Journal articles on the topic 'RC and masonry'
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1
Han, Sang Whan, and Chang Seok Lee. "Cyclic behavior of lightly reinforced concrete moment frames with partial- and full-height masonry walls." Earthquake Spectra 36, no. 2 (February 20, 2020): 599–628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755293019899960.
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Existing lightly reinforced concrete (RC) moment frames are vulnerable to earthquakes. The seismic behavior of these frames could be affected by the presence of masonry infill walls. The objective of this study was to investigate the seismic behavior of gravity-designed RC frames having partial- and full-height masonry infill walls. For this purpose, experimental and numerical studies were conducted. Three one-story and one-bay gravity-designed RC moment frames with and without partial- and full-height masonry infill walls were made and tested under cyclic lateral loads. Numerical models for RC moment frames and masonry walls were proposed based on test data. Nonlinear static and incremental dynamic analyses (IDAs) were conducted for three-story RC moment frames with and without partial- and full-height masonry infill walls using the numerical models. Both experimental and numerical studies demonstrated that the masonry-infilled RC frames had larger lateral strength and stiffness than bare RC frames, whereas their drift capacity was less than that of bare frames. The partial-height masonry-infilled RC model frame had the least collapse strength among the frames.
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Lin, Kun, Yuri Z. Totoev, and Hong Jun Liu. "In-Plane Cyclic Test on Framed Dry-Stack Masonry Panel." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 3899–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.3899.
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A new masonry system has been developed to improve the seismic behaviour of RC frame with masonry panels. In this system dry-stack masonry panels are built with masonry units capable of sliding in-plane of a panel. These masonry panels have reduced in-plane stiffness but increased frictional energy dissipation capacity compared with the traditional masonry panels. Under seismic or wind loads these panels do not detrimentally interfere with natural RC frame response but rather positively contribute to it mainly by increasing dumping. A cyclic test has been performed to evaluate the behaviour of this masonry system. Test results demonstrate that the new system can improve the seismic behaviour of RC frame structures with masonry panels.
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Filippou, Christiana A., Nicholas C. Kyriakides, and Christis Z. Chrysostomou. "Numerical Modeling of Masonry-infilled RC Frame." Open Construction & Building Technology Journal 13, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801913010135.
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Background: The behavior of masonry-infilled Reinforced Concrete (RC) frame structures during an earthquake, has attracted the attention of structural engineers since the 1950s. Experimental and numerical studies have been carried out to investigate the behavior of masonry-infilled RC frame under in-plane loading. Objective: This paper presents a numerical model of the behavior existing masonry-infilled RC frame that was studied experimentally at the University of Patra. The objective of the present study is to identify suitable numerical constitutive models for each component of the structural system in order to create a numerical tool to model the masonry infilled RC frames in-plane behavior by accounting the frame-infill separation. Methods: A 2D masonry-infilled RC frame was developed in DIANA Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software and an eigenvalue and nonlinear structural cyclic analyses were performed. It is a 2:3 scale three-story structure with non-seismic design and detailing, subjected to in-plane cyclic loading through displacement control analysis. Results: There is a good agreement between the numerical model and experimental results through a nonlinear cyclic analysis. It was found that the numerical model has the capability to predict the initial stiffness, the ultimate stiffness, the maximum shear-force capacity, cracking- patterns and the possible failure mode of masonry-infilled RC frame. Conclusion: Therefore, this model is a reliable model of the behavior of masonry-infilled RC frame under cyclic loading including the frame-infill separation (gap opening).
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Beyer, Katrin, and Alessandro Dazio. "Quasi-Static Monotonic and Cyclic Tests on Composite Spandrels." Earthquake Spectra 28, no. 3 (August 2012): 885–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000058.
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In modern unreinforced masonry (URM) walls, the vertical piers are connected at the story levels by reinforced concrete (RC) ring beams—also known as bond beams—or RC slabs. Particularly, in the outer walls, the spandrel element also includes a masonry spandrel on top of the RC beam or slab (“composite” spandrel). Numerical simulations have shown that spandrels significantly influence the global behavior of the URM building when subjected to seismic loading. Despite their importance, experimental data on the cyclic behavior of composite spandrels were lacking. This paper presents the results of an experimental campaign on five composite spandrels. Each test unit consisted of an RC beam, a masonry spandrel and the adjacent masonry piers required for applying realistic boundary conditions to the spandrel. The investigated parameters included the type of loading, the brick type and the reinforcement content of the RC beam.
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Bose, Supratik, and Durgesh C. Rai. "Lateral Load Behavior of an Open-Ground-Story RC Building with AAC Infills in Upper Stories." Earthquake Spectra 32, no. 3 (August 2016): 1653–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/121413eqs295m.
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Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) masonry infills in upper stories can be beneficial for improving the seismic response of open-ground-story (OGS), reinforced concrete (RC)–frame buildings. Two reduced 1:2.5-scale models of single-story, single-bay RC frames with and without AAC infill masonry were tested for resistance properties and hysteretic behavior. Low strength and stiffness of AAC masonry, about half of the conventional brick masonry, led to improved load sharing between the infill and the frame, which helped an early development of frame yield mechanism for enhanced energy dissipation. Test results were used to evaluate the reliability of using existing strength and stiffness relations of conventional masonry infilled RC frames for AAC infilled frames. Analytical models were developed to predict the observed hysteretic behavior of tested specimens. Nonlinear analyses of a five-story, four-bay OGS-RC frame were performed for conventional brick masonry infills and relatively softer and weaker AAC infills in upper stories. The results indicated that the undesirable effect of weak/soft ground story mechanism of OGS-RC frames can be reduced to an acceptable level by using AAC infills in upper stories.
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Pudjisuryadi, Pamuda, V. S. Prayogo, S. I. Oetomo, and Benjamin Lumantarna. "Seismic Performance of a Three-Story Reinforced Concrete Building with Masonry Infill Walls and Friction Base Support." Civil Engineering Dimension 23, no. 1 (April 20, 2021): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/ced.23.1.35-43.
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The stiffness of masonry infill walls is commonly neglected in design practice of Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures. In fact, the stiffness of masonry infill wall may significantly influence seismic performance and dynamic behavior of RC buildings. In this research, influence of masonry infill walls to the structural performance of a three-story RC frame is investigated. In addition, possible application of friction-based support is also studied. Full 3D non-linear time history analysis is conducted to observe behavior of the structure under two-directional ground motion. In the analysis, any failed elements are removed subsequently from the model to avoid numerical analysis problem. The result shows that the placement of masonry infill walls can significantly influence the structural behavior of RC structure. Inappropriate placement of masonry wall may lead the building undergo soft-story mechanism. It is also found that the use of friction-based support can effectively improve the seismic performance of the building.
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Yang, Youfa, Feihu Li, and Feiyu Wang. "Analysis of the Seismic Performance of a Masonry Structure with an RC Frame on the First Story with a Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Damper." Applied Sciences 13, no. 4 (February 13, 2023): 2408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13042408.
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The concrete shear walls of masonry structures with an RC frame on the first story are low-rise shear walls with a height–width ratio of less than 1. The strength, stiffness, and ductility of these low-rise shear walls are not matched, resulting in poor seismic performance. Based on the idea of the passive control theory and multi-seismic defensive lines, the scheme of a masonry structure with an RC frame on the first story with a concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) damper is proposed in this paper. To explore the seismic mitigation effect of a CFST damper applied to a masonry structure with an RC frame on the first story, the seismic performance under low-reversed cyclic loading of the frame with the CFST damper is first compared with that of the energy-dissipated low-rise concrete shear wall proposed by previous researchers and the ordinary low-rise concrete shear wall. Furthermore, the response of the masonry structure model with an RC frame on the first story with a CFST damper and two other comparative structural models under earthquake action are discussed. The results show that a masonry structure with an RC frame on the first story with a CFST damper has a fuller hysteretic loop, lighter pinching, better energy dissipation ability, and better seismic performance. Compared with the other two structures, the energy dissipation capacity of the masonry structure with an RC frame on the first story with a CFST damper is significantly improved, by 1.25~1.5 times. The amplification effect of the deformation angle allows the CFST damper to play a significant role in energy dissipation, whereas the main structure still undergoes a small deformation. The CFST damper can dissipate more seismic energy to protect the main structure from damage and improve the seismic performance of masonry structures with an RC frame on the first story.
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Zhang, Yong Qun, and Tao Wang. "Numerical Simulation of Masonry Walls Retrofitted by Prefabricated Reinforced Concrete Panels." Applied Mechanics and Materials 351-352 (August 2013): 1514–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.351-352.1514.
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Assembly technology using prefabricated reinforced concrete (RC) members can effectively improve the seismic performance of existing masonry buildings. In this study, an existing masonry wall is enhanced by two pieces of prefabricated RC panels bonded on both surfaces of the wall. In order to guarantee the co-action between RC panels and the masonry wall, three techniques are employed, specifically, RC dowelling keys, grouting agent, and post-cast concrete bands. To investigate the interaction and force transmission between the two components, this study builds sophisticated finite element models and conducts nonlinear analyses to simulate the quasi-static cyclic tests. It is demonstrated that the proposed retrofitting technology effectively improves the seismic performance of existing masonry walls. The strength of existing walls increases 3-4 times and the stiffness increases 2-3 times, so that the requirement of current seismic design code is satisfied.
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Mucedero, Gianrocco, Daniele Perrone, Emanuele Brunesi, and Ricardo Monteiro. "Numerical Modelling and Validation of the Response of Masonry Infilled RC Frames Using Experimental Testing Results." Buildings 10, no. 10 (October 13, 2020): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10100182.
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Reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings with masonry infills represent one of the most common structural typologies worldwide. Although, in the past, masonry infills were frequently considered as non-structural elements and their interaction with the structure was neglected, earthquakes occurring over the last decades have demonstrated the important role of these elements in the seismic response of all RC-infilled building typologies. In this regard, the selection of the most suitable numerical modelling approaches to reproduce the hysteretic response of the masonry infills—and their interaction with the RC frames—is still an open issue. To deal with this issue, in this study, a macro-classification based on different available databases of experimental tests on infilled RC frames, is firstly proposed to understand the variability in the infill properties and the corresponding numerical modelling uncertainties. Five masonry infill types are selected as representative for the typical existing configurations in Italy and other Mediterranean countries. Three of those masonry infill types are then selected to carry out a more detailed analysis, namely their numerical modelling validation using experimental testing results, considering and comparing the main formulations available in the literature for the definition of the hysteretic behaviour of infills. From such a comparison, the model that minimizes the prediction error, according to specific features of the selected masonry infill, is identified for each masonry infill type.
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Liu, Chunhui, Bo Liu, Xiaomin Wang, Jingchang Kong, and Yuan Gao. "Seismic Performance Target and Fragility of Masonry Infilled RC Frames under In-Plane Loading." Buildings 12, no. 8 (August 6, 2022): 1175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081175.
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Masonry infilled RC frames are one of the most common structural forms, the damage of which, in earthquake events, usually cause serious losses. The determination of the seismic performance target is the key foundation of performance-based seismic evaluation and design for masonry infilled RC frames. In this paper, an extensive database of experimental tests on infilled RC frames loaded in an in-plane direction is collated. According to the crack propagation and elastic-plastic characteristics of infilled RC frames, the damage process is divided into four stages, and then the criteria of the damage states (DS) are proposed. In addition, the seismic performance targets expressed as inter-story drift ratio (IDR) for the four stages are suggested, which would support the performance-based in-plane seismic analysis of infilled RC frames. Finally, the proposed in-plane seismic performance target is utilized to analyze the fragility of two masonry infilled RC frame structures.
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Maidiawati, Jafril Tanjung, Yulia Hayatfi, and Hamdeni Medriosa. "Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Frames with Central Opening Masonry Infill under Lateral Reversed Cyclic Loading." MATEC Web of Conferences 258 (2019): 05009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925805009.
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This paper will describe the seismic behaviour of masonry infilled RC frame with a central opening structure under reversed cyclic lateral loading. To achieve the purpose of this study, four 1/4-scale single story and single bay RC frame specimens were tested, i.e. one bare frame, one clay brick masonry infilled RC frame without opening and two clay brick masonry infills with a central opening in infills. The ratios of opening size to panel area were 25% and 40%. Through reversed cyclic lateral loading tests, the seismic performance of RC frames with a central opening brick masonry infills was investigated. As the results, significant distinctions of failure mechanism, lateral strength, stiffness, and ductility were observed between these specimens. In the case of infills with a central opening, the cracks sprouted and developed at the corners of the opening. Although the presence of the opening in infill reduces the lateral strength and stiffness overall structure, the brick infilled frames with a central opening of 25% and 40% of panel area show better seismic performance as compared to the bare frame.
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Filippou, Christiana A., Nicholas C. Kyriakides, and Christis Z. Chrysostomou. "Numerical Modelling and Simulation of the In-Plane Response of a Three-Storey Masonry-Infilled RC Frame Retrofitted with TRM." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (June 29, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6279049.
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A numerical study was conducted to investigate the in-plane behavior of a masonry-infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frame retrofitted with textile-reinforced mortar (TRM). A two-dimensional finite element model was developed using DIANA finite element analysis (FEA) software to simulate the 2 : 3 scaled three-storey masonry-infilled RC frame retrofitted with TRM that was studied experimentally in the past. The three-storey structure used in the test was with a nonseismic design and detailing, and was subjected to in-plane displacement-control cyclic loading. The current study evaluates the capabilities of a representative numerical model to simulate the results of the experimental test, and after the calibration of the numerical model sensitivity analysis and parametric study were performed. In order to create an accurate numerical model, suitable constitutive models, based on the smeared crack approach, were used to characterize the nonlinear response of concrete, masonry infill, and TRM. The calibration of the models was based on the experimental results or inverse fitting based on optimizing the simulation of the response. The numerical model proved capable of simulating the in-plane behavior of the retrofitted masonry-infilled RC frame with good accuracy in terms of initial stiffness, and its deterioration, shear capacity, and cracking patterns. The calibrated model was then used to perform sensitivity analysis in order to examine the influence of infill-frame interface properties (tangential and normal stiffness) on the behavior of the retrofitted infilled frame. The numerical results showed that the gap opening is influenced significantly by the stiffness of the interface. In addition, a parametric study was performed in order to evaluate the importance of the full-bond condition between the TRM and the masonry-infilled RC frame. The numerical results indicate that the composite action between the TRM and the masonry-infilled RC frame improves the global stiffness and lateral resistance of the infilled frame, and it reduces the gap opening between the masonry infill and the RC frame.
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Zhang, Jia Chao, Lei Ming Zhang, and Xi La Liu. "A Beam-and-Column Based Macro Model for Masonry Infill Walls in RC Frames under Cyclic Loading." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.193.
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Reinforced concrete (RC) frame with masonry infill walls is a very common structural system in low and medium rise buildings. The infill walls are usually considered as non-structural components in the design or assessment of buildings. However, many damages in earthquakes have shown that the infill walls can significantly change the structural response to seismic action. Consequently the evaluation of the seismic performance of RC frame with masonry infill walls becomes very important, and also turns to be a major challenge for structure engineers. In this paper a beam-and-column (BAC) macro model for walls is proposed to simulate the masonry infill walls in RC frames. In this model, the masonry panel is replaced by an equivalent rigid frame which is made up of some beam-and-column members. The geometric parameters of each member can be determined simply by equivalent stiffness combined with the original dimensions of wall panel. The physical characteristics are described directly by material properties of wall panel under investigation. To validate the rationality of proposed model, a masonry-infilled RC frame under cyclic reversed loading is analyzed by the proposed model. The results, including crack pattern, load versus displacement relation are then compared with the experiment response. Good agreements are found.
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Shendkar, Mangeshkumar R., Denise-Penelope N. Kontoni, Sasankasekhar Mandal, Pabitra Ranjan Maiti, and Dipendra Gautam. "Effect of Lintel Beam on Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete Buildings with Semi-Interlocked and Unreinforced Brick Masonry Infills." Infrastructures 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6010006.
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The primary focus of this study is to evaluate the nonlinear response of reinforced concrete (RC) frames with two types of brick infills viz., unreinforced brick masonry infill (URM) and semi-interlocked brick masonry infill (SIM) together with lintel beams, subjected to seismic loads. The seismic response is quantified in terms of response reduction factor and base shear. Infill walls are modeled using double strut nonlinear cyclic element. Nonlinear static adaptive pushover analysis is performed in the finite element program SeismoStruct. The response reduction factor (R) is computed from adaptive pushover analysis and performance for all models is obtained. The results showed that the average R factor of the RC framed structure with semi-interlocked masonry (SIM) is 1.31 times higher than the RC frame with unreinforced masonry (URM) infill. The R value of the bare frame with the lintel beam is found to be less than the corresponding value recommended in the Indian Standard Code. The results obtained in this study highlight that if the impacts of lintel beams and various brick infill scenarios are considered in the RC frames then the R values used for the design of RC frame buildings with infills would be underestimated (i.e., the evaluated R values are greater than the R values used for the design purpose).
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Kong, Jing Chang, Qing Guo Zhang, and Chun Hui Liu. "Finite Element Modelling for Lateral Behaviour of Infilled RC Frames with Openings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 578-579 (July 2014): 497–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.578-579.497.
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Masonry infills are commonly used in reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures. In this paper a separate finite element modelling method is proposed and used to study the lateral behaviour of single-storey one-bay masonry infilled frames with openings under monotonic horizontal loading. The interface friction model and the surface-based cohesive model are combined to simulate masonry interface and the interface between masonry wall and RC frame. Damage plastic model of material property is adapted to capture the brittle behaviour of concrete and bricks. Appropriate experimental data available from the literature are utilized to verify the model. The comparison between the numerical analysis and test results indicates that the proposed FE modelling method can predict the masonry infill wall’s crack patterns and the lateral strength and stiffness of the structure with window or door opening successfully.
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Rafid Ahmed, Ammar, and Alaa H. Al-Zuhairi. "Finite Element Analysis for The Response of URM Walls Supporting RC Slab." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.20 (November 28, 2018): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.20.25936.
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The aim for this research is to investigate the effect of inclusion of crack incidence into the 2D numerical model of the masonry units and bonding mortar on the behavior of unreinforced masonry walls supporting a loaded reinforced concrete slab. The finite element method was implemented for the modeling and analysis of unreinforced masonry walls. In this paper, ABAQUS, FE software with implicit solver was used to model and analyze unreinforced masonry walls which are subjected to a vertical load. Detailed Micro Modeling technique was used to model the masonry units, mortar and unit-mortar interface separately. It was found that considering potential pure tensional cracks located vertically in the middle of the mortar and units shows an increase in masonry strength of about 10% than the strength calculated using the procedure recommended by the Masonry Society Joint Committee in the building code.
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Chen, Wei, Fang Bo Wu, Xu Hong Zhou, and Hai Lin Huang. "Experimental Investigation of Seismic Behavior of a New Type Masonry Walls." Advanced Materials Research 639-640 (January 2013): 732–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.639-640.732.
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Conventional concrete hollow blocks have vertical single or multiple holes and they have been extensively used in masonry structures and as infill walls in reinforced concrete frame structures. However, most masonry walls using conventional concrete hollow blocks have the shortcoming of poor seismic resistance. A new type concrete hollow block with horizontal-holes has been developed and it could significantly improve the seismic resistance of a masonry wall as well as simplify the construction processes. The new hollow blocks are very easy to build a wall in a construction site and, in particular, they enable a convenient construction of reinforced concrete (RC) horizontal strips in their horizontal cavities and such RC strips can be readily connected to the adjacent RC columns. This provides an innovative seismic resistant measure to enhance the seismic resistance of masonry walls. In order to evaluate the seismic behavior of the new type masonry walls, an experimental investigation was carried out and seven full scale wall specimens were tested under in-plane cyclic loading. The experimental parameters include the number of horizontal RC strips, strength of the hollow blocks, height/width ratio of a wall and, with or without a window opening in the wall. In this paper, the details of the experimental investigation and the main test results are presented and, the characteristics of the seismic behavior of these wall specimens are discussed in relation to the influence of the experimental parameters.
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Li, Jing, Dong Wang, Yi Ouyang, and Zhao Rong Hou. "Anti-Seismic Behavior of Hybrid Masonry – RC Structure." Key Engineering Materials 629-630 (October 2014): 537–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.629-630.537.
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According to current engineering practice, Confined Masonry (CM) buildings are weak in earthquake resistance and difficult in post-quake restoration. A new form of structure, i.e. Hybrid Masonry – Reinforced Concrete Structure (HMRCS), is investigated. By slightly increasing the sizes and reinforcement ratios of the RC members, i.e. beams and columns, which normally only act as confinement in a CM structure, now play an essential role in resisting the gravity load in HMRCS, while the masonry wall mainly resists the lateral earthquake load. To investigate the seismic-resistant behavior, pseudo-static tests on two full-scale HMRCS specimens were conducted, and the measured hysteretic curves were analyzed. Finite Element (FE) simulation was performed to verify the working mechanism and seismic response of the HMRCS specimens. The lateral displacement ductility factor obtained from the experimental results can fully satisfy the seismic requirement of structures. Therefore, HMRCS is reliable if its RC frame members and masonry walls are designed properly. Furthermore, the feasibility of using FE software to study the proposed HMRCS has been validated by comparing the experimental and simulation results.
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Lei, Zhen, Jun Tong Qu, and Yong Wang. "Strengthening of RC-Brick Masonry Walls with Opening Using Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer." Advanced Materials Research 1021 (August 2014): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1021.63.
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FRP strengthening technique provides a promising alternative for masonry structures. This paper presents research results of quasi-static tests investigating the in-plane mechanical behavior of RC-brick masonry walls with opening strengthened with basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP). Two half scale RC-brick walls were constructed, one without any strengthening scheme served as the reference specimen, another one was directly strengthened with BFRP in mixed strengthening configuration. All specimens were tested under low frequency cyclic loading. BFRP can effectively improve the lateral strength of the wall by a factor of 0.16, and the improvement in the lateral deformation capacity was much significant. The seismic performance of the composite wall strengthened with BFRP can exceed the unreinforced reference, which verifies the effectiveness of BFRP strengthening technique to strengthening RC-brick composite masonry structures in seismically endangered regions.
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Messaoudi, Abdelghaffar, Rachid Chebili, Hossameldeen Mohamed, and Hugo Rodrigues. "Influence of Masonry Infill Wall Position and Openings in the Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete Frames." Applied Sciences 12, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 9477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12199477.
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It is now widely recognized that the masonry infill frame used in reinforced concrete structures (RC) greatly enhances both the rigidity and strength of the surrounding frame. The lateral loading behavior of this RC frame is different from the frame without infill, although the structural contribution of infill walls is discarded in many countries, including Algeria. This paper aims to focus on the effect of openings and the effect of changing the distribution of masonry panels on the global behavior of buildings. For this, a pushover analysis is carried out to evaluate the seismic performance and assess the behavior of infilled RC, and to study the results related to capacity curve, inter-story drift and energy. The results obtained show that the effect of the openings and changing of the distribution of masonry panels can drastically change the overall behavior of the structures regarding enhancing strength capacities and energy absorption. Noticeable remarks in terms of distributing masonry panels within a frame are observed and several recommendations concerning the present practice might be important to be considered.
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Liu, Bo, Chunhui Liu, Xiaomin Wang, Jingchang Kong, and Zhiwang Chang. "Numerical Modeling Technique of Damage Behavior of MaSonry-Infilled RC Frames." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (January 24, 2023): 1521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13031521.
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The damage pattern of masonry-infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures in earthquake events is complicated, and understanding the detailed failure behavior of these structures and modeling it accurately has been a challenging task. In this paper, the extended finite element method (XFEM) is introduced to reproduce arbitrary cracks initiating and propagating in concrete frame and masonry units, combined with interface elements to model various behaviors of masonry-infilled RC frames. Within the finite element analysis program FEAP, a user element subroutine is adopted for the incorporation of XFEM and two types of extended finite elements with and without crack tip enrichments are built to simulate the behavior of concrete material for frame members and masonry blocks for the infill panel, respectively. In addition, a macro command is created to check the crack-propagation criterion and update crack and enrichment information. Furthermore, numerical examples are performed with existing test data, which reveal the efficiency of the implementation procedure. A comparison of the analytical and experimental results show that the proposed modeling can be used to predict the crack and failure process and the load-bearing capacity curves of the structures and reflect accurately the interaction of masonry infill and RC frames.
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Shendkar, Mangeshkumar R., Denise-Penelope N. Kontoni, Sasankasekhar Mandal, Pabitra Ranjan Maiti, and Omid Tavasoli. "Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Reinforced Concrete Buildings with Masonry Infills Based on Material Strain Limit Approach." Shock and Vibration 2021 (April 5, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5536409.
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The seismic evaluation and retrofit of reinforced concrete (RC) structures considering masonry infills is the correct methodology because the infill walls are an essential part of RC structures and increase the stiffness and strength of structures in seismically active areas. A three-dimensional four-storey building with masonry infills has been analyzed with nonlinear static adaptive pushover analysis by using the SeismoStruct software. Two models have been considered in this study: the first model is a full RC-infilled frame and the second model is an open ground storey RC-infilled frame. The infill walls have been modeled as a double strut nonlinear cyclic model. In this study, the “material strain limit approach” is first time used for the seismic evaluation of RC buildings with masonry infills. This method is based on the threshold strain limit of concrete and steel to identify the actual damage scenarios of the structural members of RC structures. The two models of the four-storey RC building have been retrofitted with local and global strengthening techniques (RC-jacketing method and incorporation of infills) as per the requirements of the structure to evaluate their effect on the response reduction factor (R) because the R-factor is an important design tool that shows the level of inelasticity in a structure. A significant increase in the response reduction factor (R) and structural plan density (SPD) has been observed in the case of the open ground storey RC-infilled frame after the retrofit. Thus, this paper aims to present a most effective way for the seismic evaluation and retrofit of any reinforced concrete structure through the material strain limit approach.
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Alwashali, Hamood, Md Shafiul Islam, Debasish Sen, Jonathan Monical, and Masaki Maeda. "SEISMIC CAPACITY OF RC FRAME BUILDINGS WITH MASONRY INFILL DAMAGED BY PAST EARTHQUAKES." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 53, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.53.1.13-21.
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Many of the buildings which experienced damage in recent earthquakes such as the 2015 Nepal Earthquake were reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings with unreinforced masonry infill walls. This study proposes a simplified procedure to estimate the in-plane seismic capacity of masonry infilled RC frame buildings based on concepts of the Japanese seismic evaluation standard (JBDPA, [1]). The correlation of seismic capacity and observed damage obtained using a database of 370 existing RC frame buildings with masonry infill that experienced earthquakes in Taiwan, Ecuador and Nepal is investigated. The Is index, which represents the seismic capacity of buildings in the Japanese standard, showed good correlation with the observed damage and proved to be effective as a simple method to estimate seismic capacity. The method was then applied to 103 existing buildings in Bangladesh that have not experienced a major earthquake recently. The results emphasize the necessity for urgent seismic evaluation and retrofitting of buildings in Bangladesh.
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Mehrabi, Armin B., P. Benson Shing, Michael P. Schuller, and James L. Noland. "Experimental Evaluation of Masonry-Infilled RC Frames." Journal of Structural Engineering 122, no. 3 (March 1996): 228–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1996)122:3(228).
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Dymiotis, Christiana, Andreas J. Kappos, and Marios K. Chryssanthopoulos. "Seismic Reliability of Masonry-Infilled RC Frames." Journal of Structural Engineering 127, no. 3 (March 2001): 296–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2001)127:3(296).
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Mehdipour, Zabih, Elisa Poletti, Jorge M. Branco, and Paulo B. Lourenço. "Numerical Analysis of Masonry-Infilled RC-CLT Panel Connections." Buildings 12, no. 11 (November 17, 2022): 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12112009.
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CLT panels have been investigated for reinforcement of existing masonry-infilled RC framed buildings through the increase of the overall lateral stiffness of the structure, thus reducing the story drift demand. The contribution of CLT panels depends on the connection to the RC frame elements. This paper evaluates the role of connectors by which CLT is attached to RC frames for capacity, ductility, and energy dissipation of the structure and its elements separately using different kinds of RC-CLT connections, and ultimately finds and compares the optimum number and arrangement of connectors. The results show that the geometry of connections plays a greater seismic role in RC frames than their mechanical properties. Regarding masonry infills, they allow a higher strength capacity but reduce the efficacy of CLT strengthening. However, strong connectors decrease the ability of infills in dissipation. Finally, in the optimum arrangement of connectors, they are distributed equally along the upper and lower beams at equal spacing, where CLT is added, starting in the middle of the beams and moving to the frame corners.
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Arteta, Carlos A., Julian Carrillo, Jorge Archbold, Daniel Gaspar, Cesar Pajaro, Gustavo Araujo, Andres Torregroza, et al. "Response of Mid-Rise Reinforced Concrete Frame Buildings to the 2017 Puebla Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 35, no. 4 (November 2019): 1763–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/061218eqs144m.
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The response of mid-rise reinforced concrete (RC) buildings in Mexico City after the 2017 Puebla Earthquake is assessed through combined field and computational investigation. The Mw 7.1 earthquake damaged more than 500 buildings where most of them are classified as mid-rise RC frames with infill walls. A multinational team from Colombia, Mexico, and the United States was rapidly deployed within a week of the occurrence of the event to investigate the structural and nonstructural damage levels of over 60 RC buildings with 2–12 stories. The results of the study confirmed that older mid-rise structures with limited ductility capacity may have been shaken past their capacity. To elucidate the widespread damage in mid-rise RC framed structures, the post-earthquake reconnaissance effort is complemented with inelastic modeling and simulation of several representative RC framing systems with and without masonry infill walls. It was confirmed that the addition of non-isolated masonry infills significantly impacts the ductility capacity and increases the potential for a soft-story mechanism formation in RC frames originally analyzed and designed to be bare systems.
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Xu, Qinghu, Xuezhi Zhen, Yu Zhang, Mengjun Han, and Wenkang Zhang. "Numerical Simulation Study of Progressive Collapse of Reinforced Concrete Frames with Masonry Infill Walls under Blast Loading." Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2022 (November 11, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1781415.
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The influence of masonry infill walls on the progressive collapse performance of reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures was investigated in this paper, using a nonlinear dynamic analysis approach. Based on ANSYS/LS-DYNA finite element software, two finite element models of RC frame structures with and without masonry infilled walls were established. Then, the collapse modes of the two RC frame structure models were analyzed for different scaled distance blast loads, different locations of column damage, and different span numbers. The results show that with the increase of explosive amount, the collapse degree of the structure is more serious in the same time. Under the condition of destroying the outermost central column, the degree of progressive collapse of the RC frame model with infilled walls in the same time is lower than that of the RC frame model without infilled walls. The RC frame model with infilled walls is more resistant to collapse when the outermost side columns are damaged. With the increase of span number, the structure is more likely to be damaged and collapsed.
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Penava, Davorin, Daniel Alejandro Arciniega Larrea, Filip Anić, and Lars Abrahamczyk. "Architectural and engineering design criteria for earthquake resistant masonry infilled RC frames containing openings." Environmental engineering 7, no. 1 (July 10, 2020): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37023/ee.7.1.2.
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In earthquake resistant design of RC frame structures, the definition of masonry infilled frame is often split between reinforced concrete and the masonry structures. However, it is known that the frame elements and the masonry wall work as a coupled system. Additionally, a dedicate chapter for the definitions of openings size, quantity and position is missing. The definition of a full, partial or non-masonry infilled frame with opening is not establish in engineering and architectural codes; rather, recommendations are given. A competent masonry infilled frame with openings would mean to correlate the architectural and engineering concepts as to define an engineered or non-engineered infilled wall. Likewise, certain boundaries should be established using both the architectural and engineering concepts to relate the importance of illumination and air ventilation product of the openings and masonry infilled frame failure patterns.
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Manos, George C., Konstantinos Katakalos, Vassilios Soulis, and Lazaros Melidis. "Earthquake Retrofitting of “Soft-Story” RC Frame Structures with RC Infills." Applied Sciences 12, no. 22 (November 15, 2022): 11597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122211597.
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Multi-story, old reinforced concrete (RC) structures with a “soft-story” on the ground floor, sustain considerable damage to the soft story during earthquakes due to the presence of masonry infills in the upper stories. Aspects of such masonry infill–RC frame interaction are briefly discussed and a particular retrofitting scheme for the soft story is studied. It consists of RC infills, added within the bays of the ground floor frames and combined with RC jacketing of the surrounding frame, aiming to avert such soft-story deficiency. The impact of such a retrofit is studied through the measured response of 1/3 scaled single-story, one-bay frames subjected to cyclic seismic-type horizontal loads. It is shown that this retrofit results in a considerable beneficial increase in stiffness, strength, and plastic energy consumption. The importance of the presence of effective steel ties connecting this RC infill with the surrounding frame is also demonstrated. In order to achieve these desired beneficial effects to such vulnerable buildings, additional design objectives are established with the aim of avoiding premature failure of the RC infill panel and/or fracture of the steel ties and to protect the surrounding RC frame from undesired local damage. A numerical methodology, which is validated by using the obtained experimental results, is shown to be capable of predicting reasonably well these important response mechanisms and can therefore be utilized for design purposes.
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Nanda, Radhikesh Prasad, and Subhrasmita Majumder. "Pushover Analysis of Base Isolated RC Frame Buildings With Masonry Infills." International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering 10, no. 2 (July 2019): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijgee.2019070102.
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In the present article, the performance of base-isolated infilled frames is studied analytically. The seismic performances of four RC buildings, namely RC bare frame without isolator, RC bare frame with isolator, RC infilled frame without isolator, and RC infilled frame with isolator are analysed. The results show a decrease in base shear value and increase in time period due to base isolated buildings, while these parameters are reversely affected due to infills. The decrease in story drift for the base isolated buildings is in phase while considering infill. Also, it can be inferred that plastic hinge formation is greatly affected by the introduction of masonry infill. Hence, relying on base isolation without considering infills may underestimate the seismic performance.
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., Priyanka, Shobha Ram, and Alok Verma. "Performance of Infill Framed Structures During Earthquake: A State-of-the- Art Review." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING 5, no. 3 (July 5, 2020): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35121/ijapie202007350.
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Masonry infill walls are widely known to increase the lateral stiffness of the structure and for this reason, it is accepted all over the world. This paper presents a review work on the performance of infill framed structures that were damaged during several earthquakes. A study of the behavior of damaged buildings during different earthquakes in the world has been carried out. The mentioned earthquakes substantially caused damage to the RC buildings. The RC buildings were damaged primarily because of improper design and reinforcement detailing at the design phase and improper workmanship and quality control at the construction phase. The main objective of this paper is to describe and analyze the failure patterns observed in reinforced concrete frame buildings with masonry infill walls and without masonry infill walls all over the world.
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Wang, Tao, Xi Chen, Wen Feng Li, and Qi Song Miao. "Seismic Performance of Masonry Buildings Retrofitted by Pre-Cast RC Panels." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 1811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.1811.
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Proposed in this study is a retrofitting technology that can be applied on exiting masonry buildings. It employs pre-cast reinforced concrete panels to confine existing masonry structure. The pre-cast members constitute a frame which encomprises the existing building. The confinement effectively improves the ductility, strength, and stiffenss of masonry structures. Moreover, the reinforced concrete panels are fabricated in factory, significantly reduces the situ construction and construction period. To demonstrate the design theory, construction organization, and seismic performance of the retrofitted structure, a full-scale structure was tested physically. Pseudo-dynamic testing results indicate the feasibilty and effectiveness of the proposed retrofitting technology.
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Shendkar, Mangeshkumar R., Denise-Penelope N. Kontoni, Ercan Işık, Sasankasekhar Mandal, Pabitra Ranjan Maiti, and Ehsan Harirchian. "Influence of Masonry Infill on Seismic Design Factors of Reinforced-Concrete Buildings." Shock and Vibration 2022 (February 27, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5521162.
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Infill walls are the most common separator panels in typical reinforced-concrete (RC) frame structures. It is crucial to investigate the influence of the infill walls on the earthquake behavior of RC frames. The load resistance of infill materials was often not taken into account in the designing phase, whereas the infill walls have significant contributions to the structural behavior under lateral and vertical loadings. A three-dimensional 4-story RC building is designed, and in order to make a realistic model, different infill walls configurations were taken into account with the openings in the infill. Four different models were created for structural analysis for infill wall effects, namely, full RC infilled frame (Model I), corner infill at ground story RC infilled frame (Model II), open ground story RC infilled frame (Model III), and bare RC frame (Model IV). Static adaptive pushover analysis has been performed for all structural models by using the SeismoStruct software. The double strut nonlinear cyclic model was used for modeling the infill walls. In this study, three different compressive strengths of infill walls are taken into consideration, and the effects on seismic design factors (namely, the response reduction factor, the ductility, the overstrength factor, and the deflection factor) are calculated. The obtained values of the response reduction factor (R) are compared with the given values in the BIS code. The results show that the R factors of all RC infilled frames are decreased when the compressive strength of the masonry infill reduces. However, the R values of bare frames are less than the corresponding values recommended in the BIS code. It is worth noting that the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) provisions underestimate the deflection factors of the reinforced-concrete (RC) frames according to the evaluated deflection factors of the herein studied RC frames.
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Ahmad, M. E., N. Ahmad, S. Pervez, A. Iqbal, A. Z. Khan, M. E. Rahim, W. Hassan, K. Umer, and K. Khan. "Seismic Performance Evaluation of Modern Bare and Masonry-Infilled RC SMRF Structures." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (October 30, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6572465.
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Improper execution of modern code-designed structures in many developing countries have resulted in significant deficient building stock; low strength of concrete, reduced reinforcement, inappropriate detailing of beam-column members, and lack of lateral ties in joint panels. Observations based on earthquake-induced damages and experimental studies conducted on such buildings have revealed significant vulnerability of beam-column joints of bare moment-resisting frame structures. Shake table tests were conducted on selected three 1 : 4 reduced-scale three-story reinforced concrete (RC) moment-resisting frames, including one bare RC frame and two masonry-infilled RC frames, having relatively lower bay width-to-height ratio. The models were tested under multilevels of seismic excitations using natural acceleration time history of 1994 Northridge and also free vibration tests, to acquire the models’ dynamic characteristics, i.e., frequencies and elastic viscous damping, and seismic response parameters, i.e., roof displacement, interstory drift and interstory shear, and seismic response curves, in order to understand the role of masonry infill in the selected frames under moderate seismic actions. The inclusion of masonry infill avoided joint shear hinging of the frame. Additionally, the infill provided energy dissipation to the structure through masonry sliding over multiple cracks. This enabled the structure to control seismic displacement demand and resist relatively higher ground motions, yet limiting structural damages.
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Mucedero, Gianrocco, Daniele Perrone, and Ricardo Monteiro. "Infill Variability and Modelling Uncertainty Implications on the Seismic Loss Assessment of an Existing RC Italian School Building." Applied Sciences 12, no. 23 (November 24, 2022): 12002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122312002.
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Past earthquake evidence has shown the high vulnerability of Italian school buildings, given by the extensive damage observed to structural and non-structural elements. Such vulnerability demonstrates the need to undertake a seismic risk assessment and reduction strategies for critical facilities and allocation of national funds for retrofit interventions to those regions where seismic risk is higher. To do so, Expected Annual Losses (EAL) are evermore considered one of the main seismic risk metrics, which can, however, be largely affected by the epistemic uncertainty that typically characterizes the material and geometrical properties of existing buildings, particularly masonry-infilled reinforced concrete (RC) ones. This paper investigates the implications of accounting for a thorough identification of sources and characterization of uncertainty in seismic loss estimates on the risk assessment of a typical Italian masonry-infilled RC school building. The variability in masonry infill properties and modeling assumptions, as well as the subsequent epistemic uncertainty, are explicitly considered in the loss estimation of the RC school building. Specifically, the impact on the expected annual loss ratio is quantified in terms of both structural and non-structural components, depending on the engineering demand parameter to which they are sensitive. The results show that, when considering the uncertainty related to the variability in masonry infills, higher loss ratios of up to 30% are obtained with respect to the available literature estimates.
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Cheng, Shao-Ge, Yi-Xiu Zhu, and Wei-Ping Zhang. "Seismic performance of RC frames strengthened by RC infill walls." Advances in Structural Engineering 24, no. 10 (March 1, 2021): 2267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433221997726.
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This study presents the shake-table tests of a 1/5-scaled RC frame retrofitted with RC infill walls. The intensity of input ground motions increased gradually to comprehensively evaluate the structural seismic behavior. We performed a comparison of the results from the RC frame with masonry walls and that with RC walls. The results showed that the presence of RC infills effectively improved the lateral structural stiffness and loading capacity of the frames and reduced their damage and story drift. RC walls acted as the first seismic line of defense, and their failure was dominated by bending failure and concentrated on the low stories. The displacement ductility of the structure decreased with increasing stiffness of the introducing infills.
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Gondaliya, K. M., T. N. Palsanawala, V. Bhaiya, S. A. Vasanwala, and A. K. Desai. "Seismic Vulnerability of Code Compliant RC Frame Building with Unreinforced Masonry Infill Walls." Proceedings of the 12th Structural Engineering Convention, SEC 2022: Themes 1-2 1, no. 1 (December 19, 2022): 925–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.38208/acp.v1.603.
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Unreinforced masonry (URM) infill walls in Reinforced concrete (RC) buildings are normally designed as non-structural elements. However, in the past, the post-earthquake response of the RC frame building showed that URM infill walls increase the strength and stiffness of the RC frame buildings. Further, it is also observed that URM helped to prevent the disastrous destruction by acting as a structural member in RC frame. In the present study, the performance assessment of a four-storey URM infill RC frame with different infill configurations, namely bare and Open Ground Storey (OGS) is done using fragility analyses. Nonlinear masonry material is modelled as the equitant three strut model in ETABS. Nonlinear static pushover analysis is applied for the analysis of the configured RC frames. The probability of damage states is determined by firstly converting pushover curves into capacity curves and accordingly, performance-point values of Spectral acceleration and Spectral displacement for seismic demand Zone-V (Elastic Response Spectra as per IS 1893:2016) using the capacity-spectrum method (ATC-40) are determined. The fragility function used is an approximation of the continuous to discrete distribution. Fragility curves and mean damage matrix are derived to compare performance with each other. From the vulnerability analyses, it is observed that the OGS framed RC building performs better as compared to the bare frame.
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Perrone, Daniele, Marianovella Leone, and Maria Antonietta Aiello. "Non-linear behaviour of masonry infilled RC frames: Influence of masonry mechanical properties." Engineering Structures 150 (November 2017): 875–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.08.001.
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Mehrabi, Armin B., and P. Benson Shing. "Finite Element Modeling of Masonry-Infilled RC Frames." Journal of Structural Engineering 123, no. 5 (May 1997): 604–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1997)123:5(604).
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Baloević, G., J. Radnić, and A. Harapin. "Numerical dynamic tests of masonry-infilled RC frames." Engineering Structures 50 (May 2013): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.11.034.
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Jagadeesan, P., N. Sudharsan, S. M. Subash, Pradeep Thirumoorthy, B. Sugumaran, Jabar Abdul Bari, R. Vetturayasudharsanan, D. Ambika, K. Sharmiladevi, and Kathiresan Karuppanan. "Study on Performance of Infilled Wall in an RC-Framed Structure Using a Reinforcing Band." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (September 6, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8643959.
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Infilled wall is a primary structure which is used in a multistorey RC-framed structure. It is not designed like structural elements, but it is subjected to structural load and response as a heavily damaged element into the building. The main problem of an infilled wall is not actively utilizing in the framed structure and it is not interacted with frame elements. The objective of research is to utilize the infilled wall in the RC-framed structure by improving its performance of behavior. Here, two different types of brick masonry like Autoclaved concrete and clay brick masonry were used as the infilled wall in an RC-framed structure. A singly bay and single storey RC framed structure was cast and tested under a 1/10th scale model by diagonal compressive loading. The specimen was subjected to static loading by a universal testing machine. Infilled wall is weak in tension, so a reinforcing band was used to improve the performance like load carrying capacity, stiffness, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity. Based on the results of the experimental study, it is found that reinforcing band with the infilled wall gives better behavior of the RC-framed structure.
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Gong, Xiao Ying, and Jun Wu Dai. "Nonlinear Seismic Analysis of Masonry Infilled RC Frame Structures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 117-119 (October 2011): 288–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.117-119.288.
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Many RC frame structures were severely damaged or collapsed in some layer. The phenomenon was significantly different from the expected failure mode in seismic design code. This paper comprehensively sums up the earthquake characteristics of masonry infilled RC frame structures. Based on an investigation of a masonry infilled RC frame structure damaged in the earthquake area, conduct the research on frail-layer caused by infill walls uneven decorated. On the hypothesis of keeping the main load-bearing component invariant, two models were considered, i. e. frame with floor slab, and frame with both floor slab and infill wall. Furthermore, divide them into groups of the bottom, the middle and the top frail-layer to discuss by changing the arrange of infill wall. Time history analyses using three-dimensional sophisticated finite element method were conducted. The major findings are: 1)infill walls may significantly alter the failure mechanism of the RC frames. 2)controlling the initial interlayers lateral stiffness ratio in a reasonable range is an effective method to avoid frail-layer damage. These findings suggest that the effects of infill wall should be considered in seismic design, keep the initial interlayers lateral stiffness ratio less than the paper suggested, and the structural elasto-plastic analysis model should take slabs and infill walls into account.
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Mbereyaho, Leopold, Adewole Kazeem Kayode, Rachel Manishimwe, Juscare Manishimwe, and Justine Ishimwe. "Reinforced Brick Masonry in Urbanization of Rwanda Secondary Cities." Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 06, no. 04 (2022): 07–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.46382/mjbas.2022.6402.
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To ensure equitable development for all the regions of Rwanda and to limit migration into and prevent congestion of Kigali, the capital city of Rwanda, the Rwandan government has embarked on the development of secondary cities. Consequently, there is the need to provide affordable and safe buildings in the proposed secondary cities. This study investigated the feasibility of using reinforced masonry bricks (RBM) for constructing buildings in the Rwandan secondary city in Muhanga District as an alternative to using reinforced concrete (RC) presently in use in the Kigali based on the availability of clay as the raw material for the production of masonry bricks needed for RBM. Questionnaires were administered and interviews were conducted to establish the level of acceptance of RBM for constructing building in Muhanga. The comparison of the costs of construction building using RBM and RC and the other advantages of RBM over RC for constructing buildings the Rwandan secondary city in Muhanga District are presented.
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Pradhan, Sujan, Yuebing Li, and Yasushi Sanada. "Seismic performance evaluation and risk assessment of typical reinforced concrete frame buildings with masonry infill and conventional vertical extension in Nepal." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 20, no. 2 (November 9, 2021): 853–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01246-2.
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AbstractMany reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings in Nepal were significantly damaged by the 7.8 magnitude (Mw) earthquake in Nepal on April 25, 2015. To contribute to mitigate future earthquake disasters, the current study focuses on two specific characteristics of residential RC frame buildings in the capital city of Nepal, Kathmandu: the application of brick masonry infill to exterior and partition walls, and the conventional vertical extension of building stories different from the design. Although these factors are likely to significantly affect the seismic performance, their effects are frequently neglected in practical design and construction management in developing countries. Hence, the main objective of this research is to investigate and clarify the seismic performance of RC frame buildings considering the above factors through experimental and numerical investigations. The present paper (1) briefly introduces the characteristics of a typical residential RC frame building in Kathmandu, (2) illustrates the numerical modeling parametrically considering three different contributions of brick masonry infill walls and (3) investigates the seismic performance of the RC frame building considering the effects of the infill wall modeling and the vertical extension through numerical analyses. Consequently, it was found that the consideration of the in-plane stiffness and strength of the infill walls resulted in both positive and negative contributions to the seismic performance of low-rise (up to three stories) and medium-rise (more than three stories) buildings respectively, quantitatively clarifying significant effects of the presence of infill and the vertical extension. These findings contribute to provide realistic solutions to upgrade the seismic performance by utilizing or removing the brick masonry infill walls or by managing the building stories to mitigate future earthquake disasters on typical RC frame buildings not only in Nepal but also in other countries with similar backgrounds.
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Basdeki, Maria, Argyro Drakakaki, and Charis Apostolopoulos. "The use of approximate methods of seismic assessment of structures." MATEC Web of Conferences 188 (2018): 03010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818803010.
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Greece is an earthquake prone area, which is also exposed to coastal environment. Most existing buildings present common characteristics, concerning quality of the materials and environmental conditions [1].The vulnerability of these structures is exteriorized under powerful seismic loads. This is because they were designed, according to older regulations, primarily to bear vertical loads and secondarily to bear horizontal loads, an indicative sign of the absence of anti-seismic design. Designing and evaluation of the seismic performance of existing structures is a really complex issue, because structural degradation phenomenon is related to both corrosion damage of steel reinforcement on RC structures and high vulnerability of masonry. Precisely, the inadequate seismic performance of masonry structures, which is recorded under intense earthquakes, is attributed to the characteristics of masonry and to the ageing phenomena of the materials. For the seismic inspection of masonry structures, both EC2 and OASP can be used [3], although there is often a great misunderstanding concerning the range of the maximum permissible interventions, the financial inability and modern perceptions of redesigning [2]. On the other hand, in the case of RC structures, there is no prediction –concerning the corrosion factor- included in the international regulations and standards. In the current study is presented an experimental procedure, concerning a RC column before and after corrosion. An estimation concerning the drop of its mechanical performance has taken place, indicating the importance of the corrosion factor. Additionally, an existing monumental masonry tower building, was subjected to seismic evaluation [4]. Both OASP and EC2 inspection methods were used. The results pointed out that, for medium–intensity earthquakes, both analytical and approximate methods are respectable and reliable.
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Brzev, Svetlana, Bishnu Pandey, Dev Kumar Maharjan, and Carlos Ventura. "Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Low-Rise Reinforced Concrete Buildings Affected by the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 1_suppl (December 2017): 275–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/120116eqs218m.
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Low-rise reinforced concrete (RC) frames with brick masonry infill walls up to five stories high have been used for housing construction in Nepal since the late 1980s. Many buildings of this type were damaged and/or collapsed in the 25 April 2015 Gorkha earthquake (M 7.8), even in areas characterized with moderate shaking intensity such as Kathmandu Valley. Due to inadequate design and/or construction of RC frame components, these buildings essentially behave like masonry shear wall structures with a shear-dominant failure mechanism. The paper presents the findings of a field survey of 98 RC buildings affected by the 2015 earthquake. The main objective of the study was to correlate the observed damage in the buildings using the modified European macroseismic scale (EMS)-98 and the wall index (defined as the wall area in the direction of shaking divided by the total building plan area above the level of interest). The results can be used to help establish recommendations regarding the required wall index for low-rise RC buildings in Nepal.
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Zhou, Xiaojie, Xiaoyuan Kou, Quanmin Peng, and Jintao Cui. "Influence of Infill Wall Configuration on Failure Modes of RC Frames." Shock and Vibration 2018 (June 25, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6582817.
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An improper configuration of masonry infill walls in RC frame may lead to short column effect on the columns, which is harmful to the seismic behavior of the structure. In this study, a bare frame and two single-story, single-bay RC frames, partially infilled with masonry, were tested under cyclic loading. The failure mechanism and seismic performance of these partially infilled RC frames (with an infill height of 600 mm) with different types of connections were analysed. Based on the experiment, nonlinear finite element simulation and analysis were conducted to study the effects of the infill walls and connections. The results show that both mechanical performance and failure mode are affected by the infill height, the type of connection between the frame and the infill, and the ratio of shear bearing capacity of the frame column to that of the infill. For the masonry-infilled frame with rigid connection, the higher the infill wall is, the lower the shear bearing capacity ratio will be. Thus, the effect of the lateral constraint of the infill wall on the column increases, and the shear span ratio of the free segment of the column decreases, resulting in the short column effect. Based on the analysis results, a value of 2.0 is suggested for the critical shear bearing capacity ratio of the frame column to the infill wall. If the shear bearing capacity ratio is less than 2.0 and the shear span ratio of the column free segment is not more than 2.0, the short column effect will occur. For the infilled frame with flexible connection, both the lateral constraint from the wall to the column and the wall-frame interaction decrease; this reduces or prevents the short column effect. The conclusion can present guidance for the design and construction of masonry-infilled RC frame structure.
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Kawan, Chandra Kiran. "Effect of stiffeners in lateral stiffness of masonry infill reinforced concrete (RC) frames." Journal of Science and Engineering 3 (December 1, 2015): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jsce.v3i0.22383.
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Infilled frames are reinforced concrete frames with masonry infill. The provision of masonry walls as infill increases the lateral stiffness of frame. Unreinforced masonry infill effects the strength and stiffness of frame but being ignored for a long time. The main objective of this paper is to study the individual and combined effect of infill masonry wall, stiffeners and wooden frame in the lateral stiffness of infill reinforced concrete frame with central opening, with and without gap element consideration. From the analysis using SAP software, it is observed that with increase in openings, stiffness decreases but introducing stiffeners and wooden frame increases the lateral stiffness. Embedding the gap element as the boundary condition reduces the stiffness of the infilled frame. Numerical investigations are carried out by finite element modeling for analyzing the behavior of infilled frame. The single equivalent diagonal strut width was determined by obtaining the same lateral stiffness from finite element model, and also strut reduction factor for different conditions with central openings are proposed.
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Qazi, Asad Ullah, Ali Murtaza Rasool, Yasser E. Ibrahim, Asif Hameed, and Muhammad Faizan Ali. "Behavior of Scaled Infilled Masonry, Confined Masonry & Reinforced Concrete Structures under Dynamic Excitations." Buildings 12, no. 6 (June 6, 2022): 774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060774.
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This research investigates the nonlinear behavior of scaled infilled masonry (IFM), confined masonry (CM), and reinforced concrete (RC) structures by utilizing and validating two tests from the literature as benchmarks. The validation was based on a comparison with the pushover results of small-scaled physical tests and their numerical modeling. Numerical modeling of small-scale (1:4 and 1:3) IFM, CM, and RC models has been carried out with Finite Element Modelling (FEM) and Applied Element Modelling (AEM) techniques using SAP2000 and the Extreme Loading for Structures (ELS) software, respectively. The behavior of the structure under lateral loads and excitations was investigated using nonlinear static (pushover) and nonlinear time history (dynamic) analysis. The evaluation of the pushover analysis results revealed that for IFM, the %age difference of tangent stiffness was 4.2% and 13.5% for FEMA Strut and AEM, respectively, and the %age difference for strength was 31.2% and 2.8% for FEMA Strut and AEM, respectively. Similarly, it was also calculated for other wall types. Dynamic analysis results from FEM and AEM techniques were found in the fairly acceptable range before yield; however, beyond yield, AEM proved more stable. Finally, the results also showed that the numerical study can be utilized for the evaluation of small-scale models before performing the physical test.