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Lichner, Zsuzsanna, Carol Saleh, Venkateshwaran Subramaniam, Gerard Prud'homme, and George M. Yousef. "Involvement of miRNAs in the formation and maintenance of self-renewing kidney cancer spheres with stem cell properties." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 6_suppl (February 20, 2013): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.6_suppl.463.
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463 Background: Cancer cells may acquire stem cell (CSC) properties by activated TGFβ-epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) axis resulting in formation of cancer stem cells. miRNAs are involved in CSC formation in solid tumors, but their role has not been investigated in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Methods: RCC spheres were generated and propagated in serum-free defined medium (SFDM). mRNA expression was assessed by qRT-PCR. miRNA expression was screened on a qRT-PCR based panel. Tumorigenicity was assessed by subcutaneous injection of RCC sphere or parental cells into immunodeficient mice in different dilutions. TargetScan and miRPath was used for target prediction and clustering. Results: We isolated self-renewing cancer spheres from ACHN and CAKI-1 RCC cell lines in the stem cell supporting media, SFDM. Spheres were highly clonogenic and tumorigenic in xenograft tumor model and expressed high levels of stem cell-related markers and mesenchymal markers. These spheres were enriched in the mesenchymal marker CD44 and the kidney progenitor maker CD24 indicating that EMT contributed to their formation or maintenance. We compared miRNA expression between the spheres and the parental cells and identified differentially expressed miRNAs. Functional clustering of their predicted targets indicates that TGFβ signaling is a potential regulator of CSC self-renewal and is regulated by the candidate miRNAs. Further, we show that transfection of ACHN and CAKI-1 cells with the miR-17 inhibitor resulted in rapid and highly efficient formation of cancer spheres that were indistinguishable from the spheres formed in SFDM. These spheres were stable and could be propagated indefinitely. Histologic examination and immunohistochemistry of the sphere-derived xenografts confirmed the presence of clear cell RCC with large areas of sarcomatoid dedifferentiation. Finally, we prove that the TGFβ receptor II, and the co-Smad Smad4 are possible direct targets of miR-17. Conclusions: The TGFβ-EMT axis likely contributes to the self-renewing potential of RCC spheres. miRNAs are differentially expressed in RCC spheres and miR-17 inhibition transformed ccRCC cells to highly tumorigenic RCC spheres.
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Chang, Inyoub, Takbum Ohn, Daeun Moon, Young Hee Maeng, Bo Gun Jang, and Sang-Pil Yoon. "SNU-333 Cells as an Appropriate Cell Line for the Orthotopic Renal Cell Carcinoma Model." Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 20 (January 2021): 153303382110384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15330338211038487.
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Objective: To investigate a feasible candidate for an appropriate cell line for the orthotopic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) model. Methods: Normal human proximal tubule cells (HK-2) and RCC cells were used for MTT assay, Western blotting, sphere-forming assay, and orthotopic injection of BALB/c-nude mice. Immunohistochemistry was adopted in tissue arrays and orthotopic tumors. Results: Primary RCC cells showed resistance to a GPX4 inhibitor compared to HK-2 and to metastatic RCC cells, Caki-1. Caki-2 and SNU-333 cells showed resistance to ferroptosis via increased GPX4 and FTH1, respectively. RCC cells showed increased αSMA, in which Caki-2 and SNU-333 cells exhibited different epithelial–mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell markers. Caki-1 and SNU-333 cells formed spheres in vitro and orthotopic tumor masses in vivo. The injected SNU-333 tumor only showed high intensities of CD10 and PAX8, markers of renal origin. Conclusion: SNU-333 cell line exhibited resistance via iron metabolism and stemness, and had tumor-initiating capacities in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that among the cells tested, SNU-333 cells were the most promising for the establishment of an orthotopic RCC model for further researches.
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Wei, Ruojing, Dalin He, and Xinshi Zhang. "Role of SIRT2 in Regulation of Stemness of Cancer Stem-Like Cells in Renal Cell Carcinoma." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 49, no. 6 (2018): 2348–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000493835.
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Background/Aims: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) contribute to tumorgenesis, invasion and metastasis, and are typically resistant to chemotherapy. Recent reports showed that SIRT2 was upregulated in several cancers. However, whether SIRT2 may be a CSC marker in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is not clear. Methods: The SIRT2 levels in both RCC samples and the corresponding normal kidney samples (NT) were assessed by RT-qPCR and ELISA. The association between SIRT2 levels and patient survival was examined using Bivariate correlation analysis by Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficients. The survival of the patients was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curve. In vitro, 2 RCC cell lines were co-transduced with a lentivirus expressing both a green fluorescent protein and a luciferase reporter under a cytomegalovirus promoter, and another lentivirus expressing a nuclear red fluorescent protein reporter under the control of a SIRT2 promoter for differentiating SIRT2+ vs SIRT2- RCC cells by flow cytometry. The SIRT2+ vs SIRT2- RCC cells were examined for the potential of forming tumor sphere in a tumor sphere formation assay, resistance to fluorouracil-induced apoptosis by CCK-8 assay, and the frequency of forming tumor in vivo after serial adoptive transplantation by bioluminescence. Results: The levels of SIRT2 were higher in RCC samples than NT. The prognosis of RCC patients with high SIRT2 was worse than that of with low SIRT2. Compared to SIRT2- cells, SIRT2+ cells formed more tumor spheres, appeared to be more resistant towards fluorouracil-induced apoptosis, and generated bigger tumors with higher frequency after serial adoptive transplantation. Conclusion: SIRT2 may be highly expressed in the RCC stem-like cells and regulates cancer metastasis. Selective knockout of SIRT2 or elimination of SIRT2+ cells may improve the therapeutic outcome for patients with RCC.
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Balabeikina, O., A. Dmitriev, and E. Solodyankina. "Religious Institution as Part of Social and Economic Sphere." World Economy and International Relations 66, no. 9 (2022): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-9-119-129.
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The subject of the article is the peculiarities of functioning of the structural components of the major religious institution, the identification and substantiation of the degree of its significance in the social and economic development of a country on the example of the Roman Catholic Church of Austria (RCCA). The aim of the work is a comprehensive characterization of manifestations of economic, social, culture-forming role of the leading religious organization at the national level, using the methods of processing statistical and empirical data adopted in economic and regional-confessional studies. It is shown that in Austria, since the beginning of the 21st century, there has been a sharp decline in the number of persons who remain members of the national Christian Church. The RCCA has an annual quantitative loss in the number of parishioners: 1–1.5% of their total number. Over a 10-year period (2009–2019), the proportion of Catholic adherents in Austria has fallen from 62.2 to 56%, according to calculations based on official reports. In this study, the territorial concentration coefficient for the parishes of the RCC was calculated and gave a relatively low value, indicating the accessibility of Catholic parishes to the population in various regions of Austria in terms of social and other activities organized on their premises. This indicator remains stable over time. The RCCA is currently represented in the country by a dense network of parishes (3014 as of 2019). The basis of the church-administrative territorial division at the regional level consists of two archdioceses and seven dioceses, the boundaries of which fully coincide with the federal states of Austria. This fact allows us to raise the question of the degree of influence of RCCA structures on the development of individual regions of the country, including through the implementation of socially significant activities, partially duplicating state functions that receive budgetary funding. The RCCA also has a traditional focus on social responsibility for Christian national churches in Europe, which is related to facilitating the adaptation of migrants. Activities contributing to this goal include German as a foreign language courses in individual parishes, temporary housing, employment assistance, etc. The model of development of the confessional space in Austria, where the leading role is played by the national RCC, has a number of distinctive characteristics that condition and confirm the high importance of the religious institution in the social and economic development of the state. The presented experience of Austria can be useful for the leadership of religious organizations in Russia, European and other countries, where the leading civilizational basis is the Christian religion.
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Sung, L. A., E. A. Kabat, and S. Chien. "Interaction energies in lectin-induced erythrocyte aggregation." Journal of Cell Biology 101, no. 2 (August 1, 1985): 652–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.101.2.652.
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Two N-acetylgalactosamine-reactive lectins, Helix pomatia (HPA) and Dolichos biflorus (DBA), were used to study the energies involved in cell-cell interactions through the specific binding of these lectins to their membrane receptors on genotype AO human erythrocytes (red blood cells) (RBCs). The energy required to dissociate a unit of aggregated membrane area (gamma d) of two RBCs bridged by lectin molecules was determined from the shear force needed to dissociate two-cell aggregates in a flow channel. When HPA were used as bridging molecules, gamma d (0.4 X 10(-4) to 3.8 X 10(-4) dyn/cm) was proportional to the density (D = 175 to 1,060 molecules/micron 2) of HPA molecules bound on the RBC membrane. A similar gamma d/D ratio was also obtained for DBA. These results indicate that the number of lectin molecules bound on the interface plays an important role in determining the energy required for cell-cell dissociation. The aggregation energy per unit membrane area (gamma a) in lectin-induced aggregates was calculated from the degree of encapsulation of a lectin-bound, heat-sphered human RBC by a normal discoid RBC. A minimum of approximately 1,800 HPA molecules/micron 2 on the spheres was required to form stable aggregates with the RBC. By using spheres having a surface HPA density of 1,830 to 2,540 molecules/micron 2, or 1.1-1.5 X 10(12) combining sites/cm2, the gamma a value for HPA-induced aggregation was found to be 2.2 X 10(-3) dyn/cm. This higher value of gamma a than gamma d has been explained on the basis of several differences in aggregation and disaggregation processes. The gamma a value for DBA-induced aggregation was not obtainable by the sphere encapsulation method because of the relative low D values. A comparison of the present results with the published value of the free energy change of 5 kcal/mol for the interactions of HPA and DBA with their ligands suggests that only a small fraction of the lectin molecules bound to RBC surface participate in the bridging of adjacent cells.
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Gruber, T. C., S. D. Crossley, and A. P. Smith. "COMPUTATIONAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF SPHERICAL FILLER MORPHOLOGY AND LOADING ON DIFFUSION TORTUOSITY AND RUBBER PERMEABILITY." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 86, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.88932.
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ABSTRACT Inflation pressure loss in tires degrades performance, raises rolling resistance, and reduces fuel economy. The incorporation of solid fillers, such as carbon black, at relatively high loadings in tire innerliners helps minimize these pressure losses by reducing innerliner permeability due to increases in average gas molecule diffusion path lengths (tortuosity), as well as reductions in diffusion pathway density (capacity). The effects of filler morphology and loading on diffusion path tortuosity can be explored by modeling biased random-walk diffusion through impermeable sphere-filled matrices. Modeled diffusion rate was found to decrease with increased filler loading, reduced filler sphere sizes, increased random-walk step sizes, and the aggregation of filler spheres. Initial correlations with limited empirical permeability measurements are used to validate the model approach.
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Shattuck, M. D., R. P. Behringer, G. A. Johnson, and J. G. Georgiadis. "Convection and flow in porous media. Part 1. Visualization by magnetic resonance imaging." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 332 (February 1997): 215–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112096003990.
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We describe an experimental study of porous media convection (PMC) from onset to 8Rac. The goal of this work is to provide non-invasive imaging and high-precision heat transport measurements to test theories of convection in PMC. We obtain velocity information and visualize the convection patterns using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We study both ordered and disordered packings of mono-disperse spheres of diameter d = 3.204 ± 0.029 mm, in circular, rectangular, and hexagonal planforms. In general, the structure of the medium plays a role which is not predicted by theories which assume a homogeneous system. Disordered media are prepared by pouring mono-disperse spheres into the container. Large ordered regions of close packing for the spheres, with grain boundaries and isolated defects, characterize these media. The defects and grain boundaries play an important role in pattern formation in disordered media. Any deviation from close packing produces a region of larger porosity, hence locally larger permeability. The result is spatial variations in the Rayleigh number, Ra. We define the critical Ra, Rac, as the Rayleigh number at the onset of convection in the ordered regions. We find that stable localized convective regions exist around grain boundaries and defects at Ra < Rac. These remain as pinning sites for the convection patterns in the ordered regions as Ra increases above Rac up to 5Rac, the highest Ra studied in the disordered media. In ordered media, spheres are packed such that the only deviations from close packing occur within a thin (<d) region near the vertical walls. Stable localized convection begins at 0.5Rac in the wall regions but appears to play only a weak role in the pattern formation of the interior regions (bulk), since different stable patterns are observed in the bulk at the same Ra after each cycling of Ra below Rac, even for similar patterns of small rolls in the wall regions. The experiments provide a test of the following predictions for PMC: (i) that straight parallel rolls should be linearly stable for Rac < Ra < 5Rac; (ii) that at onset, the rolls should have a dimensionless wavevector qc = π; (iii) that at the upper end of this range rolls should lose stability to cross-rolls; (iv) that the initial slope of the Nusselt curve should be 2; (v) that there should be a rapid decay of vertical vorticity - hence no complex flows, such as those which occur for Rayleigh- Benard convection (RBC) within the nominal regime of stable parallel rolls. These predictions are in partial agreement with our findings for the bulk convection in the ordered media. We observe roll-like structures which relax rapidly to stable patterns between Rac and 5Rac. However we find a wavenumber which is 0.7π compared to π derived from linear stability theory. We find an asymmetry between the size of the upfiowing regions and downfiowing regions as Ra grows above Rac. The ratio of the volume of the upfiowing to the volume of the downfiowing regions decreases as Ra increases and leads to a novel time-dependent state, which does not consist of cross-rolls. This time-dependent state begins at 6Rac and is observed up to 8Rac, the largest Ra which we studied. It seems likely that the occurrence of this state is linked to departures from the Boussinesq approximation at higher Ra. We also find that the slope of the Nusselt curve is 0.7, which does not agree with the predicted value of 2.
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Ye, Huilin, Zhiqiang Shen, Mei Wei, and Ying Li. "Red blood cell hitchhiking enhances the accumulation of nano- and micro-particles in the constriction of a stenosed microvessel." Soft Matter 17, no. 1 (2021): 40–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sm01637c.
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Wang, Litao, Siqi Han, Haiyang Yu, Qinghua Yu, Dong Pei, Wenjing Lv, Jiasheng Wang, et al. "Porous Organic Cage-Embedded C10-Modified Silica as HPLC Stationary Phase and Its Multiple Separation Functions." Molecules 27, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 8895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248895.
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Reduced imine cage (RCC3) was covalently bonded to the surface of silica spheres, and then the secondary amine group of the molecular cage was embedded in non-polar C10 for modification to prepare a novel RCC3-C10@silica HPLC stationary phase with multiple separation functions. Through infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and nitrogen adsorption–desorption characterization, it was confirmed that RCC3-C10 was successfully bonded to the surface of silica spheres. The resolution of RCC3-C10@silica in reversed-phase separation mode is as high as 2.95, 3.73, 3.27 and 4.09 for p-phenethyl alcohol, 1-phenyl-2-propanol, p-methylphenethyl alcohol and 1-phenyl-1-propanol, indicating that the stationary phase has excellent chiral resolution performance. In reversed-phase and hydrophilic separation modes, RCC3-C10@silica realized the separation and analysis of a total of 70 compounds in 8 classes of Tanaka mixtures, alkylbenzene rings, polyphenyl rings, phenols, anilines, sulfonamides, nucleosides and flavonoids, and the analysis of a variety of chiral and achiral complex mixtures have been completed at the same time. Compared with the traditional C18 commercial column, RCC3-C10@silica exhibits better chromatographic separation selectivity, aromatic selectivity and polar selectivity. The multifunctional separation mechanism exhibited by the stationary phase originates from various synergistic effects such as hydrophobic interaction, π-π interaction, hydrogen bonding and steric interaction provided by RCC3 and C10 groups. This work provides flexible selectivity and application prospects for novel multi-separation functional chromatographic columns.
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Mishra, S. K., S. N. Tripathi, S. G. Aggarwal, and A. Arola. "Effects of particle shape, hematite content and semi-external mixing with carbonaceous components on the optical properties of accumulation mode mineral dust." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 12 (December 23, 2010): 31253–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-31253-2010.
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Abstract. The radiative forcing estimation of the polluted mineral dust is limited due to lack of morphological analysis, mixing state with the carbonaceous components and the hematite content in the pure dust. The accumulation mode mineral dust has been found to mix with anthropogenically produced black carbon, organic carbon and brown carbon during long range transport. The above features of the polluted dust are not well accounted in the optical models and lead the uncertainty in the numerical estimation of their radiative impact. The Semi-external mixing being a prominent mixing of dust and carbonaceous components has not been studied in details so for compared to core-shell, internal and external mixing studies. In present study, we consider the pure mineral dust composed of non-metallic components (such as Quartz, Feldspar, Mica and Calcite) and metalic component like hematite (Fe2O3). The hematite percentage in the pure mineral dust governs its absorbance. Based on this hematite variation, the hematite fraction in pure mineral dust has been constrained between 0–8%. The morphological and mineralogical characterization of the polluted dust led to consider the three sphere, two sphere and two spheroid model shapes for polluted dust particle system. The pollution gives rise to various light absorbing aerosol components like black carbon, brown carbon and organic carbon (comprising of HUmic-Like Substances, HULIS) in the atmosphere. The entire above discussed model shapes have been considered for the mineral dust getting polluted with (1) organic carbon (especially HULIS component) (2) Brown carbon and (3) black carbon by making a semi-external mixture with pure mineral dust. The optical properties (like Single Scattering Albedo, SSA; Asymmetry parameter, g and Extinction efficiency, Qext) of above model shapes for the polluted dust have been computed using Discrete Dipole Approximation, DDA code. For above model shapes, the SSA was found to vary depending on hematite content (0–8%) and model shape composition. For the two sphere BC-mineral dust cluster, hematite was found to be dominating absorber compared to that of black carbon as the RBC/Rdust decreases. (i.e. with increase of dust sphere size compared to black carbon sphere in the composite 2-sphere cluster). SSA was found to be very sensitivity for the hematite content when both of the spheres (i.e. mineral dust and BC) are nearly of same size. The two spheroid system composed of organic carbon and dust with 0% hematite (OCD'-0) showed the maximum deviation of SSA (i.e.~5%) compared to the two sphere system of same composition and hematite content (OCD-0 ). Increase in hematite from 0 to 8% caused maximum SSA deviation of ~20% for two sphere organic carbon-dust system (OCD) while the same has been observed to be ~18% for two spheroid organic carbon-dust system (OCD'). SSA was found to be more sensitive to hematite content than that of particle shape. Compared to SSA, Asymmetry parameter, g was found to be more sensitive towards particle shape. For three-sphere model shapes with 0% hematite composed of black carbon-dust-dust (BCDD-0), brown carbon-dust-dust (BrCDD-0 ) and organic carbon-dust-dust (OCDD-0), the deviation of SSA and g relative to conjugate black carbon (BC), brown carbon (BrC) and organic carbon (OC) spheres are ~68% and ~31%, ~83% and ~31% and ~70% and ~33%, respectively. Thus modeled polluted dust optics will provide a better basis for radiative forcing estimation and many sensitivity studies.
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Liu, X., W. Peng, L. Wei, M. Lou, F. Xie, J. Cao, J. Tong, F. Li, and G. Zheng. "A Comprehensive Study of the 14C Source Term in the 10 MW High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor." Radiocarbon 61, no. 5 (June 24, 2019): 1169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2019.59.
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ABSTRACTWhile assessing the environmental impact of nuclear power plants, researchers have focused their attention on radiocarbon (14C) owing to its high mobility in the environment and important radiological impact on human beings. The 10 MW high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTR-10) is the first pebble-bed gas-cooled test reactor in China that adopted helium as primary coolant and graphite spheres containing tristructural-isotropic (TRISO) coated particles as fuel elements. A series of experiments on the 14C source terms in HTR-10 was conducted: (1) measurement of the specific activity and distribution of typical nuclides in the irradiated graphite spheres from the core, (2) measurement of the activity concentration of 14C in the primary coolant, and (3) measurement of the amount of 14C discharged in the effluent from the stack. All experimental data on 14C available for HTR-10 were summarized and analyzed using theoretical calculations. A sensitivity study on the total porosity, open porosity, and percentage of closed pores that became open after irradiating the matrix graphite was performed to illustrate their effects on the activity concentration of 14C in the primary coolant and activity amount of 14C in various deduction routes.
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Guadarrama-Lezama, I., and P. Rosendo-Francisco. "Plasmonic Cloaking at a Conducting Sphere." Research in Computing Science 131, no. 1 (December 31, 2017): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.13053/rcs-131-1-10.
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Li, Fanzhu, Huan Zhang, Tiantian Li, Jun Liu, Yangyang Gao, and Liqun Zhang. "EFFECT OF THE NANOFILLER SHAPE ON THE CONDUCTIVE NETWORK FORMATION OF POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES VIA A COARSE-GRAINED SIMULATION." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 91, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 757–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.18.81546.
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ABSTRACT It is very important to improve the electrical conductivity of polymer nanocomposites, which can widen their application. The effect of the nanofiller shape on the relationship between the nanofiller microstructure and the conductive probability of the nanofiller filled polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) has been investigated in detail by employing a coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation. Four kinds of nanofiller shapes are considered: rod filler, Y filler, X filler, and sphere filler. First, the mean square radius of gyration gradually decreases from rod filler, Y filler, X filler, to sphere filler, which reflects the highest aspect ratio for rod filler. Meanwhile, the dispersion state of the nanofiller is relatively uniform in the matrix. The conductive probability (denoted by the formation probability of the conductive network) is adopted to stand for the conductive property. The results show that the conductive probability gradually decreases from rod filler, Y filler, X filler, to sphere filler, which is attributed to their gradually decreased size. In summary, the nanofiller shape affects the electric conductive property of PNCs.
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Hackett, David G. "Gender and Religion in American Culture, 1870-1930." Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 5, no. 2 (1995): 127–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.1995.5.2.03a00010.
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Since the early 1980's, advances in the study of gender in American history have come primarily through an unmasking of the assumptions of earlier studies. Some have questioned the explanatory power of the field's dominant interpretive paradigm, that of “women's sphere,” because this theoretical lens has often led historians to mistake what was said by and about women for their actual historical experience. Others have laid bare the earlier scholarship's assumption of universal gender definitions that do not take into account differences in women's roles based on race, class, or region. Additionally, several historians have begun to explore the influence of gender relations on the lives of men. As a result, we are beginning to get a picture of gender in American history that goes beyond the “women's sphere” experience of white, middle-class, northeastern women.
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Giorgi, Alberta. "Título da página eletrónica: The Immanent Frame. Secularism, Religion, and the Public Sphere." Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais, no. 110 (September 1, 2016): 149–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rccs.6429.
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Latham, Clara. "Instrument or Appliance? The RCA Theremin, Gender, Labor, and Domesticity." Journal of Musicology 39, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 35–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jm.2022.39.1.35.
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This article explores the relationship between domestic music making, technological innovation, and labor through a case study of the marketing of the RCA Theremin in 1929. Shortly after the arrival of Russian inventor Leon Theremin in the United States in 1928, plans to develop the Theremin as a commercial musical instrument for the home quickly took shape, aligning it with other commercialized domestic appliances. But the nature of the labor that the Theremin promised, according to its marketers, was different than the labor afforded by the vacuum cleaner or lightbulb: it promised to perform musical work. The domestic sphere was changing with the introduction of appliances to assist housewives in middle-class American homes. This involved changes in audio culture as well. Many forms of musical listening were moving from a public to a domestic sphere via the introduction of the phonograph and radio. The phonograph afforded housewives the convenience of playing Saint-Saëns in their parlors without the labor of practicing the piano, just as the electric light saved them the effort of attending to oil lamps. Marketing materials for the RCA Theremin promoted the instrument as a labor-saving device, aiming to fulfill the role of the piano in middle-class American homes but eradicating the need for practicing. I argue that this promise implicitly reveals the labor of domestic music making, which, like other forms of domestic labor, has been historically rendered invisible within a capitalistic system that values productive over reproductive labor.
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Barkalow, Kurt L., Hervé Falet, Joseph E. Italiano, Andrew van Vugt, Christopher L. Carpenter, Alan D. Schreiber, and John H. Hartwig. "Role for phosphoinositide 3-kinase in FcγRIIA-induced platelet shape change." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 285, no. 4 (October 2003): C797—C805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00165.2003.
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Platelets transform from disks to irregular spheres, grow filopodia, form ruffles, and spread on surfaces coated with anti-FcγRIIA antibody. FcγRIIA cross-linking leads to a tenfold increase in actin filament barbed end exposure and robust actin assembly. Activation of the small GTPases Rac and Cdc42 follows FcγRIIA cross-linking. Shape change, actin filament barbed end exposure, and quantifiable actin assembly require phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) activity and a rise in intracellular calcium. PI3-kinase inhibition blocks activation of Rac, but not of Cdc42, and diminishes the association of Arp2/3 complex and CapZ with polymerized actin. Furthermore, addition of constitutively active D-3 phosphorylated polyphosphoinositides or recombinant PI3-kinase subunits to octylglucoside-permeabilized platelets elicits actin filament barbed end exposure by releasing gelsolin and CapZ from the cytoskeleton. Our findings place PI3-kinase activity upstream of Rac, gelsolin, and Arp2/3 complex activation induced by FcγRIIA and clearly distinguish the FcγRIIA signaling pathway to actin filament assembly from the thrombin receptor protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 pathway.
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Zhang, Xue-Jun, and Zhong-Can Ou-Yang. "Mechanism behind the Beauty: The Golden Ratio Appeared in the Shape of Red Blood Cells." Communications in Computational Physics 21, no. 2 (February 2017): 559–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/cicp.oa-2016-0205.
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AbstractIn the past two decades, a rigorous solution for the shape of human red blood cell (RBC) with a negative spontaneous curvature c0 has been derived with the Helfrich model under the condition that both the osmotic pressure Δp and tensile stress λ are equal to zero. By fitting the experimentally observed shape of RBC, c0R0 has been predicted to be –1.62, theminus golden ratio, where R0 is the radius of a sphere which has the same surface area as RBC. In this paper, we verify this prediction by comparing experimental data with an analytical equation describing the relation between volume and surface area. Furthermore, it is also found ρmax /ρB ≈ 1.6 with ρmax the maximal radius and ρB the characteristic radius of RBC, showing an approximate beautiful golden cross section of RBC. On the basis of a complete numerical calculation, we propose a mechanism behind the beauty of the minus golden ratio that c0R0 results from the balance between the minimization of the surface area and the requirement of adequate deformability of RBC to allow it passing through the spleen, the so called “physical fitness test”.
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Galvez, Jorge A., Shirley McCarthy, Jeffrey Weinreb, Daniel Zelterman, Robert I. White, Jeffrey Pollak, and Michael G. Tal. "Comparison of MRI Outcomes of Uterine Artery Embolization for Uterine Leiomyoma Using Tris-acryl Gelatin Microspheres, Polyvinyl Alcohol Spheres, and Polyvinyl Alcohol Particles." Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 32, no. 3 (May 2008): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/rct.0b013e3180de4968.
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Larson, Brent K., Julie M. Hess, and Jeffrey M. Williams. "PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMATING OIL THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOLUBILITY PARAMETERS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 90, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 621–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.82.83733.
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ABSTRACT Process oils make important contributions to nearly every compound in a tire, and oil–polymer interactions have effects on compound processing and performance. One way to predict oil–polymer interactions is to determine the three-dimensional (3-D) Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs) for both oil and polymer, and the polymer solubility sphere (PSS) radius. Favorable oil–polymer interactions occur when an oil's HSPs are located within a PSS. Interactions are stronger when an oil's HSPs are located closer to the center of the PSS. If an oil's HSPs are located outside a polymer's solubility sphere, then the polymer is not soluble in the oil as a result of insufficient favorable interactions. A polymer characterization technique for determining the HSPs is the bitumen solubility model. However, no simple procedure has previously been documented for estimating the 3-D HSPs for an oil. A labor-intensive method has been described by Levin and Redelius. The oil solubility parameters estimation procedure (OSPEP) has been developed to meet the need for a relatively simple characterization technique. This procedure can provide an estimation of oil HSPs by running two titrations and a dynamic scanning calorimetry test. Analysis involves an iterative procedure to estimate the three HSPs for the oil. OSPEP represents a step forward to easily obtain insight into oil–polymer interactions.
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Li, Min, Shabnam Behzadi, Min Chen, Wenmin Pang, Fuzhou Wang, and Chen Tan. "Phenoxyimine Ligands Bearing Nitrogen-Containing Second Coordination Spheres for Zinc Catalyzed Stereoselective Ring-Opening Polymerization of rac-Lactide." Organometallics 38, no. 2 (January 16, 2019): 461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00788.
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Peng, Zhangli, Adel Mashayekh, and Qiang Zhu. "Erythrocyte responses in low-shear-rate flows: effects of non-biconcave stress-free state in the cytoskeleton." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 742 (February 21, 2014): 96–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.14.
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AbstractInspired by the recent experiment on erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs) in weak shear flows by Dupireet al.(Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 109, 2012, pp. 20808–20813), we conduct a numerical investigation to study the dynamics of RBCs in low-shear-rate flows by applying a multiscale fluid–structure interaction model. By employing a spheroidal stress-free state in the cytoskeleton, we are able to numerically predict an important feature, namely that the cell maintains its biconcave shape during tank-treading motions. Furthermore, we numerically confirm the hypothesis that, as the stress-free state approaches a sphere, the threshold shear rates corresponding to the establishment of tank treading decrease. By comparing with the experimental measurements, our study suggests that the stress-free state of RBCs is a spheroid that is close to a sphere, rather than the biconcave shape applied in existing models (the implication is that the RBC skeleton is pre-stressed in its natural biconcave state). It also suggests that the response of RBCs in low-shear-rate flows may provide a measure to quantitatively determine the distribution of shear stress in the RBC cytoskeleton in the natural state.
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Bartels, P. C., P. W. Helleman, A. F. M. Roijers, and J. B. J. Soons. "Some Effects on Light Scattering Intensity and Red Blood Cell Size Distribution Histograms Due to Sphering." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 25, no. 6 (November 1988): 673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456328802500614.
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At present most haematology blood cell analysers routinely provide red blood cell (RBC) size distribution histograms. Sophisticated improvements of the instruments have re-awakened interest in the study of size histograms. The quantitative information derived from the histograms may be applied more fruitfully if insight is available, with respect to some essential principles of sizing technology and methods for treatment of RBCs before measurement. In this study the consequences of sphering RBCs are investigated in relation to the generation of size distribution histograms by means of methods based on light scattering intensity (LSI). Sphering of RBCs results in considerably narrower histograms than unsphered RBCs. The overall signal to noise ratio increases and there is a broader gap between large platelets and microcytic RBCs. Narrower size distribution ranges will enable closer modes to be separated. Compared to unsphered RBCs, microcytic sphered RBCs yield increased LSI whereas macrocytic sphered RBCs yield decreased LSI.
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Diani, Julie. "DIRECTIONAL CONSTITUTIVE LAWS FOR RUBBERS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 89, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.15.84844.
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ABSTRACT Directional laws, also called micro-sphere laws, are based on the rubber elasticity theory and are designed to fit rubber mechanical stress–strain responses at large strain. Because they depend on material directions, directional changes may be introduced accounting for anisotropic damage or residual stretch such as resulting from Mullins softening or accounting for anisotropic strain hardening such as induced by crystallization. Directional laws provide a relevant alternative to strain invariants laws when the material isotropy evolves or when its anisotropy is difficult to guess a priori. In the current contribution, the building process involved when defining directional laws is presented. The major assumptions resulting from this process are reviewed. Finally, recent directional laws from the literature are discussed, highlighting the interest and potential of such a constitutive framework.
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Chang, Teng-Wen, Hsin-Yi Huang, and Sambit Datta. "Design and Fabrication of a Responsive Carrier Component Envelope." Buildings 9, no. 4 (April 15, 2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9040084.
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Responsive architecture comprises the creation of buildings or structural elements of buildings that adapt in response to external stimuli or internal conditions. The responsiveness of such structures rests on addressing constraints from multiple domains of expertise. The dynamic integration of geometric, structural, material and electronic subsystems requires innovative design methods and processes. This paper reports on the design and fabrication of a responsive carrier component envelope (RCCE) that responds by changing shape through kinetic motion. The design of the RCCE is based on geometry and structure of carrier surfaces populated with a kinetic structural component that responds to external stimuli. We extend earlier prototypes to design a modular, component-driven bottom-up system assembly exploring full-scale material and electronic subsystems for the expansion and retraction of a symmetric polar array based on the Hobermann sphere. We test the kinetic responsiveness of the RCCE with material constraints and simulate responses by connecting the adaptive components with programmable input and behavior. Finally, a concrete situation from practice is presented where 16 fully-functional components of the adaptive component are assembled and tested as part of an interactive public placemaking installation at the Shenzhen MakerFaire Exhibition. The RCCE experimental prototype provides new results on the design and construction of an adaptive assembly in system design and planning, choice of fabrication and assembly methods and incorporation of dynamic forms. This paper concludes that the design and assembly of an adaptive structural component based on RCCE presents results for designing sensitive, creative, adaptable and sustainable architecture.
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Farshchi, Negin, and Ali Abbasian. "INVERSE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY STUDY OF HANSEN SOLUBILITY PARAMETERS OF RUBBER PROCESS OILS (DAE, TDAE, MES, AND NAP)." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 93, no. 2 (March 7, 2019): 297–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.19.83697.
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ABSTRACT Process oils are used for rubbers to improve their flexibility and processability in industry. The solubility parameter is a convenient way to determine the solubility of materials. Inverse gas chromatography was used to calculate the solubility parameters and depict solubility spheres for distillated aromatic extract (DAE), treated distillate aromatic extract (TDAE), mildly extracted solvate (MES), and hydro processed naphthenic oil (NAP). Results showed that despite the similarity in values of the solubility parameters of DAE and TDAE at ambient temperature, increasing temperature led to a significant difference in values. In contrast to other oils, TDAE showed a better compatibility with polar solvents. In addition, the interaction parameters showed no specific dependence on the temperature for DAE, MES, and NAP, except for polar solvents and TDAE. DAE had the highest compatibility with aromatic solvents. Upon raising the temperature to values greater than 100 °C, the compatibility trend between oils and toluene was the same for all oils investigated, except for TDAE, which increased with increasing temperature whereas others showed a reduction. The increase in the alkyl chain was also effective in increasing the compatibility of the probes as well as their interaction parameter values. The solubility parameters (δ2) of process oils were determined to be 18.9, 18.9, 18.5, and 19.0 (J/cm3)0.5 for DAE, TDAE, NAP, and MES at 25 °C, respectively.
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Yu, Chenjie, Dantong Liu, Kurtis Broda, Rutambhara Joshi, Jason Olfert, Yele Sun, Pingqing Fu, Hugh Coe, and James D. Allan. "Characterising mass-resolved mixing state of black carbon in Beijing using a morphology-independent measurement method." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 6 (March 26, 2020): 3645–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3645-2020.
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Abstract. Refractory black carbon (rBC) in the atmosphere is known for its significant impacts on climate. The relationship between the microphysical and optical properties of rBC remains poorly understood and is influenced by its size and mixing state. Mixing state also influences its cloud scavenging potential and thus atmospheric lifetime. This study presents a coupling of a centrifugal particle mass analyser (CPMA) and a single-particle soot photometer (SP2) for the morphology-independent quantification of the mixing state of rBC-containing particles, used in the urban site of Beijing as part of the Air Pollution and Human Health–Beijing (APHH-Beijing) project during winter (10 November–10 December 2016) and summer (18 May–25 June 2017). This represents a highly dynamic polluted environment with a wide variety of conditions that could be considered representative of megacity area sources in Asia. An inversion method (used for the first time on atmospheric aerosols) is applied to the measurements to present two-variable distributions of both rBC mass and total mass of rBC-containing particles and calculate the mass-resolved mixing state of rBC-containing particles, using previously published metrics. The mass ratio between non-rBC material and rBC material (MR) is calculated to determine the thickness of a hypothetical coating if the rBC and other material followed a concentric sphere model (the equivalent coating thickness). The bulk MR (MRbulk) was found to vary between 2 and 12 in winter and between 2 and 3 in summer. This mass-resolved mixing state is used to derive the mass-weighted mixing state index for the rBC-containing particles (χrBC). χrBC quantifies how uniformly the non-rBC material is distributed across the rBC-containing-particle population, with 100 % representing uniform mixing. The χrBC in Beijing varied between 55 % and 70 % in winter depending on the dominant air masses, and χrBC was highly correlated with increased MRbulk and PM1 mass concentration in winter, whereas χrBC in summer varied significantly (ranging 60 %–75 %) within the narrowly distributed MRbulk and was found to be independent of air mass sources. In some model treatments, it is assumed that more atmospheric ageing causes the BC to tend towards a more homogeneous mixture, but this leads to the conclusion that the MRbulk may only act as a predictor of χrBC in winter. The particle morphology-independent and mass-based information on BC mixing used in this and future studies can be applied to mixing-state-aware models investigating atmospheric rBC ageing.
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Pálinkás, István. "Blending and folk theory in an explanation of irony." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 12, no. 1 (April 23, 2014): 64–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.12.1.03pal.
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This paper casts a critical glance at the traditional pragmatic view of irony as well as the most definitive theories of the 1980s and 1990s, and shows that most of these conceptions are incomplete: they have a limited sphere of explanatory sway, as attested by the occurrence of instances of ironic speech not conforming to these models. In order to avoid the uncertainties induced by previous approaches, this paper takes a cognitive stance and treats irony as a mode of thought rather than as a figure of speech. As a cognitive-conceptual phenomenon, this study argues, irony cannot be explained in one single definition but rather it should be treated as a matter of folk psychology. The paper also concludes that the ironies discussed in this study are related by the process of conceptual integration. Through a discussion of three ironies, this paper introduces a different way of thinking about irony.
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Nikiforov, Alexey, Natalia Panina, Daniil Blinou, Vladislav Gurzhiy, Juliya Nashchekina, Evgenia Korzhikova-Vlakh, Alexey Eremin, and Mariia Stepanova. "Ring-Opening Polymerization of rac-Lactide Catalyzed by Octahedral Nickel Carboxylate Complexes." Catalysts 13, no. 2 (January 29, 2023): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13020304.
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To date, nickel(II) complexes have not been practically investigated as catalysts in ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide to produce biodegradable poly(lactic acid), which is in demand in biomedicine and industry. In this study, carboxylate complexes of nickel(II) containing various N-donor ligands with different nuclearity, metal core rigidity and nature of carboxylate ligands were synthesized and studied by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, elemental and thermogravimetric analyses. The obtained complexes were examined in the (ROP of the rac-lactide in bulk and in toluene solution with and without the addition of a benzyl alcohol initiator. In the series of complexes studied, the complex [Ni(DBED)2(O2CC(CH3)3)2]·(CH3)3CCO2H (DBED is N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine) was a syndioselective catalyst and showed the highest catalytic ability in the polymerization without the addition of benzyl alcohol. For this complex, according to 1D DOSY 1H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization, polymerization is initiated by a free secondary amine, DBED, leaving the metal’s inner coordination sphere. Based on the experimental data obtained, a comprehensive density functional theory (DFT) study of the ROP pathways including the initiation and first chain growth cycle steps with a detailed description of the intermediates and evaluation of the energy barriers of the steps was carried out. It was shown that one of the key roles in the reaction process is played by carboxylate ligands, which act as proton carriers from the initiator molecule and have a significant influence on the reactivity of the catalytic metal complexes.
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Moon, Dohyun, and Jong-Ha Choi. "Crystal structure ofcis-aquachlorido(rac-5,5,7,12,12,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-κ4N)chromium(III) tetrachloridozincate trihydrate from synchrotron data." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 71, no. 9 (August 22, 2015): 1054–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989015015212.
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The structure of the title compound,cis-[CrCl(cycb)(H2O)][ZnCl4]·3H2O (cycbisrac-5,5,7,12,12,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane; C16H36N4), has been determined from synchrotron data. In the complex cation, the CrIIIion is bound by four N atoms from the tetradentate cycbligand, a chloride ion and one water molecule in acisarrangement, displaying a distorted octahedral coordination geometry. The distorted tetrahedral [ZnCl4]2−anion and three additional water molecules remain outside the coordination sphere. The Cr—N(cycb) bond lengths are in the range of 2.0837 (14) to 2.1399 (12) Å while the Cr—Cl and Cr—(OH2) bond lengths are 2.2940 (8) and 2.0082 (13) Å, respectively. The crystal packing is stabilized by hydrogen-bonding interactions between the N—H groups of the macrocyclic ligand, the O—H groups of the water molecules and the Cl atoms of the tetrachloridozincate anion, leading to the formation of a three-dimensional network.
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Pehl, Matthew. "The Remaking of the Catholic Working Class: Detroit, 1919–1945." Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 19, no. 1 (2009): 37–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.2009.19.1.37.
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AbstractThis essay examines the response of Catholics—both the institutional church and blue-collar laity—to the turmoil of the late 1930s and the rise of the United Automobile Workers in Detroit. It critiques an influential line of scholarship that holds that the ethnic working class was effectively secularized by the rise of mass culture, the welfare state, and industrial unions. Instead, the essay argues that religion—like class, gender, or race/ethnicity—might fruitfully be analyzed as a “consciousness” and, as such, remains fluid, malleable, and protean in the face of historical change. During the Depression years, blue-collar Catholics (especially Catholic men) experienced a re-creation of their religious consciousness to conform to the new world of industrial unionism. While Detroit’s “labor priests” established the Archdiocesan Labor Institute (ALI) and hosted labor schools in parishes across the city, lay people, spurred by the movement for “Catholic Action,” founded the Association of Catholic Trade Unionists (ACTU) to strengthen working-class faith and “Christianize the UAW.” More important, the ALI and ACTU collectively provided a new religious template within which working-class Catholics might reconcile—even intertwine—their class, gender, and religious identities. While the changes of the 1930s did assimilate ethnic Catholics more fully into the secular sphere, this essay demonstrates that such a process did not result in a “decline” in religious significance for many Catholic workers; more precisely, it meant a “re-making” of religious consciousness.
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Zanatta, Marco, Paolo Laj, Martin Gysel, Urs Baltensperger, Stergios Vratolis, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Yutaka Kondo, et al. "Effects of mixing state on optical and radiative properties of black carbon in the European Arctic." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 19 (October 4, 2018): 14037–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14037-2018.
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Abstract. Atmospheric aging promotes internal mixing of black carbon (BC), leading to an enhancement of light absorption and radiative forcing. The relationship between BC mixing state and consequent absorption enhancement was never estimated for BC found in the Arctic region. In the present work, we aim to quantify the absorption enhancement and its impact on radiative forcing as a function of microphysical properties and mixing state of BC observed in situ at the Zeppelin Arctic station (78∘ N) in the spring of 2012 during the CLIMSLIP (Climate impacts of short-lived pollutants in the polar region) project. Single-particle soot photometer (SP2) measurements showed a mean mass concentration of refractory black carbon (rBC) of 39 ng m−3, while the rBC mass size distribution was of lognormal shape, peaking at an rBC mass-equivalent diameter (DrBC) of around 240 nm. On average, the number fraction of particles containing a BC core with DrBC>80 nm was less than 5 % in the size range (overall optical particle diameter) from 150 to 500 nm. The BC cores were internally mixed with other particulate matter. The median coating thickness of BC cores with 220 nm < DrBC< 260 nm was 52 nm, resulting in a core–shell diameter ratio of 1.4, assuming a coated sphere morphology. Combining the aerosol absorption coefficient observed with an Aethalometer and the rBC mass concentration from the SP2, a mass absorption cross section (MAC) of 9.8 m2 g−1 was inferred at a wavelength of 550 nm. Consistent with direct observation, a similar MAC value (8.4 m2 g−1 at 550 nm) was obtained indirectly by using Mie theory and assuming a coated-sphere morphology with the BC mixing state constrained from the SP2 measurements. According to these calculations, the lensing effect is estimated to cause a 54 % enhancement of the MAC compared to that of bare BC particles with equal BC core size distribution. Finally, the ARTDECO radiative transfer model was used to estimate the sensitivity of the radiative balance to changes in light absorption by BC as a result of a varying degree of internal mixing at constant total BC mass. The clear-sky noontime aerosol radiative forcing over a surface with an assumed wavelength-dependent albedo of 0.76–0.89 decreased, when ignoring the absorption enhancement, by −0.12 W m−2 compared to the base case scenario, which was constrained with mean observed aerosol properties for the Zeppelin site in Arctic spring. The exact magnitude of this forcing difference scales with environmental conditions such as the aerosol optical depth, solar zenith angle and surface albedo. Nevertheless, our investigation suggests that the absorption enhancement due to internal mixing of BC, which is a systematic effect, should be considered for quantifying the aerosol radiative forcing in the Arctic region.
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Kratz, Jeremy D., Lucas Zarling, Aishwarya Sunil, Shujah Rehman, Katherine Anne Johnson, Sarbjeet K. Makkar, Cheri Pasch, et al. "Sensitivity of HER2-amplified colorectal organotypic cancer spheroids at ex vivo resistance to panitumumab and trastuzumab." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 3_suppl (January 20, 2021): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.3_suppl.68.
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68 Background: HER2 amplification is an emerging biomarker in colorectal cancer (CRC) with increased copy number associated with improved clinical outcomes to HER2 targeting. RAS/RAF wildtype CRC also benefit from use of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition (EGFRi). The sequencing of EGFRi versus HER2 inhibition in low copy number HER2 amplified CRC remains uncertain. Patient-derived cancer organoids (PDCOs) allow an ex vivo method to assess treatment sensitivity. We examined treatment sensitivity of a HER2 amplified PDCO at baseline and following resistance to panitumumab and trastuzumab. Methods: Following IRB-approval, fresh CRC tissue was cultured to maturation. After expansion, subcultures were treated with stepwise (20%) increase to physiologic Cmax of panitumumab (230ug/mL) and trastuzumab (180ug/mL). Threshold for escalation was median relative growth of +20% at 96h. Sensitivity was assessed on primary culture (RC1), panitumumab resistance (RC1-P) and trastuzumab resistance (RC1-T) using 96h of physiologic Cmax panitumumab, trastuzumab, and combination trastuzumab/pertuzumab. Individual sphere response was assessed for change in mean NADH autofluorescence intensity and ratio of NADH/FAD signal. Response was assessed at 96h in comparison to control using effect size of Glass’s Delta (GΔ). Results: Molecular profiling revealed HER2 copy number of 14 with no concurrent alterations in RAS, RAF, or PIK3CA. Time to resistance was similar between panitumumab (55 days) and trastuzumab (51 days). RC1 had baseline growth (+116%) which was reduced with single agent panitumumab (+17%, GΔ=1.40) with intermediate sensitivity to trastuzumab (+48%, GΔ=0.95) and trastuzumab/pertuzumab (46%, GΔ=0.99). Normalized NADH/FAD ratio revealed significant metabolic response to panitumumab (-20%, GΔ=0.66) and trastuzumab/pertuzumab (-35%, GΔ=1.16) with insignificant effect of single agent trastuzumab (-14%, GΔ=0.46). Following resistance to panitumumab, RC1-P had persistent growth with trastuzumab (+68%) which improved in combination trastuzumab/pertuzumab (+34%, GΔ=1.16). Following resistance to trastuzumab, RC1-T was insensitive to EGFRi with panitumumab including persistent growth (+58%, GΔ=0.70) and unchanged metabolism (+2%, GΔ=-0.10). Conclusions: Therapeutic dose escalation in a single PDCO of HER2 amplified CRC suggests improved sensitivity to EGFRi and dual HER2 targeting with trastuzumab/pertuzumab. Resistance to EGFRi resulted in persistent sensitivity to dual HER2 inhibition using trastuzumab/pertuzumab, however resistance to single agent trastuzumab. Resistance to trastuzumab resulted in future insensitivity to EGFRi. Molecular profiling at resistance revealed no pathologic alterations in EGFR or ERBB2 signaling, with ongoing analysis of transcriptional changes by RNAseq.
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Ferziger, Adam S. "“Outside the Shul”: The American Soviet Jewry Movement and the Rise of Solidarity Orthodoxy, 1964–1986." Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 22, no. 1 (2012): 83–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.2012.22.1.83.
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AbstractConcern for the plight of Soviet Jewry grew steadily from the early 1950s. The rise of this issue to the forefront of American Jewish consciousness, however, was driven by the broader protest movement that emerged in the mid-1960s. Its central goal was to ensure civic and religious rights for Jewish residents of the Soviet Union, with a particular emphasis on the ability to emigrate. The movement's peak impact was in the 1970s. This decade witnessed the proliferation of grassroots organizations throughout the United States, along with the adoption of a more activist orientation by large segments of the American Jewish establishment.To date, minimal attention has been paid to the place of the Soviet Jewry movement in the religious history of American Judaism. The article's investigation of American Orthodoxy's role is intended to confront this lacuna and describes the central role played by Orthodox Jews in the rise and development of the Soviet Jewry movement. Through their actions, the members of this segment of American Jewry experienced a role reversal in which they helped to redefine the nature of the Jewish relationship to the public sphere. Simultaneously, such activism sharpened the internal divide between Modern Orthodoxy and its traditionalist counterparts who opposed demonstrations, encouraged quiet diplomacy, and were loathe to work in unison with the broader Jewish community. Through their involvement in a core Jewish activity that entailed partnership with non-Orthodox Jews in efforts for their common brethren, a generation of Modern Orthodox leaders arose that made Jewish solidarity a central expression of their Orthodox religious identities.
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Kara, Hulya. "A Novel Hydrogen-bonded Zigzag Chain Manganese(III) Complex: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 62, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 691–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2007-0511.
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AbstractThe synthesis, crystal structure and magnetic properties of [Mn(III)L(H2O)2]+ClO4 −, 1 [L = N,N′-bis(rac-3,5-dichlorosalicylidenato)-1,2-diaminopropane] are reported. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies showed the structure to consist of [MnL(H2O)2]+ octahedra, with trans-coordinated water molecules, which are linked into infinite helices by hydrogen bonds. The distorted octahedral manganese(III) centre contains an N2O2O′2 coordination sphere made up of the Schiff base ligand in the equatorial plane. In the axial direction, an elongation of the trans Mn-Owater bonds to 2.165(2) and 2.187(2) Å is observed. Such elongations are typical of d4 systems but in this case may also be attributed to the poorer donor power of the water molecules.
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Gandjbakhche, Amir H., Robert F. Bonner, Andrew E. Arai, and Robert S. Balaban. "Visible-light photon migration through myocardium in vivo." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 277, no. 2 (August 1, 1999): H698—H704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1999.277.2.h698.
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Empirical data between 510 and 590 nm of diffuse reflected light from the pig heart in vivo have shown that myoglobin and cytochrome c absorption peaks with little apparent contribution of red blood cell (RBC) Hb. Monte Carlo simulations of photon migration in tissue were performed to compare the effects of myoglobin and cytochromes with those of blood Hb on photon pathlengths and diffuse reflectance of visible wavelengths (450–600 nm) from the pig heart in vivo. Wavelength dependence of the input parameters, including the transport-corrected scattering coefficients (1.1–1.2 mm−1) and the absorption coefficients of blood-free solubilized heart tissue (0.43–1.47 mm−1), as well as the absorption coefficients of Hb, were determined by an integrating sphere method and standard spectrophotometry, respectively. The Monte Carlo simulations indicate that in the 510- to 590-nm range the mean path length within the myocardium for diffusely reflected light varies from 1.4 to 1.2 mm, whereas their mean penetration depth within the epicardium is only 330–400 μm for blood-free heart tissue. Analysis shows that the blood Hb absorption extrema are only observable between 510 and 590 nm when RBC concentration in tissue is >0.5%. Blood within vessels much larger than capillaries does not contribute significantly to the spectral features, because virtually all light in this spectral range is absorbed during transit through large vessels (>100 μm). This analysis suggests that diffuse reflected light in the 510- to 590-nm region will show spectral features uniquely associated with myoglobin and cytochrome c oxygenation states within 400 μm of the surface of the heart in situ as long as the capillary RBC concentration remains <0.5%.
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Drucker, Donna J. "An “Aristocracy of Virtue”: Cultural Development of the American Catholic Priesthood, 1884–1920s." Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 21, no. 2 (2011): 227–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.2011.21.2.227.
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AbstractThis article examines advice literature directed at English-speaking members of the American Catholic priesthood in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. From the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore in 1884 through the late 1920s, advice literature transformed from emphasizing how the priest should be a man set above the laity into emphasizing how the priest should be part of a broad priestly fraternity, taking on the role of a public citizen speaking out on issues of the day. After the modernist controversies of the first decade of the twentieth century that stifled their intellectual development, American priests’ seminary training particularly emphasized virile masculinity, athletic rigor, and duty and conformity to their superiors. In the late nineteenth century, advice literature encouraged priests to see their lives together in rectories as schools of charity, where all of the priests would, with the assistance of obedient and nonthreatening household staff, encourage each other to be men of prayer and self-sacrifice despite each others’ individual foibles. Every aspect of a priest's life, from the rectory environment to his clothing and bearing, was supposed to mark him as a man set apart. During and after World War I, however, advice literature shifted from addressing the priest's life in his rectory and parish alone to encouraging him to participate in civic duties as an American citizen. Diocesan priests like John A. Ryan took a lead role in advocating for social reforms that married public policy with social and economic justice. While priests’ sacramental duties remained at the center of their lives and ministries, advice literature nonetheless encouraged them to rethink their place in the sociocultural landscape and to become more vocal promoters of Catholic values in the public sphere.
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Alves, Angela Limongi Alvarenga, and Rafael Barreto Castelo da Cruz. "Participação social em audiência públicas no planejamento urbano: estudo de caso do Plano Diretor Estratégico do município de São Paulo / Social participation in public hearings in urban planning: a case study of the Strategic Director’s Plan of the municipality of São Paulo." Revista de Direito da Cidade 12, no. 3 (December 9, 2020): 452–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/rdc.2020.49111.
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ResumoO Plano Diretor Participativo é o principal instrumento de política urbana nos municípios brasileiros, razão pela qual deve contar com a participação social como orientadora para a arquitetura das respectivas políticas públicas voltadas para o desenvolvimento urbano. Os processos participativos devem permitir que todos os atores contribuam para a definição da pauta de prioridades e que as contribuições se tornem insumos para o planejamento. Na mesma senda, os Planos Diretores Participativos devem articular a influência docidadão na construção das cidades. Embora audiências públicas tenham sido realizadas, a análise de dados secundários inerentes à revisão do Plano Diretor Estratégico (PDE) do município de São Paulo nos anos de 2013 e 2014, revelou que esse processo foi composto de sucessivas esferas de consulta, meramente informativas. Através da utilização da metodologia da “Escada de Participação Popular”, proposta por Sherry Arnstein, verificou-se que a elaboração do PDE pode ser considerada “pseudoparticipativa”, evidenciando que o procedimento de ausculta social se deu muito mais para legitimar as decisões políticas acerca do PDE do que efetivamente para garantir a participação democrática no planejamento urbano. Apesar dos avanços, o processo ainda está aquém do almejado para uma participação plural e determinante na tomada de decisões em comunidades.Palavras-chave: Participação Social. Audiências Públicas. Planejamento Urbano. Plano Diretor. Município de São Paulo. AbstractThe Participatory Master Plan is the main instrument of urban policy in Brazilian municipalities, which is why it must count on social participation as a guide for the architecture of the respective public policies aimed at urban development. Participatory processes must allow all actors to contribute to the definition of the agenda of priorities and that contributions become inputs for planning. In the same vein, the Participative Master Plans must articulate the citizen's influence in the construction of cities. Although public hearings were held, the analysis of secondary data inherent to the review of the Strategic Master Plan (PDE) of the municipality of São Paulo in the years 2013 and 2014, revealed that this process was composed of successive spheres of consultation, merely informative. Through the use of the “Ladder of Popular Participation” methodology, proposed by Sherry Arnstein, it was verified that the elaboration of the PDE can be considered “pseudoparticipativa”, showing that the social auscultation procedure took place much more to legitimize the political decisions about the PDE than effectively to guarantee democratic participation in urban planning. Despite the advances, the process still lags behind the goal of plural and decisive participation in decision-making in communities.Keywords: Social Participation. Public Hearings. Urban planning. Master plan. Municipality of SãoPaulo.
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Takeishi, Naoki, Marco E. Rosti, Yohsuke Imai, Shigeo Wada, and Luca Brandt. "Haemorheology in dilute, semi-dilute and dense suspensions of red blood cells." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 872 (June 14, 2019): 818–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.393.
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We present a numerical analysis of the rheology of a suspension of red blood cells (RBCs) in a wall-bounded shear flow. The flow is assumed as almost inertialess. The suspension of RBCs, modelled as biconcave capsules whose membrane follows the Skalak constitutive law, is simulated for a wide range of viscosity ratios between the cytoplasm and plasma,$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}=0.1$–10, for volume fractions up to$\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}=0.41$and for different capillary numbers ($Ca$). Our numerical results show that an RBC at low$Ca$tends to orient to the shear plane and exhibits so-called rolling motion, a stable mode with higher intrinsic viscosity than the so-called tumbling motion. As$Ca$increases, the mode shifts from the rolling to the swinging motion. Hydrodynamic interactions (higher volume fraction) also allow RBCs to exhibit tumbling or swinging motions resulting in a drop of the intrinsic viscosity for dilute and semi-dilute suspensions. Because of this mode change, conventional ways of modelling the relative viscosity as a polynomial function of$\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$cannot be simply applied in suspensions of RBCs at low volume fractions. The relative viscosity for high volume fractions, however, can be well described as a function of an effective volume fraction, defined by the volume of spheres of radius equal to the semi-middle axis of a deformed RBC. We find that the relative viscosity successfully collapses on a single nonlinear curve independently of$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$except for the case with$Ca\geqslant 0.4$, where the fit works only in the case of low/moderate volume fraction, and fails in the case of a fully dense suspension.
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Ozpolat, Hasan Tahsin, Tim Chang, Junmei Chen, Xiaoping Wu, Colette Norby, Barbara A. Konkle, and Jose A. Lopez. "Evaluation of Cell Types and Morphologies in Sickle Cell Disease with an Imaging Flow Cytometer." Blood 126, no. 23 (December 3, 2015): 972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.972.972.
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Abstract Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a hemoglobinopathy characterized by vaso-occlusive episodes and hemolysis. Hemoglobin S is prone to polymerize at low oxygen tension, causing the red cell to become sickle shaped, more rigid and sticky. Evaluation of blood cell morphology, counts and activation are important components of the patient evaluation. This is usually accomplished by evaluation of the blood film, performing a complete blood count (CBC), and with the use of flow cytometry. A typical blood film from an SCD patient shows anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, polychromasia, nucleated erythrocytes, sickled cells, and irregular contracted cells. The methods of blood cell evaluation all have disadvantages. Preparation of the blood film is laborious and its evaluation is highly subjective and requires extensive experience. Some CBC counters (e.g., Siemens - ADVIA 2120) are able to detect dense cells (increased hemoglobin content-high MCHC cells) by their volume and hemoglobin concentration after the red blood cells (RBC) are swelled to spheres with a hypotonic solution. Dense cells resist becoming spheres and are detected by their low volume and high hemoglobin concentration. However, the number of dense cells might be underestimated because reversibly sickled cells are capable of undergoing the sphering and will not be detected. In addition, the hypotonic solution can lyse the cells. Finally, RBC counters cannot detect cells on the basis of specific cell markers, which can be used to define cell types and cell morphology and activation status (platelets). Conventional flow cytometry can detect cell markers, but yields little information on morphology and cannot detect dense cells. Here, we used the ImagestreamX Flow Cytometer (Amnis) to analyze SCD blood. In addition to providing information available with conventional cytometers, this instrument provides an image of each cell analyzed, thus allowing for detailed morphological assessment of a large population of cells. We analyzed 5 patients. All were outpatients not suffering from acute complications. Blood was collected by venipuncture into citrate anticoagulant, stained with antibodies or other reagents, and then fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde. We evaluated the blood for cell numbers and morphology, reticulocytes, dense cells, platelet-monocyte aggregates, phosphatidylserine exposure, and platelet activation status. The blood from all of the SCD patients displayed characteristics not found in control blood. We could clearly distinguish RBC morphologies corresponding to sickle cells, dense cell and reticulocytes. Reticulocytes, identified by CD71 positivity, often displayed a "puckered" morphology, as previously seen in electron micrographs. We calculated the percentage of RBCs that were sickled based on the shape ratio of > 2 (length along the long axis/maximum thickness along the short axis). The sickle cell percentage was 1.4±0.5% (normal 0%) out of total RBC population. We also evaluated dense cell morphology after separating the cells on a percoll density gradient. The cells appeared flattened and "deflated", clearly indicating their loss of intracellular fluid. We also analyzed platelet activation status based on staining for P-selectin, the activated form of integrin aIIbb3 (PAC-1 antibody), and phosphatidylserine exposure. Platelets staining positively for these markers also demonstrated morphological evidence of activation: shape change and filopodia extension. Platelet-monocyte aggregates were higher in all of the patients than in controls (0.036% vs 0%) and were easily distinguished from coincident events by morphology. The number of platelets associated with individual monocytes varied from 1 to 3. Other heterotypic cell aggregates were rare. In summary, imaging flow cytometry provides a powerful tool for the analysis of blood in SCD. The technique allows cell population analysis like conventional cytometry, while yielding detailed morphological information on many parameters of relevance in the disease. Further, the morphological assessment avoids many of the potential artifacts arising from blood film preparation and allows an unbiased assessment of the results. Disclosures Konkle: Baxalta: Consultancy, Research Funding; Biogen: Consultancy, Research Funding; CSL Behring: Consultancy, Other: IDMC chair; Pfizer: Other: IDMC member; Octapharma: Research Funding; Novo Nordisk: Consultancy.
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Holeček, Jaroslav, Antonín Lyčka, David Micák, László Nagy, György Vankó, Jiří Brus, S. Shanmuga Sundara Raj, Hoong Kun Fun, and Seik Weng ng. "Infrared, 119Sn, 13C and 1H NMR, 119Sn and 13C CP/MAS NMR and Mössbauer Spectral Study of Some Tributylstannyl Citrates and Propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylates." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 64, no. 6 (1999): 1028–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19991028.
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Six tributylstannyl citrates and three tributylstannyl propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylates of the formula R1C(CH2COOR2)(COOR3)(CH2COOR4) (R1 = OH or H, R2, R3, R4 = H, Bu3Sn, C6H11NH3, (C6H11)2NH2 or (CH2)5NH2) have been synthesised, and their solution and solid-state structures studied by infrared, 1H, 13C and 119Sn NMR, 13C and 119Sn CP/MAS NMR and 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopies. In non-coordinating solvents, the compounds exist as isolated molecules or ionic-pairs with their tin atoms in pseudotetrahedral environments. In coordinating solvents, the tin atoms in the compounds are five-coordinate owing to the participation of the solvent in bonding; and their trans-trigonal bipyramidal coordination spheres consist of the ipso-carbon atoms of the butyl substituents in equatorial plane, and the solvent molecule and the oxygen atom of the monodentate carboxyl group in axial positions. A part of tributylstannyl groups together with some bidentate bridging carboxylate groups form polymeric chains in the solid state of citrates and propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylates. Also dioxastanna-rings with the participation α-hydroxycarboxylate fragments and one of the tributylstannyl groups occur probably in some citrates in the solid state. The spectroscopic assignment for the citrate has been confirmed by crystal structure analysis.
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Moon, Dohyun, and Jong-Ha Choi. "Crystal structure of tris(trans-1,2-cyclohexanediamine-κ2N,N′)chromium(III) tetrachloridozincate chloride trihydrate from synchrotron data." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 72, no. 5 (April 12, 2016): 671–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989016005788.
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The structure of the title double salt, [Cr(rac-chxn)3][ZnCl4]Cl·3H2O (chxn istrans-1,2-cyclohexanediamine; C6H14N2), has been determined from synchrotron data. The CrIIIion is coordinated by six N atoms of three chelating chxn ligands, displaying a slightly distorted octahedral coordination environment. The distorted tetrahedral [ZnCl4]2−anion, the isolated Cl−anion and three lattice water molecules remain outside the coordination sphere. The Cr—N(chxn) bond lengths are in a narrow range between 2.0737 (12) and 2.0928 (12) Å; the mean N—Cr—N bite angle is 82.1 (4)°. The crystal packing is stabilized by hydrogen-bonding interactions between the amino groups of the chxn ligands and the water molecules as donor groups, and O atoms of the water molecules, chloride anions and Cl atoms of the [ZnCl4]2−anions as acceptor groups, leading to the formation of a three-dimensional network. The [ZnCl4]2−anion is disordered over two sets of sites with an occupancy ratio of 0.94:0.06.
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Czerwińska, Karolina, Izabela D. Madura, and Janusz Zachara. "Geometry of trigonal boron coordination sphere in boronic acids derivatives – a bond-valence vector model approach." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 72, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520616002262.
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The systematic analysis of the geometry of three-coordinate boron in boronic acid derivatives with a common [CBO2] skeleton is presented. The study is based on the bond-valence vector (BVV) model [Zachara (2007).Inorg. Chem.46, 9760–9767], a simple tool for the identification and quantitative estimation of both steric and electronic factors causing deformations of the coordination sphere. The empirical bond-valence (BV) parameters in the exponential equation [Brown & Altermatt (1985).Acta Cryst.B41, 244–247]rijandb, for B—O and B—C bonds were determined using data deposited in the Cambridge Structural Database. The values obtained amount torBO= 1.364 Å,bBO= 0.37 Å,rBC= 1.569 Å,bBC= 0.28 Å, and they were further used in the calculation of BVV lengths. The values of the resultant BVV were less than 0.10 v.u. for 95% of the set comprising 897 [CBO2] fragments. Analysis of the distribution of BVV components allowed for the description of subtle in- and out-of plane deviations from the `ideal' (sp2) geometry of boron coordination sphere. The distortions specific for distinct groups of compounds such as boronic acids, cyclic and acyclic esters, benzoxaboroles and hemiesters were revealed. In cyclic esters the direction of strains was found to be controlled by the ring size effect. It was shown that thesynorantilocation of substituents on O atoms is decisive for the deformations direction for both acids and acyclic esters. The greatest strains were observed in the case of benzoxaboroles which showed the highest deviation from the zero value of the resultant BVV. The out-of-plane distortions, described by thevzcomponent of the resultant BVV, were ascertained to be useful in the identification of weak secondary interactions on the fourth coordination site of the boron centre.
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Caruso, Christina, Xiao Zhang, Yumiko Sakurai, Wei Li, Meredith E. Fay, Marcus A. Carden, David R. Myers, et al. "Stiff Erythrocyte Subpopulations Biomechanically Induce Endothelial Inflammation in Sickle Cell Disease." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 3560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-125408.
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Background: Originally described as a monogenic hemoglobin disorder resulting in increased red blood cell (RBC) stiffness leading to vaso-occlusion, sickle cell disease (SCD) is now known to be a vasculopathic disease with some semblance to cardiovascular disease in which the endothelium is inflamed. While adhesive RBC-endothelial interactions, inflammatory cytokines, and hemolysis all contribute to SCD vasculopathy, whether the increased stiffness of sickle RBCs directly contributes to endothelial inflammation is unknown. Endothelial cells are now known to mechanotransduce shear forces into biological signals. Pathological alteration of such forces leads to proinflammatory endothelial cell signaling including upregulation of VCAM-1 and E-selectin, which contribute to atherosclerotic plaques leading to myocardial infarction and stroke (Abe, ATVB, 2014). In addition, under normal homeostatic conditions, RBCs do not come into contact with the endothelium due to a cell-free layer created by the Fåhræus-Lindqvist effect. Studies including our own have shown in silico that increasing RBC stiffness diminishes or eliminates the cell-free layer, allowing stiff RBCs to contact the vessel wall (Kumar, Phys Rev E, 2011). This is particularly pertinent in SCD, as all patients have a small population (1-10%) of sickle RBCs that are permanently stiff and misshapen. We therefore hypothesize that purely physical interactions - akin to "scratches" or collisions - between endothelial cells and stiff SCD RBCs breaking through the cell-free layer are sufficient to cause endothelial inflammation in the absence of adhesion or vaso-occlusion (Fig. 1A). Methods: We performed computational direct numerical simulations using the boundary integral method for a binary suspension of flexible biconcave discs and stiff curved prolate spheres modeling healthy RBCs and ISCs, respectively. Experimentally, we leveraged our microfluidic microvasculature models of human umbilical vein endothelial cells cultured throughout each microchannel (Fig. 2). RBCs from SCD patients were "spiked" into normal RBC suspensions to comprise 5 and 10% of the overall population (a representation of ISCs in vivo), suspended in media to 25% hematocrit mimicking conditions seen in SCD patients, and perfused into the microfluidics for 4 hours. Samples of 100% normal RBCs or SCD RBCs were run in parallel. To isolate the stiffness effects of sickle RBCs without confounding hemolytic and adhesive effects, parallel experiments were conducted using nystatin-treated normal RBCs to create artificially stiffened RBC subpopulations, defined by elevated mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations (MCHCs), at the same proportion of the overall RBC population (0, 5, 10 and 100%). The endothelialized models were then fixed, permeabilized, and immunostained with antibodies against VCAM-1 and E-selectin. Mean fluorescence intensity was measured to quantify endothelial inflammation. Results: In silico, we observed that ISCs strongly marginate towards the vessel walls due to their stiffness and "pointy" shape, and heterogeneous suspensions with small fractions of stiff, pointy cells (5 and 10%) caused the highest degree of margination (Fig. 1B). Experimentally, endothelium exposed to 5, 10, and 100% SCD RBCs exhibited increased VCAM-1 and E-selectin expression over normal RBCs, and the degree of expression increased with higher percentages of SCD RBCs. While endothelial cells exposed to nystatin-stiffened RBCs also showed increased VCAM-1 and E-selectin expression, those exposed to a lower percentage of stiff cells (5 and 10%) exhibited higher expression than the homogenously stiff (100%) condition (Fig. 3), which is consistent with our computer simulations. Conclusions: Here we demonstrate that purely non-adhesive, physical interactions between endothelial cells and SCD RBCs are sufficient to cause endothelial inflammation. Furthermore, heterogeneous RBC populations, comprised of a small minority of stiff cells, cause more inflammation than uniformly stiff RBCs. Studies elucidating the underlying mechanisms, using different endothelial cell types, and analyzing the effect of vessel curvature are ongoing. Our results introduce a new paradigm for understanding SCD pathophysiology and may help explain how chronic diffuse vasculopathy develops, which could lead to more biophysically-based therapeutic strategies. Disclosures Carden: GBT: Honoraria; NIH: Research Funding. Mannino:Sanguina, LLC: Employment, Equity Ownership. Lam:Sanguina, LLC: Equity Ownership.
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Sousa, Norma Maria Bentes de. "A urbanização do Amazonas no presente: a manutenção da primazia urbana de Manaus / The urbanization of Amazonas in the present: maintenance of the urban primacy of Manaus." Revista de Direito da Cidade 14, no. 3 (December 23, 2022): 1906–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/rdc.2022.59869.
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Resumo A inserção subordinada do Estado do Amazonas na divisão regional do trabalho, via especialização monoprodutiva configurada no empreendimento Zona Franca de Manaus (ZFM), foi ditada pelos centros dominantes, localizados nas escalas nacional/global. O objetivo deste artigo é entender o processo de urbanização no estado do Amazonas no contexto da industrialização incentivada pelo Estado, via modelo ZFM. A pesquisa utilizou dados secundários, dos censos demográficos e das pesquisas econômicas do IBGE, referentes ao período da urbanização com industrialização (1967– 2014). A análise identificou fatores responsáveis pela concentração da urbanização (e da riqueza) sob a dominância da ZFM: baixa articulação da principal atividade econômica — a industrial, localizada em Manaus, — com as demais frações do território amazonense; crescente migração da população dos municípios do Amazonas para a capital estadual; e manutenção da rede urbana dendrítica. A produção industrial transplantada, centrada nas etapas produtivas finais e pouco articulada com a produção regional, promoveu ao longo do tempo o esvaziamento demográfico-econômico dos demais municípios amazonenses e reforçou uma urbanização “voltada para trás”, a da primazia urbana de Manaus. Nesse processo, a capital amazonense constituiu-se no espaço mais urbanizado da Amazônia, consolidando-se como metrópole regional e demonstrando, em última instância, que o comando e as decisões sobre o desenvolvimento socioeconômico do Amazonas continuam sendo externos a esse espaço sub-regional.Palavras-chave: Urbanização. Estado do Amazonas. Manaus. Zona Franca de Manaus. Industrialização. Abstract The subordinate integration of the Amazonas State (Brazil) in the regional division of labor, which took place via monoproductive specialization as embodied by the Manaus Free Trade Zone (MFTZ) enterprise, was dictated by the dominant centers on the national/global scale. This paper aims to understand the process of urbanization in the Amazonas State in the context of the industrialization encouraged by the State, via the MFTZ model. The study makes use of secondary data from demographic censuses and IBGE economic surveys concerning the urbanization–industrialization period (1967–2014). The analysis identifies factors responsible for the urbanization (and wealth) concentration within the sphere of MTFZ dominance: the weak integration of the main economic activity — the industrial activity in Manaus — with the remainder of the Amazonas State; increasing migration to the state capital Manaus from other municipalities of the Amazonas State; and maintenance of the dendritic urban network. The transplanted industrial activities, focused on the final production stages and poorly integrated with the regional production, have over time promoted a demographic and economic draining of non-capital Amazonas municipalities and reinforced a “backward-oriented” urbanization process in Manaus, reflecting its urban primacy. In this way, the state capital of Amazonas became the most urbanized space in the Amazon region, consolidating itself as a regional metropolis, and ultimately showing that the command and the decisions on the socioeconomic development of the Amazonas State remain external to that sub-regional space.Keywords: Urbanization. Amazonas State (Brazil). Manaus. Manaus Free Trade Zone. Industrialization.
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Rastvortseva, Svetlana, and Aizhan Amanalieva. "The concept of technological proximity in the development of European Union national innovative systems." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 51, no. 51 (March 1, 2021): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2021-0003.
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Abstract The development of national innovative systems is intended to solve a number of issues: from decreasing socio-economic inequality in countries and regions to creating environments favourable to new high-tech production and diversification of industrial composition. Determination of the possibilities for expanding the set of innovative types of economic activity must be scientifically substantiated, since significant financial, material and human resources may be consumed in creating and supporting new economic sectors within the framework of state policy. This article contains an attempt to create a mechanism for revealing promising trends in the development of an innovative economic sphere, taking into account comparative advantages in the commodity composition of exports by determining technological proximity indicators. The article aims to substantiate the possibility of using the concept of technological proximity in developing national innovative systems. The study employs technological proximity indicators based on the revealed comparative advantages (RCA) of countries by commodity groups of export. A matrix of technological proximity in the industrial fields (at a six-unit level) for 28 countries of the European Union in 2007–18 was made. The results revealed comparative advantages by groups of high-tech products in EU countries in real time. The analysis of technological proximity in the industrial sector has shown the types of economic activity connected with the innovative sector, which was used to determine the countries’ degree of participation in the manufacture of high-tech products. The proposed mechanism can be used in the development and implementation of national and regional policy in the sphere of innovative systems, since it allows promising areas for creation and support of new high-tech productions to be determined.
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Maulana, Ilham Maulana Ilham, Peter Loennecke Peter Loennecke, and Evamarie Hey-Hawkins Evamarie Hawkins. "Platinum Metal Complexes of Carbaboranylphophines: Potential Anti Cancer Agents." Indonesian Journal of Cancer Chemoprevention 1, no. 1 (February 28, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14499/indonesianjcanchemoprev1iss1pp1-11.
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Polyhedral heteroboranes in particular dicarba-closo-dodecaboranes(12) and their organic derivatives have been the subject of intense research for over 40 years due to their unique chemical and physical properties. The initial attraction to dicarba-closo-dodecaboranes(12) In the medicinal chemistry research, was a result of their high boron content and stability to catabolism, which are important criteria for cancer therapy, such as BNCT (boron neutron capture therapy) agents. The coordination compounds of the platinum group metals have also received large interest for their potential application as chemotherapeutic agents, since cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II), cisplatin, has been reported to have capability as tumor inhibitor. Hence, applications can be envisioned for related cis platinum complexes. Complex of cis-rac-[PtCl2{1,2-(PRCl)2C2B10H10}] (R=Ph, tBu, NEt2, NPh2) have been synthesized by employing known carbaborane based phosphine ligands of clorophoshino-closo-dodecaborane , with complex of cis-[PtCl2(COD)] (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) in an N2-atmosphere. The obtained complexes possess expected structure configuration, namely cis-rac. The characterization of the complex has been carried out using 1H, 31P, 13C and 11B-NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), X-ray of single crystals, elemental analysis, IR (infra red) and mass spectroscopy (MS). The 31P{1H} NMR spectra of all the platinum complexes distinctly show the typical platinum satellites which are attributed to 31P-195Pt-coupling, in which the 31P{1H} NMR spectrum exhibits three lines with an intensity ratio of ca.1:4:1. The structure of the platinum complexes consists of a slightly distorted square-planar coordination sphere, in which the platinum atom is bonded to two chlorides and two phosphorus atoms of the chelating carbaboranylphosphine. Thus the platinum atoms exhibit the coordination number four, which is preferred in platinum(II) complexes.Keywords: Platinum complexes, phosphine ligand, carbaborane
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Valko, D. V. "Development of Sharing Economy and its Impact on Economic Growth." Zhurnal Economicheskoj Teorii 18, no. 1 (2021): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31063/2073-6517/2021.18-1.4.
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This paper explores the potential of the sharing economy and the impact of current transformations in the sphere of shared consumption on economic growth and general welfare. The aim of the paper is to test the hypothesis about the possible negative impact of the sharing economy on economic growth and public welfare despite the growth in individual welfare. The study relies on the theory of economic growth, empirical evidence and expert assessments of the impact of the sharing economy on public welfare and economic growth. Expert and statistical data from the World Bank Group, World Economic Forum, RAEC, RBC, etc. on the development of this sector in Russia and in the world are cited; individual cases and examples are discussed. The conclusion is made that the prospects of development of the sharing economy and its impact on economic development, growth and general welfare significantly depend on the effectiveness of local regulation. The traditional methodology of economic growth accounting related to the ownership of newly created value should be reconsidered. This paper may be useful for further research on the sharing economy and public welfare in the digital and circular economy.
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Calgaro, Cleide, and Ricardo Hermany. "O princípio da subsidiariedade administrativa interna e as políticas públicas locais: o necessário enfrentamento do processo de extinção dos municípios rurais brasileiros / The principle of internal administrative subsidiarity and local public policies: the necessary confrontation of the brazilian rural municipalities’ process of extinction." Revista de Direito da Cidade 14, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 2293–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/rdc.2022.56865.
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ResumoO presente artigo busca analisar como os pressupostos teóricos da subsidiariedade, em especial na dimensão administrativa interna, pode orientar a análise dos limites e potencialidades do espaço territorial local, no que tange aos pequenos municípios, frente ao problema da despopulação rural. Desse modo, o problema a ser respondido é o seguinte: quais as potencialidades de aplicação da subsidiariedade administrativa interna para atribuir a centralidade à esfera local na efetivação das políticas públicas e, com isso, enfrentar o processo em curso de extinção dos pequenos municípios agrícolas? Assim, tem-se como objetivos específicos: a) analisar a sustentabilidade e a subsidiariedade como uma interconexão necessária para a reinserção do espaço rural; b) estudar o poder local e a efetivação de políticas públicas; c) averiguar a proposta de extinção e fusão de parcela dos municípios brasileiros e análise da PEC 188/2019. Para tanto, utiliza-se os métodos de procedimento monográfico e de abordagem dedutivo, e a técnica de pesquisa é a bibliográfica. Conclui-se que é essencial que os municípios tenham o amparo legislativo no que tange à repartição de competências, para que possam resolver os problemas ambientais e mesmo os sociais, visto que é avultante a complexidade em demarcar de forma precisa as áreas de interesse correspondentes a cada ente público. O princípio da subsidiariedade permite que o município possa lidar com os impactos locais, trazendo uma perspectiva de implementação e fortificação do poder local. Por fim, no tópico três, fez-se um estudo sobre a PEC 188/2019, no caso do Brasil, a qual altera dispositivos constitucionais para reduzir a quantidade de municípios que são deficitários em orçamento. Portanto, deve haver auxílio a esses municípios com problemas orçamentários, uma vez que é a partir deles que se implementa o poder local e a participação popular e, com isso, concretiza-se a democracia e a cidadania no país.Palavras-chave: PEC 188/2019. Políticas Públicas. Princípio da subsidiariedade. Sustentabilidade. AbstractThis article seeks to analyze how the theoretical assumptions of subsidiarity, especially in the internal administrative dimension, can guide the analysis of the limits and potentialities of the local territorial space, regarding small municipalities, in view of the problem of rural depopulation. Thus, the problem to be answered is: what are the potentialities for the application of internal administrative subsidiarity to attribute centrality to the local sphere in the implementation of public policies and, thus, face the ongoing process of extinction of small agricultural municipalities? Therefore, the specific objectives are: a) analyze sustainability and subsidiarity as a necessary interconnection for the reintegration of the rural area; b) study local power and the implementation of public policies; c) investigate the proposal for extinction and merger of a portion of Brazilian municipalities and analysis of PEC 188/2019. For this, the methods used are the monographic procedure and the deductive approach, and the research technique is the bibliographic. It is concluded that it is essential that municipalities have legislative support regarding the division of competences, so that it can solve environmental and even social problems, since its great complexity in demarcating precisely the areas of interest corresponding to each public. The principle of subsidiarity allows the municipality to deal with local impacts, bringing a perspective of implementation and strengthening of local power. Finally, in topic three, a study was made on PEC 188/2019, in the case of Brazil, which alters constitutional provisions to reduce the number of municipalities that have deficit budgets. Therefore, there must be assistance to these municipalities with budgetary problems, since it is from them that local power and popular participation are implemented and, with this, democracy and citizenship in the country are achieved.Keywords: PEC 188/2019. Public Policy. Principle of subsidiarity. Sustainability.
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Weinberg, JB, MM Hobbs, and MA Misukonis. "Phenotypic characterization of gamma interferon-induced human monocyte polykaryons." Blood 66, no. 6 (December 1, 1985): 1241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v66.6.1241.1241.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Multinucleated giant cells of mononuclear phagocyte origin (monocyte or macrophage polykaryons [MPs] ) are seen in numerous different normal and pathologic states. We have previously shown that gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) induces fusion of uninuclear monocytes (UMs) to form MPs. This study was designed to characterize these IFN-gamma-induced MPs. Control and IFN-gamma-treated UMs and MPs did not have peroxidase activity, but they stained intensely for nonspecific esterase and acid phosphatase. The esterase of UMs and MPs was abolished by fluoride, but the acid phosphatase of UMs and MPs was only minimally decreased by tartrate. The phagocytosis of polystyrene spheres and glutaraldehyde- fixed erythrocytes by MPs was moderately depressed as compared with control or treated UMs, whereas the phagocytosis of IgG-coated erythrocytes was markedly depressed. Populations of control monocytes produced less H2O2 in response to 200 nmol/L of phorbol myristate acetate than did IFN-gamma-treated monocytes (37 +/- 7 v 199 +/- 29 nmol/h per milligram of cell protein). However, when examined microscopically, individual MPs had less ability to reduce NBT (18% +/- 5% positive for MP, 91% +/- 3% for treated UMs, and 67% +/- 3% for control UMs). The surface membrane antigens Leu M3, OKM1 (C3bi receptor), DU-HL60′3, DU-HL60′4, TE5, and V1 were not expressed or were expressed poorly in MPs; they were expressed normally in control and treated UMs. However, HLA-DR expression was increased in treated UMs and MPs. The binding of the lectins RCA, Con A, WGA, DBA, UEA, and PNA was equivalent in all cells. Thus, MPs formed by fusion of UMs in vitro after culture with IFN-gamma differ in several features from UMs.