Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rayonnement proche infrarouge'
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Bellisario, Christophe. "Modélisation du rayonnement proche infrarouge émis par la haute atmosphère : étude théorique et observationnelle." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLV027/document.
Full textThe nightglow is an atmospheric radiation which occurs at high altitude (around 90 km). It comes from the desexcitation of specific molecules and atoms (OH, Na, O2 and O). It spreads over a wide spectral band, especially in the infrared and propagates to the ground level. The nightglow emission is an important mark for the high atmosphere, as it allows the retrieval of the temperature and many dynamic processes such as atmospheric tides or gravity waves. Its propagation to the ground level allows the illumination of terrestrial scene and therefore the night vision with the use of near infrared cameras. In order to have a better knowledge of the emission fluctuations as a function of time for various scales and at various locations, the work is focused on an observational and theoretical study. The observational study produced large scale climatology with the extraction of nightglow emission from GOMOS data. On the other hand, ground measurements highlighted some dynamical aspects such as tides and gravity waves. To model the nightglow emission, it has been necessary to take into account the chemical reactions of the species available at high altitude, the heating, the photodissociation process and the propagation of the emission to the ground. Selected dynamical processes have been included, such as the molecular and turbulent diffusion, and a tide parameterization. Finally, the results of the model are compared to the satellite and ground observations and sensitivity tests are run to estimate the response of the emission to the various modules of the model
Silveira, Miguel Patricio da. "Irs snom : Apport du rayonnement synchrotron infrarouge aux techniques de microscopie en champ proche optique." Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10287.
Full textMy project is concerned with the development of an infrared aperture- less scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) that will use the syn- chrotron radiation of the ESRF as source of infrared light. This radiation has two main particularities well-suited to spectroscopic studies: this is a white source of light covering the near infrared band from 5 to 15 J. . Lm where tunable laser sources are still under development and it is very bright and stable, both in time and space [DPG005]. Once developed, the microscope will be applied to the infrared spectroscopy - essentially vibrational - and di- agnosis of materials and of local nanostructures which are of current interest to the micro and nanoelectronic industry [RCB+ 02]. As my project is very instrumenta~ the beginning was dedicated to the conception of a microscope system, starting with nothing and having all the needed materials at the end of the flfst year. The second year was dedicated to the integration and implementation of the experimental setup, to the understanding of its functionalities and to trials for validating the new too\. Afterwards we were fully committed to researching and understanding this unique too\. We have started with sorne preliminary results and then it would essentially be a question of allocated experimental time until obtain- ing the resuhs that we had aimed for. Our setup is unique and therefore the works we have for reference are from groups using the same techniques operating under very different con- ditions [WF A03; FW A05a; FWLA04; RGEH05; Hil04; GAS+ OOb; Suk04; TKH04] Our main difficulty is in detecting a weak signa~ which we had expected to succeed. 1 will show later sorne calculations that made us believe so. One of our reference groups managed to do it in simpler conditions than ours, but it is worth recalling that it took them 3 years to adjust their setup sensitivity, thereby conflfffiing that these are very hard techniques. Our starting idea was of using synchrotron radiation as illuminating source in the infrared range because of its characteristics. This is a white light source, with all the wavelengths present at the same time, allowing us to perform spectroscopy, meaning that we will obtain chemical information of the sample [Hil04; MGCS04]. This is the big novelty comparing with the other works. It turned out that the light is rather weak which makes the search for the signal a difficult task. Our setup should then be tested with a laser, which is several orders of magnitude more powerful than the synchrotron radiation, and what might be a good debugging too\. This seems a good alternative to better understand what are the critical points that must be improved in our system. The lasers to use could be visible, infrared (C02 ), or tunable. For spec- troscopy, the tunable lasers are not only less stable but they are also more restricted in the spectral range to the very near infrared part of the spectrum than the synchrotron radiation. The ESRF synchrotron facility is my home lab, and 1 have worked in collaboration with the CEA-LETI for the development ofthis tool
Langevin, Marc-Antoine. "Synthèse et caractérisation de nanocristaux à base d'argent émettant dans le proche-infrarouge." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27321.
Full textDifferent near-infrared emitting silver-based semiconductor nanocrystals were synthesized for this project. First, orthorhombic AgInSe2 nanocrystals synthesized from an Ag-In-thiolate complex will be presented. Evolution of the Ag:In:Se ratio measured by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy shows progressive incorporation of In3+ in Ag2Se seeds via progressive partial cation-exchange reaction. The resulting nanocrystals were studied by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Depending on the reaction conditions, the nanocrystals can be spherical, pyramidal or prismatic and emit between 800 nm and 1300 nm with a photoluminescence quantum yield up to 21%. The nanocrystals were then covered with a ZnS shell. Two different methods were used: one at high temperature and one at room temperature. Two ZnS monolayers were added with the high temperature method. A hypsochromic shift, a narrowing of the FWHM and an increase in the photoluminescence quantum yield were observed. It was associated with diffusion of Zn inside the nanocrystals. With the room temperature method, up to three ZnS monolayers were added, but only a small bathochromic shift was observed. The presence of a shell was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The ZnS-covered nanocrystals were then encapsulated in an amphiphilic copolymer and dispersed in water, while maintaining a good photoluminescence. In order to study the effects of the nanocrystals’ composition, CuxAg1-xInSe2 solid solutions were obtained by adapting the synthesis protocol of AgInSe2 nanocrystals. Nanocrystals with a composition between AgInSe2 and Cu0.6Ag0.4InSe2 have shown progressive bathochromic shift of their photoluminescence, from 1112 nm to 1450 nm. An important shift of the photoluminescence around 700 nm was observed for Cu0.8Ag0.2InSe2 and CuInSe2, most likely due to the smaller size of the resulting nanocrystals. Depending on their composition, the photoluminescence quantum yield can be between 6 and 20%. X-ray diffraction patterns have shown a progressive shift towards larger angles with increasing Cu:Ag ratios and decrease in the intensity of the peaks characteristic of the orthorhombic phase. In order to show the versatility of this method, AgInTe2 nanocrystals were also synthesized by replacing tributylphosphine selenide, used for the synthesis of AgInSe2 nanocrystals, with trioctylphosphine telluride. Nanocrystals emitting between 1095 nm and 1160 nm were obtained. However, they had an elongated spherical shape and their best measured photoluminescence quantum yield was only 0.06%. By adding zinc acetate at the beginning of the synthesis, a blueshift of the photoluminescence was observed and the quantum yield was increased up to 3.4%. Finally, the optical properties of Ag2Se nanocrystals will be presented. In order to increase their photoluminescence quantum yield, the synthesis of an Ag2S shell was attempted. However, a decrease in photoluminescence and an important bathochromic shift were observed instead. To understand the results, a study of the Ag2Se cores properties was necessary. Ag2Se nanocrystals with an average radius between 0.95 nm and 4.7 nm were synthesized and analyzed by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. The energy of the first observed transition tends towards 1.1 eV, which is significantly higher than the expected value of 0.15 eV. Their concentration was determined by thermogravimetric analysis, allowing the determination of their molar extinction coefficient at different wavelengths. At the first transition, this value is proportional to r02.7±0.2 and eventually follows the classically predicted cubic power law with r0 at higher energies.
Mariotti, Jean-Marie. "Imagerie à la limite de diffraction en infrarouge proche : méthodes et résultats astrophysiques." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10048.
Full textHu, David. "Photocatalyseurs nanocomposites UCNP@SiO2@ZnO, activés par rayonnement proche infrarouge, pour la dépollution des eaux usées." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS017.pdf.
Full textPhotocatalysts such as zinc oxide (ZnO) can mineralize toxic and persistent organic pollutants present in wastewaters. Unfortunately, these photocatalysts loose part of their effectiveness because they need to be activated by UV light, which has a limited penetration depth in highly contaminated wastewaters. In this project, we envision to adress the limitations of classical photocatalysts by the development of UCNP@SiO2@ZnO composites that enclose : (i) UCNP: a LiYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ core that enables the in situ generation of UV light under NIR illumination, (ii) @SiO2, a thin silica coating, whose role is to protect the UCNP core from photocatalytic corrosion and to allow the growing of (iii) @ZnO, a high surface area ZnO shell with tunable morphology, whose role is to decompose the organic pollutant upon activation by the UV-light emitted from the UCNP core. Once the UCNPs are obtained by thermal decomposition, they were encapsulated in a silica shell using reverse microemulsion or a modified Stöber process. The luminescence properties of the UCNPs, before and after silica coating, were investigated. Finally, the ZnO overcoating was formed either by heterocoagulation or by microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis. The methods were first optimized on model silica nanoparticles, before transposition to UCNP@SiO2 for the preparation of UCNP@SiO2@ZnO. The morphologies as well as the optical, electronic and photocatalytic properties of the resulting particles were caracterized at each step. An understanding on structure-properties relationship was conducted to improve the synergy between each layer and get optimal photocatalytic properties
Delchambre, Elise. "Origine de la déformation spectrale de la luminance proche infrarouge des composants en carbone de Tore Supra." Aix-Marseille 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX11053.
Full textAndroz, Guillaume. "Étude d'un laser à fibre de ZBLAN dopée au thulium émettant dans le proche infrarouge." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27464/27464.pdf.
Full textSakr, Salam. "Dispositifs intersousbandes à base de nitrures d’éléments III du proche infrarouge au THz." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112207/document.
Full textIntersubband devices based on III-nitrides have interesting properties for optoelectronics and photonics applications in the infrared. The heterostructures of these materials have a large conduction band offset of 1.75 eV and therefore allow covering the whole infrared electromagnetic spectral range. Furthermore, these materials are characterized by extremely short ISB relaxation times and are, consequently, potential candidates for the development of ultrafast optoelectronic devices at the fiber optics telecommunication wavelengths for fiber optics or for free space communication. On the other hand, thanks to the large LO phonon energy in these materials, these heterostructures offer the possibility of fabricating compact THz lasers operating at room temperature. In this context, I firstly present in this manuscript a theoretical and an experimental study of the electronic transport in simple AlGaN/GaN heterostructures namely resonant tunneling diodes and more complex structures such as multi-quantum wells based on III-nitrides. The modeling of the transport in RTDs shows the dependency of the current resonances on the sign of the applied voltage as well as the height of the double barrier. I also demonstrate that the experimentally observed electrical instabilities in these devices are due to the defects in the material. In the multiple quantum well structures, I give the first evidence of reproducible resonant tunneling transport. In chapter 3, I propose and develop several principles of quantum cascade detectors in the near infrared between 1 and 2 μm operating at room temperature. I demonstrate, using time-resolved bias-lead monitoring technique, that they are intrinsically very fast (picosecond). I also develop micro - QCD devices that have a -3 dB cut-off frequency beyond 40 GHz. The design of QCDs operating at longer wavelengths is discussed. In the last part of the manuscript, I present a spectroscopic study of GaN superlattices with ISB transitions in the far-infrared. I show that the utilization of step quantum wells allows to tune the ISB absorption frequency to the THz. I finally present the first demonstration of the intersubband electroluminescence from 2 to 9 THz in these structures
Vidalis-Duvert, Sophie. "Mise en place d'un infraprover : nouvelle génération d'infraalyseur." Bordeaux 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR2P109.
Full textQuach, Patrick. "Dispositifs intersousbandes à base de nitrures d’éléments III du proche infrarouge au térahertz." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS133.
Full textNitrides are promising materials for producing intersubband devices (ISB): their high potential discontinuity in conduction band (1.75 eV) allows them to cover a wide wavelength range from near infrared to terahertz (THz), and finally the high energy optical phonon (90 meV) suggests the possibility of producing sources emitting THz while operating at room temperature. My research focuses on quantum cascade detector (QCD) and quantum cascade lasers (QCL) based on III-N operating in the THz.First, I outline the concepts, realization and characterization of several quantum cascade detectors (QCDs) based on nitrides (AlGaN / GaN) operating in near infrared between 1 and 2 microns. Then, I propose design of devices working in the THz range: I describe difficulties inherent in getting ISB transitions in THz fields in polar nitride quantum well. I detail the design of QCDs operating at 5 and 6 THz. Then I worked on QCL operating at 2.5 THz.In parallel, I also worked on VI elements oxides (II-VI). These materials have the same benefits as III nitrides. I characterized a series of samples containing quantum wells ZnO / ZnMgO. Measurements show the presence of ISB transitions and allow me to provide an estimation of the conduction band offset, which value was not well known prior to this work
Moreau, François. "Thermographie proche infrarouge par caméras CCD et application aux composants de première paroi du Tokamak TORE SUPRA." Aix-Marseille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX30075.
Full textMuller, Jérôme. "Réalisation et modélisation d'un microscope à sonde locale appliqué à l'étude du rayonnement thermique en champ proche." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00651356.
Full textSedaghat, Zohreh. "A near-field study of the probe-sample interaction in near and mid-infrared nanoscopy." Troyes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TROY0019.
Full textThe probe-sample interaction in scattering type Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy (s-NSOM) is investigated theoretically and experimentally. To understand this interaction, a commonly used analytical model is detailed as well as a more rigorous method based on a dyadic Green functions. In the simplest cases, both approaches give similar radiation patterns of the coupled probe-sample and the signal dependence to the probe and sample permittivities is then discussed. The case of tipenhanced resonances is notably highlighted. Experimentally, two s-NSOM setups were considered, one in the mid-IR spectral range and one in the near IR. In the former case, we have imaged several sub-λ gratings for different probe sizes. Interestingly, contrast inversions are obtained when the size is decreased suggesting that tip-induced resonances have been observed for the sharpest probe. Such behavior is in agreement with the probe permittivity value calculated via a model based on an elastic continuum medium theory recently developed to take into account phonon confinement. While in mid-IR, the large variation of the dielectric function induced by phonon resonances is favorable to refractive index mapping, in the near-IR most of the application is related to the characterization of integrated optical devices where the goal is mainly to image the field propagating inside the structures. Flexible hybrid probes have been fabricated and used to characterize an ion exchange waveguide. The polarization response of the nano-probes is studied experimentally. The Green technique is used to explain the observed trend
Reinhart, Florian. "Illumination proche infrarouge à visée neuroprotectrice dans la maladie de Parkinson : étude préclinique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAS043/document.
Full textParkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, after Alzheimer disease. It is characterized by a slow, continuous death of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway, followed by severe motor and non-motor symptoms. Parkinson’s disease affects 6.3 million peoples, with a homogeneous distribution worldwide.There are several symptomatic strategies applied in clinic, such as the dopa-therapy (gold standard) and the deep brain stimulation. However, theses therapeutical approaches are not neuroprotective. Indeed, to date, there is no strategy able to effectively slow or rescue the course of the disease. Alternatively, a growing number of studies show the cytoprotective potential of a near infrared illumination. Recently, several studies showed the neuroprotective potential of these wavelengths in rodent models of Parkinson disease.The aim of this work is to confirm and optimize the efficacy of a near infrared treatment in Parkinson’s disease, as the first step for the future clinical trial.We used the MPTP mice and the 6-OHDA unilateral rat models to assess the feasibility and the effectiveness of an intracerebral chronical illumination. We also measured the influence of the wavelength, the time window (pre-, post-treatment), the global optical energy delivered (continuous vs discontinuous, number of flashs, energy of one flash), the duration of one flash and the optical power on the therapeutical efficacy.We demonstrate here the feasibility of an intracerebral chronical illumination and its neuroprotective potential. We show that the 670 and 810 nm wavelengths both protect the dopaminergic cells in the rodent models, and produce a quick activation of the protective mechanisms (< 20 min). The neuroprotective effect stays effective at least 48 hours after the illumination. Moreover, we show that a discontinuous illumination seems better than a continuous one. The global optical energy delivered has no significant influence on the efficacy. In contrast, the optical power has an everything-or-nothing effect. The therapeutic efficacy is also flash duration dependent (bell effect).All these results confirm and complete the scientific literature. Together with the work on non-human primates from my team, these results will be useful to design the future clinical trial
Bouzida, Nabila. "Extraction de la signature veineuse dans le moyen (MWIR) et le proche infrarouge (NIR) - Analyse de la thermorégulation du corps." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26541/26541.pdf.
Full textTranchant, Laurent. "Transferts radiatifs de champ proche guidés : nanostructures à phonon-polaritons de surface." Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECAP0001/document.
Full textMiniaturization of transistors, whose sizes reach a few tens of nanometers nowadays,implies new problems of heat control at very short scales. This big challenge among others enabled the emergence of nanoscale heat transfer as a new research domain. Near-field heat transfer is one of the axis of this thematic.It concerns the behavior of thermal waves at a scale shorter than their wave lengths.Under these conditions the waves with the highest energy density are evanescent, that is confined at the surface. Surface phonon-polariton (SPhP) is a particular case of an evanescent wave propagating at the surface of a polar dielectric material. This PhD work consists in examining SPhP propagation along the surface of micrometric glass tubes and in proving the ability of these waves to enhance heat transfer in these systems.A theoretical analysis has been carried out to justify the use of such heat waveguides whose thermal conductivity can be doubled due to SPhP. The experimental detection of those waves based on their diffraction at the tip of the glass tubes is then presented. This emission is measured thanks to the assembly of a microscope and a Fourier-transform IR spectrometer. The presence of SPhPs is proved through measured spectra exhibiting their characteristic spectral signature
Dika, Ihab. "Photopolymère pour le proche infrarouge : application à la fabrication de microlentilles sur composants optiques par écriture directe." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MULH5392.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to develop a new photopolymer material that can be microstructured in the wavelength range of near-infrared (NIR). The ultimate aim of this work is to propose innovative solutions for micro-optical integration on VCSELs (Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser). These miniaturized light sources are used in many applications in optics, photonics, sensors or biology. The main technological challenge was to develop and explore a new photopolymer compatible with a microfabrication initiated by the VCSEL. The main difficulty was to develop a new molecular system for radical polymerization at 780 and 850 nm, which is the wavelength emitted by the VCSEL. An important part of the work consisted to study the photophysical and photochemical mechanisms of this photopolymer in order to provide efficient systems in terms of photophysics, photochemistry of the photopolymerization. An original approach was developed to quantitatively apprehend the phenomena dye diffusion in the polymer matrix. Based on the proposed molecular systems, demonstrating the integration of microlenses on VCSELs by this innovative process could be shown. The lensed VCSELs have been characterized and very interesting properties for focusing have been demonstrated
Doule, Claude. "Amplification parametrique optique en regime femtoseconde et tomographie optique coherente : deux methodes d'imagerie proche infrarouge dans des milieux diffusants." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2000. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00713989.
Full textGousset, Silvère. "Optimisation d'un système d'Optique Adaptative pour l'observation de l'espace et mise en oeuvre d'un détecteur proche infra-rouge innovant en analyse de front d'onde." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. https://hal.science/tel-01297334.
Full textAdaptive Optics (AO) allows the correction of the atmospheric effects on the images. This technic is today mature in astronomy. However the future systems require more advanced developments to increase sky coverage. In that, recent Avalanche PhotoDiodes (APD) arrays are promising by providing possible low flux wave-front sensing from visible to near infra-red. Other applications are also searching for take advantage of AO, like space observation or free space optical telecommunications. The integration of the ODISSEE AO bench at the OCA provides a sky acces for new concepts validation in many fields. We present in this PhD thesis the approach to calibrate and optimize the bench. We carry out a detailed analysis of error sources from a complete characterization of the system and of its results in operation, supported by a fitted modeling. These works enable guide future bench optimization works, and represent a gain in terms of operability for space observation and telecom, where ODISSEE has an unique status in Europe. In parallel we prepare the implementation of APD array for Wave-Front Sensing (WFS), by studying the RAPID camera. This involves analysing the impact of cosmetic and Fixed Pattern Noise (FPN) propagation on WFSensing in AO. Therefore we propose a FPN modeling and its propagation in AO. These works allow to design an optimize a RAPID wave-front sensor, taking advantage of the major breakthrough of APD arrays for AO
Monin, Jean-Louis. "Conception et réalisation d'une camera astronomique basée sur un détecteur infrarouge bidimensionnel : résultats astrophysiques." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 1987. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00725260.
Full textLaurain, Alexandre. "Sources laser à semiconducteur à émission verticale de haute cohérence et de forte puissance dans le proche et le moyen infrarouge." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00613743.
Full textPeragut, Florian. "Imagerie et spectroscopie super-résolues dans l'infrarouge." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066080.
Full textWe couple infrared sources with a scattering near-field scanning optical microscope (SNOM) combined with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) in order to probe the local optical properties of matter with sub-wavelength spatial resolution. We study the near-field thermal emission of a surface made of silicon carbide and gold, and then of a semiconductor-based multilayer. We reveal experimentally the presence of surface waves propagating at the different interfaces of these samples, by imaging and spectroscopy. We probe the spatial evolution of the electromagnetic local density of states spectrum thanks to super-resolved hyperspectral imaging of the near-field thermal emission. We show that spatial resolution and contrast between the structures decrease as the distance at which the probe performs the scans increases. We couple our SNOM and FTIR with synchrotron radiation and demonstrate the capability of such coupling to perform nanospectroscopy studies in the mid-infrared range by investigating the samples mentioned above. We demonstrate super-resolved terahertz imaging using synchrotron radiation. We experimentally study the influence of the illumination on the images obtained in SNOM and show that the detection of the near-field thermal emission provides distortion-free images and therefore are easier to interpret than those obtained using a monochromatic laser source or far-field thermal emission. We also develop a 3D imaging technique
Mordenti, Stéphane. "Etude magnéto-optique dans le proche infrarouge de systèmes bidimensionnels élaborés à partir d'alliages II-VI ou III-V." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10127.
Full textAntoni, Thomas. "Structures de couplage optique originales pour les détecteurs infrarouge à puits quantiques." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00441495.
Full textVoisin, Fabrice. "Intégration d'une électronique cryogénique à faible niveau de bruit sous la forme de circuits ASIC en technologie CMOS pour la mise en œuvre de détecteurs bolométriques à supraconducteurs HTC." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066371.
Full textOvigneur, Bertrand. "Description des propriétés macrophysiques et microphysiques des nuages par télédétection active et passive : application à la campagne aéroportée FRENCH/DIRAC." Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-Ovigneur.pdf.
Full textPar des méthodes stéréoscopiques ou basées sur l'absorption par le dioxygène, POLDER fournit une information sur l'altitude des nuages. Celle-ci est moins précise mais présente l'avantage de rendre compte du large champ spatial couvert par l'instrument. Les mesures polarisées de POLDER ou de LEANDRE permettent une estimation de la phase thermodynamique des nuages, mais par commodité, une méthode simple basée sur le rapport des luminances mesurées dans le visible et le moyen infrarouge par MiniMIR est développée et privilégiée dans cette étude. Finalement, une méthode d'estimation optimale est développée et mise en œuvre pour déterminer l'épaisseur optique des nuages et la dimension des particules qui les constituent à partir de mesures passives dans le visible et dans le moyen infrarouge. Comparée aux méthodes précédemment développées au laboratoire, cette méthode permet d'obtenir des précisions similaires sur les paramètres nuageux déterminés. Toutefois, elle offre l'avantage d'exploiter naturellement les mesures multidirectionnelles de POLDER ainsi que d'autres informations ou données auxiliaires. De part sa modularité, cette méthode pourrait permettre d'exploiter en synergie les mesures de l'A-train
Faye, Mbaye. "Signature infrarouge et modélisation pour la télédétection de deux gaz : SF6 et RuO4." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS182.
Full textThis work is a contribution to the spectroscopic study of two gases of anthropogenic origin for which the modeling of the infrared signature may allow a quantification in releases in the atmosphere. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) is mainly rejected by the electrical industry, which uses it as a gaseous insulator and its concentration increases rapidly in the atmosphere (of the order of 7 per cent per year). It is a potent greenhouse gas listed in the Kyoto Protocol because its intense absorption around 10 μm issituated in a window of atmospheric transparency and its lifetime in the upper atmosphere (approximately 3200 years) confers an exceptionally high radiative transfer coefficient (Global WarmingPotential, or GWP equal to 23900 times that of carbon dioxide,CO2). The detection and quantification of this gas by its infrared signature via satellite measurements requires a very accurate modeling of the absorption spectra, incompletely known. For SF₆,in particular because of the fact that this heavy molecule presents a large number of vibrational levels of low energy, there exist hotbands in the region of atmospheric absorption around its most intense fundamental absorption (v₃); these involve excited states little or not characterized. Thus, at ambient temperature, only 32% of the molecules are located in the vibrational ground state. Current databases contain only data for the fundamental vibrationband. To compensate for this lack, it is therefore necessary toobserve a number of transitions from the ground state to the excited levels of low energy used corresponding to initial states of the hot bands and to acquire data for modeling also levels with two quanta of vibration constituting the upper levels of arrival of thes ehot bands.This work is a contribution to the spectroscopic study of two gases of anthropogenic origin for which the modeling of the infrared signature may allow a quantification in releases in the atmosphere.Sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) is mainly rejected by the electricalindustry, which uses it as a gaseous insulator and its concentration increases rapidly in the atmosphere (of the order of 7 per cent peryear). It is a potent greenhouse gas listed in the Kyoto Protocolbecause its intense absorption around 10 μm is situated in awindow of atmospheric transparency and its lifetime in the upper atmosphere (approximately 3200 years) confers an exceptionally high radiative transfer coefficient (Global Warming Potential, orGWP equal to 23900 times that of carbon dioxide, CO2). The detection and quantification of this gas by its infrared signature via satellite measurements requires a very accurate modeling of theabsorption spectra, incompletely known. For SF6, in particular because of the fact that this heavy molecule presents a largenumber of vibrational levels of low energy, there exist hot bands in the region of atmospheric absorption around its most intensefundamental absorption (v3); these involve excited states little or not characterized. Thus, at ambient temperature, only 32 % of themolecules are located in the vibrational ground state. Current databases contain only data for the fundamental vibration band. Tocompensate for this lack, it is therefore necessary to observe a number of transitions from the ground state to the excited levels oflow energy used corresponding to initial states of the hot bands andto acquire data for modeling also levels with two quanta ofvibration constituting the upper levels of arrival of these hot bands
Eftekhari, Ali. "Photodynamics of upconversion nanoparticles : a combined investigation at ensemble and single particle levels." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILR086.
Full textThe unique photoluminescent properties of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), which emit visible light while being illuminated by near infrared (NIR) radiation, have sparked the interest of researchers worldwide and inspired many bioana¬lytical applications. Their anti-Stokes emission, long luminescence lifetime, narrow and multiple absorption and emission bands, and excellent photostability enable background-free and multiplexed detection in thick biological objects. Emission is controlled by a balance of numerous radiative and non radiative pathways, including energy transfers between sensitizers and activators and quenching effects due to the host matrix and surface. Altogether, these processes account for the highly nonlinear response of the emissions to the excitation power. However, despite numerous studies in this field, rationalizing the dynamics of these energy transfers within these nanoparticles still remains a challenge, albeit it controls their time-dependent luminescence (rise and decay) and their emission yield. The purpose of this thesis is thus to investigate the photo-dynamics taking place in different types of UCNPs in order to disentangle the complex energy pathways driving their emission properties at ensemble and single particle levels.First, ultrasmall UCNPs doped with Ytterbium (Yb, sensitizer) and Thulium (Tm, activator) were considered. These particles, due to their tininess (<3nm), have a reduced number of activators, which allows selecting the number of processes controlling their emission: thanks to a limited probability of activator cross relaxation, the dynamics of the energy redistribution in the activator kinetic network is greatly simplified. A minute examination of these ultrasmall UCNP in solution was thus possible using different irradiation schemes (continuous wave, nanosecond pulse, pulse square, sensitizer-mediated or direct activator excitations). In particular, the α-to-β phase transition occurring during the synthesis procedure could be evidenced by the sudden increase of the 3H4 excited state lifetime. Additionally, we also addressed the influence of Yb concentration and surface coating with a shell on the emission dynamics of the different Tm excited states.To study the emission at the single particle level, we have developed a new confocal microscope based on a millisecond-square pulse NIR excitation and an intensified gated CCD camera in order to measure space- and time-resolved spectra. We discuss here two applications of this new tool: (i) we first investigated the emission properties of Tm- and Er-based core and core-shell UCNPs assemblies. According to the nanometric spatial arrangement of the particles, we could demonstrate that the emission dynamics of single particles, 2D monolayers or 3D aggregates differ in terms of power-dependent emission band ratios and lifetimes. (ii) we examined hybrid systems composed of single UCNPs and perylene-based organic films in terms of emission spectra and lifetimes in order to study the nature of the energy transfers from the UCNP to the dye according to the nature emitter excited state
Peroni, Raphaël. "Télédétection du contenu en vapeur d'eau au-dessus et autour de nuages convectifs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR083.
Full textDespite significant advances in atmospheric physics research over the past few decades, many uncertainties persist regarding our understanding of climate change. Current knowledge indicates that clouds play a major role in these uncertainties due to complex interactions involving aerosols, water vapor, clouds, global atmospheric circulation, convection, and precipitation. Water vapor plays a crucial role in clouds formation and development, especially those resulting from convective phenomena that redistribute water vapor in the atmosphere through exchanges between clouds and their immediate environment. Therefore, a better understanding of water vapor content above and around clouds is necessary to improve our comprehension of interactions between water vapor and clouds and to help the scientific community better constrain LES models and numerical weather forecasting models. Our research is part of the C³IEL space mission, which aims to enhance our knowledge of the 3D envelope of convective clouds, their horizontal and vertical development velocities, the water vapor content above and around clouds, and the electrical activity associated with these convective systems. The focus of this thesis concerns the retrieval of integrated water vapor content in the presence of clouds from satellite observations. This retrieval was achieved through a Bayesian probabilistic approach: the optimal estimation method. So far, few studies have explicitly demonstrated the feasibility of such inversion under cloudy atmosphere because of the complexity related to the penetration and scattering of radiation within the cloud. This increases the number of parameters involved in the relationship between radiance and water vapor content.Radiative transfer simulations were conducted in the three SWIR spectral bands defined for the study of water vapor content in the context of the C³IEL mission. The atmosphere was assumed to be composed of homogeneous plan-parallel layers, and synthetic radiance datasets were generated for testing the retrieval algorithm developed in this thesis. The feasibility of retrieving integrated water vapor content above a cloud and over the ocean from SWIR radiances was shown with a precision of approximately 1 kg/m² for optically dense clouds. However, the precision of this retrieval decreases as the cloud optical thickness decreases. Tests were then realized with realistic water vapor and cloud extinction profiles that present non-homogeneous cloudy vertical profiles. This shows that integrated water vapor content above liquid water clouds could be retrieved with a positive bias related to cloud penetration of approximately 2.18 kg/m². This value is of the same order of magnitude than those obtained in previous work under clear-sky conditions. In the presence of convective clouds containing both liquid and ice water, characterized by a significant vertical extension and thus a high top altitude, very high optical thickness and very low water vapor content, the retrieval algorithm does not succeed to provide a valid retrieval. Suggestions are therefore proposed to improve water vapor content retrievals in realistic cases and define the retrievable limit for water vapor content
Clavel, Maïca. "Activité du trou noir supermassif au centre de la Galaxie." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112170/document.
Full textSagittarius A⋆ is the supermassive black hole at the Galactic center. Due to its proximity, this specimen is an excellent laboratory to study the accretion processes occurring around black holes and to constrain the duty cycle of these objects. Sgr A* is currently extremely faint and despite the detection of daily flares, its luminosity remains at least eight orders of magnitude below its Eddington luminosity, making this specimen one of the least luminous known supermassive black holes. The radiative processes responsible for the daily variations of its luminosity have not been clearly identified yet. We present the results of a multi-wavelength campaign observing Sgr A* simultaneously in X-rays and in the near-infrared, using the XMM-Newton observatory and the VLT/NACO instrument. We studied the spectral variability of Sgr A* using the infrared data we obtained through a spectro-imaging technique. Uncertainties linked to the systematic errors are still large but the first tests applied seem to show that the spectral index of Sgr A* could depend on the black hole luminosity. On longer timescales, we demonstrate that Sgr A* experienced a higher level of activity in the recent past. Indeed, echoes of its past activity can be detected in the molecular material surrounding the black hole. They are traced by a strong signal in the iron fluorescence line at 6.4 keV. We achieved a complete and systematic study of this variable emission detected from the central molecular zone, using Chandra and XMM-Newton observatories. Our results confirm that Sgr A* experienced intense flares in the past few centuries, with a luminosity at least six orders of magnitude higher than its current one. In particular, we highlight for the first time the existence of two distinct transient events of relatively short duration, which are probably due to catastrophic events. These results are the first step needed to include Sgr A*’s activity into a broader understanding of the galactic nuclei
Wilmet, Maxence. "Élaboration de revêtements transparents à base de clusters de métaux de transition pour le blocage des rayonnements proche-infrarouge." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1S108/document.
Full textThe antagonism between growing global energy needs and the obligation to slow the global warming is one of the challenges humanity faces. In order to ensure sufficient thermal comfort, the housing, automotive or agricultural buildings sectors are major energy consumers. To reduce these needs, one of the proposed solutions aims to improve the thermal insulation of these buildings through the use of innovative materials. One of the major objectives is to improve the insulation of the windows which represent a significant part of the energy losses. The research described in this thesis has made it possible to develop transparent materials for visible solar radiation while being effective shields against ultraviolet and near-infrared radiation. Such materials are the result of the combination between transition metal cluster patterns having desired absorption properties and a host matrix for shaping these materials (processability). The syntheses as well as the methodology for modulating the absorption and integration properties of clusters in different sol-gel or polymer matrices are presented. Of particular interest is the relationship between the structure of cluster pattern and their absorption properties through comparisons between experimental studies and quantum chemistry studies using density functional theory (DFT). In fine, the increase in the level of understanding of the structure-absorption properties of the clusters studied will make it possible to consider the study of new compositions for even more efficient materials in the future for solar control
Gluchko, Sergei. "Manipulation d’énergie thermique avec des ondes de surface électromagnétique aux échelles micro- et anoscopiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLC075/document.
Full textSurface phonon-polaritons (SPhPs) are evanescent electromagnetic surface waves generated by the phononphoton coupling and that propagate along the interface of a polar medium (such as SiO2 and SiC) and a dielectric one. In this work, we investigate possible applications of SPhPs for enhancing the thermal performance of micro- and nanoscale devices, focusing of thermal energy with micro-structures, decreasing the diffraction angles of infrared radiation on subwavelength apertures, and demonstrating broadband coherent thermal emission. We also perform infrared spectroscopy microscopy measurements of microscale objects and demonstrate long-range thermally excited surface modes in a broad frequency range. The results presented in this thesis can have possible applications in fields related to heat transfer, infrared optics, near-field thermal radiation, infrared microscopy, and polaritonics
Dahbi, Radouan. "Conception d’une chaîne de traitements pour la segmentation texture d’images multimodales de pièces de bois en chêne. Application à la détection des singularités et la discrimination du grain du bois." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0143.
Full textThe work presented in this CIFRE thesis, associating CRAN and CRITT Bois for the ANR-OPTIFIN project, contributes to the development of an image processing chain for the texture segmentation of multimodal images of sawn oak timber pieces. The idea is to combine multimodal acquisition techniques in visible and near-infrared (NIR) range with texture analysis methods using covariance matrices and texture segmentation methods in the Riemannian manifold, for the detection of singularities and discrimination of wood grain. In the first chapter, we present a state of the art on automated inspection of wood pieces; with a special focus on hardwood species (e.g. oak) for which inspection is still an open problem. The second chapter deals with the implementation of the multimodal imagery platform (PIM) and the calibration of color, grayscale, direct and scatter images in the visible range and abundance maps, obtained from NIR hyperspectral images. We propose an original methodology for the scatter images by optimizing the acquisition parameters on sawn oak timber pieces. The third chapter concerns the study of the registration of monomodal and multimodal images and the application of a method for the suppression of their background. In the fourth chapter, we propose a texture analysis methodology based on the fusion of multimodal images and/or their textural images (LBP, nriLBP, GLCM and Gradient) by covariance matrices. We exploit the covariance matrices by K-means clustering andk-ppv supervised classification methods, extended to the Riemannian case, for segmentation. In the last chapter, we present results ensuring a relevant and fast segmentation of the covariance matrices. They are obtained after having determined the best parameters for the K-means setting. The clustering results show that the use of multimodal images alone leads to an optimal segmentation of compact singularities. They also show the importance of integrating textural images in the modality sets to obtain a better segmentation of regional type singularities. For wood grain, an efficient segmentation is obtained by using only textural images. Finally, we propose to apply k-ppv in the Riemannian manifold on the selected modalities to obtain a more accurate segmentation
Cieślikiewicz-Bouet, Monika. "Synthesis, structural investigations and evaluation of pyrazine sensitizers for lanthanides emitting in near-infrared and novel phosphine derivatives." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ORLE2088.
Full textOn account of the ubiquity of nitrogen heterocycles and their biological properties, the great attention is paid to developing methodologies of their synthesis and functionalization. For this purpose, the study of functionalization of enamides constitutes an important topic due to the utility of these motifs in the construction of complex heterocyclic derivatives. Palladium-catalyzed reactions of cross- coupling are rapid and efficient methods of choice for synthesis of enamides particularly starting from enol phosphates derived from lactams, imides or amides. The first chapter of the thesis evokes the original C-P coupling reaction of chiral and achiral secondary phosphine boranes with different enol phosphates in mild reaction conditions, leading to corresponding enamido-phosphine boranes. This methodology permits the construction of libraries of novels phosphines. Also, the reaction of nucleophilic addition of phosphide anions onto various enecarbamates acyclic was elaborated, giving an access to original beta-phosphino alpha-amino acids, bearing the quaternary carbon on alpha position to nitrogen. The second chapter is devoted to the preparation and characterization of organic chromophores based on the pyrazinic core, which are likely to exhibit the fluorescence properties. These compounds were designed to form new sensitizing systems for lanthanide cations and could be used as organic sensitizers for molecular imaging in near infrared
Cieślikiewicz-Bouet, Monika. "Synthesis, structural investigations and evaluation of pyrazine sensitizers for lanthanides emitting in near-infrared and novel phosphine derivatives." Thesis, Orléans, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ORLE2088.
Full textOn account of the ubiquity of nitrogen heterocycles and their biological properties, the great attention is paid to developing methodologies of their synthesis and functionalization. For this purpose, the study of functionalization of enamides constitutes an important topic due to the utility of these motifs in the construction of complex heterocyclic derivatives. Palladium-catalyzed reactions of cross- coupling are rapid and efficient methods of choice for synthesis of enamides particularly starting from enol phosphates derived from lactams, imides or amides. The first chapter of the thesis evokes the original C-P coupling reaction of chiral and achiral secondary phosphine boranes with different enol phosphates in mild reaction conditions, leading to corresponding enamido-phosphine boranes. This methodology permits the construction of libraries of novels phosphines. Also, the reaction of nucleophilic addition of phosphide anions onto various enecarbamates acyclic was elaborated, giving an access to original beta-phosphino alpha-amino acids, bearing the quaternary carbon on alpha position to nitrogen. The second chapter is devoted to the preparation and characterization of organic chromophores based on the pyrazinic core, which are likely to exhibit the fluorescence properties. These compounds were designed to form new sensitizing systems for lanthanide cations and could be used as organic sensitizers for molecular imaging in near infrared
Lemoine, Paul-Arthur. "Etudes de l'émission thermique et de lasers à cascade quantique dans l'infrarouge par microscopie optique en champ proche à pointe diffusante." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ECAP1089.
Full textWe present a novel setup based on apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy (ANSOM) designed for detecting infrared thermal radiation at the surface of a photonic structure with a resolution far beyond the diffraction limit which is close to 5µm in the infrared frequencies). This new instrument is a powerful means to obtain optical information with a resolution equal to 100nm. The system is based on a home-made ANSOM. It is an atomic force microscope (AFM) combined with infrared optics. The AFM uses a tungsten tip in tapping mode to provide a topographic image of the sample and to scatter evanescent waves. As the sample is heated by a hot plate, temperature excites thermal radiation from the surface, which is scattered by the AFM tip in the near-field. Light scattered by the tip is then collected and focused on an infrared detector, producing a near field infrared thermal image. We performed observations on gold geometric patterns deposited on a SiC substrate. The sample is heated up to 180°C. We imaged interferences of gold plasmons and demonstrated the first direct experimental proof of the spatial coherence of thermal radiation in near field. We also realized study of the surface of an quantum cascade laser. These devices present an evanescent field at their top surface proportional to the field present inside the cavity. By scattering this evanescent field, our system gives access to the Fabry-Perot interference fringes inside the laser cavity
Silveira, Miguel. "Apport du rayonnement synchrotron infrarouge aux techniques de microscopie en champ proche optique." Phd thesis, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00495332.
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