Journal articles on the topic 'Raw material recovery'
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Yeo, Ivan. "A model of a production-repair inventory system with time-varying demand and quality-dependent recovery channels." ITM Web of Conferences 36 (2021): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20213604002.
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In this paper, we study an inventory system over an infinite planning horizon where a time-varying demand is satisfied by process cycles that consist of a production batch followed by a recovery batch. Our model considers three types of inventory—returned items, serviceable items, and raw material. Furthermore, our model considers two recovery channels—recovery into serviceable items and recovery into raw material. Serviceable items are thus sourced from two inputs—direct recovery and production from raw material. These raw materials can be salvaged from returned items, as well as bought from external sources whenever required. We propose an expression for the unit time total cost as well as a numerical method to find the optimal policy. The properties of the model are studied through numerical experiments, in particular, the feasible situations where hybrid policies are better than pure policies.
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Smol, Marzena, Paulina Marcinek, and Eugeniusz Koda. "Drivers and Barriers for a Circular Economy (CE) Implementation in Poland—A Case Study of Raw Materials Recovery Sector." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 16, 2021): 2219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082219.
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Mobilizing industry and transforming industrial sectors to a circular economy (CE) is one of the key areas of activities in the European Green Deal (EGD)—the newest strategy of economic growth in European Union (EU). In the CE, the raw materials that can be recovered from various waste streams play a key role, therefore, recommendations for their management were developed, both at the European and national level. In Poland, the raw material recovery sector is one of the strategic sectors (key industries) described in several documents determining the further directions of economic growth in the country. This paper presents the revision of these documents and guidelines for the implementation of the CE in the raw material recovery sector. The scope of the paper also includes a description of the current state of the raw materials recovery sector and its return, supported by the analysis of drivers and barriers in its further development. In previous years, a dynamic development of the recovery industry was observed, followed by formation of new companies (dominated by medium-sized companies comprising ~50% of entities in the sector) and increasing amount of people employed (~70,700 people). A growing level of processing of secondary raw materials with the use of more and more innovative technologies has been observed, which could contribute to the improvement of the level of innovation of the national economy. There also some barriers, such as the lack of sufficiently developed industrial symbiosis (IS) and long-term support for the implementation of recovery technologies. The growing ecological awareness of society and enterprises themselves, as well as the growing belief in the importance of resource recovery for environmental protection, suggest the possibility of subsequent development of the raw materials recovery sector. Further actions in this field will be taken to strengthen the implementation of the CE in the country.
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Upolovnikova, Alena, Ludmila Udoeva, and Vladimir Chumarev. "Technology of Secondary Niobium Raw Material Recovery." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 46, no. 16 (2013): 328–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20130825-4-us-2038.00097.
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Yakubailik, É. K., A. G. Zvegintsev, I. N. Salmanov, L. I. Syabrenko, P. E. Pochekutov, and L. V. Zyryanov. "Recovery of iron from intractable technogenic raw material." Journal of Mining Science 32, no. 1 (January 1996): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02046581.
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Sadala, Swathy, Saikat Dutta, Radhika Raghava, TS Sasi Jyothsna, B. Chakradhar, and Sadhan Kumar Ghosh. "Resource recovery as alternative fuel and raw material from hazardous waste." Waste Management & Research 37, no. 11 (July 3, 2019): 1063–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19854124.
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The treatment and disposal of industrial waste has become a critical economic and environmental issue with the ever-increasing rates of its generation. Industries in India, as major players in building the economy and GDP, expel about 7.4 million tons of hazardous waste annually, out of which around 3.98 million tons are recyclable for resource or energy recovery. India’s scenario in the usage of alternative fuel and raw material is less than 1%, which reflects a huge quantum of hazardous waste for potential usage in alternative fuel and raw material. The Netherlands, with around 83% of total hazardous waste, is the highest user of hazardous waste as alternative fuel and raw material in cement kilns. Uncontrolled waste management degrades land, ground water and air quality, leading to health risks to humans, animals and the ecosystem. Presently, industrial waste in most cases is disposed to landfills after incineration, without utilizing the full potential of the wastes through recirculation. The present study analyzed the current situation of the treatment facilities for attaining a sustainable management system using waste as alternative fuel and raw material for the disposal of hazardous waste. Through the alternative fuel and raw material concept, hazardous wastes can be used as a substitute for fossil fuels and/or raw material in a few types of industries. This will surely enhance the efficient recirculation of industrial wastes. This paper presents the overall view of Indian hazardous-waste generating industries, their locations, the potential of wastes as alternate sources of fuel to other industries, the use of alternative fuel and raw material by cement industries and applicable regulatory requirements.
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Vaithanomsat, Pilanee, Nutthamon Boonlum, Chanaporn Trakunjae, Waraporn Apiwatanapiwat, Phornphimon Janchai, Antika Boondaeng, Kanokwan Phalinphattharakit, Hataitip Nimitkeatkai, and Amnat Jarerat. "Functionality of Yeast β-Glucan Recovered from Kluyveromyces marxianus by Alkaline and Enzymatic Processes." Polymers 14, no. 8 (April 13, 2022): 1582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14081582.
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β-Glucan (BG), one of the most abundant polysaccharides containing glucose monomers linked by β-glycosidic linkages, is prevalent in yeast biomass that needs to be recovered to obtain this valuable polymer. This study aimed to apply alkaline and enzymatic processes for the recovery of BG from the yeast strain Kluyveromyces marxianus TISTR 5925. For this purpose, the yeast was cultivated to produce the maximum yield of raw material (yeast cells). The effective recovery of BG was then established using either an alkaline or an enzymatic process. BG recovery of 35.45% was obtained by using 1 M NaOH at 90 °C for 1 h, and of 81.15% from 1% (w/v) hydrolytic protease enzyme at 55 °C for 5 h. However, BG recovered by the alkaline process was purer than that obtained by the enzymatic process. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy confirmed the purity, the functional groups, and the linkages of BG obtained from different recovery systems and different raw materials. The results of this study suggest that an alkaline process could be an effective approach for the solubilization and recovery of considerable purity of BG from the yeast cells. In addition, the obtained BG had comparable functional properties with commercially available BG. This study reveals the effectiveness of both chemical and biological recovery of BG obtained from yeast as a potential polymeric material.
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Wang, Y. H., J. J. Wu, G. C. Hu, and W. H. Ma. "Recovery of Li, Mn, and Fe from LiFePO4/LiMn2O4 mixed waste lithium-ion battery cathode materials." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy, no. 00 (2023): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb220918002w.
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The recovery of metals from used lithium-ion battery cathode materials is of both environmental and economic importance. In this study, acid leaching stepwise precipitation was used to separate and recover lithium, iron, and manganese from the mixed cathode material LiFePO4/LiMn2O4. The thermodynamic characteristics of lithium, iron, and manganese metal phases, especially the stability region, were analyzed by Eh-pH diagrams. The sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide leaching system released Fe3+, Mn2+, and Li+ ions from the cathode material. Fe3+ in the leaching solution was precipitated as Fe(OH)3 and finally recovered as Fe2O3 after calcination. Mn2+ in the leaching solution was recovered as MnCO3. The remaining Li+-rich solution was evaporated and crystallized into Li2CO3. The purity of the recycled products MnCO3 and Li2CO3 met the standard of cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. XRD and XPS analysis showed that the main phase in the leaching residue was FePO4. This process can be used to separate and recover metals from mixed waste lithium-ion battery cathode materials, and it also provides raw materials for the preparation of lithium-ion battery cathode materials.
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Rajan D, Dr. M. Kranti Kumar, and Dr. S. Ramesh. "Optimization of Material Recovery Strategies in the Demolition Phase of Buildings – A Case Study." International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 11, no. 2 (April 22, 2021): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.11.2.15.
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Globally, the construction industry is one of the most environmentally catastrophic industries, with a significant effect on the raw materials usage, their commitment of use throughout their whole life cycle, and the atmosphere in which they work. Between 1950 and 2010, global average material consumption rose from 5.0 t to 10.3 ton per capita per year, owing to population growth, industrialization, and increased socio-economic strength. Moreover, this industry uses 35% of produced energy and releases 40% of carbon dioxide into the Earth's atmosphere. One hundred fifty million tons of CDW is made in India according to the BMPTC, and less than 1% is reutilized properly added to that the 55% of total solid waste in India are from the construction industry. The waste produced during the demolition can be well utilized if managed and appropriately recovered, which directly reduces the virgin raw material usage in the new construction, decreasing the amount ending in the landfill. This study aims to understand the strategies and technology for material recovery after the building's life. The literature review will be taken up to list the different strategy in practice for material recovery. The techniques for material recovery are discussed to understand more in detail. This research helps find the other methods for material recovery and equipment and technology during the demolition and reconstruction of the RCC framed structure. The bottlenecks in the adoption of the various strategy are studied in this research.
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Nguyen, Hang Thi, Huynh Nguyen Duy Bao, Huong Thi Thu Dang, Tumi Tómasson, Sigurjón Arason, and María Gudjónsdóttir. "Protein Recovery of Tra Catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) Protein-Rich Side Streams by the pH-Shift Method." Foods 11, no. 11 (May 24, 2022): 1531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11111531.
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Increasing protein demand has led to growing attention being given to the full utilization of proteins from side streams in industrial fish processing. In this study, proteins were recovered from three protein-rich side streams during Tra catfish (Pangasius hypophthalamus) processing (dark muscle; head-backbone; and abdominal cut-offs) by an optimized pH-shift process. Physicochemical characteristics of the resulting fish protein isolates (FPIs) were compared to industrial surimi from the same raw material batch. The pH had a significant influence on protein extraction, while extraction time and the ratio of the extraction solution to raw material had little effect on the protein and dry matter recoveries. Optimal protein extraction conditions were obtained at pH 12, a solvent to raw material ratio of 8, and an extraction duration of 150 min. The resulting FPI contained <10% of the fat and <15% of the ash of the raw material, while the FPI protein recovery was 83.0–88.9%, including a good amino acid profile. All FPIs had significantly higher protein content and lower lipid content than the surimi, indicating the high efficiency of using the pH-shift method to recover proteins from industrial Tra catfish side streams. The FPI made from abdominal cut-offs had high whiteness, increasing its potential for the development of a high-value product.
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Czajka, Krzysztof, Witold Kawalec, Robert Król, and Izabela Sówka. "Modelling and Calculation of Raw Material Industry." Energies 15, no. 14 (July 10, 2022): 5035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15145035.
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Scientific and technical issues related to the extraction and processing of raw materials are inextricably linked with environmental concerns. The extraction, transportation and processing of raw materials and the creation of new products place a heavy burden on the environment. Therefore, the development of new technologies for the extraction and processing of raw materials which meet the demand for specific products while respecting environmental resources and saving energy can be considered one of the key challenges of modern science. The development of methods to optimize the course of certain processes related to the raw materials industry, limiting its impact on the environment, and the use of modern measurement techniques or modeling are key areas of research and development for the economy. The aim of this Special Issue was to identify certain important issues, including those related to the raw materials industry and the optimization of its processes, obtaining energy from alternative fuels and research on environmental aspects of industrial activities. The results of the research and analyses presented in the articles show that meeting the objectives in the context of sustainable raw materials industry requires: the optimization of the use of mine deposits and the recovery of materials, reductions in energy consumption, minimizations in emissions of pollutants, the perfection of quieter and safer processes and the facilitation of the recovery of materials-, water- and energy-related modern techniques and technologies.
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Bockhorn, H., A. Hornung, and U. Hornung. "Stepwise pyrolysis for raw material recovery from plastic waste." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 46, no. 1 (June 1998): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2370(98)00066-7.
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Cho, Yeonchul, Kihun Kim, Jaewoo Ahn, and Jaeheon Lee. "A Study on Lithium Hydroxide Recovery Using Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 59, no. 4 (April 5, 2021): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2021.59.4.223.
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Bipolar electrodialysis was used in a process of desalting a lithium sulfate solution, converting it to lithium hydroxide and sulfuric acid, and concentrating and recovering them. The effects of the experimental variables such as applied voltage, the concentration of electrode solution, the concentration of raw material solution, volume ratio, and impurity were confirmed. The optimum conditions were investigated by comparing the conversion(%) of lithium hydroxide and sulfuric acid, the process time, and energy consumption. As the applied voltage was increased, the energy consumption tended to increase, but the processing time decreased significantly. As the concentration of lithium sulfate in the raw material solution increased, the conversion(%) of lithium hydroxide decreased. As the concentration of lithium sulfate increased, the energy consumption did not increase linearly, and energy consumption increased significantly. When a raw material solution of 0.5 M Li2SO4 or more is used in the bipolar electrodialysis process, an applied voltage of 25 V is preferable. As the applied voltage increased at a constant process time, the conversion(%) of LiOH and H2SO4 increased. Regarding the effect of the electrode solution concentration, when a 5.0 wt% electrode solution was used rather than a 3.0 wt% electrode solution, energy consumption decreased by more than 10%. When the volume of the raw material solution was increased, the processing time required for desalting increased. By using a low concentration raw material solution, it was confirmed that it was simultaneously possible to recover and concentrate lithium hydroxide and sulfuric acid through volume ratio control. When the raw material solution contained Na as an impurity, it was converted to NaOH with a surface LiOH, and it was not possible to separate the lithium and sodium.
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Smol, Marzena, Paulina Marcinek, Zuzana Šimková, Tomáš Bakalár, Milan Hemzal, Jiří Jaromír Klemeš, Yee Van Fan, Kinga Lorencz, Eugeniusz Koda, and Anna Podlasek. "Inventory of Good Practices of Sustainable and Circular Phosphorus Management in the Visegrad Group (V4)." Resources 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources12010002.
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The most important raw material needed for food production is phosphorus (P), which cannot be replaced by other elements. P is listed as a Critical Raw Material (CRM) for the European Union (EU). It is an element essential for human nutrition and is used for fertiliser production. The key importance of P for human life is evidenced by the fact that if there were not enough P in fertilisers, we would only be able to feed 1/3 of the world’s population. Unfortunately, in Visegrad Group (V4) countries, Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic, and Hungary, there is a lack of mineral deposits of phosphate rock. Therefore, there is a strong need to cover the demand for the P by importing from countries of varying stability, both economic and political, such as Russia, China, or Morocco. It is risky; if the borders for deliveries of goods are closed, it may be impossible to meet the needs of P. On the other hand, V4 countries have large secondary P resources in P-rich waste, which are lost due to P is not recovered on an industrial scale. The paper presents the importance of P raw materials in V4, the revision of primary and secondary P sources that can be used in agricultural systems, as well as the structure of import and export of P raw materials in these countries. In addition, examples of good phosphorus recovery practices in the V4 countries are presented. They include a list of initiatives dedicated to the sustainable management of P resources, and examples of P recovery projects. Implementation of P recovery for internal P-rich waste in V4 could ensure the safety of food production in this region. Such and similar initiatives may contribute to faster independence of the V4 countries from the import of P raw materials.
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Koizhanova, A. K., G. V. Sedelnikova, M. B. Erdenova, A. N. Berkinbaeva, and E. M. Kamalov. "Study of biohydrometallurgical technology used to recover gold from ore at a gold-recovery plant." Kompleksnoe ispolʹzovanie mineralʹnogo syrʹâ/Complex Use of Mineral Resources/Mineraldik shikisattardy Keshendi Paidalanu 316, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31643/2021/6445.03.
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The article contains the results of the studies performed for the biochemical eхtraction modes for mineral raw materials using thionic bacteria Acidithiobacillusferrooxidans of a certain strain capable to oxidize sulfide minerals. A representative sample of mineral raw materials was taken, and its physical and chemical studies were performed. The optimal conditions to leach mineral raw materials with biochemical solvents based on various factors (temperature, S:W) were established. Modern physical and chemical methods of analysis were used during the study: X-ray fluorescence, X-ray phase, mineralogical, electron probe, chemical analyzes, IR methods to study the phase composition of ores and changes in the structure of minerals. The chemical composition of the ore sample quartered and crushed up to a size of -0.074 mm is as follows, wt. %: SiO2 - 60.11; Al2O3 6.2; Zn 0.016; Cu 0.10; Fe - 2.5; S 0.50; Au - 3.67 g/t and Ag - 3.2 g/t. This paper discusses various options for agitational leaching with acid pre-wash, bacterial dissection and oxidative decomposition of minerals using sodium hypochlorite. The results obtained showed that the most effective method to increase the gold recovery is to perform bacterial oxidation of ore using acidophilic bacteria At. Ferrooxidans preliminarily adapted to the material composition of the test sample, followed by treatment with sodium hypochlorite solution and cyanidation. Biohydrometallurgical ore processing provides high gold recovery (78.1%).
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Lis, Teresa, Krzysztof Nowacki, and Tomasz Małysa. "Utilization of Metallurgical Waste in Non-Metallurgical Industry." Solid State Phenomena 212 (December 2013): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.212.195.
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The iron and steel industry is one of the largest sources of waste materials, primarily in the form of steelmaking dusts, sludge and slag. Those wastes are a serious threat to the environment. Main precondition for the protection of natural resources in the environment is to recover raw material and energy from waste. The use of waste as raw materials does not involve the storage and creates the possibility of closure of the existing landfill. The article presented utilization of same metallurgical waste containing 4-20 wt. % zinc in non-metallurgical industry. Performed chemical analyzes of pollutants contained in waste tested (dusts, sludge and slag) and in manufactured products (cement bricks, ceramic construction materials, colored glass products and slag for road construction). Aqueous extracts analysis results were compared with the maximum values for the sewage entering into water and soil. The performed research proves that proposed technologies (production of cement clinker, construction bricks, hollow glass, decorated glass) do not pose threat to environment. Harmful impurities are eluted from the products – clinker, constructions bricks and slag after the recovery of zinc recovery. Proposed technologies substitution of primary raw materials recyclable materials can reduce environmental degradation.
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Abd El-Sayed, Essam S, Mohamed El-Sakhawy, and Mohamed Abdel-Monem El-Sakhawy. "Non-wood fibers as raw material for pulp and paper industry." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 35, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2019-0064.
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AbstractPulp and paper industry in the world have been growing fast. As a result, there has been a massive request for pulp and paper raw materials. The raw materials used in papermaking can be classified into three groups: wood, non-wood, and recycled wastepaper. The Non-wood raw material is an important fiber resource in the regions where forest resources are limited. The current usage of non-wood plant fibers, as rice straws, corn stalks, cotton stalks, and bagasse would play a chief role in increasing papermaking raw materials. Using of non-wood plant fibers in the paper industry associated with some problems, including collection, transportation, storage and handling, washing, bleaching, papermaking, chemical recovery, supply of raw material and the properties of finished paper. Recently, a high-tech innovation in all the fields of papermaking has made non-wood more reasonable with wood as a raw material for papermaking. Although till now, use of non-wood fibers for pulp and paper manufacture was focused in countries with limited wood supply, it is now showing a growing effort even in countries with acceptable wood source due to environmental concerns. Consequently, the future of non-wood plant fibers as pulping and papermaking raw material looks bright.
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Mehta, Neha, Giovanna Dino, Iride Passarella, Franco Ajmone-Marsan, Piergiorgio Rossetti, and Domenico De Luca. "Assessment of the Possible Reuse of Extractive Waste Coming from Abandoned Mine Sites: Case Study in Gorno, Italy." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 21, 2020): 2471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062471.
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Supply of resources, a growing population, and environmental pollution are some of the main challenges facing the contemporary world. The rapid development of mining activities has produced huge amounts of waste. This waste, found in abandoned mine sites, provides the potential opportunity of extracting raw material. The current study, therefore, focuses on testing the validation of a shared methodology to recover extractive waste from abandoned mines, and applies this methodology to a case study in Gorno, northwest Italy. The methods focused on: (1) analyzing the impact of tailings and fine fraction of waste rock (<2 mm) on plants (Cress - Lepidium Sativum) to assess usability of both as soil additive, and (2) recovering raw materials from tailings and coarse fraction (>2 mm) of waste rock, by means of dressing methods like wet shaking table and froth flotation. The results indicated that the fine fraction of waste rock and tailings did not have detrimental effects on seed germination; however, there was marked decrease in plant growth. As for the recovery of raw materials, the coarse waste rock samples, crushed to <0.5 mm, produced a recovery of Cd, Ga, and Zn—as much as 66%, 56%, and 64%, respectively—using the wet shaking table. The same samples when crushed to 0.063–0.16 mm and used for froth flotation produced a recovery of Cd, Ga, and Zn of up to 61%, 72%, and 47%, respectively. The flotation experiment on tailings showed a recovery of Cd, Ga and Zn at pH 7 of 33%, 6% and 29% respectively. The present investigation highlights the methodologies used for extracting raw materials from extractive waste.
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Casemiro, R. L., N. C. O. Tapanes, M. C. L. Souza, A. I. C. Santana, and W. C. L. Pinto. "ENERGETIC ESTIMATION OF HEAT-RECOVERY COKE OVEN." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 21, no. 2 (October 9, 2022): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v21i2.87917.
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Worldwide, steel production insistently seeks energy strength, pointing out the precision of application of all energy from the raw material with the objective of increasing production with quality and economically viable. In this sense, the energy assessment is the basis adopted to decide on the manufacture of coke in the industry. With this argument, this paper presents an energy analysis of Heat Recovery furnaces through calorific value, a method specified by the Energy Research Company of Brazil and the Brazilian Association of Metals and Materials for application in calculations in a productive environment. The data of the basic raw materials for the production of coke, the technological analysis and the energy estimation in the manufacture of coke in Coke Ovens Heat Recovery can be found in the proposed method. The present work presents result that demonstrate that the active and efficient use of the calorific value of metallurgical coal produces an energy quality coke for the manufacture of pig iron in the blast furnace.
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Deng, Likang, and Jun Li. "Thread Rolling: An Efficient Mechanical Pretreatment for Corn Stover Saccharification." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030542.
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Sugar cane bagasse and corn stalks are rich in lignocellulose, which can be degraded into monosaccharides through enzymatic hydrolysis. Appropriate pretreatment methods can effectively improve the efficiency of lignocellulose enzymatic hydrolysis. To enhance the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis, thread rolling pretreatment as a physical pretreatment was applied in this study. The influence of raw material meshes size after pretreatment was also taken as the research target. Specific surface area analysis, Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-rays diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) were used for characterizations. The results showed that, the total monosaccharide recovery rates of the raw materials, 20–40 mesh, 40–60 mesh, and 60–80 mesh enzymolysis substrates were 17.6%, 34.58%, 37.94%, and 50.69%, respectively. The sample after pretreatment showed a better recovery of monosaccharide than that of the raw material. Moreover, the enzymolysis substrates with a larger mesh exhibited a higher recovery of monosaccharide than that of the enzymolysis substrates with smaller meshes. This indicated that thread rolling pretreatment can effectively improve the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis.
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Ujaczki, Éva, Viktória Feigl, Mónika Molnár, Patricia Cusack, Teresa Curtin, Ronan Courtney, Lisa O'Donoghue, et al. "Re-using bauxite residues: benefits beyond (critical raw) material recovery." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 93, no. 9 (June 29, 2018): 2498–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5687.
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Natalia, Sliusar, Aleksandra Krutova, Yulia Mozzhegorova, and Stepan Polygalov. "THE POSSIBILITY OF SECONDARY RESOURCE RECOVERY DURING WASTE DISPOSAL SITE RECLAMATION." Detritus, no. 14 (February 26, 2021): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.14058.
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Nowadays, Russian waste management policies demand the closure and elimination of dumpsites and landfills historically located in the vicinity of populated areas, with no reference to geological and hydrological conditions. Landfill mining is one of the technical solutions for old dumpsite reclamation. The unique feature of this study is the application of an integrated scenario approach in the evaluation of landfill mining projects. This approach is based on a scenario matrix that compares costs and revenues for each scenario, depending on resource and technological capabilities on the one hand, and prevailing economic conditions on the other. It was revealed that for large dumpsites the cost of landfill mining project with waste excavation and redisposal, using landfill soil material, and the recovery of secondary raw materials is several times higher than the cost of baseline dumpsite reclamation. This study shows that implementation of landfill mining projects is feasible for relatively small dumpsites with a low object base area load. The age of a landfill, among the other parameters, has an impact on the economic efficiency of landfill mining project. According to the study the older the landfill is, the higher the content of landfill soil and the lower the amount of secondary raw materials available. As a result, the efficiency and cost of sorting technologies for soil material and secondary raw materials are key factors that determine the economic feasibility of landfill mining during waste disposal site reclamation. Within each scenario, the factors that most influence the total cost are identified.
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Fodor, V. A., T. Heput, and E. Fodor. "Use of recyclable materials in the circular economy." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2212, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2212/1/012009.
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Abstract The waste of a certain industry can be the raw material for another industry. As any material can become an explosive if we match them with the suitable complementary elements and the perfect detonator for these, also any waste can be useful for the circular economy. In this paperwork there will be introduced some methods through any kind of material can be reused. The impact of recycling on the environment would be positive, because nothing would be lost, everything would be transformed. The results obtained from laboratory tests on the processing of powdery ferrous waste for the purpose of obtaining lighters usable as raw material in the steel industry shall be presented. The processing and recovery of such waste leads to the recovery of iron.
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Kumagai, Shogo, Tomoyuki Hosaka, Tomohito Kameda, and Toshiaki Yoshioka. "Steam Pyrolysis of Polyimides: Effects of Steam on Raw Material Recovery." Environmental Science & Technology 49, no. 22 (November 3, 2015): 13558–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b03253.
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Lee, Chan Won, H. B. Kwon, Hong Pyo Jeon, and B. Koopman. "Phosphate Recovery from Water as Hydroxyapatite with Activated Oystershell." Materials Science Forum 486-487 (June 2005): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.486-487.177.
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A technology for phosphate recovery was developed using waste oyster shell as a raw material in a fluidized bed reactor (FBR). Raw oyster shell that causes a major disposal problem in coastal aquaculture regions was converted to activated oyster shell (AOS) by pyrolysis under defined conditions. A prototype of precipitates collection ports was devised relating to AOS particle size and flow velocity. The optimum conditions determined were applied to wastewater for phosphate recovery with the knowledge of mass balance in the FBR system.
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Gadaleta, Giovanni, Sabino De Gisi, Francesco Todaro, and Michele Notarnicola. "Environmental Comparison of Different Mechanical–Biological Treatment Plants by Combining Life Cycle Assessment and Material Flow Analysis." Clean Technologies 4, no. 2 (May 11, 2022): 380–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol4020023.
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The role of Mechanical–Biological Treatment (MBT) is still of the utmost importance in the management of residual Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). These plants can cover a wide range of objectives, combining several types of processes and elements. The aim of this work is to assess and compare, from an environmental point of view, the performance of seven selected MBT plants currently operating in different countries, which represent the main MBT layout and processes. For the scope, a combined Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Material Flow Analysis (MFA) approach has been adopted to assess plant-specific efficiencies in materials and energy recovery. Metals recovery was a common and high-efficiency practice in MBT; further recovery of other types of waste was often performed. Each assessed MBT plant achieved environmental benefits: among them, the highest environmental benefit was achieved when the highest amount of waste was recovered (not only with material recycling). Environmental results were strongly affected by the recycling processes and the energy production, with a little contribution from the energy requirement. The impacts achieved by the MBT process were, on average, 14% of the total one. The main condition for a suitable MBT process is a combination of materials recovery for the production of new raw materials, avoiding disposal in landfill, and refuse-derived fuel production for energy recovery. This work can be of help to operators and planners when they are asked to define MBT schemes.
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Amato, Alessia, Alessandro Becci, Paolo Mariani, Federica Carducci, Maria Letizia Ruello, Saveria Monosi, Chiara Giosuè, and Francesca Beolchini. "End-of-Life Liquid Crystal Display Recovery: Toward a Zero-Waste Approach." Applied Sciences 9, no. 15 (July 25, 2019): 2985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9152985.
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End-of-life liquid crystal displays (LCD) represent a possible source of secondary raw materials, mainly glass and an optoelectronic film composed of indium (90%) and tin (10%) oxides. A strong interest for indium, classified as critical raw material, pushed research towards the development of high-efficiency recycling processes. Nevertheless, a deepened study of the technological innovation highlighted that only a small number of treatments included use of whole waste. Furthermore, these processes often need high temperatures, long times, and raw materials that have a significant environmental impact. In this context, this article shows an approach developed in accordance with the “zero waste” principles for whole, end-of-life LCD panel recycling. This process includes preliminary grinding, followed by cross-current acid leaching and indium recovery by zinc cementation, with efficiencies greater than 90%. A recirculation system further increases sustainability of the process. To enhance all waste fractions, glass cullets from leaching are used for concrete production, avoiding their disposal in landfill sites. Considering the achieved efficiencies, combined the simple design suitable for real-scale application (as confirmed by the related patent pending), this process represents an excellent example of implementing circular economy pillars.
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Kwon, Eun Hee, Young Jun Lee, Gyu Hwan Cho, and Cheon Park Dong. "Analysis on Calcination of Cementitous Powder of Waste Concrete for Raw Cement." Advanced Materials Research 831 (December 2013): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.831.267.
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The purpose of this study is to determine whether cementitous powder of waste concrete which is separated from waste concrete can be used as alternative raw material for limestone. Chemical composition of cementitous powder of waste concrete was actually analyzed and the experiment to measure the recovery of hydration of waste cementitous powder model was performed. As a result, hydration was recovered to the level at which it can be used as alternative raw material for limestone, but less than 10 % can be used due to mix of fine aggregate in less than 150μm which cannot be separated from cementitous powder. Therefore, development of technology to efficiently separate cementitous powder of fine aggregate is required to have the alternative material for limestone and effect for reduction of greenhouse gas.
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Lozhnikov, Oleksii, Oleksandr Shustov, Maksym Chebanov, and Tetiana Perkova. "Methodological principles of the selection of a resource-saving technology while developing water-bearing placer deposits." Mining of Mineral Deposits 16, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/mining16.03.115.
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Purpose. The present paper aims to develop methodological principles for the selection of effective parameters of resource-saving technologies while developing water-bearing titanium-zirconium deposits basing on the complex of analytical studies. Methods. The paper applies a complex of research methods: analytical – to analyze and generalize the main differences of the development technology for water-bearing placer deposits and problem statement; technical-economic analysis for identifying the effect of a resource-saving technology on the indices of land use of the open-pit mining and involvement of associate raw materials in the economic activity; forecasting – to determine the influence on complex development of a titanium-zirconium deposit on the operating parameters of the regional nonmetallic raw material open pits. Findings. Effective trends in using the associate raw materials located in the enclosing and overburden rocks of a titanium-zirconium deposit are identified. Key differences between the technologies of associate raw material mining from the overburden rocks and their recovery from the enclosing rocks while mineral mining are defined. Predictive influence of a resource-saving technology of the development of titanium-zirconium deposits on the extraction of building materials from the regional nonmetallic open pits is specified. Volumes of possible associate raw material mining while developing the Motronivskyi GZK open pit during its operation are determined. Originality. New dependences of a land capacity coefficient while mining nonmetallic raw material in the region, prime cost of ore development as well as number of open pits for sand and clay production in the region on the volumes of involved associate raw material of the titanium-zirconium open pits are identified. Practical implications. A structural-logical scheme is elaborated for the selection of a resource-saving technology while operating open pits for the development of titanium-zirconium deposits.
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Koppelaar, Rembrandt H. E. M., Sreenivaasa Pamidi, Enikő Hajósi, Lucia Herreras, Pascal Leroy, Ha-Young Jung, Amba Concheso, et al. "A Digital Product Passport for Critical Raw Materials Reuse and Recycling." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 1405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021405.
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The reuse and recycling of critical raw materials is limited, as waste electrical and electronic recycling focuses on base and precious metals, and device component reuse is in its infancy. To help to address this issue this paper provides the conceptual design of a Digital Product Passport based circular supply management system. To enable the recovery of critical raw materials at component and material levels for reuse and recycling. The works include an assessment of existing critical raw materials information management and an information needs identification survey, with 10 manufacturers, producer responsibility organisations, collectors and recyclers. The needs were used to generate 14 key product information management processes and exchanges that when implemented form a Digital Product Passport based circular supply management system. Information managed via a physical-digital linkage through individual product tags includes product registrations, materials declarations, life cycle status updates, the sorting of products at collection points based on critical raw material contents, and flagging of products for critical raw materials component extraction. A dataspace-based IT systems architecture is proposed for the implementation of the supply management system taking into account global and European information standards. Finally, key challenges to implement such an IT architecture are discussed.
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Cuciureanu, Adriana, Bogdan Stanescu, and Georgiana Cernica. "New buildings materials obtained by the recovery of mining waste and red mud from the manufacture of alumina." Romanian Journal of Ecology & Environmental Chemistry 4, no. 2 (December 28, 2022): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21698/rjeec.2022.213.
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In the current context of the transition to a circular economy, efforts are primarily focused on recycling, the reintegration of some wastes into the economy, as a secondary raw material. The recovery of wastes specific to the mining industry and the metallurgical industry, which through the quantities deposited and through the chemical composition put a great pressure on the environment, represents a major concern of the society. Starting from this aspect, the paper presents the results of the research carried out in order to obtain new building materials (mortars) by adding two mineral wastes - red sludge from the manufacture of alumina and mine tailings - in the basic raw material, cement. The performances of the new materials containing the two wastes prove the viability of the technical solutions so that they can be used in the field of construction, both as masonry mortars and as plastering mortars.
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Petronijević, Nela, Vesna Alivojvodić, Miroslav Sokić, Branislav Marković, Srđan Stanković, and Dragana Radovanović. "Sustainable mining towards accomplishing circular economy principles." Journal of Applied Engineering Science 18, no. 4 (2020): 493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jaes0-27460.
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Today human society is already witnessing rapid depletion of non-renewable ore resources. As the distribution of raw material resources globally is very off-balance, and preassure on environment as the consequence of ore exploatation is not negligible, re-utilization and recycling of industrial side-streams gaining on importance. Finding new potentially anthropogenic resources of material (at first place critical raw materials) are inline with sustainable waste management goals, and in correlation with boundaries given by the circular economy principles. Side-streams from mines can become source for recovery of these materials. The aim of this paper was to analyze position of mining waste in correlation with circular economy principles, as well potential for implementation of them within extraction industry in the Republic of Serbia.
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Mohapatro, Rudra Narayan, Ranjita Swain, Sunita Routray, and Satyabrata Mohanta. "Recovery of Valuable Materials from Bauxite Mining Waste for Industrial Application." Materials Science Forum 978 (February 2020): 537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.978.537.
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NALCO is mining the bauxite ore of 63.4 lakh tones per annum for the production of alumina 21.57 lakh of tonnes per annum. During mining of bauxite, partially laterized khondalite (PLK) and kaolinised khondalite rocks are excavated and dumped at mining area or can be used for backfilling. The sample ground and classified to recover fines which are suitable for paper industry. Further, the overflow sample is subjected to leaching studies. Leaching studies were carried out at different concentration, time and temperatures. The experiment shows that the optimum conditions are 1.5M oxalic acid, 70oC temperature and 4 hours time. This product can be used as a coating material on paper industry to increase the brightness. The product is fine and no grit present in it. The iron oxide in the product is 0.72% with brightness is 75%. The product specifications compared with BIS standard for raw material using in paper industry. The other characterization of the product indicates that the raw material is suitable for paper industry.
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Ji, David, Mark Roman, Joseph Zhou, and Jana Hildreth. "Determination of Chondroitin Sulfate Content in Raw Materials and Dietary Supplements by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection After Enzymatic Hydrolysis: Single-Laboratory Validation." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 90, no. 3 (May 1, 2007): 659–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/90.3.659.
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Abstract A method to quantify chondroitin sulfate in raw materials and dietary supplements at a range of about 5 to 100% (w/w) chondroitin sulfate has been developed and validated. The chondroitin sulfate is first selectively hydrolyzed by chondroitinase ACII enzyme to form un-, mono-, di-, and trisulfated unsaturated disaccharides; the resulting disaccharides are then quantified by ion-pairing liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The amounts of the individual disaccharides are summed to yield the total amount of chondroitin sulfate in the material. Single-laboratory validation has been performed to determine the repeatability, accuracy, selectivity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, ruggedness, and linearity of the method. Repeatability precision for total chondroitin sulfate content was between 1.60 and 4.72% relative standard deviation, with HorRat values between 0.79 and 2.25. Chondroitin sulfate recovery from raw material negative control was between 101 and 102%, and recovery from finished product negative control was between 105 and 106%.
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Moscoso-Pinto, Fausto, and Hyung-Seok Kim. "Concentration and Recovery of Valuable Heavy Minerals from Dredged Fine Aggregate Waste." Minerals 11, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11010049.
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Inside the finest fractions of aggregates, usually wasted by ready mix concrete companies, valuable heavy minerals content is substantial. The concentration and recovery of valuable heavy minerals contained in dredged fine aggregates waste, located in Pyeongtaek South Korea, were investigated to develop a process that can recover and concentrate most of each heavy mineral. The raw material contains ilmenite, magnetite, monazite, and zircon. A gravity separation, recirculating the middlings recovered ilmenite, magnetite, monazite, and zircon with 44.05%, 36.90%, 53.76%, and 69.7% respectively. Nevertheless, a magnetic separation followed by gravity separation of the non-magnetic fraction further improved the recovery of ilmenite, magnetite, monazite, and zircon to 86.96%, 85.09%, 91.06%, and 90.82% respectively. This concentrate was separated at different magnetic intensities. Magnetite was concentrated at 0.05 T, resulting in a recovery of 23.4% and grade of 95.1 wt%. Ilmenite was at 0.4 T, with a recovery of 55.2% and grade of 84.2 wt%. Monazite was at 0.9 T, with a recovery of 59.3% and rare earth oxide content of 45.2%, the non-magnetic fraction has a high zircon content, the recovery was 70.6% and grade of 91.8 wt%.
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Zbašnik-Senegačnik, Martina, and Ljudmila Koprivec. "Construction Waste as a Resource in a Sustainable Built Environment." Igra ustvarjalnosti - Creativy Game 2020, no. 08 (November 11, 2020): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15292/iu-cg.2020.08.028-036.
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The built environment requires ever-increasing amounts of raw material resources and at the same time bears the responsibility for the resulting waste. Waste is generated throughout the life cycle. In the initial phases it is referred to as industrial waste, while during construction, reconstruction, and demolition it is called construction waste. Construction waste is most voluminous but it also has a great potential in circular economy that aims at the closed loop cycle where already used construction materials and components are recovered as raw materials. Sustainable building principles include four basic strategies, waste avoidance, construction materials and components re-use, continued use, and recycling. The possibility of construction waste treatment and its possible recovery in the building process depends on the type of prevailing materials that are contained in building elements as well as on detachability, separability and inseparability of structural joints and components. The architect plays a responsible role in decreasing the volume of construction waste as the conception of a building represents the key factor in sustainable construction waste management. Planning a construction with a good dismantling potential at the end of the building’s life cycle includes a number of factors such as the choice of building materials with a low environmental impact, the design of detachable composite materials and structures as well as the design of mono material structures. This article focuses on waste resulting from the built environment and discusses architectural concepts with a potential of reducing the volume of construction waste and its potential recovery as a construction resource.
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Matusoiu, Florin, Adina Negrea, Mihaela Ciopec, Narcis Duteanu, Petru Negrea, Paula Ianasi, and Cătălin Ianasi. "Vanadium (V) Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions Using Xerogel on the Basis of Silica and Iron Oxide Matrix." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 15, 2022): 8970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248970.
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Vanadium is considered a strategic metal with wide applications in various industries due to its unique chemical and physical properties. On the basis of these considerations, the recovery of vanadium (V) is mandatory because of the lack of raw materials. Various methods are used to recover vanadium (V) from used aqueous solutions. This study develops a clean and effective process for the recovery of vanadium (V) by using the adsorption method. At the same time, this study synthesizes a material starting from silica matrices and iron oxides, which is used as an adsorbent material. To show the phase composition, the obtained material is characterized by X-ray diffraction showing that the material is present in the amorphous phase, with a crystal size of 20 nm. However, the morphological texture of the material is determined by the N2 adsorption–desorption method, proving that the adsorbent material has a high surface area of 305 m2/g with a total pore volume of 1.55 cm3/g. To determine the efficiency of the SiO2FexOy material for the recovery of vanadium through the adsorption process, the role of specific parameters, such as the L-to-V ratio, pH, contact time, temperature, and initial vanadium concentration, must be evaluated. The adsorption process mechanism was established through kinetic, thermodynamic, and equilibrium studies. In our case, the process is physical, endothermic, spontaneous, and takes place at the interface of SiO2FexOy with V2O5. Following equilibrium studies, the maximum adsorption capacity of the SiO2FexOy material was 58.8 mg (V)/g of material.
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Zhang, Ji Juan. "Study on the Recycling Technical Measures of Deserted Wood Furniture Materials." Advanced Materials Research 496 (March 2012): 534–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.496.534.
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In order to strengthen the recycling of deserted wood material, it is important to use the techniques of furniture product recovery design, establish and improve the deserted furniture recycling system, and develop industry recycling technology. Which can reduce the pollution of the environment, and expand the raw materials sources of wood-based panel industry.
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Ciocărlie, Loredana, Adina Negrea, Mihaela Ciopec, Narcis Duteanu, Petru Negrea, Paula Ianasi, Catalin Ianasi, and Nicoleta Sorina Nemes. "Indium Recovery by Adsorption on MgFe2O4 Adsorbents." Materials 15, no. 20 (October 11, 2022): 7054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15207054.
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Indium and its compounds have many industrial applications and are widely used in the manufacture of liquid crystal displays, semiconductors, low temperature soldering, and infrared photodetectors. Indium does not have its own minerals in the Earth’s crust, and most commonly, indium is associated with the ores of zinc, lead, copper and tin. Therefore, it must be recovered as a by-product from other metallurgical processes or from secondary raw materials. The aim of this study is to investigate the adsorption properties for recovering indium from aqueous solutions using iron–magnesium composite (MgFe2O4). In addition, the results show that the material offers very efficient desorption in 15% HCl solution, being used for 10 adsorption–desorption cycle test. These results provide a simple and effective process for recovering indium. Present study was focuses on the synthesis and characterization of the material by physico-chemical methods such as: X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy, followed by the adsorption tests. The XRD indicates that the MgFe2O4 phase was obtained, and the crystallite size was about 8 nm. New prepared adsorbent materials have a point of zero charge of 9.2. Studies have been performed to determine the influence of pH, initial indium solution concentration, material/solution contact time and temperature on the adsorption capacity of the material. Adsorption mechanism was established by kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies. At equilibrium a maximum adsorption capacity of 46.4 mg/g has been obtained. From kinetic and thermodynamic studies was proved that the studied adsorption process is homogeneous, spontaneous, endothermic and temperature dependent. Based on Weber and Morris model, we can conclude that the In (III) ions takes place at the MgFe2O4/In (III) solution–material interface.
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Aleksandrova, Tatyana, and Cyril О’Connor. "Processing of platinum group metal ores in Russia and South Africa: current state and prospects." Journal of Mining Institute 244 (July 30, 2020): 462–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31897/pmi.2020.4.9.
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The presented study is devoted to a comparative review of the mineral raw material base of platinum group metals (PGMs) and technologies of their processing in South Africa and Russia, the largest PGM producers. Mineralogical and geochemical classification and industrial value of iron-platinum and platinum-bearing deposits are presented in this work. The paper also reviews types of PGM ore body occurrences, ore processing methods (with a special focus on flotation processes), as well as difficulties encountered by enterprises at the processing stage, as they increase recovery of the valuable components. Data on mineralogical features of PGM deposits, including the distribution of elements in the ores, are provided. The main lines of research on mineralogical features and processing of raw materials of various genesis are identified and validated.
Sulfide deposits are found to be of the highest industrial value in both countries. Such unconventional PGM sources, as black shale, dunites, chromite, low-sulfide, chromium and titanomagnetite ores, anthropogenic raw materials, etc. are considered. The main lines of research that would bring into processing non-conventional metal sources are substantiated.
Analysis of new processing and metallurgical methods of PGM recovery from non-conventional and industrial raw materials is conducted; the review of existing processing technologies for platinum-bearing raw materials is carried out. Technologies that utilize modern equipment for ultrafine grinding are considered, as well as existing reagents for flotation recovery; evaluation of their selectivity in relation to platinum minerals is presented.
Basing on the analysis of main technological processes of PGM ore treatment, the most efficient schemes are identified, i.e.,gravity and flotation treatment with subsequent metallurgical processing.
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Apriani, Mirna, Wahyono Hadi, and Ali Masduqi. "A new concept for marine environmental sustainability through recovery of magnesium carbonate from traditional salt production wastewater." Sustinere: Journal of Environment and Sustainability 2, no. 2 (August 31, 2018): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22515/sustinere.jes.v2i2.38.
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Environmental sustainability influenced social and economy sustainability. Without sustainably productive environment to provide resource foundation, it would difficult having sustainable society. Sustainable economy depends on sustainable raw material, energy and environmental resources. This work discussed about environmental sustainability in marine especially utilizing sea water as raw material for salt. This work started to investigate raw material characteristics and salt quality. The raw material characteristics represented high concentration for sodium, chloride, calcium and polluted by trace metal. According SEM-EDX result, salt contains lead and cooper. Salt farmer income is influenced by the salt quality, the higher its quality the bigger income received. Indirectly, economy in coastal was influenced by sea water quality. This is what encourages the research to achieve marine environmental sustainability in coastal area. The aims of this study are to review and categorize indicator for marine environmental sustainability into Driver-Pressure-States-Impacts-Response (DPSIR) and provide strategies suggestion for support environmental sustainability. DPSIR indicators are utilizing sea water, wastewater discharge into sea, increasing of sea water ion concentration, mangrove growth disruption, regulation for salt wastewater disposal direct to the sea. Recovery magnesium from salt wastewater is potential strategy to protect marine environment and to support economy-social sustainability.
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Diotti, Alessandra, Giovanni Plizzari, and Sabrina Sorlini. "Leaching Behaviour of Construction and Demolition Wastes and Recycled Aggregates: Statistical Analysis Applied to the Release of Contaminants." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14 (July 6, 2021): 6265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146265.
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Construction and demolition wastes represent a primary source of new alternative materials which, if properly recovered, can be used to replace virgin raw materials partially or totally. The distrust of end-users in the use of recycled aggregates is mainly due to the environmental performance of these materials. In particular, the release of pollutants into the surrounding environment appears to be the aspect of greatest concern. This is because these materials are characterized by a strong heterogeneity which can sometimes lead to contaminant releases above the legal limits for recovery. In this context, an analysis of the leaching behaviour of both CDWs and RAs was conducted by applying a statistical analysis methodology. Subsequently, to evaluate the influence of the particle size and the volumetric reduction of the material on the release of contaminants, several experimental leaching tests were carried out according to the UNI EN 12457-2 and UNI EN 12457-4 standards. The results obtained show that chromium, mercury, and COD are the most critical parameters for both CDWs and RAs. Moreover, the material particle size generally affects the release of contaminants (i.e., finer particles showed higher releases), while the crushing process does not always involve higher releases than the sieving process.
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Frankel, R. J., and A. Phongsphetraratana. "Effects of Water Reuse, Recycling and Resource Recovery on Food Processing Waste Treatment in Thailand." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 3 (March 1, 1986): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0034.
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Two food processing industries in Thailand, namely pineapple canning and tuna/sardine canning, were studied over a 10 year period to document effects of water reuse, recycling and resource recovery (both energy and product) on waste treatment needs and actual operations. Changes in terms of water consumed, energy required, waste generated, and costs per ton of raw material processed were calculated. Lower overall annual costs resulted from all water conservation and energy recovery schemes even though stricter pollution control laws were the motivating factor behind the changes. Unit design parameters of water use, energy use and waste load generated per ton of raw material processed are included for both industries to permit extrapolations for future waste treatment plant designs.
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Kim, Nayeah, Yun Seop Hwang, and Mun Ho Hwang. "New projection of GHG reduction potentials for Korea’s cement industry and comparison with Roadmap 2030." Energy & Environment 30, no. 3 (September 10, 2018): 499–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x18795784.
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The purpose of this study is to forecast the greenhouse gas reduction potential of Korea’s cement industry by applying the latest data and new reduction methods and compare them with the previously imposed reduction target, 7.1% of Roadmap 2030. The greenhouse gas emissions are estimated on two different parts of fuel combustion and industrial process emissions, and the Reference Energy System is formed based on the cement production processes in 2015. Estimated clinker productions and energy consumptions are applied to develop the BAU scenario, and the MESSAGE model is used for the reduction scenario analysis. The reduction scenarios include raw material substitution, fuel substitution, and waste heat recovery power generation. Greenhouse gas emissions of 33,775 thousand tCO2e are estimated in the BAU scenario and greenhouse gas emissions after reduction are forecasted to be 31,626 thousand tCO2e, decreased 6.4% compared to the BAU scenario. The reduction rates are expected to be 5.3% in raw material substitution, 2.9% in waste heat recovery power generation, 0.7% in fuel substitution, and 0.1% in equipment energy efficiency. Thus, we propose that raw material substitution and waste heat recovery power generation are actively utilized, to review the existing greenhouse gas reduction method and develop the new technologies and to build a cooperation system between government and industry based on mutual trust.
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Serbanescu, Agnes, Mona Barbu, Ionut Cristea, Lidia Kim, Gina Alina Catrina, Georgiana Cernica, and Ileana Nicolescu. "Municipal solid waste (MSW) - competitive raw materials for combustible materials obtaining." Romanian Journal of Ecology & Environmental Chemistry 2, no. 2 (October 14, 2020): 170–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21698/rjeec.2020.221.
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Waste-to-energy projects can be classified as a complementary technology for energy recovery from nonrecyclable municipal waste fractions and should therefore not compete with measures to reduce, reuse, and recycle materials. The article presents the characterization of some treated municipal solid wastes as competitive raw materials for combustible materials obtaining. Samples with lignocellulosic and polymeric composition were analyzed, namely 3 samples of SRFs (solid recovered fuels) used as secondary raw material in cement plants, SRF1, SRF2, SRF3; a sample of RDF, consisting of household waste; a sample of fluff (a homogeneous mixture of non-hazardous waste - selected, mechanically treated and dried) used as a secondary raw material in cement plants; 4 samples of municipal solid waste, fractions smaller than 100 mm, after a bio-drying process, with composition: paper and cardboard (70-80%), wood (6-15%), plastic (6-10%), glass and metal (3-14%), MBU1, MBU2, MBU3, MBU4. The waste samples were characterized in terms of technical and elementary characteristics and the ash (obtained by the sample incineration) behavior in the combustion process. The mineral matter was investigated by the X-ray fluorescence analytical technique using the Rigaku CG X-ray Spectrofluorimeter. The analysis of the indices used for the slagging and deposit formation risks evaluation shows that the analyzed samples present an obvious risk of melt formation and deposits, due to a high content of base oxides and silicon oxide.
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Brown, Paula N., Michael Chan, Lori Paley, and Joseph M. Betz. "Determination of Major Phenolic Compounds in Echinacea spp. Raw Materials and Finished Products by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection: Single-Laboratory Validation Matrix Extension." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 94, no. 5 (September 1, 2011): 1400–1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/94.5.1400.
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Abstract A method previously validated to determine caftaric acid, chlorogenic acid, cynarin, echinacoside, and cichoric acid in echinacea raw materials has been successfully applied to dry extract and liquid tincture products in response to North American consumer needs. Single-laboratory validation was used to assess the repeatability, accuracy, selectivity, LOD, LOQ, analyte stability (ruggedness), and linearity of the method, with emphasis on finished products. Repeatability precision for each phenolic compound was between 1.04 and 5.65% RSD, with HorRat values between 0.30 and 1.39 for raw and dry extract finished products. HorRat values for tinctures were between 0.09 and 1.10. Accuracy of the method was determined through spike recovery studies. Recovery of each compound from raw material negative control (ginseng) was between 90 and 114%, while recovery from the finished product negative control (maltodextrin and magnesium stearate) was between 97 and 103%. A study was conducted to determine if cichoric acid, a major phenolic component of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench and E. angustifolia DC, degrades during sample preparation (extraction) and HPLC analysis. No significant degradation was observed over an extended testing period using the validated method.
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Glöser-Chahoud, Simon, and Frank Schultmann. "Potential Contribution of Secondary Materials to Overall Supply - The Example of the European Cobalt Cycle." Materials Science Forum 959 (June 2019): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.959.11.
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Higher efficiency in raw material recycling is discussed as a key strategy to decrease the environmental impact of resource consumption and to improve materials’ availability in order to mitigate supply risks. However, particularly in the case of technology metals, demand is driven by specific emerging technologies from which recycling will not be possible before the end of their useful lifetimes. Hence, the availability of secondary materials is limited by the amount of obsolete products as well as their collection, separation and treatment during waste management and recycling. In this paper, we present the results of a dynamic material flow model for cobalt as a key raw material for lithium-ion batteries at an European level (EU28). This model aims at quantifying the current state of recycling and future recycling potentials from end-of-life (EoL) product flows. While it is expectable that obsolete large battery packs from (hybrid) electric vehicles will be efficiently collected in future, EoL Li-ion battery flows will remain dominated by smaller electronic equipment (smartphones, laptops etc.) in the coming years and the model results show a significant potential for improvements in collection and material recovery from EoL batteries in Europe. A major challenge will be the collection of smaller batteries and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) in general from which a significant share of total European cobalt demand could be recovered in the coming years.
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Chen, Xiao Qing, Jin Zhong Yang, Yi Lin Mao, and Wei Ping Yan. "Study on Exploiting and Utilizing Technology of Certain Middle-and-Low-Grade Bauxite." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 982–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.982.
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Taking a middle and low grade bauxite sample in Chongqing as the research object, the processing experiment research separated and enriched the low-grade raw ore to provide higher grade raw material for alumina production, which consequently ascertain proper processing technology solutions, increases concentrate grade and recovery, and provides technological basis for the development and utilization of bauxite resources in the district. The experiment recommends the process of "selective grinding grading of coarse and fine particle - direct flotation", and the technological indexes of closed circuit flow test are A/S 8.23 and recovery 91.42%.
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Nunes, Leonel J. R., Mauro A. M. Raposo, Catarina I. R. Meireles, Carlos J. Pinto Gomes, and Nuno M. C. Almeida Ribeiro. "Control of Invasive Forest Species through the Creation of a Value Chain: Acacia dealbata Biomass Recovery." Environments 7, no. 5 (May 20, 2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments7050039.
Full textAbstract:
In Portugal, some species are now considered invasive by law and have proliferated in recent years. Among these, Acacia dealbata stands out. This work investigated the behavior of this species, in order to characterize and evaluate its potential as raw material for biomass pellets production, while controlling its proliferation. It was found that A. dealbata has a large capacity for raw material supply, as cutting 2 ha resulted in about 140 tons of biomass. Thus, the attribution of a market value for this material could result in a reduction in the area occupied by the invasive species, once the demand for it increases, causing a pressure over the resource. This pressure on the species must be duly followed by other control measures, such as reducing the population and mitigating its proliferation. Laboratory tests have shown that both the raw material and the finished product are similar to those obtained with other species normally used for biomass pellet production, such as Pinus pinaster and Eucalyptus globulus. Thus, it can be concluded that there is a high potential for this species in the production of biomass pellets for energy, and that this may be an important contribution to controlling the proliferation of this invasive species.
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Lunetta, Steven, Mark Roman, A. Chandrah, T. Edamura, T. Honda, K. LeVanseler, M. Nagarajan, et al. "Determination of Coenzyme Q10 Content in Raw Materials and Dietary Supplements by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-UV: Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 91, no. 4 (July 1, 2008): 702–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/91.4.702.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract An international collaborative study was conducted of a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC)-UV method for the determination of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10, ubidecarenone) in raw materials and dietary supplements. Ten collaborating laboratories determined the total CoQ10 content in 8 blind duplicate samples. Sample materials included CoQ10 raw material and 4 finished product dietary supplements representing softgels, hardshell gelatin capsules, and chewable wafers. In addition, collaborating laboratories received a negative control and negative control spiked with CoQ10 at low and high levels to determine recovery. Materials were extracted with an acetonitriletetrahydrofuranwater mixture. Ferric chloride was added to the test solutions to ensure all CoQ10 was in the oxidized form. The HPLC analyses were performed on a C18 column using UV detection at 275 nm. Repeatability relative standard deviations (RSDr) ranged from 0.94 to 5.05. Reproducibility relative standard deviations (RSDR) ranged from 3.08 to 17.1, with HorRat values ranging from 1.26 to 5.17. Recoveries ranged from 74.0 to 115. Based on these results, the method is recommended for Official First Action for determination of CoQ10 in raw materials and dietary supplement finished products containing CoQ10 at a concentration of >100 mg CoQ10/g test material.
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Zamfir, Ionuț-Florin. "Raw Material Market Disruptions During COVID-19: How Agility Can Create a Competitive Advantage?" Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 16, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 1122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2022-0103.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper’s objective is to present a comprehensive view on the evolution of main raw materials used by European manufacturers from technical and construction fields (ferrous metals, non-ferrous, polymers and timber) over the last 2 years described by high volatility. This topic is particularly relevant nowadays since raw materials shortages put the ongoing economic recovery under pressure. The value added of this analysis consists in a clear picture of the disruptions triggered by the ongoing sanitary crisis on construction raw materials market since spring 2020. For companies, raw materials control is a mandatory purpose to keep under control direct cost of production and stay competitive. Obviously, all manufactures were affected by this market volatility but some of them have been more resilient to shocks and managed to perform better than others. Therefore, they obtained a competitive advantage based on their agility on sourcing and controlling the supply of their main raw materials. Besides capturing the trends of main raw materials on the European market, this paper includes a practical guideline that might be considered by decision makers to tame the impact of raw materials volatility on their performance and help them to boost their resilience and agility to obtain a competitive advantage.