la iniciació de la polimerització i sobre la regulació de la seva activitat per part de la VP3, la proteïna encarregada de la coordinació del cicle viral.The infectious bursal disease, also known as Gumboro disease, is an avian pathology that affects broilers and chicks. In chicken farms, this virus, called IBDV, is responsible for high mortalities. The tridimensional structure determination at atomic resolution of this virus capsid protein, VP2, allowed us to characterize some of the elements that mediate the capsid assembly and stabilization. Furthermore, the residues implicated in the formation of inclusion bodies, that provide extra resistance to the virus in the extracellular stage, have been identified. Moreover, the tridimensional structure determination of the viral polymerase, VP1 protein, brought some light on the mechanisms involved in polymerization initiation and regulation of the activity mediated by VP3, the viral cycle coordination protein.
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游信德. "RDSL: A Domain Specific Language for Robot manipulation." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59059889765719846414.
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Chen, Ke-Chyuan, and 陳科銓. "Routability-Driven RDL Routing With Pin-Reassignment." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26982093848823995063.
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碩士中華大學
資訊工程學系(所)
99
Due to infeasible pre-assignment of IO connections in a flip-chip design, all the published RDL routers cannot guarantee 100% routability for pre-assigned IO connections. Based on two swapping operations for pin reassignment, the unroutable conditions in a flip-chip design can be eliminated. Furthermore, given a set of pre-assigned IO connections between I/O pads and bump balls, a RDL pre-assignment routing algorithm with routability-driven pin reassignment can be proposed to minimize the total wirelength with 100% routability in a flip-chip design. On the other hand, our routability-driven algorithm can also handle the length-skew constraint in a flip-chip design. Compared with the published RDL pre-assignment algorithm[13], our routability-driven algorithm guarantees to achieve 100% routability under reasonable CPU time.
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Jia-Wei, Fang. "An RDL Routing System for Flip-Chip Design." 2005. http://www.cetd.com.tw/ec/thesisdetail.aspx?etdun=U0001-1107200514483300.
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Fang, Jia-Wei, and 方家偉. "An RDL Routing System for Flip-Chip Design." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74567081667478559246.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
電子工程學研究所
93
The flip-chip package gives the highest chip density of any packaging method to support the pad-limited Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) designs. In this thesis, we propose the first router for the flip-chip package. The router can redistribute nets from wire-bonding pads to bump pads and then route each of them. The router adopts a two-stage technique of global routing followed by detailed routing. In global routing, we use the network flow algorithm to solve the assignment problem from the wire-bonding pads to the bump pads, and then create the global routing path for each net. The detailed routing consists of three stages, cross point assignment, net ordering determination, and track assignment, to complete the routing. Experimental results based on seven real designs from the industry demonstrate that the router can reduce the total wirelength by 10.2%, the critical wirelength by 13.4%, and the signal skews by 13.9%, compared with a heuristic algorithm currently used in industry.
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Lu, Kai-Ping, and 呂凱平. "Single-Layer RDL Routing in Flip-Chip Designs." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31368557770680776974.
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碩士中華大學
資訊工程學系碩士班
99
Due to complication of modern IC designs, the requirement of IO count in a chip is growing continuously. Flip-chip technology has been used between IC designs and package. Because of high IO count in flip-chip technology, it makes the IOs in a complicated chip connected and the availability of IO connections improved. For RDL routing, it is lack of the results of pre-assignment in Area I/O RDL routing. In this thesis, we propose a two-phase approach to complete the RDL routing. In first phase, a given set of IO connections between IO buffers and bump balls are assigned by using routability-driven partitioning-based IO assignment. In the second phase, the RDL routing process is implemented by using the technology of net renumbering and maximal net sequence. The experimental results show that our approach can achieve 100% routability. Compared with the pre-assignment RDL router[13], our proposed approach saves 3.7% of total wirelength and 27% of CPU time for the tested examples on the average.
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Reddy, Chinnaswamy Sreedhar. "De Novo Initiated RNA Synthesis by the Hepatitis C Virus RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2010-05-7816.
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Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is a positive-strand RNA virus that has infected more than 3% of the world population. Chronic infections by the virus lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV is currently the leading cause for liver transplantation in the US. The nonstructural protein NS5B of HCV is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) that replicates the viral RNA on host derived membranous structures.
Structurally NS5B has the characteristic fingers, thumb and palm domains seen in all polymerase proteins. However, extensive interactions between the fingers and thumb domains completely encircle the active site of NS5B as seen in solved X-ray diffraction crystal structures. These interactions are primarily mediated by a short (35 residues) flexible loop called the Delta 1 loop. NS5B produced from heterologous systems can initiate RNA synthesis by a de novo initiation mechanism from 3?ends of RNA templates or can also extend from 3'ends of primers that are annealed stably to a template RNA in biochemical assays. The closed conformation of NS5B as per X-ray crystal structures can only accommodate a ssRNA but not a dsRNA, hence necessitating a conformational change between de novo initiation and elongation. The details of these conformational changes are not known and will prove to be important to design potent polymerase inhibitors. The study performed for this dissertation focused on the conformational requirements of NS5B during de novo initiation and primer extension (or elongation). Biochemical assays utilizing template RNAs that can lead to both de novo initiation and primer extension products were utilized, and a systematic mutational analysis of the template channel of the RdRp was performed. Mutants W397A and H428A were identified that showed only primer extension but no de novo initiation. Structural analysis of NS5B suggested that these residues were important contact points in the Delta 1 loop and thumb domain interactions. A deletion mutant, m26-30 with a five amino acid deletion at the apex of the Delta 1 loop also failed in de novo initiation but not primer extension reactions. Biophysical and gel shift assays showed that m26-30 was in a more open conformation than the WT enzyme. Furthermore, oligomerization of NS5B was demonstrated and its role in RNA synthesis was examined. It was found that the de novo initiation competent conformation of NS5B is maintained by oligomeric contacts between individual subunits, likely by stabilizing the Delta 1 loop and thumb domain interactions. Mutations disrupting the Delta 1 loop and thumb domain interactions as well as those in the allosteric GTP binding site induced conformational changes in the protein partially explaining the defect in de novo initiation activity in enzymes carrying those mutations. These results not only contribute to the overall mechanism of RNA synthesis in viral RdRps but also open new avenues for developing HCV polymerase inhibitors.
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Tseng, Yu-Jen, and 曾昱仁. "Efficient Micro-Bump Assignment for RDL Routing in 3D ICs." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60121612924670668018.
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碩士中華大學
資訊工程學系碩士班
102
As the complexity increases and feature size decrease in modern VLSI designs, an IC can integrate more and more components. Hence, to satisfy the requirement of higher performance, 3D IC techniques are proposed. For single connections between two adjacent dies in 3D ICs, the RDL routing from IO pads to micro-bumps plays an important role. In this paper, given a set of micro-bumps and a set of connecting nets on the upper and lower RDLs between two adjacent dies, based on the testing of single-layer routing, an efficient algorithm including initial micro-bump assignment and rip-up-and-reroute-based reassignment is proposed to assign all the given nets on the micro-bumps for RDL routing. Finally, the improvement approach is proposed to reassign the given nets on a better location of micro bump and final 3D routing result can be obtain. As a result, compared with Kuan’s approach for micro-bump assignment and our single layer routing algorithm for RDL routing, the experimental result show that our proposed approach obtains shorter wirelength and reduce 73.7% of the CPU time to assign all the nets onto micro-bumps and guarantee 100% routability of single-layer RDL routing on the average for five test example.
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YEH, MEI-CHUAN, and 葉美娟. "Electromigration induced failure on TSV with various RDL widths of 3D ICs." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/d5qvmw.
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碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
化學工程與材料工程系碩士在職專班
104
As electronics products is versatile and continue to shrink in size, which leads to 2.5D and 3D IC by means of through silicon via (TSV) technique is regarded as a promising innovation in assembly industry. However,increase the number of digital I/O pins, the higher current density of current flowing through the trace,electromigration induced failure has become a serious reliability issues. This research is focused on electromigration behavior with different microstructure which is one factor of electromigration lifetime in the literature. Studied on the microstructure of TSV on 2.5D IC with different RDL width, different RDL structures between top and bottom and different grain sizes by annealing. Electron flow in different directions has been considered due to differences structure of the top and bottom. In addition, Current density distributions are also discussed using finite element method. In this research, define the electromigration failure as the resistance increase reaches 3% of its initial value. The results indicated that the electron flow up-stream configurations easier to fail due to current density can be dispersed by top RDL structure. The bottom RDL width with 20μm have higher lifetime due to the temperature of TSV is lower. Significant grain growth with 270℃/2 hrs annealing condition and shows the better electromigration resistance that the lifetime is longer than 7000 hrs.
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林昆生. "An Implementation of Area-I/O RDL Routing for Chip-Package Codesign." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64464655957345411781.
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碩士國立交通大學
電子研究所
98
The flip-chip package which was developed by IBM in the 60's provides a high chip-density solution to the demand of more I/O buffers in VLSI designs. The RDL routing problem is connected between chip domain and package domain, which means that the result of the RDL routing problem has strong influences on the chip performance and the package performance. Therefore, the concept of chip-package-board codesign is proposed and it is become more popular in recent years. In this thesis, we propose a routing algorithm for area-I/O RDL routing problem. Our algorithm contains chip-level assignment and RDL-level routing. In both chip-level assignment and RDL-level routing, we take not only wirelength but also signal influence into account. Experimental results have shown that our algorithm can improve bump assignment significantly with reasonable extra wirelength and it can achieve 100\% RDL routability.
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Góis, Joana Rita Antunes Gonçalves Madeira e. "Design and Synthesis of Responsive Nanocarriers Using Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization for Biomedical Applications." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/29531.
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Tese de doutoramento em Engenharia Química, apresentada ao Departamento de Engenharia Química da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de CoimbraThe aim of this work was the development of well-defined co(polymers) based on stimuli-responsive segments to further use as building blocks in the development of nanocarriers for biomedical applications. The synthesis strategy involved the use of reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) methods, as well as “click” coupling reactions that led to the preparation of well-defined polymers, with controlled molecular weight, narrow molecular weight distributions, and well-defined chain-end functionalities.
The homopolymerization studies of the 2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DPA) by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) involving an eco-friendly catalytic system that uses sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4) as a reducing agent and supplemental activator originated well-defined pH-responsive polymers with controlled properties. The detailed mechanism of such reaction system was investigated and the structure of the initiator, solvent, concentration of the catalyst, and the ratios of Na2S2O4 were adjusted to optimize the polymerization and afford polymers with narrow molecular weight distribution (Đ < 1.15) even at high monomer conversion (~ 90%). The slow and continuous feed of Na2S2O4 solution to the reaction mixture allowed the polymerization to be carried out in the presence of only 100 ppm of CuBr2 when the ligand tris(2-pyridylmethyl)-amine (TPMA) was used. This system was successfully extended to the polymerization of oligo(ethylene oxide) methyl ether methacrylate (OEOMA). The residual metal catalyst concentrations used and non-toxic nature of the Na2S2O4 make this SARA ATRP method very attractive for the well-controlled synthesis of water soluble polymers for biomedical applications. The high conversion and preservation of the chain-end functionality allowed the direct synthesis of POEOMA-b-PDPA block copolymers through one-pot polymerization approach. The pH-dependent self-assembly behavior of these brush-like copolymers in aqueous solutions was studied and the preliminary results suggested that the preparation method plays an important role on the final morphology of the nanoaggregates. Due to the pH critical value of the DPA block, these block copolymers form stable nanostructures at physiological pH, but disassemble at pH < 6.2. Copolymers composed by longer PDPA segments were found to originate larger self-assembled particles with critical micelle concentration (CMC) in the range of 1.0 x 10-3 mg.mL-1. Despite the high versatility of the ATRP method, it is not very efficient in the polymerization of the so called non-activated monomers, namely vinyl acetate (VAc) and N-vinyl caprolactam (NVCL). The reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) was proposed as an alternative RDRP method for the polymerization of such monomers and two new xanthates with alkyne functionalities were designed and synthesized. The kinetic studies revealed that the protected alkyne-terminated RAFT agent (PAT-X1) was able to conduct the RAFT polymerization of both VAc and NVCL in 1,4-dioxane at 60 °C, with a good control over the molecular weight and relatively narrow MW distributions (Đ < 1.4) up to high monomer conversions. The linear evolution of Mn,GPC with conversion as well as the close agreement between Mn,th and Mn,GPC values confirmed the controlled feature of the RAFT system. The poly(N-vinyl caprolactam) (PNVCL) is a temperature-responsive polymer and its solution behaviour was fully investigated under different conditions. The stringent control over the polymer molecular weight allows the development of PNVCL with tunable phase transition temperatures around 37 °C. The deprotection of the alkyne functionality of the polymers synthesized by RAFT, allowed a further copper catalyzed azide–alkyne [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition (CuAAC) to obtain new linear block copolymers. This “click” coupling reaction allowed the conjugation of the alkyne-terminated PNVCL synthesized by RAFT with and azide-terminated POEOMA synthesized by ATRP, originating POEOMA-b-PNVCL copolymers. Such block copolymers are hydrophilic but, due to the temperature responsive nature of the PNVCL segment, they become amphiphilic at temperatures above its low critical solution temperature (LCST) and self-assemble into spherical vesicular aggregates with narrow size distributions. A small drop in the solution temperature caused the disruption of the nanostructures and induced the fast release of nile red (NR), an hydrophobic small molecule used as a model drug. Moreover, the sharp and reversible solution properties of the PNVCL block turn those copolymers interesting candidates for the development of temperature-triggered drug delivery systems (DDS). The CuAAC coupling reaction was extended for the development of responsive polymers with linear-dendritic architectures. The synthesized linear pH-responsive and temperature-responsive polymers were conjugated to polyester dendritic structures based on the monomer 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl) propionic acid (bis-MPA), functionalized with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) segments, to obtain linear dendritic block copolymers (LDBC). This thesis contributed to the development of methods that allow the synthesis of new block copolymers having stimuli-responsive segments, and intended to extend the application of these structures to the development of tailor made nanocarriers to be used as DDS for cancer therapy.
FCT - SFRH/BD69635/2010
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Draghici, Heidrun-Katharina. "Funktionelle Charakterisierung der Replikations- und Rekombinationsfunktionen der RNA-abhängigen RNA-Polymerase (RdRp) des Potato virus X (PVX)." Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B032-7.
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Razvi, Fareha [Verfasser]. "Functional analysis of the cellular RNA directed RNA polymerase (RdRP) in higher plants / vorgelegt von Fareha Razvi." 2003. http://d-nb.info/968928005/34.
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Wang, Chia-Hong, and 王家鴻. "Approach of a Reliable Solder Bump with RDL Structure for WLCSP Application study." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39203463226707485518.
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碩士國立交通大學
工學院碩士在職專班半導體材料與製程設備組
98
RDL (Re-Distribution Layer) structure is an interim product to link up IC chip for wire bonding and flip chip assembly. We can perform area array solder bumps on a chip with peripheral IC pads by means of RDL rerouting technology, and the re-design and re-fabrication procedures of IC chip will not be required. The flip chip technology not only offers miniaturized packaging and higher I/O count but also has better electrical, thermal and reliability performances in comparison with traditional wire bonding. In this study, we investigate how to enhance the reliability property of solder bump with RDL structure by means of materials utilization, bump design and process optimization. In Chapter 1, how WLCSP works and its benefits will be described. Under traditional gold wire design , the I/O pad of IC with peripheral pad turn to area array by RDL rerouting technology. In Chapter 2, the issues faces under RDL process re mentioned, including di-electric de-lamination due to bad adhesion, howthe adhesion improved, and the comparions between different bump structure, with various de-electric selection. Chapter 3 illustrates experiment design, Chapter 4 discusses the testing results from those samples which pass Reliability test , and result in raise Reliability of RDL technology . The end product of this thesis is a WLCSP package composed of bare die onto FR4 substrate without underfill. The optimal design of RDL structure in the study has been qualified and passed wafer-level and board-level reliability tests, including temperature cycling test for 1000 cycles from -55C to 125C
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Martins, Inês Isabel Couto. "Desenvolvimento de copolímeros de bloco com estrutura controlada para melhorar a adesão de nanopartículas metálicas a substratos PDMS." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/83248.
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Trabalho de Projeto do Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Biomédica apresentado à Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaOs sistemas microeletromecânicos (MEMS) flexíveis têm tido um crescente interesse, quer pelas suas potencialidades sensoriais quer pelas suas capacidades de processar informação do ambiente onde estão inseridos e, por sua vez, gerar efeitos.Um dos principais obstáculos à evolução desta tecnologia é a fraca adesão das tintas condutoras ao substrato dos MEMS, na sua maioria membranas de poli(dimetil siloxano) (PDMS), que se reflecte numa perda de condutividade.De modo a superar esta questão, têm sido desenvolvidas várias alternativas para modificar as propriedades da superfície do PDMS que envolvem tratamentos físicos, químicos ou a combinação de ambos. Uma destas alternativas, consiste na incorporação através da combinação de modificações físicas e químicas de determinadas funcionalidades na matriz do PDMS, nomeadamente compostos hidrofílicos e/ou com elevada afinidade a partículas metálicas, como por exemplo a poli(4-vinil piridina) (P4VP).A técnica de polimerização radicalar por desativação reversível (RDRP) permite sintetizar (co)polímeros com composição, arquitetura e peso molecular controlados. Dos vários métodos RDRP existentes, a polimerização radicalar por transferência de átomo (ATRP) destaca-se por ser uma técnica muito robusta e eficiente para a síntese de (co)polímeros. A ATRP foi, portanto, o método adotado neste trabalho para obter copolímeros de bloco constituídos por segmentos de PDMS e de P4VP.Nesse sentido, neste trabalho foram sintetizados vários copolímeros de bloco PDMS-P4VP, com diferentes composições e pesos moleculares através da técnica de ATRP. Os polímeros resultantes foram caracterizados pela técnica de espetroscopia de ressonância magnética protónica (1H NMR). A capacidade dos copolímeros de bloco dispersarem nanopartículas metálicas foi avaliada através de testes de dispersão dinâmica da luz (DLS).Numa tentativa de melhorar a afinidade do PDMS a tintas compostas por partículas metálicas, diferentes alternativas de incorporação dos copolímeros nas membranas de PDMS foram testadas. A aplicação direta na superfície do PDMS curado, a incorporação na constituição da camada superficial do PDMS antes do processo de cura e, ainda, na substituição do agente de acoplamento utilizado na formulação de tintas, são exemplos dessas alternativas.Para além da aplicação dos copolímeros, foi também estudada a alteração da superfície do PDMS pela polimerização direta da P4VP. O sucesso das diferentes modificações foi avaliado através da análise do ângulo de contacto e espetroscopia de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR).Os resultados obtidos através da utilização dos copolímeros não foram os desejados, uma vez que as propriedades da superfície do PDMS não foram alteradas de forma a resolver completamente o problema associado à adesão das tintas metálicas. Contudo, verificou-se que é possível melhorar as propriedades da superfície do PDMS, como a hidrofobicidade, através do método de polimerização direta da P4VP neste substrato. Neste caso, verificou-se uma melhoria significativa da adesão das tintas metálicas ao substrato PDMS.O trabalho desenvolvido contribuiu para compreender de que forma as propriedades da superfície do PDMS se alteraram através da aplicação de copolímeros de bloco de base PDMS, e também o impacto da polimerização direta da P4VP no substrato PDMS. A modificação das propriedades da superfície das membranas de PDMS esperou-se ser um passo decisivo para o desenvolvimento de melhores tecnologias MEMS.
The interest in flexible microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technologies is growing rapidly, not only because of their capacity to be used as sensors, but also to process information and generate effects in the environment where they are inserted.One of the main issues for the development of this technology is the weak adhesion of conductive inks to the substrate of MEMS, mainly polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes, which is reflected on a loss of conductivity.In order to overcome this problem, many alternatives to change the PDMS surface properties have been developed that involve physical or chemical treatments or the combination of both. One of them involves the incorporation of certain functionalities through the combination of physical and chemical modifications in the PDMS structure, like hydrophilic compounds and/or compounds with a high affinity to metallic particles, as for instance poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP).Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) techniques allow the synthesis of (co)polymers with controlled composition, architecture and molecular weight. Among all of the existing RDRP methods, the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) stands out for being particularly useful and efficient for the synthesis of (co)polymers. For that reason, the ATRP was the method adopted in this work to obtain block copolymers composed by PDMS and P4VP segments.Therefore, in this work several block copolymers were synthesized with different compositions and molecular weight through the ATRP technique. The ensuing polymers were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. The block copolymers ability to disperse metallic nanoparticles was evaluated through dynamic light scattering (DLS).In an attempt to improve the PDMS affinity to inks composed by metallic nanoparticles, a lot of different approaches to incorporate copolymers in PDMS membranes were tested. For instance the direct application on cured PDMS, on the constitution of PDMS before cured and even in the replacement of the coupling agent used on inks were some of the approaches tested.Beside the copolymers application, it was also studied the modification on the PDMS surface by direct polymerization of P4VP. The success of different modifications was evaluated through contact angle analyses and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).The final results concerning block copolymers were not the expected since the PDMS surface properties were not modified in order to completely solve the problem associated with the metallic inks adhesion. However, the improvement of the PDMS surface properties like hydrophobicity was observed when P4VP was direct polymerized on it. In this case, it was possible to verify a significant improvement in the adhesion of metallic inks to the PDMS substrate.The work contributed to the understanding of how PDMS surface properties change with the application of block copolymers based on PDMS, and also the impact of the direct polymerization of P4VP on the PDMS substrate. The modification of the PDMS surface properties is expected to be a decisive step forward aiming the development of better MEMS technologies.
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Aronstein, Katherine A. "Molecular basis of cyclodiene insecticide resistance Rdl in the fly and in the field /." 1996. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/36562651.html.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1996.Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-80).
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Mendes, Joana Serra e. Moura Pacheco. "Supplemental Activator and Reducing Agent Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: exploring new solvent systems and development of tailor-made block copolymers." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/90541.
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Doctoral Thesis in Chemical Engineering, submitted to the Faculty of Science and Technology of the University of CoimbraThis project was envisaged to develop new reaction systems for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP). The focus of the work was centred on the use of different solvents, namely “greener” alternatives to the use of toxic solvents. The first study involved the polymerization of methyl acrylate (MA) by Supplemental Activation and Reducing Agent (SARA) ATRP in sulfolane. This system required only very low amounts of soluble copper (catalytic system) to afford the control over the polymerization of MA, methyl methacrylate (MMA) and vinyl chloride (VC). Under the same reaction conditions, similar kinetic data have been obtained with sulfolane and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). However, contrary to DMSO, a commonly used solvent in ATRP, sulfolane also allowed to afford the controlled polymerization of styrene (St). This feature is particularly relevant to access a portfolio of block copolymers using the afore mentioned monomers in a single solvent (Chapter 2). In order to increase the rate of the polymerization, small amounts of water were added to the reaction mixture. In addition, the presence of water allowed to use Na2S2O4 as SARA agent as alternative to copper wire, turning the system “greener” (Chapter 3). Following published reports showing an acceleration effect induced by using ionic liquids in radical-based polymerization, the solvent system DMSO/1-Butyl-3- methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM]-[PF6]) was studied for polymerization of MA catalyzed by Na2S2O4/ CuBr2 / Me6TREN (Me6TREN: Tris [2- (dimethylamino) ethyl] amine. An unexpected synergistic effect between these two solvents was observed. The results revealed an enormous acceleration of the reaction and also an optimum mixture ratio of DMSO/[BMIM]-[PF6]= 50/50 (v/v) (Chapter 4). A study of SARA ATRP of several monomers using different sulfolane based mixtures ([BMIM]-[PF6], triethylene glycol and water) was carried out at room temperature (Chapter 5). Aiming to replace tetrahydrofuran (THF), it was proposed the use of cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME)/ethanol/water mixtures as a “greener” solvent mixture for SARA ATRP of MA, glycidyl methacrylate, St and VC (Chapter 6). The work continued with the study of the SARA ATRP using a miniemulsion system. For the first time, butyl acrylate (BA) and St were polymerized in the presence CuBr2/EHA6TREN or BPMODA* complexes mediated by Na2S2O4 as the SARA agent. The obtained polymers had a controlled structure and narrow molecular weight distribution (Ð ≤ 1.2). However, the conversion obtained was always low (~20 %). Different strategies were studied to improve the monomer conversion with no success (Chapter 7). Finally, copolymers prepared by ATRP were applied in the stabilization of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (hydrophilic and hydrophobic). Different amphiphilic copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(vinylpyridine) with different compositions and molecular weights were synthesized and used to prepare hybrid nanoaggregates via "self-assembly" in aqueous medium. Theses structures were achieved via tritation or solvent exchange method (tritation method: 24.7 to 613 nm; solvent exchange method: 17.6 to 35.7 nm) (Chapter 8).
Este projeto foi elaborado para desenvolver novos sistemas de reação para polimerização radicalar por transferência de átomo (ATRP: “Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization”). O foco do trabalho foi centrado no uso de diferentes solventes, nomeadamente alternativas "mais verdes" ao uso de solventes tóxicos. O primeiro estudo envolveu a polimerização de acrilato de metilo (MA) por ATRP na presença de um agente de redução e ativação suplementar (SARA) em sulfolano. Este sistema exigiu apenas quantidades muito baixas de cobre solúvel (sistema catalítico) para permitir o controlo sobre a polimerização de MA, metacrilato de metilo (MMA) e cloreto de vinilo (VC). Sob as mesmas condições de reação, dados cinéticos similares foram obtidos com sulfolano e dimetil sulfóxido (DMSO). No entanto, contrariamente ao DMSO, um solvente vulgarmente utilizado em ATRP, o sulfolano permitiu também a polimerização controlada do estireno (St). Esta característica é particularmente relevante para sintetizar um portfólio de copolímeros de bloco usando os monómeros acima mencionados num único solvente (Capítulo 2). Com o objetivo de aumentar a velocidade da reação de polimerização, foram adicionadas à mistura reacional pequenas quantidades de água. Além disso, a presença de água permitiu usar Na2S2O4 como agente SARA, em alternativa ao fio de cobre e tornar o sistema "mais verde" (Capítulo 3). Na sequência de artigos científicos publicados que mostram um efeito de aceleração induzido pela utilização de líquidos iónicos na polimerização radicalar, o sistema solvente DMSO / hexafluorofosfato de 1-butil-3-metilimidazólio ([BMIM]-[PF6]) foi estudado para polimerização do MA catalisado por Na2S2O4, CuBr2 / Me6TREN (Me6TREN: Tris [2- (dimetilamino) etil] amina. Com este trabalho, observou-se um efeito sinergístico inesperado entre estes dois solventes. Os resultados revelaram uma enorme aceleração da reação e também uma proporção óptima de mistura de DMSO / [BMIM]-[PF6] = 50/50 (v / v) (Capítulo 4). O estudo de SARA ATRP de vários monómeros com diferentes misturas à base de sulfolano ([BMIM]-[PF6], trietileno glicol e água) foi realizado a temperatura ambiente (Capítulo 5). Com o objetivo de substituir o tetrahidrofurano (THF), propôs-se o uso de misturas de éter ciclopentilmetil (CPME) / etanol / água como uma mistura solvente "mais verde" para SARA ATRP do MA, metacrilato de glicidilo (GMA), St e VC (Capítulo 6). O trabalho continuou com o estudo do SARA ATRP usando um sistema de miniemulsão. Pela primeira vez foram polimerizados acrilato de butilo (BA) e St na presença de complexos de CuBr2 / EHA6TREN ou BPMODA* mediados por Na2S2O4 como agente de SARA. Os polímeros obtidos tinham uma estrutura controlada e uma polidispersividade baixa (Ð ≤ 1,2). No entanto, a conversão obtida foi sempre baixa (~ 20%). Foram ainda estudadas diferentes estratégias para melhorar a conversão da polimerização mas sem sucesso (Capítulo 7). Finalmente, copolímeros preparados por ATRP foram aplicados na estabilização de nanopartículas superparamagnéticas de óxido de ferro (hidrofílicas e hidrofóbicas). Foram sintetizados diferentes copolímeros anfifílicos de poli(etileno glicol)-blocopoli( vinilpiridina) com diferentes composições e pesos moleculares e utilizados para preparar nanoagregados híbridos por "self-assembly" em meio aquoso. Essas estruturas foram obtidas por métodos de titulação ou método de troca de solvente (método de titulação: 24,7 a 613 nm, método de troca de solvente: 17,6 a 35,7 nm) (Capítulo 8).