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1

Bell, Brendan Bernard. "Regulation of HIV-1 transcription by RBF-1 and RBF-2." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq25015.pdf.

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Waldhoff, Axel. "Hygienisierung von Mischwasser in Retentionsbodenfiltern (RBF)." Kassel Kassel Univ. Press, 2008. http://d-nb.info/993286135/04.

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3

Rodrigues, Neto Abner Cardoso. "Intervalo de Predição em redes RBF." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/94199.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação, Florianópolis, 2010
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Redes Neurais são amplamente empregadas em problemas de classificaçao e regressão, porém os modelos mais comuns fornecem apenas a estimação de regressão sem nenhuma medida de confiança associada à saída da rede. Medidas de desempenho global como o Erro Médio Quadrático não são capazes de reconhecer regiões onde a resposta da rede possa estar contaminada com incertezas, devido ao ruído presente nos dados ou à baixa densidade de dados de treinamento nessas regiões. Incorporar medidas de confiança na saída da rede, como intervalos de predição, valida a regressão e auxilia tomadores de decisão a estabelecerem critérios de risco, necessários em muitas aplicações práticas. Entretanto, existe uma série de restrições para o calculo do Intervalo de Predição nas redes neurais, que são dificeis de serem cumpridas em problemas reais. Neste trabalho, estudou-se as medidas de confiança fornecida pela rede de função de base radial, algumas das suas deficiencias foram tratadas com o objetivo de obter medidas de confiança mais satisfatórias e com menos restrições sobre o modelo, que possam ajudar os tomadores de decisão em aplicações reais.
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Eriksson, Robin. "Stencil Study for RBF-FD in Option Pricing." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-300223.

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This thesis contains results on convergence studies for different stencils of radial basis function generated finite difference (RBF-FD) method applied to solving Black-Scholes equation for pricing European call options. The results experimentally confirm the theoretical convergence rates for smooth payoff functions with stencils of size 3, 5 and 7 in one- dimensional problems, and 9, 13 and 25 in two- dimensional problems. Moreover, it is shown how different terms in the equation can be approximated individually using the proposed method and then combined into a discrete approximation of the entire spatial differential operator. This new version of the RBF-FD method, where each term has been approximated individually, has been compared to the classical method and the outcome did not show any significant performance advantages. Nevertheless, the results also showed that the second order derivative was the hardest one to approximate accurately and this poses an important finding for the future development of the method.
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Waldhoff, Axel [Verfasser]. "Hygienisierung von Mischwasser in Retentionsbodenfiltern (RBF) / Axel Waldhoff." Kassel : Kassel University Press, 2008. http://d-nb.info/100696925X/34.

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6

Toratti, Luiz Otávio. "Design de campos vetoriais em volumes usando RBF." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/55/55134/tde-22102018-170348/.

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Em Computação Gráfica, campos vetoriais possuem diversas aplicações desde a síntese e mapeamento de texturas à animações de fluidos, produzindo efeitos amplamente utilizados na indústria do entretenimento. Para produzir tais campos, é preferível o uso de ferramentas de design em vez de simulações numéricas não só devido ao menor custo computacional mas, principalmente, por prover liberdade ao artista ao sintetizar o campo de acordo com a sua necessidade. Atualmente, na literatura, existem bons métodos de design de campos vetoriais em superfícies de objetos tridimensionais porém, o design no interior desses objetos ainda é pouco estudado, principalmente quando o campo de interesse possui propriedades específicas. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver uma técnica para sintetizar campos vetoriais, com características do movimento de fluidos incompressíveis, no interior de domínios. Em uma primeira etapa, o método consiste na interpolação dos vetores de controle, com uma certa propriedade desejada, em todo o domínio. Posteriormente, o campo obtido é modificado para respeitar a geometria do contorno.
Vector fields are important to an wide range of applications on the field of Computer Graphics, from the synthesis and mapping of textures to fluid animation, producing effects widely used on the entertainment industry. To produce such fields, design tools are prefered over numerical simulations not only for its lower computational cost, but mainly by providing freedom to the artist in the creation process. Nowadays, good methods of vector field design over surfaces exist in literature, however there is only a few studies on the synthesis of vector fields of the interior of objects and even fewer when specific properties of the field are required. This work presents a technique to synthesize vector fields with properties of imcompressible fluids motion in the interior of objects. On a first step, the method consists in interpolating control vectors with a certain desired property throughout the whole domain and later the resulting field is modified to properly fit the boundary geometry of the object.
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7

LACERDA, Estefane George Macedo de. "Model Selection of RBF Networks Via Genetic Algorithms." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2003. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/1845.

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Um dos principais obstáculos para o uso em larga escala das Redes Neurais é a dificuldade de definir valores para seus parâmetros ajustáveis. Este trabalho discute como as Redes Neurais de Funções Base Radial (ou simplesmente Redes RBF) podem ter seus parâmetros ajustáveis definidos por algoritmos genéticos (AGs). Para atingir este objetivo, primeiramente é apresentado uma visão abrangente dos problemas envolvidos e as diferentes abordagens utilizadas para otimizar geneticamente as Redes RBF. É também proposto um algoritmo genético para Redes RBF com codificação genética não redundante baseada em métodos de clusterização. Em seguida, este trabalho aborda o problema de encontrar os parâmetros ajustáveis de um algoritmo de aprendizagem via AGs. Este problema é também conhecido como o problema de seleção de modelos. Algumas técnicas de seleção de modelos (e.g., validação cruzada e bootstrap) são usadas como funções objetivo do AG. O AG é modificado para adaptar-se a este problema por meio de heurísticas tais como narvalha de Occam e growing entre outras. Algumas modificações exploram características do AG, como por exemplo, a abilidade para resolver problemas de otimização multiobjetiva e manipular funções objetivo com ruído. Experimentos usando um problema benchmark são realizados e os resultados alcançados, usando o AG proposto, são comparados com aqueles alcançados por outras abordagens. As técnicas propostas são genéricas e podem também ser aplicadas a um largo conjunto de algoritmos de aprendizagem
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8

Vestheim, Siri. "Pruning of RBF Networks in Robot Manipulator Learning Control." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for teknisk kybernetikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18591.

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Radial Basis Function Neural Networks are well suited for learning the systemdynamics of a robot manipulator and implementation of these networks in thecontrol scheme for a manipulator is a good way to deal with the system uncertaintiesand modeling errors which often occur. The problem with RBF networkshowever is to nd a network with suitable size, not too computational demandingand able to give accurate approximations. In general two methods for creating anappropriate RBF network has been developed, 1) Growing and 2) Pruning.In this report two dierent pruning methods which are suitable for use in alearning controller for robot manipulators are proposed, Weight Magnitude Prun-ing and Neuron Output Pruning. Weight Magnitude Pruning is based on a pruningscheme in [8] while Neuron Output Pruning is based on [2]. Both pruning methodsare simple, have low computational cost and are able to remove several unitsin one pruning period. The thresholds used to nd which neurons to remove arespecied as a percent and hence less problem dependent to nd.Simulations with the two proposed pruning methods in a learning inverse kinematiccontroller for tracking a trajectory by using the three rst joints of the ABBIRB140 manipulator are conducted. The result was that implementing prunedRBF networks in the controller made it more robust towards system uncertaintiesdue to increased generalization ability. These pruned networks were found togive better tracking in the case of unmodeled dynamics compared to the incorrectsystem model, not pruning the RBFNNs and a type of growing network calledRANEKFs. Computational costs were also reduced when the pruning schemeswere implemented.NTNU has a manipulator of the type ABB IRB140 and the learning inversekinematic controller with pruning of RBF networks should be implemented andtested on this in real-life simulations.
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9

Li, Junxu. "A Dynamic Parameter Tuning Algorithm For Rbf Neural Networks." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 1999. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/LiJ1999.pdf.

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10

RODOR, Fadul Ferrari. "Modelagem de Sistemas Dinâmicos Não Lineares via RBF-GOBF." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UNIFEI, 2017. http://repositorio.unifei.edu.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/1038.

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Trata-se neste trabalho trata da modelagem e identificação de sistemas dinâmicos não lineares estáveis representáveis por modelos de Wiener por um estrutura formada por bases de funções ortonormais generalizadas (Generalized Orthonormal Basis Functions - GOBF) com funções internas e redes neurais com funções de base radial (Radial Basis Functions - RBF). Os modelos GOBF com funções internas são capazes de representar dinâmicas lineares intrincadas com uma parametrização que se vale apenas de valores reais, sejam os polos do sistema a ser representado complexos e/ou reais. Com informações de entrada e saída do sistema a ser identificado é possível obter um modelo GOBF-RBF inicial. Os clusters que determinam os parâmetros inciais das RBFs (centros das funções gaussianas e larguras ou spreads) são obtidos pelo método fuzzy C-means, o qual é inicializado com um número de centros pré-determinado, obtido pela técnica subtractive clustering, garantindo clusters com volume e densidade apropriados. São propostas duas técnicas para o ajuste dos parâmetros da estrutura. A primeira delas se baseia em um método de otimização não linear e os gradientes exatos da estrutura. Apresenta-se um procedimento para a obtenção dos cálculos analíticos dos gradientes de saída do modelo GOBF-RBF em relação a seus parâmetros (polos da base ortonormal, centros, larguras e pesos de saída da rede RBF). A segunda proposta se vale de um método metaheurístico chamado otimização por enxame de partículas com comportamento quântico. As metodologias são validadas com suas aplicações em três diferentes sistemas não lineares associados a modelos de processos práticos.
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REIS, Felipe Andery. "Procedimento de Ajuste de Parâmetros de Redes RBF via PSO." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UNIFEI, 2014. http://repositorio.unifei.edu.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/292.

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As redes neurais de funções de base radial (RBF - Radial Basis Function) têm sido utilizadas para a resolução de vários problemas em diversos contextos. Os parâmetros de uma rede de base radial (valores de centros, larguras e pesos) têm grande influência na sua capacidade de mapear relações entre seus dados de entrada e saída. Algumas abordagens apresentam procedimentos diversificados para determinar e otimizar estes parâmetros. Este trabalho aborda a combinação de métodos não supervisionados com o algoritmo de enxame de partículas (PSO - Particle Swarm Optimization) para a determinação de parâmetros em redes RBF. O algoritmo de otimização realiza um refinamento nos valores das larguras das funções de base radial a partir de um procedimento prévio de seleção de parâmetros. Utilizando valores pré-ajustados, o algoritmo converge em um menor número de passos em relação aos parâmetros inicializados aleatoriamente. O uso da abordagem proposta proporciona uma boa melhoria na exatidão de modelos de redes RBF em aplicações de aproximação de funções, previsão de série temporal e classificação de padrões.
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12

Mathivet, Virginie. "Evolution de second ordre et algorithmes évolutionnaires : l'algorithme RBF-Gened." Lyon, INSA, 2007. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2007ISAL0042/these.pdf.

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On parle d’évolution de second ordre (ou de sélection indirecte) lorsque les individus sont sélectionnés non pour leur seule adaptation à l’environnement mais aussi pour leur capacité à évoluer « mieux ». Bien qu’un tel mécanisme soit a priori très intéressant en évolution artificielle, la structure des algorithmes évolutionnaires interdit généralement celui-ci car les processus évolutifs sont figés. Nous avons ainsi proposé un nouvel algorithme évolutionnaire, RBF-Gene. Il possède un niveau intermédiaire, le protéome (composé de « protéines »), entre le phénotype d’un individu et son génotype lui permettant de faire varier la structure du génome sans modifier son phénotype sachant que ces variations auront une influence sur les reproductions futures. Nous montrons qu’une sélection de second ordre est bien à l’œuvre dans l’algorithme et qu’elle permet de façonner les génomes, en modifiant la taille des zones non codantes et l’ordre des gènes
Second order evolution (or indirect selection) corresponds to a situation where the individuals are not only selected on their fitness to an environment, but also on their ability to evolve « better ». Even if such a mechanism seems a priori very interesting in artificial evolution, it is not permitted by the structure of evolutionary algorithms because the evolutionary processes are fixed. Therefore, we propose a new evolutionary algorithm, RBFGene. It includes an intermediate level, the proteom (made of « proteins »), between the phenotype of an individual and its genotype, that allows for changes in the structure of the genome without changing the phenotype. These modifications can thereafter have an influence on later reproductions. We show the existence of an indirect selection in our algorithm, acting on genomes by changing the size of the non coding sequences or the order of the genes
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Lefort, Virginie Favrel Joel Beslon Guillaume. "Evolution de second ordre et algorithmes évolutionnaires l'algorithme RBF-Gene /." Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2008. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=mathivet_lefort.

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14

Kokshenev, Illya. "Aprendizado multi-objetivo deredes RBF e de Máquinas de kernel." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUOS-8CCHNX.

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As known from statistical learning theory, the training error and complexity of a model must be simultaneously minimized and yet certainly balanced for a valid generalization. Modern learning algorithms, such as support vector machines, achieve this goal by means of regularization and kernel methods, whose combination providespossibilities for analysis and construction of efficient nonlinear learning machines. In such algorithms, due to the non-convexity of the learning problem when the kernel is not fixed, the choice of the kernel is commonly addressed using sophisticated techniques of model selection, in a manner, different from the original idea of balancebetween the error and complexity. In contrast, the search of balance between the error and complexity in non-convex learning problems can be treated within the multi-objective framework, by viewing the supervised learning as a decision process in the environment of two conflicting goals. However, modern methods of multiobjective learning are focused on evolutionary optimization, paying a few attention to implementation of key learning principles. This work develops a multi-objective approach to supervised learning as an extension of the traditional (single-objective) concepts, such as regularization and margin maximization, to the cases of non-convex hypothesis spaces, induced with multiple kernels. In the proposed learning scheme, approximate solutions to generally nonconvex problems are obtained from their decompositions into the subsets of convex subproblems, where the application of deterministic nonlinear programming is efficient. Aiming for implementation of the principle of structural risk minimization, there are several complexity measures derived, each one inducing a particular multiobjectivealgorithm. In particular, the proposed smoothness-based complexity measure for the Gaussian radial-basis function (RBF) networks led to an efficient multi-objective algorithm, which is capable of finding the weights, widths, locations, and quantities of basis functions in a deterministic manner. In combination with the Akaike and Bayesian information criteria, the developed algorithm demonstrates a high generalization efficiency on several synthetic and real-world benchmark problems. Aiming to extendthe concept of margin maximization to supervised learning with multiple kernels, the techniques of feature normalization and equalization were proposed. The further analysis shows the necessity in extension of the concept of margin to the more general property of a separation hyperplane, such as its stability. As the result, the proposed stability-based complexity measure, which reliability has been experimentally confirmed, allows a construction of multi-objective algorithms for arbitrary classes of kernels.
Conforme a teoria de aprendizagem estat´stica, o erro de treinamento e a complexidade de modelos de aprendizado devem ser certamente equilibrados para uma generalização válida, além de serem minimizados. Os algoritmos de aprendizagem modernos, tais como máquinas de vetores de suporte, atingem esta meta por meio da regularização e dos métodos de kernel. A sua combinação permite de maneira eficiente analisar e construir máquinas de aprendizagem não-lineares. Nestes algoritmos, devido à não-convexidade do problema de aprendizagem quando o kernel não é fixo, a escolha do kernel é efetuada por meio das técnicas sofisticadas de seleção de modelos, diferentemente da ideia original de equilíbrio entre o erro e acomplexidade. Por outro lado, a busca de equilíbrio entre o erro e a complexidade de problemas não-convexos pode ser tratada de maneira multi-objetiva, considerando a aprendizagem supervisionada como o processo de decisão no ambiente de dois objetivos conflitantes. Contudo, métodos modernos de aprendizagem multi-objetiva sãovoltados á otimização evolucionária, prestando pouca atenção à implementação dos princípios fundamentais de aprendizagem estatística. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvida uma abordagem multi-objetiva de aprendizagem supervisionada baseada na extensão dos conceitos tradicionais, tais como regularização e maximização de margem, aos casos de espaços de hipótese não-convexos, induzidos com múltiplos kernels. No esquema de aprendizagem proposto, as soluções aproximadas dos problemas, geralmente não-convexos, sao obtidos por meio de certa decomposiçao em conjuntos de sub-problemas convexos, nos quais a programação não linear pode ser eficientemente aplicada de maneira determinística. Com o objetivode implementação do princípio de minimização do risco estrutural, várias medidas de complexidade foram propostas, induzindo os correspondentes algoritmos multiobjetivos. Entretanto, a medida de complexidade baseada em suavidade para as redes de função da base radial (RBF) permitiu a construção de um algoritmo multi-objetivo, com a sua capacidade de definição dos pesos, larguras, centros e quantidades de funções-bases. Em combinação com os critérios de informaçao de Akaike e Bayes, o algoritmo proposto demonstrou um alto desempenho de generalização em vários problemas-testes de natureza diversa. Com o objetivo de extensão do conceito de maximização de margem ao aprendizagem supervisionada com múltiplos kernels, astécnicas de normalização e equalização dos espaços de características foram propostas. As suas análises mostraram a necessidade de formulação de conceito de margem com uma característica mais geral de hiperplano de separação, tal como sua estabilidade. Como resultado, a medida de complexidade baseada no critério de estabilidade desenvolvido, cuja adequação foi confirmada com experimentos, permite a construção de algoritmos multi-objetivos para as classes de kernel arbitrários.
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Xiang, Danhua. "Designing a Flexible Software Tool for RBF Approximations Applied to PDEs." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-133631.

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This paper aims at addressing how to design a flexible software for RBF-based numerical solution of partial differential equations (PDEs). In the process, object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) approach combined with feature modeling, is adopted to construct object models of PDE solvers. This project was mplemented in Fortran 90, emulating object oriented constructs by encapsulating particular data structures and subroutines in modules to represent classes. The separation of mathematical domains and numerical domains as well as the introduction of the workflow manager and operations gives a significant flexibility and extendability for the software. For illustration, a solver for Dam seepage problem is constructed with the new design, compared with the one by the pre-existing reference code.
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Su, Jionglong. "Online predictions for spatio-temporal systems using time-varying RBF networks." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.578701.

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In this work. we propose a unified framework called Kalman filter based Radial Basis Functions (KF-RBF) for online functional prediction based on the Radial Basis Functions and the Kalman Filter. The data are nonstationary spatio-ternporal observations irregularly sampled in the spatial domain. We shall assume that a Functional Auto-Regressive (FAR) model is generating the system dynamics. Therefore. to account for the spatial variation. a Radial Basis Function (RBF) network is fitted to the spatial data at every time step. To capture the temporal variation, the regression surfaces arc allowed to change with time. This is achieved by proposing a linear state space model for the RBF weight vectors to evolve temporally. With a fixed functional basis in expressing all regressions. the FAR model call then he re-formulated as a Vector Auto-Regressive (VAR) model embedded in a Kalman Filter. Therefore functional predictions. normally taken place in the Hilbert space. can now be easily implemented 011 a computer. The advantages of our approach are as follows. First it is computationally simple: using the KF. we can obtain the posterior and predictive distributions in closed form. This allows for quick implementation of the model. and provides for full probabilistic inference for the forecasts. Second, the model requires no restrictive assumptions such as stationarity. isotropy or separability of the space/time correlation functions. Third. the method applies to non-lattice data. in which the number and location of sensors can change over time. This framework proposed is further extended by generalizing the real-valued. scalar weights in the functional autoregressive model to operators ill the Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space (RKHS). This essentially implies that a larger. more intricate class of functions can be represented by this functional autoregressive approach. In other words. the unknown function is expressed as a sum of transformed functions mapped from the past functions in the RKHS. This bigger class of functions can potentially yield a better candidate that is "closer". in the norm sense. to the unknown function. In our research. the KF is used despite the system and observational noise covariance are both unknown. These uncertainties may significantly impact the filter performance. resulting in sub- optimality or divergence. A multiple-model strategy is proposed in view of this. This is motivated by the Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) algorithm in which a collection of filters with different noise characteristics is run in parallel. This strategy avoids the problems associated with the estimation of the noise covariance matrices. Furthermore. it also allows future measurements to be predicted without the assumption of time stationarity of the disturbance terms.
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Oliveira, Odailson Cavalcante de. "Controle com adapta??o em modo dual utilizando uma rede RBF." PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM ENGENHARIA EL?TRICA E DE COMPUTA??O, 2016. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/22214.

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Neste trabalho ser? apresentada uma estrat?gia de controle utilizando uma rede com fun??es de base radial (rede RBF) com adapta??o em modo dual. O objetivo da estrat?gia ? utilizar a capacidade aproximativa da rede RBF no controle de sistemas n?o-lineares desconhecidos, ou conhecidos com incertezas. O controle proposto utiliza a estrutura do Controle Adaptativo por Modelo de Refer?ncia (MRAC) e uma rede RBF cujos par?metros s?o ajustados em tempo real atrav?s de uma adapta??o em modo dual, o que permitir? um r?pido transit?rio e um sinal de controle suave em regime permanente. A adapta??o em modo dual dos par?metros da rede RBF ? feita usando a fun??o tangente hiperb?lica, que durante o transit?rio proporcionar? um comportamento similar ao controle por estrutura vari?vel, e durante o regime permanente atuar?o as leis integrais do MRAC reguladas pela fun??o secante hiperb?lica. A tangente hiperb?lica ? usada no lugar da fun??o sinal das leis chaveadas para reduzir o fen?meno de chattering. A fun??o secante hiperb?lica ? usada para regular a lei integral, aumentando seu efeito em regime permanente e reduzindo durante o transit?rio, evitando oscila??es na resposta do sistema. Ser?o apresentadas uma prova de estabilidade baseada na teoria de Lyapunov para a rede RBF em modo dual e compara??es atrav?s de simula??es.
This work presents a control strategy using a network with radial basis function (RBF network) with adaptation in dual mode. The objective of the strategy is to use the approximate capacity of the RBF network to control nonlinear systems with unknown parameters or with uncertainties. The proposed control uses the structure of Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC) and a RBF network whose parameters are adjusted in real time in dual mode, which will allow a fast transient and a smooth control signal in steady state. The dual mode adaptive method of RBF network parameters uses the hyperbolic tangent function, which during the transient provides a similar behavior to variable structure control, and integral laws of MRAC that are regulated by a hyperbolic secant function during steady state. A hyperbolic tangent is used instead of signal function what reduces the chattering phenomenon. A hyperbolic secant is used to regulate the integral law, increasing its effects on steady state and reducing on transient time. It is presented a Lyapunov proof for dual mode method and comparisons through simulations.
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18

Machado, Madson Cruz. "Sintonia RNA-RBF para o Projeto Online de Sistemas de Controle Adaptativo." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2017. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/1744.

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The need to increase industrial productivity coupled with quality and low cost requirements has generated a demand for the development of high performance controllers. Motivated by this demand, we presented in this work models, algorithms and a methodology for the online project of high-performance control systems. The models have characteristics of adaptability through adaptive control system architectures. The models developed were based on artificial neural networks of radial basis function type, for the online project of model reference adaptive control systems associated with the of sliding modes control. The algorithms and the embedded system developed for the online project were evaluated for tracking mobile targets, in this case, the solar radiation. The control system has the objective of keeping the surface of the photovoltaic module perpendicular to the solar radiation, in this way the energy generated by the module will be as high as possible. The process consists of a photovoltaic panel coupled in a structure that rotates around an axis parallel to the earth’s surface, positioning the panel in order to capture the highest solar radiation as function of its displacement throughout the day.
A necessidade de aumentar a produtividade industrial, associada com os requisitos de qualidade e baixo custo, gerou uma demanda para o desenvolvimento de controladores de alto desempenho. Motivado por esta demanda, apresentou-se neste trabalho modelos, algoritmos e uma metodologia para o projeto online de sistemas de controle de alto desempenho. Os modelos apresentam características de adaptabilidade por meio de arquiteturas de sistemas de controle adaptativo. O desenvolvimento de modelos, baseia-se em redes neurais artificiais (RNA), do tipo função de base radial (RBF, radial basis function), para o projeto online de sistemas de controle adaptativo do tipo modelo de referência associado com o controle de modos deslizantes (SMC, sliding mode control). Os algoritmos e o sistema embarcado desenvolvidos para o projeto online são avaliados para o rastreamento de alvos móveis, neste caso, o rastreamento da radiação solar. O sistema de controle tem o objetivo de manter a superfície do módulo fotovoltaico perpendicular à radiação solar, pois dessa forma a energia gerada pelo módulo será a maior possível. O processo consiste de um painel fotovoltaico acoplado em uma estrutura que gira em torno de um eixo paralelo à superfície da terra, posicionando o painel de forma a capturar a maior radiação solar em função de seu deslocamento ao longo do dia.
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19

Chidella, Jagannadha. "RBF: An object and constraint oriented reasoning blackboard framework for knowledge based applications." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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20

Zaspel, Peter [Verfasser]. "Parallel RBF Kernel-Based Stochastic Collocation for Large-Scale Random PDEs / Peter Zaspel." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1077290187/34.

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21

Mohammed, Najla Abdullah. "Grid refinement and verification estimates for the RBF construction method of Lyapunov functions." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2016. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/65711/.

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Lyapunov functions are functions with negative orbital derivative, whose existence guarantee the stability of an equilibrium point of an ODE. Moreover, sub-level sets of a Lyapunov function are subsets of the domain of attraction of the equilibrium. In this thesis, we improve an established numerical method to construct Lyapunov functions using the radial basis functions (RBF) collocation method. The RBF collocation method approximates the solution of linear PDE's using scattered collocation points, and one of its applications is the construction of Lyapunov functions. More precisely, we approximate Lyapunov functions, that satisfy equations for their orbital derivative, using the RBF collocation method. Then, it turns out that the RBF approximant itself is a Lyapunov function. Our main contributions to improve this method are firstly to combine this construction method with a new grid refinement algorithm based on Voronoi diagrams. Starting with a coarse grid and applying the refinement algorithm, we thus manage to reduce the number of collocation points needed to construct Lyapunov functions. Moreover, we design two modified refinement algorithms to deal with the issue of the early termination of the original refinement algorithm without constructing a Lyapunov function. These algorithms uses cluster centres to place points where the Voronoi vertices failed to do so. Secondly, we derive two verification estimates, in terms of the first and second derivatives of the orbital derivative, to verify if the constructed function, with either a regular grid of collocation points or with one of the refinement algorithms, is a Lyapunov function, i.e., has negative orbital derivative over a given compact set. Finally, the methods are applied to several numerical examples up to 3 dimensions.
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22

Medagam, Peda Vasanta Reddy. "Online optimal control for a class of nonlinear system using RBF neural networks /." Available to subscribers only, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1650508351&sid=19&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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23

Rogers, Craig. "PARAMETER ESTIMATION IN HEAT TRANSFER AND ELASTICITY USING TRAINED POD-RBF NETWORK INVERSE METHODS." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4143.

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In applied mechanics it is always necessary to understand the fundamental properties of a system in order to generate an accurate numerical model or to predict future operating conditions. These fundamental properties include, but are not limited to, the material parameters of a specimen, the boundary conditions inside of a system, or essential dimensional characteristics that define the system or body. However in certain instances there may be little to no knowledge about the systems conditions or properties; as a result the problem cannot be modeled accurately using standard numerical methods. Consequently, it is critical to define an approach that is capable of identifying such characteristics of the problem at hand. In this thesis, an inverse approach is formulated using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) with an accompanying radial basis function (RBF) network to estimate the current material parameters of a specimen with little prior knowledge of the system. Specifically conductive heat transfer and linear elasticity problems are developed in this thesis and modeled with a corresponding finite element (FEM) or boundary element (BEM) method. In order to create the truncated POD-RBF network to be utilized in the inverse approach, a series of direct FEM or BEM solutions are used to generate a statistical data set of temperatures or deformations in the system or body, each having a set of various material parameters. The data set is then transformed via POD to generate an orthonormal basis to accurately solve for the desired material characteristics using the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm. For now, the LM algorithm can be simply defined as a direct relation to the minimization of the Euclidean norm of the objective Least Squares function(s). The trained POD-RBF inverse technique outlined in this thesis provides a flexible by which this inverse approach can be implemented into various fields of engineering and mechanics. More importantly this approach is designed to offer an inexpensive way to accurately estimate material characteristics or properties using nondestructive techniques. While the POD-RBF inverse approach outlined in this thesis focuses primarily in application to conduction heat transfer, elasticity, and fracture mechanics, this technique is designed to be directly applicable to other realistic conditions and/or industries.
M.S.M.E.
Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering;
Engineering and Computer Science
Mechanical Engineering MSME
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24

Martin, B. P. "Application of RBF-FD to Wave and Heat Transport Problems in Domains with Interfaces." Thesis, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10151046.

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Traditional finite difference methods for solving the partial differential equations (PDEs) associated with wave and heat transport often perform poorly when used in domains that feature jump discontinuities in model parameter values (interfaces). We present a radial basis function-derived finite difference (RBF-FD) approach that solves these types of problems to a high order of accuracy, even when curved interfaces and variable model parameters are present.

The method generalizes easily to a variety of different problem types, and requires only the inversion of small, well-conditioned matrices to determine stencil weights that are applied directly to data that crosses an interface. These weights contain all necessary information about the interface (its curvature; the contrast in model parameters from one side to the other; variability of model parameter value on either side), and no further consideration of the interface is necessary during time integration of the numerical solution.

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Lacerda, Estéfane George Macedo de. "Otimização de Redes Neurais RBF Usando Algoritmos Genéticos e sua Aplicação na Área Financeira\"." Universidade de São Paulo, 1999. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/55/55134/tde-06032018-104226/.

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A escolha da topologia de uma Rede Neural RBF é geralmente realizada por tentativa e erro baseado na experiência do projetista. Os algoritmos de treinamento existentes que determinam a topologia da rede utilizam métodos locais, que apresentam uma grande possibilidade de cair em mínimos locais gerando soluções sub-ótimas. Algoritmos Genéticos representam um método de busca global apropriado para encontrar boas soluções em espaços de busca complexos, como o espaço de busca das topologias das Redes Neurais. Este trabalho propõe um Algoritmo Genético para otimizar a topologia de redes RBF limitando o espaço de busca através de uma técnica de aglomeração. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que esta otimização melhora o desempenho de redes RBF em aplicações financeiras.
The choice of the topology of a RBF Neural Network is usually carried out by trial and error based on the designer experience. The most common training algorithms that define the network topology use local methods which have a large possibility of being trapped at a local minima, producing sub-optima solutions. Genetic Algorithms represent a global search method appropriate to find good solutions in complex search spaces, like the space of Neural Networks topologies. This work proposes a Genetic Algorithm for RBF networks optimisation limiting the search space through a clustering technique. The results achieved suggest that this optimisation improves the performance of RBF networks in finance applications.
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26

Sze, Tiam Lin. "System identification using radial basis function networks." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364232.

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27

Castro, Maria Cristina Felippetto de. "Predição não-linear de series temporais usando redes neurais RBF por decomposição em componentes principais." [s.n.], 2001. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/260700.

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Orientador : Dalton Soares Arantes
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação
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Resumo: Esta tese apresenta uma nova técnica de predição não-linear de séries temporais através de redes neurais artificiais do tipo Radial Basis Function, com atribuição dos centros Gaussianos das funções de base radial por decomposição do espaço de dados em sub-espaços. A decomposição em sub-espaços - ou decomposição em componentes principais - é baseada na Transformada Karhunen-Loeve. A predição obtida através da parametrização da rede neural via decomposição em sub-espaços resulta em um menor erro de predição e requer o conhecimento de um menor número de amostras prévias do que as técnicas de predição convencionais. Adicionalmente é apresentada uma possível solução para o problema de adaptar dinamicamente a arquitetura da rede neural às não­estacionariedades presentes em muitas séries temporais
Abstract: This thesis proposes a new technique for non-linear time series forecasting based upon Radial Basis Function Neural Networks and the Karhunen-Loeve Transform. A significant performance improvement is obtained with the novel technique in comparison with usual prediction methods. By obtaining the neural network centers from the data set sub-spaces - or data set principal components - the new method yields lower prediction error and requires less previous known samples than the usual technique that applies the own training set vectors to the centers. Additionally we present a possible solution to the problem of dynamically adapting the neural network architecture to the time-varying series statistics
Doutorado
Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica
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28

Menescal, Germana Cavalcante. "Modelagem NumÃrico-AnalÃtica da ContaminaÃÃo de AqÃÃferos Utilizando o MÃtodo de ColocaÃÃo RBF Livre de Malha." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2008. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1778.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
O aumento da capacidade dos computadores nessas trÃs ultimas dÃcadas tem tornado possÃvel a soluÃÃo de problemas de engenharia cada vez mais complexos. Essa ampliaÃÃo na possibilidade de soluÃÃo de tais problemas à resultado do avanÃo nos mÃtodos numÃricos e do desenvolvimento de algoritmos eficientes. Entretanto, estes mÃtodos numÃricos sÃo baseados na construÃÃo de malhas de discretizaÃÃo e a geraÃÃo de malhas ainda representa o maior desafio desses mÃtodos. Por esse motivo, nos Ãltimos anos o foco dos estudos de modelagem de problemas relacionados Ãs Ãguas subterrÃneas està voltado para o desenvolvimento de âmÃtodos livres de malhasâ ( meslhess ou meshfree methods) que tÃm como objetivo eliminar ou, pelo menos aliviar os problemas associados à construÃÃo e/ou reconstruÃÃo de malhas. Em problemas transientes, nos mÃtodos numÃricos tradicionais, o espaÃo à discretizado e em seguida à feita uma nova discretizaÃÃo para o tempo que requer a escolha de uma relaÃÃo Ãtima entre o intervalo de tempo escolhido e a discretizaÃÃo do espaÃo. Esta tese propÃe o desenvolvimento de um modelo numÃrico-analÃtico para problemas transientes de fluxo e contaminaÃÃo de Ãgua subterrÃnea. à um mÃtodo numÃrico com relaÃÃo à descriÃÃo do espaÃo, onde serà utilizado o mÃtodo RBF livre de malha e à analÃtico com relaÃÃo ao tempo, onde serÃo geradas expressÃes matemÃticas para a parte transiente. TrÃs configuraÃÃes de problemas unidimensionais de Ãgua subterrÃnea foram modeladas pelo mÃtodo RBF livre de malha e pelo mÃtodo numÃrico-analÃtico (MNA), utilizando o MAPLE e ( versÃo 10.0) como linguagem de programaÃÃo. Nos trÃs casos estudados, o meio poroso à homogÃneo e saturado. Os resultados apresentados mostram a validaÃÃo de fÃsica do MNA, mas possuem algumas restriÃÃes em sua aplicaÃÃo, tais como domÃnios poucos discretizados e a escolha de um fator de forma Ãtimo. O presente trabalho mostra tambÃm que o modelo proposto acomoda condiÃÃes de contorno que variam com o tempo.
Improvements in computer capabilities in the last three decades make it possible to solve more and more complex engineering problems. The increase in possibilities for solving such problems has been due to advances in numerical methods and development of efficient algorithms. Nevertheless, these numerical methods are based on mesh discretization and it is widely acknowledged that mesh generation remains one of the biggest challenges in mesh-based methods. During recent years, groundwater problems modeling studies are focused on the development of meshless or mesh-free methods. The aim of the so-called mesh-free methods is to eliminate or at least minimize the problems associated with meshing and/or remeshing. Traditional numerical methods discretize space and then discretize time in order to solve transient problems. This procedure requires na optimal relationship between space and time discretizations. This work proposes the development of a numerical-analytical model for flow and contaminant transport groundwater transient problems. It is a numerical method with respect to space, with RBF meshfree method and it is analytical with respect to time, with mathematical expressions. Three onedimensional problems configurations were teste using RBF meshless method and numerical-analytical (MNA) method, in MAPLE program. In all three cases, porous media is homogeneous and saturated. Results show MNAâs physical validation, but there are some restrictions to its use, such as domain discretization, PÃclet number and optimal shape parameter. The present work also shows that MNA accommodates well varying boundary conditions.
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29

Filankembo, Ouassissou Antoine. "APPLICATION DE LA METHODE DE COLLOCATION RBF POUR LA RESOLUTION DE CERTAINES EQUATIONS AUX DERIVEES PARTIELLES." Phd thesis, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00125243.

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Nous avons dans ce travail testé avec succès la méthode RBF sur le problème raide, le problème de la concentration d'un contaminant, le modèle Black-Scholes et le modèle du champ classique d'un méson. Notre contribution a été importante lors de la résolution de l'équation non linéaire de Klein-Gordon. La convergence et l'efficacité de la méthode a été montré grâce au RMSE entre la solution analytique et la solution numérique. L'introduction mise à part, cette thèse a été composé de quatre chapitres. Le premier exprime l'interpolant radial dans la base du sous-espace des interpolés. Le second estime l'erreur d'interpolation dans des cas particuliers de la fonction radiale de base et fournit les meilleures constantes dans les majorations de l'erreur. Le troisième consacré au problème de la quasi-interpolation a aussi permis d'établir l'existence et l'unicité de la solution du champ classique d'un méson grâce à la théorie des semi-groupes et au théorème du point fixe de Banach. Le quatrième a été consacré aux applications numériques. Une simulation numérique a été faite pour le problème de la concentration d'un contaminant. Nous avons terminé par une conclusion et perspectives en désignant les futurs lignes de recherche sur le sujet.
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30

Rodriguez, Erik. "A comparison of kansa and hermitian RBF interpolation techniques for the solution of convection-diffusion problems." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1488.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.
Bachelors
Engineering and Computer Science
Mechanical Engineering
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31

Sandes, Nelson Carvalho. "Projeto da camada oculta de uma rede neural RBF : uma abordagem baseada no valor de Shapley." Universidade de Fortaleza, 2013. http://dspace.unifor.br/handle/tede/92111.

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Radial basis function (RBF) neural networks are feedforward neural models that typically have three layers of neurons: an input layer, a hidden layer, and an output layer. These models are widely used due to their property of universal approximation. The neurons within the hidden layer are represented by radial basis functions, and the choice of the parameters (center and width) of each RBF might have a great impact on the accuracy of the model. Algorithms, such as the orthogonal least squares (OLS), fast recursive algorithm (FRA) and two-stage selection (TSS), have been developed to select the RBF centers automatically. This work also tackles the center selection problem, but cooperative game theory (CGT) concepts are used instead. The CGT investigates formal solutions to the problem of sharing resources between players who belong to a coalition. In our approach, the hidden layer of a RBF network is modeled as a coalition and the centers of the hidden neurons are treated as players of a cooperative game. The contribution of a center candidate to the networks it takes part in is measured by the Shapley value, which is one of the most investigated CGT solution concepts. Two algorithms were developed based on the Shapley value for ranking the centers, whereas the final RBF neural model selection is conducted based on this ranking and on the Akaike information criterion (AIC). The first ranking algorithm evaluates the quality of the center candidates in a single iteration, whereas the second algorithm, which is constructive, needs more than one iteration, and as such, the center recruited in iteration k influences the evaluation of the neurons in the next iterations. The proposed approach is applied in four benchmark regression problems and compared with OLS, FRA, and TSS algorithms. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach is effective, with the second algorithm, in particular, obtaining competitive results when compared to the state-of-the-art algorithms. On the other hand, the proposed algorithms have a higher computational cost compared to the others. Keywords: Radial Basis Functions, RBF Neural Networks, Center Selection, Cooperative Game Theory, Shapley Value, Regression.
Redes neurais de função de base radial (redes RBF) são modelos neurais compostos de uma camada de entrada, uma camada escondida e uma camada de saída de neurônios. Por exibirem a propriedade de aproximação universal de funções contínuas, tais modelos são muito utilizados para resolver roblemas de regressão. A escolha do tipo e dos parâmetros (notadamente, centro e dispersão) das funções de base radial que compõem a camada oculta de uma rede RBF pode afetar sobremaneira a sua acurácia, sendo que algoritmos tais como orthogonal least squares (OLS), fast recursive algorithm (FRA) e two-stage selection (TSS), vêm sendo desenvolvidos para resolver essa tarefa de forma automática. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho também aborda o problema de seleção de centros de redes RBF, porém lançando mão de conceitos da área de teoria dos jogos cooperativos (TJC). Esse campo de pesquisa investiga soluções formais para o problema de se dividir a recompensa adquirida por uma coalizão de jogadores entre os seus membros, levando-se em consideração a contribuição de cada um deles. Em particular, na abordagem proposta aqui, a camada oculta de uma rede neural RBF é modelada como uma coalizão ao passo que os centros dos neurônios que a compõem são tratados como jogadores. A contribuição de cada candidato a centro aos desempenhos das redes em que ele participa é mensurada mediante o valor de Shapley, que é um dos conceitos de solução mais investigados na TJC, dadas as propriedades teóricas relevantes que ele apresenta. Dois algoritmos são propostos com base no valor de Shapley para ranquear os centros, sendo que a seleção da ordem do modelo final de rede RBF é feita com base nesse ranqueamento e adota o critério de informação de Akaike. Enquanto o primeiro algoritmo de ranqueamento avalia a qualidade dos centros em uma única iteração, o segundo algoritmo é de natureza construtiva, sendo que o centro recrutado na iteração k influencia nas avaliações dos demais neurônios nas próximas iterações. No estudo experimental realizado, o desempenho da nova abordagem foi avaliado com base em quatro problemas de regressão bem conhecidos, comparando-se a qualidade preditiva das redes RBF produzidas pelos dois algoritmos propostos com aquela gerada pela redes produzidas pelos algoritmos OLS, FRA e TSS. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a abordagem baseada na TJC é eficaz, considerando particularmente o algoritmo construtivo, que apresentou resultados competitivos aos algoritmos estado-da-arte. Por outro lado, os dois algoritmos propostos perdem no quesito eficiência, possuindo um custo computacional mais elevado. Palavras-chave: Redes Neurais RBF, Função de Base Radial, Seleção de Centros, Teoria dos Jogos Cooperativos, Valor de Shapley, Regressão.
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32

Milet, Cécile. "Etude des effets de différentes formes de la protéine RBF de drosophile sur le devenir cellulaire." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010VERS0005.

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Le gène Rb est un gène suppresseur de tumeur dont les effets apoptotiques sont mal compris à ce jour. Rb peut être pro- ou anti-apoptotique, et des formes clivées de la protéine pRb sont générées par des caspases au cours de l’apoptose. Seul un des sites de clivage par les caspases semble conservé entre les protéines pRb de mammifère et RBF1 de drosophile, le site TELD. J’ai montré que RBF1 est pro-apoptotique dans les cellules en prolifération, possède un effet anti-apoptotique dans les cellules post-mitotiques, et que le clivage de RBF1 peut avoir lieu au cours du développement. Une forme de RBF1 mutée au niveau du site TELD, RBFD253A, est pro-apoptotique, et induit également une prolifération excessive de manière non-autonome cellulaire. Donc le clivage de RBF1 pourrait réguler ses fonctions in vivo. La forme p76CRBF, correspondant à la forme résultant d’un clivage au site TELD et présentant une délétion de son extrémité C-terminale, ne possède plus d'activité pro-apoptotique
The Rb gene is a tumor suppressor gene. Its effects on apoptosis are poorly known. Indeed, Rb can be pro-or anti-apoptotic, and cleaved forms of pRb are generated by caspases during apoptosis. Only one of the caspase cleavage sites seems to be conserved between mammalian pRb and Drosophila RBF1, the TELD site. I showed that RBF1 is pro-apoptotic in proliferating cells whereas it is anti-apoptotic in post-mitotic cells, and that RBF1 cleavage occurs during development. A mutated RBF1 form at the TELD site, RBFD253A, is pro-apoptotic but also induces excessive proliferation in a non-cell autonomous manner, which seems to indicate that RBF1 cleavage could regulate its activities in vivo. The p76CRBF forms that corresponds to the form that would result from a cleavage at the TELD site and deleted of its C-terminus extremity is no longer pro-apoptotic and will certainly contribute to better understand RBF1 pro-apoptotic effects
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33

Filankembo, Ouassissou Antoine. "Application de la méthode de collation RBF pour la résolution de certaines équations aux dérivées partielles." Pau, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PAUU3015.

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Nous avons dans ce travail testé avec succès la méthode RBF sur le problème raide, le problème de la concentration d'un contaminant, le modèle Black-Scholes et le modèle du champ classique d'un méson. Notre contribution a été importante lors de la résolution de l'équation non linéaire de Klein-Gordon. La convergence et l'efficacité de la méthode a été montré grâce au RMSE entre la solution analytique et la solution numérique. L'introduction mise à part, cette thèse a été composé de quatre chapitres. Le premier exprime l'interpolant radial dans la base du sous-espace des interpolés. Le second estime l'erreur d'interpolation dans des cas particuliers de la fonction radiale de base et fournit les meilleures constantes dans les majorations de l'erreur. Le troisième consacré au problème de la quasi-interpolation a aussi permis d'établir l'existence et l'unicité de la solution du champ classique d'un méson grâce à la théorie des semi-groupes et au théorème du point fixe de Banach. Le quatrième a été consacré aux applications numériques. Une simulation numérique a été faite pour le problème de la concentration d'un contaminant. Nous avons terminé par une conclusion et perspectives en désignant les futurs lignes de recherche sur le sujet
We have in this work tested successfully the RBF method on the stiff problem, the problem of the concentration of a contaminating, the model Black-Scholes and the model of the classic field of a meson. Our contribution was important during the resolution of the nonlinear equation of Klein-Gordon. The convergence and the efficiency of the method was shown thanks to the RMSE between the analytical solution and the numerical solution. The introduction put aside, this thesis was composed of four chapters. The first one expresses the radial interpolant in the basis of the sub-space of interpolating. The second estimates the error of interpolation in particular cases of the radial basis function and provides the best constants in the increase of the error. The third dedicated to the problem of the quasi-interpolation also allowed to establish the existence and the uniqueness of the solution of the classic field of a meson thanks to the theory of semi-groups and to the theorem of the fixed point of Banach. The fourth was dedicated to the numeric applications. A numeric simulation was made for the problem of the concentration of a contaminating. We finished by a conclusion and perspectives by appointing the future research lines on the topic
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34

Nilsson, Henrik, and Anders Svensson. "Automated Mobile Cranes." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för informationsteknologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-29479.

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35

Gerace, Salvadore Anthony. "An Interactive Framework for Meshless Methods Analysis in Computational Mechanics and Thermofluids." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2007. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2532.

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In recent history, the area of physics-based engineering simulation has seen rapid increases in both computer workstation performance as well as common model complexity, both driven largely in part by advances in memory density and availability of clusters and multi-core processors. While the increase in computation time due to model complexity has been largely offset by the increased performance of modern workstations, the increase in model setup time due to model complexity has continued to rise. As such, the major time requirement for solving an engineering model has transitioned from computation time to problem setup time. This is due to the fact that developing the required mesh for complex geometry can be an extremely complicated and time consuming task. Consequently, new solution techniques which are capable of reducing the required amount of human interaction are desirable. The subject of this thesis is the development of a novel meshless method that promises to eliminate the need for structured meshes, and thus, the need for complicated meshing procedures. Although the savings gain due to eliminating the meshing process would be more than sufficient to warrant further study, the proposed method is also capable of reducing the computation time and memory footprint compared to similar models solved using more traditional finite element, finite difference, finite volume, or boundary element methods. In particular, this thesis will outline the development of an interactive, meshless, physically accurate modeling environment that provides an extensible framework which can be applied to a multitude of governing equations encountered in computational mechanics and thermofluids. Additionally, through the development of tailored preprocessing routines, efficiency and accuracy of the proposed meshless algorithms can be tested in a more realistic and flexible environment. Examples are provided in the areas of elasticity, heat transfer and computational fluid dynamics.
M.S.M.E.
Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Mechanical Engineering MSME
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36

El, Werfalli Abdelnaser A. K. "Optimising Turnaround Maintenance (TAM) Scheduling of Gas plants in Libya." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17324.

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Gas plants consist of several pieces of both critical static and rotating equipment, which operate continuously under severe operating conditions. These pieces of equipment are permanently subjected to be inspected and maintained during total shutdown of plant facilities to execute Turnaround Maintenance (TAM) event. The TAM is the largest maintenance activities used in most oil and gas companies in terms of both cost and time. Oil and gas companies have suffered losses in the production and enormity in the TAM cost due to duration and interval of TAM which have randomly estimated without taking the size and age of plants into account. Sirte Oil Company (SOC) was a good example and used as a reference point for other gas plants to achieve the aim of this thesis associated with optimising TAM scheduling for gas plants (decreasing duration and increasing interval of TAM) by implementing the TAM model. The contribution of this research is in developing the TAM model, consisting of four stages, which is broken down into four main stages: First stage; removing Non-critical pieces of Equipment (NEs) from the Scope of Work (SoW) of TAM to proactive maintenance strategies. Second stage; selecting Critical Static pieces of Equipment (CSEs) that constitute the highest risk based on Risk-Based Inspection (RBI). Third stage; selecting Critical Rotating pieces of Equipment (CREs) that constitute the highest risk based on Risk-Based Failure (RBF). Fourth stage; defining the optimum duration and interval of TAM based on Failure Distributions (FDs). Consequently, the TAM model developed in this study provides a novelty in the TAM event and decision making process. This is basically about optimisation of TAM scheduling in the medium and long-term, characterized by decreasing duration and increasing interval of TAM based on both CSEs and CREs to achieve the TAM model results. The result is the reduction in TAM cost and production losses, and the improvement in reliability and availability requirements of gas plants according to the residual life of critical equipment and operating conditions. To ensure reliability and consistency of the TAM model, it was validated with three Libya-plants SOC and data from three published case studies. The results from the validation of the TAM model are consistent with the real duration and interval of TAM in most plants SOC. The research concludes that the developed TAM model is a reliable and applicable tool to assist decision-makers in the estimation of TAM scheduling for any a processing plant.
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37

Malcolm, Thomas E. "The regulation of HIV-1 replication by the transcription factors USF1, USF2, and TFII-I (RBF-2)." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31421.

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Despite efforts to eliminate the HIV-1 virus from infected individuals, the virus persists in a latent chromosomally integrated pool of provirus that evades current drug therapy. Upon cessation of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), the latent virus begins to replicate resulting in an increased viral titre in the patient's serum, leading to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). A great amount of effort has gone into determining the mechanisms involved in the establishment of viral latency, in order to find targets that can be used in combination with existing therapies to eradicate the virus. In this thesis, I characterize a protein complex that is required for viral replication of integrated virus and therefore has potential as a therapeutic target. The data presented in this thesis identify USF1, USF2, and TFII-I as the proteins that comprise the Ras-response element Binding Factor-2 (RBF-2), which binds constitutively to the Ras-response Factor Binding Elements I and III (RBEI and RBEIII) within the Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) promoter. RBEIII is highly conserved in sequence and position relative to the transcriptional start site. In addition, both RBEIII and RBEI are situated near nucleosomes in the LTR enhancer region. Furthermore, I provide evidence that RBF-2 proteins are modified by phosphorylation in response to T-cell activation. Finally, I demonstrate that mutations in RBEIII that prevent the binding of these factors, as measured by electrophoretic mobility shifting assays, also prevent HIV-1 activation, as observed from stably integrated reporter virus.
Medicine, Faculty of
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of
Graduate
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38

Baloi, Junior H?lder Rob?lcio Agostinho. "Estima??o de canal em sistemas OFDM utilizando redes neurais artificiais RBF com transmit?ncia de fase." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2017. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/7663.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq
The wireless communication channel has severe signal degradation effects resulting from the usual multiplicity of propagation paths originated by reflection of the electromagnetic wave at specific points along the path of the digital transmitter-receiver link. Metallic building structures, for example, are points of reflection of the wave. This multiplicity of propagation paths, called multipath, generates signal interference on itself when multiple signals arrive at the receiver, degrading signal intelligibility, which increases the bit error rates of the link, reducing a reliability. This interference is called intersymbol interference (ISI) because, in the baseband signal at the receiver, overlapping of the digital modulation symbols occurs, resulting in a failure to detect the binary words associated with the symbols. In this context, the channel estimation and compensation process plays an important role in the wireless receiver. The increasing demand for systems with higher transmission capacities, robustness and less computational complexity, has driven several researches in the scope of the algorithms used in the channel estimation process. In recent years, data transmission technique through Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been highlighted by resistance to ISI, good spectral efficiency and transmission capacity of high data rates. OFDM is a multi-carrier modulation technique that consists of dividing the total bandwidth into smaller subchannels by using orthogonal subcarriers spectrally superimposed. Despite its robustness, it is still required channel estimation techniques, in OFDM receiver, due to the multipath effect characteristic of a wireless communication channel. This work proposes the implementation of a channel estimator, based on a complex Radial Basis Function (RBF) network. The proposed network is trained from the impulse response of the channel obtained through the pilot carriers sent and known by the receiver. The simulation results show that the proposed network obtained better results than the classical estimators used for channel estimation in OFDM systems.
O canal de comunica??o sem fio (wireless) apresenta severos efeitos de degrada??o de sinal resultantes da usual multiplicidade de caminhos de propaga??o originados por reflex?o da onda eletromagn?tica em pontos espec?ficos ao longo do caminho do enlace entre transmissor e receptor digital. Estruturas met?licas de constru??es civis, por exemplo, constituem pontos de reflex?o da onda. Esta multiplicidade de caminhos de propaga??o, denominada multipercurso, gera interfer?ncia do sinal sobre ele mesmo quando os m?ltiplos sinais chegam ao receptor, degradando a inteligibilidade do sinal recebido em consequ?ncia dos m?ltiplos ecos do sinal, o que aumenta a taxa de erro de bits do enlace, reduzindo a confiabilidade. Denomina-se esta interfer?ncia de interfer?ncia intersimb?lica (ISI, do ingl?s intersymbol interference) porque, no sinal em banda-base no receptor, ocorre superposi??o dos s?mbolos da modula??o digital, resultando em falha na detec??o das palavras bin?rias associadas aos s?mbolos. Neste contexto, o processo de estima??o e compensa??o dos efeitos do canal desempenha um papel importante em um receptor de comunica??o wireless. A crescente demanda por sistemas de maiores capacidades de transmiss?o, robustez e menor complexidade computacional, tem impulsionado v?rias pesquisas no ?mbito dos algoritmos utilizados no processo de estima??o de canal. Nos ?ltimos anos a t?cnica de transmiss?o de dados atrav?s da Multiplexa??o por Divis?o Ortogonal de Frequ?ncia (OFDM) tem ganhado destaque por apresentar resist?ncia ? ISI, boa efici?ncia espectral e capacidade de transmiss?o de altas taxas de dados. OFDM ? uma t?cnica de modula??o por multiportadoras que consiste na divis?o da largura de banda total em subcanais menores, utilizando subportadoras ortogonais sobrepostas espectralmente. N?o obstante a sua robustez, faz-se ainda necess?rio aplicar t?cnicas de estima??o de canal no receptor OFDM, devido ao efeito de m?ltipercurso caracter?stico de um canal de comunica??o wireless. Neste trabalho ? proposto a implementa??o de um estimador de canal, baseado em uma rede neural com fun??o de base radial (RBF, do ingl?s Radial Basis Function) complexa. A rede proposta ? treinada a partir da resposta ao impulso do canal obtida atrav?s de portadoras piloto enviadas e conhecidas pelo receptor. Os resultados da simula??o mostram que a rede proposta obteve melhores resultados do que os estimadores cl?ssicos utilizados para estima??o de canal em sistemas OFDM.
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39

Bassi, Regiane Denise Solgon. "Identicação inteligente de patologias no trato vocal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18153/tde-14032014-080118/.

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Com base em exames como a videolaringoscopia, que é considerado um procedimento médico invasivo e desconfortável, diagnósticos têmsido realizados visando detectar patologias na laringe. Geralmente, esse tipo de exame é realizado somente com solicitação médica e quando alterações na fala já são marcantes, ou há sensação de dor. Nessa fase, muitas vezes a doença está em grau avançado, dificultando o seu tratamento. Com o objetivo de realizar um pré-diagnóstico computacional de tais patologias, este trabalho apresenta uma técnica não invasiva na qual são testados e comparados três classificadores: a Distância Euclidiana, a Rede Neural RBF com o kernel Gaussiano e a Rede Neural RBF com o kernel Gaussiano modificado. Testes realizados com uma base de dados de vozes normais e aquelas afetadas por diversas patologias demonstram a eficácia da técnica proposta, que pode, inclusive, ser implementada em tempo-real.
Based on examinations such as laryngoscopy, which is considered an invasive and uncomfortable procedure, diagnosis have been performed aiming at the detection of larynx pathologies. Usually, this type of test is carried out upon medical request and when the speech changes are notable or are causing pain. At this point, the disease is possibly at an advanced degree, complicating its treatment. In order to perform a computational pre-diagnosis of such conditions, this work proposes a noninvasive technique in which three classifiers are tested and compared: the Euclidean distance, the RBF Neural Network with the Gaussian kernel and RBF Neural Network with a modified Gaussian kernel. Tests carried out with a database of normal voices and those affected by various pathologies demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique that may even be implemented to work in real time.
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40

Mondrago, Quevedo Monica. "Probabilistic modelling of geotechnical conditions for offshore wind turbine support structures." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2014. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9205.

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The geotechnical conditions of the soil can fluctuate greatly across the wind farm. This is an issue since geotechnical modelling is the base of the structural design of an offshore wind farm, and the efficient installation of the wind turbines depends on its accuracy. This paper deals with the characterization of the seabed, predicting the soil properties over the total affected area by a wind farm, with the challenge to reduce the required data samples in the site investigation under the number of installed wind turbines, to reduce its cost. It is compared the prediction outcome from two different interpolation methods, kriging and radial basis function, assessing their accuracy by the Mean-Squared Error and the Goodness-of-Prediction Estimate, as well as with a visual examination of their mapping; obtaining higher accuracy for radial basis function and reducing to half the required sample points, from the initial value of installed wind turbines. In a second stage it is studied the soil effect over the foundation, analyzing the results from a FEA, where different geometries of the structure are compared submitted to different load cases to check its limit states. Those results show that the foundation cost can increase four times due to the soil conditions, taking into account only the steel volume, and demonstrating how important is the soil characterization in the foundation design, as it gives the chance to relocate those wind turbines that require more expensive foundations.
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41

Estable-Ferrero, Mario Clemente. "A cis-element absolutely required for HIV-1 pathogenesis and purification of its trans-acting factor RBF-2." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0035/NQ27137.pdf.

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42

Centeno, Ludimila La Rosa. "Sensoriamento de espectro e classificação de sinais em rádio cognitivo por decomposição em subespaços e redes neurais RBF." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/7002.

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The possibility of spectrum shortage and saturation, combined with the increasing demands for higher transmission rates are driving factors for research within cognitive radio networks. Spectrum sensing is one of the major challenges for the commercial development of cognitive radio systems, since the verification of a primary user presence is a complex task that requires high reliability. The proposal of this work is to develop a signal classifier capable of verifying the primary user presence on a particular channel of the radio spectrum. The proposed classifier performs subspace decomposition of the signal covariance matrix, in order to obtain characteristics that may indicate the presence of a primary user. The subspace decomposition enables the design of filter banks to which new signals are submitted. RBF neural networks are used to analyze the filtered signal characteristics and to decide about the presence of a particular type of primary user. Based on IEEE 802. 22 regulations, the classification process is performed at the cognitive radio base station, which is responsible for controlling all users and channels in its coverage area. The results indicate that the computational cost of subspace decomposition, which is cyclically performed in similar methods, can be reduced through the proposed approach without jeopardizing the detection quality.
A possibilidade de escassez e saturação do espectro, aliadas às demandas crescentes por maiores capacidades de transmissão, são fatores que impulsionam a pesquisa de soluções no âmbito das redes de rádios cognitivos. O sensoriamento do espectro constitui um dos maiores desafios para o desenvolvimento comercial dos sistemas de rádio cognitivo, pois a verificação da presença de um usuário primário é uma tarefa complexa que exige alta confiabilidade. A proposta deste trabalho é elaborar um classificador de sinais capaz de verificar a presença de um usuário primário num determinado canal do espectro de rádio. O classificador proposto realiza a decomposição em subespaços da matriz de covariância do sinal, visando extração de características que possam indicar a presença de usuário primário. A decomposição do sinal em subespaços permite a determinação de bancos de filtros aos quais novos sinais são submetidos. Redes neurais do tipo RBF são utilizadas para análise de características dos sinais filtrados e decisão sobre a presença de um determinado tipo de usuário primário. Com base na regulamentação IEEE 802. 22, o processo de classificação é executado na rádio-base cognitiva, responsável pelo controle de todos os usuários e canais na sua área de cobertura. Os resultados indicam que o custo computacional da decomposição em subespaços, que é executada de forma cíclica em métodos similares, pode ser reduzido através da abordagem proposta, sem comprometimento da qualidade da detecção.
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43

Demian, Vladimir. "Conception et analyse d'algorithmes parallèles pour les réseaux neuronaux de Kohonen et de fonctions à base radiale (RBF)." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10167.

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Dans cette these nous nous sommes interesses a la conception, a l'analyse et a l'implantation d'algorithmes paralleles, pour l'apprentissage de reseaux de neurones artificiels, sur des machines multiprocesseurs de type mimd. Plus precisement, nous avons etudie les deux modeles connexionnistes suivants: reseaux de kohonen et reseaux de fonctions a base radiale, plus connus sous leur nom anglais de reseaux rbf (radial basis function). La premiere partie de ce manuscrit contient une breve description des outils de programmation parallele les plus recents. Les deux parties suivants constitue chacune de trois chapitres, presentent nos travaux sur la parallelisation, d'une part de l'algorithme de kohonen, et d'autre part de l'algorithme ols (orthogonal least squares) utilise pour l'apprentissage des reseaux rbf. Une quatrieme partie presente une application de ces reseaux de neurones a la prediction de pollution en milieu industriel
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44

Selmini, Antonio Marcos. "Aplicação de redes neurais artificiais e filtro de Kalman para redução de ruídos em sinais de voz." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18133/tde-29072016-111821/.

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A filtragem, na sua forma mais geral, tem estado presente na vida do homem há muito tempo. Com o surgimento de novas tecnologias (surgimento da eletricidade e a sua evolução) e o desenvolvimento da computação, as técnicas de filtragem (separação) de sinais elétricos. Normalmente, os sistemas de comunicação (telefonia móvel e fixa, sinais recebidos de satélites e outros sistemas) contém sinais indesejáveis responsáveis pela degradação do sinal original. Dentro desse contexto, este projeto de pesquisa apresenta um estudo do algoritmo Filtro Duplo de Kalman Estendido, onde um filtro e Kalman e duas redes neurais são empregadas para a redução de ruídos em sinais de voz. O algoritmo estudado foi aplicado ao processamento de um sinal corrompido por dois tipos de ruídos diferentes: ruído branco e ruído gaussiano e ruído branco não estacionário, conseguindo-se bons resultados. Uma melhora sensível do sinal filtrado pode ser conseguida com técnicas de pré-filtragem do sinal. Neste trabalho foi utilizado o filtro de médias para a pré-filtragem, obtendo um sinal filtrado com ruído musical de baixa intensidade.
Filtering in it\'s most general kind has been present in men\'s life for a long time. With the appearance of new technologies (appearance of electricity and it\'s evolution) and the deyelopment of the computer science, the filtering techniques started to be widely used in engineering to the filtering (separation) of electric signals. Normally the communication systems (fixed and mobile telephony, signals sent from satellites and other systems) bring undesired results responsible for the degradation of the original signal. Within this context, this research project shows a study of the algorithm Dual Extended Kalman Filtering, in which a Kalman filter and two neural networks are used for the reduction of noise in speech signals. The algorithm studied was applied to the processing of a signal corrupted by two types of different noises: gaussian white noise and non stationary white noise obtaining good results. A significant improvement of the filtered noise can be obtained with techniques of pre-filtering of the signal. In this research the average filter for a pre-filtering was used, obtaining a filtered signal with musical noise oflow intensity.
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45

Jakubík, Miroslav. "RBF-sítě s dynamickou architekturou." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-297903.

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In this master thesis I recapitulated several methods for clustering input data. Two well known clustering algorithms, concretely K-means algorithm and Fuzzy C-means (FCM) algorithm, were described in the submitted work. I presented several methods, which could help estimate the optimal number of clusters. Further, I described Kohonen maps and two models of Kohonen's maps with dynamically changing structure, namely Kohonen map with growing grid and the model of growing neural gas. At last I described quite new model of radial basis function neural networks. I presented several learning algorithms for this model of neural networks. In the end of this work I made some clustering experiments with real data. This data describes the international trade among states of the whole world.
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Jakubík, Miroslav. "RBF-sítě s dynamickou architekturou." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-304160.

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In this master thesis I recapitulated several methods for data clustering. Two well known clustering algorithms, concretely K-means algorithm and Fuzzy C-means (FCM) algorithm, were described in the submitted work. I presented several methods, which could help estimate the optimal number of clusters. Further, I described Kohonen maps and two models of Kohonen's maps with dynamically changing structure, namely Kohonen map with growing grid and the model of growing neural gas. At last I described quite new model of radial basis function neural networks. I presented several learning algorithms for this model of neural networks, RAN, RANKEF, MRAN, EMRAN and GAP. In the end of this work I made some clustering experiments with real data. This data describes the international trade among states of the whole world.
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47

Huang, Ju-Yi, and 黃朱瑜. "RBF Based Neural Fuzzy Network." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14967502279792003745.

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碩士
國立中興大學
機械工程學系
87
Abstract In this thesis, a new neural fuzzy configuration that combines the RBF neural network structure and fuzzy logic theory is proposed. In this new neural fuzzy structure, the conventional six layers neural fuzzy network is simplified to a four layers neural fuzzy network. For single input problem, this new network structure is a kind of RBF neural network. When a multi-inputs problem is applied, it functions similar a conventional neural fuzzy network. Computer simulation results show that the proposed new neural fuzzy scheme can be successfully applied to the nonlinear function approximation and classification problems. To fulfill the on-line training requirement, an efficient heuristic learning rule is included. Experimental results show that the proposed approach can be successfully applied to the precise regulating and tracking problems of an AC servo motor system. For real industrial application, a systematic approach to achieve global optimal CMP process is carried out. In this new approach, orthogonal array technique in the Taguchi method is adopted for efficient experiment design. The RBFNF neural-fuzzy is then used to model the complex CMP process. Signal to Noise Ratio (S/N) Analysis technique used in the conventional Taguchi method is also implemented to find the local optimal process parameters. Successively, the global optimal parameters are acquired in terms of the trained RBFNF network. In order to increase the CMP throughput, a two-stage optimal strategy is also proposed. Experimental results show that the two-stage strategy can perform better then the original approach even though the process time is reduced by 1/6.
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48

Shyu, Jia-Jye, and 徐家杰. "VLSI Design of RBF Neural Network." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41584445840634024811.

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碩士
國立交通大學
電機與控制工程系
87
Multi-dimensional radial functions (RFs) are widely used in several neural network schemes and may have interesting applications also in fuzzy logic based systems. Unfortunately their classical look-up table hardware implementation needs an external board that does not allow high speed real world applications. At the state of art, digital VLSI implementations of Neural Networks (NN) and Fuzzy Logic based systems (FLS) easy to interface with more complex computational systems such as workstations or microprocessors are made possible. In this thesis, we propose VLSI techniques to implement the Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN), many RF generators can be integrated on a single chip giving rise to a computational system which is faster than classical look-up table implementations, this architecture is used to implement the forward step of a RBFNN. This input, hidden, and output nodes are adjustable. The Finite State Machine (FSM) method is used to pipe the datapath for higher speed. We also use this design in fuzzy membership function mapping to verify the functionality of the architecture.
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49

Colic, Sinisa. "RBF Based Responsive Stimulators To Control Epilepsy." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/18256.

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Deep Brain Simulation (DBS) has received attention in the scientific community for its potential to suppress epileptic seizures. To date, DBS has only achieved marginal positive results. We believe that a highly complex possibly chaotic (HPC) biologically inspired stimulation is superior to periodic stimulation. Using Radial Basis Functions (RBFs), we modeled interictal and postictal time series based on electroencephalograms (EEGs) of rat hippocampus slices while under low Mg2+. We then compared the RBF based interictal and postictal stimulations to the periodic stimulation using a Cognitive Rhythm Generator (CRG) model for spontaneous Seizure-Like Events (SLEs). What resulted was a significant improvement in seizure suppression with the HPC stimulators at lower gains as opposed to the periodic signal. This suggests that the use of biologically inspired HPC stimulators will achieve better results while confining the stimulation to a narrow region of the brain.
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50

Martins, Fernando Manuel Pires. "An implementation of flexible RBF neural networks." Master's thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/5482.

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Tese de mestrado, Informática, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2009
Sempre que o trabalho de investigação resulta numa nova descoberta, a comunidade científica, e o mundo em geral, enriquece. Mas a descoberta científica per se não é suficiente. Para beneficio de todos, é necessário tornar estas inovações acessíveis através da sua fácil utilização e permitindo a sua melhoria, potenciando assim o progresso científico. Uma nova abordagem na modelação de núcleos em redes neuronais com Funções de Base Radial (RBF) foi proposta por Falção et al. em Flexible Kernels for RBF Networks[14]. Esta abordagem define um algoritmo de aprendizagem para classificação, inovador na àrea da aprendizagem das redes neuronais RBF. Os testes efectuados mostraram que os resultados estão ao nível dos melhores nesta área, tornando como um dever óbvio para com a comunidade científica a sua disponibilização de forma aberta. Neste contexto, a motivação da implementação do algoritmo de núcleos flexíveis para redes neuronais RBF (FRBF) ganhou novos contornos, resultando num conjunto de objectivos bem definidos: (i) integração, o FRBF deveria ser integrado, ou integrável, numa plataforma facilmente acessível à comunidade científica; (ii) abertura, o código fonte deveria ser aberto para potenciar a expansão e melhoria do FRBF; (iii) documentação, imprescindível para uma fácil utilização e compreensão; e (iv) melhorias, melhorar o algoritmo original, no procedimento de cálculo das distâncias e no suporte de parâmetros de configuração. Foi com estes objectivos em mente que se iniciou o trabalho de implementação do FRBF. O FRBF segue a tradicional abordagem de redes neuronais RBF, com duas camadas, dos algoritmos de aprendizagem para classificação. A camada escondida, que contém os núcleos, calcula a distância entre o ponto e uma classe, sendo o ponto atribuído à classe com menor distância. Este algoritmo foca-se num método de ajuste de parâmetros para uma rede de funções Gaussianas multivariáveis com formas elípticas, conferindo um grau de flexibilidade extra à estrutura do núcleo. Esta flexibilidade é obtida através da utilização de funções de modificação aplicadas ao procedimento de cálculo da distância, que é essencial na avaliaçãoo dos núcleos. É precisamente nesta flexibilidade e na sua aproximação ao Classificador Bayeseano ´Optimo (BOC), com independência dos núcleos em relação às classes, que reside a invovação deste algoritmo. O FRBF divide-se em duas fases, aprendizagem e classificação, sendo ambas semelhantes em relaçãoo às tradicionais redes neuronais RBF. A aprendizagem faz-se em dois passos distintos. No primeiro passo: (i) o número de núcleos para cada classe é definido através da proporção da variância do conjunto de treino associado a cada classe; (ii) o conjunto de treino é separado de acordo com cada classe e os centros dos núcleos são determinados através do algoritmo K-Means; e (iii) é efectuada uma decomposição espectral para as matrizes de covariância para cada núcleo, determinando assim a matriz de vectores próprios e os valores próprios correspondentes. No segundo passo são encontrados os valores dos parâmetros de ajuste de expansão para cada núcleo. Após a conclusão da fase de aprendizagem, obtém-se uma rede neuronal que representa um modelo de classificação para dados do mesmo domínio do conjunto de treino. A classificação é bastante simples, bastando aplicar o modelo aos pontos a classificar, obtendo-se o valor da probabilidade do ponto pertencer a uma determinada classe. As melhorias introduzidas ao algoritmo original, definidas após análise do protótipo, centram-se: (i) na parametrização, permitindo a especificação de mais parâmetros, como por exemplo o algoritmo a utilizar pelo K-Means; (ii) no teste dos valores dos parâmetros de ajuste de expansão dos núcleos, testando sempre as variações acima e abaixo; (iii) na indicação de utilização, ou não, da escala na PCA; e (iv) na possibilidade do cálculo da distãncia ser feito ao centróide ou à classe. A análise à plataforma para desenvolvimento do FRBF, e das suas melhorias, resultou na escolha do R. O R é, ao mesmo tempo, uma linguagem de programação, uma plataforma de desenvolvimento e um ambiente. O R foi seleccionado por várias razões, de onde se destacam: (i) abertura e expansibilidade, permitindo a sua utilização e expansão por qualquer pessoa; (ii) repositório CRAN, que permite a distribuição de pacotes de expansão; e (iii) largamente usado para desenvolvimento de aplicações estatísticas e análise de dados, sendo mesmo o standard de facto na comunidade científica estatística. Uma vez escolhida a plataforma, iniciou-se a implementação do FRBF e das suas melhorias. Um dos primeiros desafios a ultrapassar foi a inexistência de documentação para desenvolvimento. Tal facto implicou a definição de boas práticas e padrões de desenvolvimento específicos, tais como documentação e definição de variáveis. O desenvolvimento do FRBF dividiu-se em duas funções principais, frbf que efectua o procedimento de aprendizagem e retorna o modelo, e predict uma função base do R que foi redefinida para suportar o modelo gerado e que é responsável pela classificacão. As primeiras versões do FRBF tinham uma velocidade de execução lenta, mas tal não foi inicialmente considerado preocupante. No entanto, alguns testes ao procedimento de aprendizagem eram demasiado morosos, passando a velocidade de execução a ser um problema crítico. Para o resolver, foi efectuada uma análise para identificar os pontos de lentidão. Esta acção revelou que os procedimentos de manipulação de objectos eram bastante lentos. Assim, aprofundou-se o conhecimento das funções e operadores do R que permitissem efectuar essa manipulação de forma mais eficiente e rápida. A aplicação desta acção correctiva resultou numa redução drástica no tempo de execução. O processo de qualidade do FRBF passou por três tipos de testes: (i) unitários, verificando as funções individualmente; (ii) de caixa negra, testando as funções de aprendizagem e classificação; e (iii) de precisão, aferindo a qualidade dos resultados. Considerando a complexidade do FRBF e o número de configurações possíveis, os resultados obtidos foram bastante satisfatórios, mostrando uma implementação sólida. A precisão foi alvo de atenção especial, sendo precisamente aqui onde não foi plena a satisfação com os resultados obtidos. Tal facto advém das discrepâncias obtidas entre os resultados do FRBF e do protótipo, onde comparação dos resultados beneficiou sempre este último. Uma análise cuidada a esta situação revelou que a divergência acontecia na PCA, que é efectuada de forma distinta. O próprio R possui formas distintas de obter os vectores próprios e os valores próprios, tendo essas formas sido testadas, mas nenhuma delas suplantou os resultados do protótipo. Uma vez certificado o algoritmo, este foi empacotado e submetido ao CRAN. Este processo implicou a escrita da documentação do pacote, das funções e classes envolvidas. O pacote é distribuído sob a licença LGPL, permitindo uma utilização bastante livre do FRBF e, espera-se, potenciando a sua exploração e inovação. O trabalho desenvolvido cumpre plenamente os objectivos inicialmente definidos. O algoritmo original foi melhorado e implementado na plataforma standard usada pela comunidade científica estatística. A sua disponibilização através de um pacote no CRAN sob uma licença de código aberto permite a sua exploração e inovação. No entanto, a implementação do FRBF não se esgota aqui, existindo espaço para trabalho futuro na redução do tempo de execução e na melhoria dos resultados de classificação.
This dissertation is focused on the implementation and improvements of the Flexible Radial Basis Function Neural Networks algorithm. It is a clustering algorithm that describes a method for adjusting parameters for a Radial Basis Function neural network of multivariate Gaussians with ellipsoid shapes. This provides an extra degree of flexibility to the kernel structure through the usage of modifier functions applied to the distance computation procedure. The focus of this work is the improvement and implementation of this clustering algorithm under an open source licensing on a data analysis platform. Hence, the algorithm was implemented under the R platform, the de facto open standard framework among statisticians, allowing the scientific community to use it and, hopefully, improve it. The implementation presented several challenges at various levels, such as inexistent development standards, the distributable package creation and the profiling and tuning process. The enhancements introduced provide a slightly different learning process and extra configuration options to the end user, resulting in more tuning possibilities to be tried and tested during the learning phase. The tests performed show a robust implementation of the algorithm and its enhancements on the R platform. The resulting work has been made available as a R package under an open source licensing, allowing everyone to used it and improve it. This contribution to the scientific community complies with the goals defined for this work.
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