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Frenzel, M., J. Kullik, M. A. Reuter, and J. Gutzmer. "Raw material ‘criticality’—sense or nonsense?" Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 50, no. 12 (February 20, 2017): 123002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aa5b64.
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Lütkehaus, Hauke, Christian Pade, Matthias Oswald, Urte Brand, Tobias Naegler, and Thomas Vogt. "Measuring raw-material criticality of product systems through an economic product importance indicator: a case study of battery-electric vehicles." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 27, no. 1 (December 4, 2021): 122–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-02002-z.
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Abstract Purpose The concept of criticality concerns the probability and the possible impacts of shortages in raw-material supply and is usually applied to regional economies or specific industries. With more and more products being highly dependent on potentially critical raw materials, efforts are being made to also incorporate criticality into the framework of life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA). However, there is still some need for methodological development of indicators to measure raw-material criticality in LCSA. Methods We therefore introduce ‘economic product importance’ (EPI) as a novel parameter for the product-specific evaluation of the relevance and significance of a certain raw material for a particular product system. We thereby consider both the actual raw-material flows (life cycle inventories) and the life cycle cost. The EPI thus represents a measure for the material-specific product-system vulnerability (another component being the substitutability). Combining the product-system vulnerability of a specific product system towards a certain raw material with the supply disruption probability of that same raw material then yields the product-system specific overall criticality with regard to that raw material. In order to demonstrate our novel approach, we apply it to a case study on a battery-electric vehicle. Results Since our approach accounts for the actual amounts of raw materials used in a product and relates their total share of costs to the overall costs of the product, no under- or over-estimation of the mere presence of the raw materials with respect to their relevance for the product system occurs. Consequently, raw materials, e.g. rare earth elements, which are regularly rated highly critical, do not necessarily reach higher criticality ranks within our approach, if they are either needed in very small amounts only or if their share in total costs of the respective product system is very low. Accordingly, in our case study on a battery-electric vehicle product system, most rare earth elements are ranked less critical than bulk materials such as copper or aluminium. Conclusion Our EPI approach constitutes a step forward towards a methodology for the raw-material criticality assessment within the LCSA framework, mainly because it allows a product-specific evaluation of product-system vulnerability. Furthermore, it is compatible with common methods for the supply disruption probability calculation — such as GeoPolRisk, ESP or ESSENZ — as well as with available substitutability evaluations. The practicability and usefulness of our approach has been shown by applying it to a battery-electric vehicle.
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Helbig, Christoph, Martin Bruckler, Andrea Thorenz, and Axel Tuma. "An Overview of Indicator Choice and Normalization in Raw Material Supply Risk Assessments." Resources 10, no. 8 (August 4, 2021): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources10080079.
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Supply risk assessments are an integral part of raw material criticality assessments frequently used at the country or company level to identify raw materials of concern. However, the indicators used in supply risk assessments to estimate the likelihood of supply disruptions vary substantially. Here, we summarize and evaluate the use of supply risk indicators and their normalization to supply risk scores in 88 methods published until 2020. In total, we find 618 individual applications of supply risk criteria with 98 unique criteria belonging to one of ten indicator categories. The most often used categories of supply risk indicators are concentration, scarcity, and political instability. The most frequently used criteria are the country concentration of production, depletion time of reserves, and geopolitical risk. Indicator measurements and normalizations vary substantially between different methods for the same criterion. Our results can be used for future raw material criticality assessments to screen for suitable supply risk indicators and generally accepted indicator normalizations. We also find a further need for stronger empirical evidence of widely used indicators.
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Glöser, Simon, Luis Tercero Espinoza, Carsten Gandenberger, and Martin Faulstich. "Raw material criticality in the context of classical risk assessment." Resources Policy 44 (June 2015): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2014.12.003.
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Schrijvers, Dieuwertje, Alessandra Hool, Gian Andrea Blengini, Wei-Qiang Chen, Jo Dewulf, Roderick Eggert, Layla van Ellen, et al. "A review of methods and data to determine raw material criticality." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 155 (April 2020): 104617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104617.
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Mancini, Lucia, and Philip Nuss. "Responsible Materials Management for a Resource-Efficient and Low-Carbon Society." Resources 9, no. 6 (June 5, 2020): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources9060068.
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Our societies rely on the quality and availability of natural resources. Driven by population growth, economic development, and innovation, future demand for natural resources is expected to further increase in coming decades. Raw materials will be an important part of society’s future material mix as countries increasingly transition towards resource-efficient and greenhouse-gas neutral economies. Raw materials are also fundamental to meet ecological and socio-economic targets within the UN Sustainable Development Agenda. For instance, they have a fundamental role in renewable energy technologies, new building materials and infrastructure, communication systems, and low-carbon transportation. However, some materials are largely supplied from countries with poor governance. The future availability of these materials and associated impacts are of increasing concern going forward. Recent raw material criticality studies have explored economic, geo-political, and technological factors that affect materials’ supply. However, environmental and social pressures also play a role in their security of supply. For instance, conflicts can prevent access to mineral deposits; accidents and environmental damage compromise public acceptance and can hinder future extraction operations. This article will introduce this Special Issue with a focus on material requirements and responsible sourcing of materials for a low-carbon society, and provides an overview of the subsequent research papers.
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Fathia, Sarah, Tjahja Muhandri, and Nugraha Edhi Suyatma. "Profil Bahan Perisa Kritis Halal dalam Peraturan BPOM No. 13/2020." Jurnal Mutu Pangan : Indonesian Journal of Food Quality 9, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jmpi.2022.9.2.92.
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Flavors play a role as a determinant of the acceptability of food product. Halal certificate is a required document in Indonesia. Halal material requirements refer to SK11/Dir/LPPOM MUI/VI/20. This study aimed to obtain a profile of halal critical flavoring materials in BPOM regulation no. 13/2020 based on the document requirements for halal materials in LPPOM's SK11 and propose for non-critical halal flavoring materials. Materials used in this study were data-from BPOM regulation no. 13/2020, halal material requirements SK11/Dir/LPPOM MUI/VI/20 and other literatures associated with material production process information. The research method includes data collection based on CAS numbering, determination of BPOM flavoring materials outside the list of non-critical halal materials, determination of the production process for flavoring material, mapping of halal critical flavoring materials. The results showed that 53.82% (1381/2566) of the flavoring materials in BPOM regulations were halal critical materials. Based on identification results there were 26 types of production processes that have different halal critical sources that affect the required halal supporting documents. 65.38% (17/26) of critical halal sources came from raw materials, 30.77% (8/26) critical halal sources came from raw materials and manufacturing processes. The criticality of halal flavoring materials depends on the source of the raw material and the production process. Flavors obtained from the chemical synthesis process (414/1381) can be proposed as non-critical halal flavorings.
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Blum, Ulrich, and Jiarui Zhong. "The Loss of Raw Material Criticality: Implications of the Collapse of Saudi Arabian Oil Exports." Intereconomics 56, no. 6 (November 2021): 362–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10272-021-1015-4.
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AbstractRaw material criticality has played an important role in geostrategic thinking, especially since the crisis surrounding the price and supply of rare earths at the beginning of the 2010s. However, once dependency and strategic importance grow too strong, substitution efforts will take place that could reduce or even eradicate the previous criticality. Critical resources rarely become obsolete very quickly. However, this could happen in the case of crude oil because climate policy is forcing defossilisation, but also because artificial scarcity is falling as a result of geostrategic rivalries that are causing oversupply. This article analyses this process and the possible consequences using Saudi Arabia as an example. The development of a green hydrogen industry has potential, but it should not be overestimated in view of the absorption capacity of the economy.
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Gjoka, Margariti, Georgios Sempros, Stefanos Giaremis, Joseph Kioseoglou, and Charalampos Sarafidis. "On Structural and Magnetic Properties of Substituted SmCo5 Materials." Materials 16, no. 2 (January 5, 2023): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020547.
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SmCo5 is a well-established material in the permanent magnet industry, a sector which constantly gains market share due to increasing demand but also suffers from criticality of some raw materials. In this work we study the possibility of replacement of Sm with other, more abundant rare earth atoms like Ce-La. These raw materials are usually called “free” rare-earth minerals, appearing as a by-product during mining and processing of other raw materials. Samples with nominal stoichiometry Sm1−xMMxCo5 (x = 0.1–1.0) were prepared in bulk form with conventional metallurgy techniques and their basic structural and magnetic properties were examined. The materials retain the hexagonal CaCu5-type structure while minor fluctuations in unit cell parameters as observed with X-ray diffraction. Incorporation of Ce-La degrade intrinsic magnetic properties, Curie temperature drops from 920 K to 800 K across the series and mass magnetization from 98 Am2/kg to 60 Am2/kg; effects which trade off for the significantly reduced price. Atomistic simulations, implemented based on Density Functional Theory calculations are used in the case of the stoichiometry with x = 0.5 to calculate atomic magnetic moments and provide additional insight in the complex interactions that dominate the magnetic properties of the material.
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Kim, Juhan, Jungbae Lee, BumChoong Kim, and Jinsoo Kim. "Raw material criticality assessment with weighted indicators: An application of fuzzy analytic hierarchy process." Resources Policy 60 (March 2019): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.01.005.
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Pierpaoli, Mattia, Michał Rycewicz, Aneta Łuczkiewicz, Sylwia Fudala-Ksiązek, Robert Bogdanowicz, and Maria Letizia Ruello. "Electrodes criticality: the impact of CRMs in the leachate electrochemical oxidation." Manufacturing Review 7 (2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mfreview/2020006.
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Landfill leachate possesses high concentrations of ammonia, micropollutants, and heavy metals, and are characterised for low biodegradability. For this reason, conventional treatment technologies may result ineffective for complete pollutant removal. Electrochemical oxidation allows most of the of recalcitrant pollutants to be oxidised effectively within an easy operational and acceptable retention time, without the need to provide additional chemicals, and without producing waste materials. The mineralisation efficiency and electrode durability depend on the nature of the electrode material. The conventionally adopted anodes can contain critical raw materials (CRMs), and are subject to extreme corrosion conditions. CRM-free electrodes, such as carbon and graphite-based, exhibit a lower efficiency, and are subject to faster deactivation, or, as for lead-dioxide-based electrodes, can constitute a hazard due to the release into the effluent of the coating corrosion products. In this study, the relationship between electrode type, CRM content, and the removal efficiencies of organic compounds and ammonium-nitrogen (N-NH4) was investigated. Material criticality was estimated by the supply risk with economic importance indexes reported in the 2017 EU CRM List. The COD and N-NH4 removal efficiencies were obtained from a literature analysis of 25 publications. The results show that, while single and multi-oxide-coated electrodes may contain low amounts of CRM, but with limited efficiency, boron-doped diamonds (BDD) may constitute the best compromise in terms of a reduced content of CRM and a high mineralisation efficiency.
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Knoeri, Christof, Patrick A. Wäger, Anna Stamp, Hans-Joerg Althaus, and Marcel Weil. "Towards a dynamic assessment of raw materials criticality: Linking agent-based demand — With material flow supply modelling approaches." Science of The Total Environment 461-462 (September 2013): 808–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.001.
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Calvo, Guiomar, Alicia Valero, and Antonio Valero. "Thermodynamic Approach to Evaluate the Criticality of Raw Materials and Its Application through a Material Flow Analysis in Europe." Journal of Industrial Ecology 22, no. 4 (July 21, 2017): 839–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12624.
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Randebrock, Inka, Sylvia Marinova, Vanessa Bach, Rosalie Arendt, and Matthias Finkbeiner. "Adapting the ESSENZ Method to Assess the Criticality of Construction Materials: Case Study of Herne, Germany." Resources 12, no. 8 (August 2, 2023): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources12080092.
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The steady increase in the world’s population combined with the globally growing need for living space by each individual is leading to an ever-faster consumption of limited resources by the construction industry, particularly sand and gravel. While a consensus exists regarding the sand and gravel resource availability on a global level for long-term supply, it is important to note that local supply shortages may still occur. Thus, this study aims to identify critical aspects of both locally and globally traded construction materials by adapting the ESSENZ method, which evaluates the criticality of globally traded abiotic resources. For the specific case of the local availability of construction materials, a new indicator is introduced: The Surface Squared Driven Indicator (SSDI), which is adapted to the specific conditions of the German market. The modified ESSENZ method is applied in a case study of materials needed for maintaining the material stock of the city of Herne, Germany. The results indicate that raw materials for concrete production in Germany, such as aggregates, are expected to be sufficient in the long term, but silica sand for glass production is only guaranteed for a few decades. Concrete poses the highest supply risk due to its high material demand, with steel and concrete dominating the environmental impacts. Limitations include data availability and the exclusion of certain materials. The adapted ESSENZ method allows for the comparison of criticality results for materials traded globally and locally, offering valuable insights for decision-makers seeking to promote sustainable construction practices.
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Šimková, Zuzana, Henrieta Pavolová, and Lucia Bednárová. "Evaluation of exploiting barite, the critical raw material in Slovakia, and benefits of its mining." Mining of Mineral Deposits 15, no. 2 (2021): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/mining15.02.009.
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Purpose. There are several deposits of critical raw materials in the Slovak Republic, but currently only one is mined. This is a barite deposit in Spiš, which shows an ever-lower volume of exploited raw material year-on-year. However, this area is rich in several confirmed barite veins, which represent potential strategic raw materials. The presented article analyzes in detail and describes the Jaklovce I. deposit, which is located in the Gelnica district in north-east of Slovakia. Despite the fact that Slovakia, as well as most EU countries, is dependent on imports of raw materials, the new deposits represent new potential. Determination of the economic value of these deposits creates a promising potential for the investor, but also, secondarily, a potential for the socio-economic development of regions, as well as for the state. Methods. Based on the evaluation of dynamic economic variables, the article predicts the benefits which mining in this deposit would bring, which are also supported by SWOT analysis of barite exploitation. Findings. According to the methods used during the financial evaluation of the single mined deposit of CRM in Slovakia, which was developed because of CRM criticality in EU, we showed, based on § 14 of the Mining Act no. 44/1988 Coll. the necessity of CRM mining from the view of regions, the state and investors. The present article summarizes impacts of exploiting the barite from Jaklovce I. deposit for the investor, as well as for the state, which is also underlined through SWOT analysis. Originality. This study attempts to point out that mining critical raw materials is economically suitable not only for the state, but also for investors. SWOT analysis also pinpoints most threats, opportunities and some forecasts which should be taken into account while designing the investment project. Practical implications.I nvestment project in mining area is one of the most critical and challenging decisions that experts have to make mainly based on geological, economical and geotechnical properties of the deposit, which are very specific. The same is true for the investment project which represents huge investments and rate of risk
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Blagoeva, Darina, Alain Marmier, Patricia Alves Dias, and Claudiu C Pavel. "A new methodology to assess the EU resilience to materials supply along the value chain: case of lithium for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles." Material Science & Engineering International Journal 4, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mseij.2020.04.00130.
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Implementation of recent EU policy measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in combination with a large adoption of low-carbon technologies is acknowledged to drive an increasing demand for certain materials. Some of these materials are largely produced outside the EU and are flagged as critical in different studies. This paper presents a new and comprehensive methodology to determine the EU resilience to supply of materials used in major low-carbon technologies. It assesses the security of supply across the materials value chain by adopting specific indicators related to upstream and downstream production stages. A case study, i.e. lithium in the context of rechargeable batteries for electric vehicles, demonstrates the applicability of the methodology. While the overall issue of lithium availability for electric vehicle batteries is known, an integrated analysis at EU level based on the latest technological/market developments is however not available. This paper reveals that the EU resilience to the roll-out of EV will decrease by 2030 unless specific mitigation measures are undertaken at EU level. Such measures include recycling of waste Li-ion batteries, increasing the production of raw lithium, processed materials and cells/batteries in the EU as well as diversification of the supply of lithium and/or cells/batteries from third countries. Keywords: raw material, resilience, criticality, lithium, battery, electric vehicle, supply chain
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Greenwood, Matthew, Marc Wentker, and Jens Leker. "A region-specific raw material and lithium-ion battery criticality methodology with an assessment of NMC cathode technology." Applied Energy 302 (November 2021): 117512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117512.
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Wentker, Marc, Matthew Greenwood, Marius Chofor Asaba, and Jens Leker. "A raw material criticality and environmental impact assessment of state-of-the-art and post-lithium-ion cathode technologies." Journal of Energy Storage 26 (December 2019): 101022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2019.101022.
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Cimprich, Alexander, Vanessa Bach, Christoph Helbig, Andrea Thorenz, Dieuwertje Schrijvers, Guido Sonnemann, Steven B. Young, Thomas Sonderegger, and Markus Berger. "Raw material criticality assessment as a complement to environmental life cycle assessment: Examining methods for product‐level supply risk assessment." Journal of Industrial Ecology 23, no. 5 (April 15, 2019): 1226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12865.
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Glöser-Chahoud, Simon, Luis Tercero Espinoza, Rainer Walz, and Martin Faulstich. "Taking the Step towards a More Dynamic View on Raw Material Criticality: An Indicator Based Analysis for Germany and Japan." Resources 5, no. 4 (December 8, 2016): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources5040045.
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Bussolesi, Micol, Giovanni Grieco, Alireza Eslami, and Alessandro Cavallo. "Ophiolite Chromite Deposits as a New Source for the Production of Refractory Chromite Sands." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 31, 2020): 7096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177096.
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Chromite foundry sands, mixed with binding resins, are employed in the industry to form molds for high demanding casting of metals and steel. As there is no substitute, these sands highly contribute to placing chromium at the top value of the economic importance parameter in the EU classification of critical raw materials. Finding new sources to produce these sands can contribute to lowering its criticality. Chromite foundry sands must meet strict quality parameters, referred to as Cr2O3 content, Fineness Index, SiO2 content, and Acid Demand. The foundry chromite market is dominated by South Africa production deriving from layered intrusion chromite deposits. Chromite sands from ophiolite chromite deposits, normally used for the metallurgical-grade chromite market, were tested as an alternative starting raw material to produce chromite foundry sands. The study of the silicate impurities assemblage showed that its mineralogy strongly affects the result of the most crucial parameter, the Acid Demand. Ophiolite chromite with serpentine impurities should be depurated to a hardly affordable 0.31% SiO2 content to meet Acid Demand quality threshold, due to high reactivity of this silicate with the acid environment of the test. Those with olivine impurities require to be depurated to a much more easily affordable 2.11% SiO2 content. As a result, ophiolite chromite with an olivine dominated silicate assemblage can be used as an alternative source of chromite foundry sands.
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Bobba, Silvia, Isabella Bianco, Umberto Eynard, Samuel Carrara, Fabrice Mathieux, and Gian Andrea Blengini. "Bridging Tools to Better Understand Environmental Performances and Raw Materials Supply of Traction Batteries in the Future EU Fleet." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 15, 2020): 2513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102513.
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Sustainable and smart mobility and associated energy systems are key to decarbonise the EU and develop a clean, resource efficient, circular and carbon-neutral future. To achieve the 2030 and 2050 targets, technological and societal changes are needed. This transition will inevitably change the composition of the future EU fleet, with an increasing share of electric vehicles (xEVs). To assess the potential contribution of lithium-ion traction batteries (LIBs) in decreasing the environmental burdens of EU mobility, several aspects should be included. Even though environmental assessments of batteries along their life-cycle have been already conducted using life-cycle assessment, a single tool does not likely provide a complete overview of such a complex system. Complementary information is provided by material flow analysis and criticality assessment, with emphasis on supply risk. Bridging complementary aspects can better support decision-making, especially when different strategies are simultaneously tackled. The results point out that the future life-cycle GWP of traction LIBs will likely improve, mainly due to more environmental-friendly energy mix and improved recycling. Even though second-use will postpone available materials for recycling, both these end-of-life strategies allow keeping the values of materials in the circular economy, with recycling also contributing to mitigate the supply risk of Lithium and Nickel.
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Kochnov, Oleg Yu, and Pavel A. Danilov. "Effects of various types of reflectors on the 99Mo production in the VVER-Ts reactor targets." Nuclear Energy and Technology 6, no. 2 (June 19, 2020): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nucet.6.54623.
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The effects from introducing various types of reflectors in the VVR-Ts reactor core on the 99Мо production were analyzed. Earlier the effects of only the beryllium reflector on the VVR-Ts reactor core characteristics, such as reactivity margin, neutron flux in experimental channels, and activity of the accumulated 99Мо, were calculated. The calculations are based on a generated precision model of the core which comprises one experimental channel where targets are irradiated for the 99Мо production. The model was built using the SCALE code. The code allows a fairly broad range of calculations to be performed, from criticality estimation to radiological assessment tasks. As the result of the computational analysis of the model, such characteristics were obtained as the effective multiplication factor, the power density in the 99Мо production targets, the neutron flux in the target raw material, and the quantity of the produced 99Мо after 120 hours of irradiation. The data was compared with the results of similar calculations of the VVR-Ts reactor core parameters. Further, the list of the materials used extensively as the reactor core reflector or moderator was formed based on reference literature. A number of models were obtained and analyzed on its basis, in which the water space on the core periphery was substituted for the investigated materials.
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S. Randall, Wesley, David R. Nowicki, Gopikrishna Deshpande, and Robert F. Lusch. "Converting knowledge into value." International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 44, no. 8/9 (September 30, 2014): 655–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpdlm-08-2013-0223.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the conversion of knowledge into value by examining the confluence of service-dominant logic (S-D logic), supply chain management (SCM), human resource management (HRM), and neuroeconomics. S-D logic suggests that knowledge is the raw material of value creation. SCM provides an organized foundation to study the conversion of raw materials into value. HRM recognizes the centrality of human decisions in the process of converting knowledge into value. Neuroscience gives insight into the efficiency and effectiveness of the human decisions processes. Global SCM provides more than markets and raw materials – global SCM provides the human resources central to value creation. Design/methodology/approach – This paper combines literature review with interviews from members of supply chain teams engaged in performance-based logistics (PBL) to develop a model of the S-D logic knowledge conversion process. Findings – The model describes individual-based decision constructs managers can expect to face as they convert knowledge, from a global supply chain team, into value. The model relates the decision maker mindset, based in neuroscience principals, to the efficiency of the knowledge conversion process. These principals are extended to suggest how managers can modulate human resource processes to improve the efficiency of economic exchange and increase supply chain resiliency. Research limitations/implications – This paper provides theoretical and practical insight into how differences in culture, neuronal predisposition, and genetics may influence managerial decisions. These findings provide a mechanism that researchers and managers may take to expand the boundaries of HRM in a global supply chain. Originality/value – This work uses a foundation of SCM research to explain efficient conversion in a knowledge-based economy. This perspective demonstrates the criticality of global HRM mindsets and decision processes necessary to achieve competitive advantage in a knowledge-based economy. This provides a context for the study and improvement of neuroeconomic efficiency of firms.
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Pelzeter, Julia, Vanessa Bach, Martin Henßler, Klaus Ruhland, and Matthias Finkbeiner. "Enhancement of the ESSENZ Method and Application in a Case Study on Batteries." Resources 11, no. 6 (May 25, 2022): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources11060052.
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With a growing awareness of the impact of resource exploitation, issues such as mine site certification and recyclate use in products come to the fore. These aspects are incorporated into the ESSENZ method which assesses resource criticality. Moreover, the method is enhanced by addressing further shortcomings and considering the SCARCE method. The resultant so-called ESSENZ+ method is tested in a case study on batteries involving a data update concerning the characterization factors of eight raw materials. The comparison of the results, using the original ESSENZ versus the updated ESSENZ+ characterization factors, shows significant changes regarding the demand growth (an increase of four times due to the inclusion of future trends) and price fluctuations (an increase of fourteen times due to a data update). The impact of the introduction of the aspects of mine site certification and recyclate use are examined via sensitivity analyses showing a reduced supply risk, yet to different extents in the different categories. A comparison of nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) batteries with different NMC ratios shows a decreasing supply risk per kWh, along with technological advancement, due to lower material requirements and smaller cobalt shares. ESSENZ+ enables users to include relevant developments in their assessment such as increasing mine site certifications and recyclate use.
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Leite Munaretto, Elisangela Christiane de Pinheiro, and Maclovia Corrêa da Silva. "Textile waste as a resource for teaching, technology and art." Journal of Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology 9, no. 1 (January 17, 2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jteft.2023.09.00324.
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The theme of sustainability in relation to textile production carries several discussions on behalf of awareness and responsibility towards consumer action and the recycling of waste still inevitably generated. In this sense, the culture of fast fashion widely disseminated causes serious problems related to textile disposal, being relevant the opportunities for experimentation and research that present themselves as attempts to minimize the waste problem. Considering this, this work bet on the educational context as an opportune space to unveil knowledge related to sustainable development in the midst of alternative technologies. Thus, textile residues were used as a potential raw material as a pedagogical/artistic resource, being unusual for the students. This experience/life provoked discussions with potential views to the juvenile criticality facing consumption actions, as well as made us reflective about possible educational measures about the theme of waste and its disposal on the Planet. This is an experimental research action with the purpose of answering the hypothesis about the re-signification of textile waste in order to expand the students' repertoire, collaborating with their personal poetics in critical and creative possibilities based on environmental education.
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Sharma, Astha, Dinesh Kumar, and Navneet Arora. "Risk assessment for pharmaceutical industry in uncertain environment: An integrated multi-criteria decision-making approach." Decision Making: Applications in Management and Engineering 6, no. 2 (October 15, 2023): 293–340. http://dx.doi.org/10.31181/dmame622023688.
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The pharmaceutical industry is the backbone of the healthcare system for any country. However, this industry faces various risks, which hamper its efficient working in providing life-saving medicines/services to the people. In this context, the purpose of the study is to improve the resilience and performance of the pharmaceutical industry (PI) with the identification, and assessment of supply chain (SC) risks. A case illustration has also been presented in the Indian context. The study utilizes an extensive literature survey and the Delphi method for identifying, finalizing, and classifying the risks into seven categories. The Intuitionistic Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (IF-AHP) has been used to analyze and prioritize the risks to determine their criticality. The results show that the three most important risks are financial, supplier, and demand/customer/market. Within these risks, the three most critical sub-risks are found to be loss of customers, raw material (RM) issues, and bad reputation of the company, respectively. The study provides managers with an extensive list of PI risks for their consideration. The results also present the critical risks which need to be mitigated for enhanced performance and resilience of the industry. The study also emphasizes the importance of interconnection between various SC partners for better risk management.
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Smekhova, I. E., L. V. Shigarova, P. I. Andreeva, E. V. Flisyuk, and A. S. Dzyuba. "Application of Quality-by-Design Approach to Justify the Composition and Technology of Two-component Suppositories." Drug development & registration 11, no. 4 (November 27, 2022): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33380/2305-2066-2022-11-4-142-149.
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Introduction. One of the modern remedies used to treat vaginal infections are suppositories "Depantol", which have an antiseptic, regenerating effect due to the combination of chlorhexidine and dexpanthenol. The initial stage in the life cycle of any medicinal product (MP) is pharmaceutical development, a systematic approach to which implies the principle of Quality-by-Design (QbD), which is based on obtaining reliable scientific data and risk management for quality. With this approach, pharmaceutical development begins with a preliminary determination of significant factors in the creation of a drug.Aim. Aim of study was to design Quality Target Product Profile, Critical Quality Attributes, Critical Material Attributes – the initial data necessary for the development of composition and technology of a generic drug in accordance with the QbD methodology of ICH Guidance Q8 "Pharmaceutical Development".Materials and methods. Objects of study: chlorhexidine bigluconate, dexpanthenol, PEG-400 and PEG-1500, pharmaceutical development documents. Methods of study: content analysis, system analysis; FMECA method (Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis).Results and discussion. In order to implement the QbD for the production of a drug of good quality, initial data for the development of the composition and technology of two-component suppositories were obtained. Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP) was compiled taking into account the data of the original drug was used as reference. Based on the compiled QTPP, Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs) were identified. The determination of CQAs from QTPP parameters was based on the strength of the potential harm to the product. Due to the fact that we developed a well-known dosage form, quality indicators were chosen that are standard for hydrophilic suppositories. In order to determine the parameters of the drug components that affect the Critical Quality Attributes, for each of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) suppositories contain, the Critical Material Attributes (CMAs) were determined. For example, for liquid ingredients, according to the specification of the substance manufacturer, these are pH, viscosity, impurities, identification, assay, refraction index. For the initial risk assessment, risk assessment matrices of the influence of the Сritical Material Attributes of the components on the Critical Quality Attributes were compiled. When evaluating the effect of chlorhexidine bigluconate on the critical characteristics of the final product, attention was paid to all parameters from the manufacturer's specification, since any deviations in pH, density, presence of related substances and extraneous impurities, assay and identification of the substance may signal the chemical unsuitability of the component. The weight uniformity of suppositories is affected only by the parameters of the technological process. The influence of CMAs of dexpanthenol on the Critical Quality Attributes of the finished product is generally similar to the influence of the parameters of chlorhexidine bigluconate. The difference in the influence of pH and water content on the microbial limits: unlike chlorhexidine bigluconate, which has antiseptic properties, dexpanthenol is more susceptible to microbial contamination. The effect of base CMAs on identification, content uniformity, and assay is not critical. Whereas the pH, assay and identification of PEG-400 and PEG-1500 have a significant impact on the dissolution profile of the active ingredients from the finished dosage form.Conclusion. The data required for the pharmaceutical development of a generic drug, two-component suppositories, was obtained: Quality Target Product Profile, Critical Quality Attributes, Critical Material Parameters. The impact of the critical characteristics of the raw materials on the critical quality attributes of the developed suppositories was assessed.
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Fodor, Kitti, and Beatrix Varga. "Can we predict the criticality now better than in 2017?" Multidiszciplináris Tudományok 13, no. 2 (December 20, 2023): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.35925/j.multi.2023.2.25.
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Critical raw materials are part of our daily lives, despite what we may not think. For example, they are found in cars, but they are used in many other areas. Our aim in this study was to examine how the critical raw materials sector has changed over the last 6 years. Our analysis was carried out using logistic regression. We observed that in 2023, we can more accurately categorise raw materials using the SR and EI parameters than in 2017. The model was able to correctly categorise the raw materials with an accuracy of 96.6%.
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Kostygov, Lyudmila, and Roman Golov. "Modern problems of technological development of industry: resource aspect." Scientific Works of the Free Economic Society of Russia 246, no. 2 (2024): 228–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.38197/2072-2060-2024-246-2-228-253.
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The article considers a complex of various challenges and threats to Russian society and the state, which is being formed in modern conditions. The main attention is paid to the problem of providing Russian industry with modern materials for the production of high-tech products. Various approaches to the assessment of material resources from the point of view of their importance are considered: strategic mineral raw materials, scarce mineral raw materials, critically important materials. It has been established that the provision of critical materials will more fully solve the problem of raw materials supply, ensuring the production of high-tech products with high added value, and more fully implement the course for sustainable development as a result of control over the use of natural resources and their recycling.
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Kuntjoro, Sri. "CRITICALITY ANALYSIS OF URANIUM STORAGE FACILITY WITH FORMATION RACKS." JURNAL TEKNOLOGI REAKTOR NUKLIR TRI DASA MEGA 19, no. 1 (March 13, 2017): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/tdm.2017.19.1.3251.
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Uranium materials are needed for the uranium fuel production of research reactors and radioisotope. Before the uranium material is used, it is stored in the storage facility. One of the prerequisites for uranium material storage facilities is that it must be in the sub-critical condition. The purpose of this study is to analyze the criticality condition of uranium material storage facility located in PT. Inuki (Persero) and to ensure that the criticality condition is always in sub-critical state. Criticality analysis was performed using MCNP-5 program to determine the level of criticality of the three uranium material storage facilities at initial conditions and conditions after adding the storage racks. For analysing storage facilities 1 and 2, three scenarios of container on the storage rack formations were considered. Meanwhile, for analysing the storage facility 3, one scenario was considered. The results confirm that all strorages at initial condition and after adding storage racks formation were still in sub-critical condition (k-eff<1). These results are then used as the basis for the uranium materials management. It is also used as a basis for issuing an operational license by the nuclear energy regulatory body (BAPETEN).Keywords : criticality, uranium storage facility, k-eff ANALISIS KRITIKALITAS DI FASILITAS PENYIMPANAN BAHAN URANIUM DENGAN FORMASI PENGATURAN RAK. Bahan uranium dibutuhkan untuk produksi bahan bakar reaktor penelitian dan radioisotop. Bahan uranium sebelum digunakan terlebih dahulu disimpan pada fasilitas penyimpanan. Salah satu prasyarat fasilitas penyimpanan bahan uranium adalah fasilitas tersebut harus dalam kondisi sub-kritis. Bila kondisi kritis terjadi mengakibatkan proses fissi pada bahan uranium tidak terkendali, sehingga akan menimbulkan suhu yang sangat tinggi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa kondisi kritikalitas dari fasilitas penyimpanan bahan uranium yang berada di PT. INUKI (Persero) untuk menjamin fasilitas tersebut dalam kondisi sub-kritis. Analisis kritikalitas dilakukan menggunakan program MCNP-5 untuk mengetahui tingkat kritikalitas dari tiga fasilitas penyimpanan bahan uranium untuk kondisi awal dan kondisi setelah ditambahkan rak penyimpanan. Untuk fasilitas penyimpanan 1 dan 2 dibuat tiga skenario pengaturan container pada rak penyimpanan, sedangkan pada fasilitas penyimpanan 3 dilakukan 1 skenario. Hasil ini menunjukkan seluruh fasilitas penyimpanan pada kondisi awal dan setelah ditambah rak penyimpanan dalam kondisi sub-kritis (k-eff<1). Hasil tersebut selanjutnya dipergunakan sebagai dasar untuk menyusun manejemen pengelolaan bahan uranium. Selain itu juga digunakan sebagai dasar untuk pembuatan ijin dari badan pengawas (BAPETEN).Kata Kunci : kritikalitas, fasilitas penyimpanan berbahan uranium, k-eff
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Yang, Jie, Hong Luo Zhu, Lin Wei Ma, and Zheng Li. "An Evaluation of Critical Raw Materials for China." Advanced Materials Research 773 (September 2013): 954–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.773.954.
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This manuscript aims to apply the method of criticality matrix to evaluate critical raw materials for China. The matrix includes two dimensions, the supply risk evaluated by net import dependency and import concentration, and the economic importance evaluated by value-added value of consumption sectors. The results indicate that the most critical raw materials for China are Chromite, Cobalt, Manganese, Nickel, Iron ore, and Niobium & Tantalum.
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Machacek, Erika. "Constructing criticality by classification: Expert assessments of mineral raw materials." Geoforum 84 (August 2017): 368–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.03.028.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Comparison of Mercury Intrusion and Nitrogen Adsorption Measurements for the Characterization of Certain Natural Raw Materials Deposits." Baghdad Science Journal 7, no. 1 (March 7, 2010): 621–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.7.1.621-630.
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The porosity of materials is important in many applications, products and processes, such as electrochemical devices (electrodes, separator, active components in batteries), porous thin film, ceramics, soils, construction materials, ..etc. This can be characterized in many different methods, and the most important methods for industrial purposes are the N2 gas adsorption and mercury porosimetry. In the present paper, both of these techniques have been used to characterize some of Iraqi natural raw materials deposits. These are Glass Sand, Standard Sand, Flint Clay and Bentonite. Data from both analyses on the different types of natural raw materials deposits are critically examined and discussed. The results of specific surface areas showed considerable difference between the two sets of data on the same material. This indicates that the material have an external surface which can not be measure by mercury porosimeter. Also pore size distribution data obtained from N2 adsorption measurements shows a wide range of the smallest pore size. This result suggests that materials have micropores using IUPAC definitions of pore size.
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Mayer, Herbert, and Benedikt Gleich. "Measuring Criticality of Raw Materials: An Empirical Approach Assessing the Supply Risk Dimension of Commodity Criticality." Natural Resources 06, no. 01 (2015): 56–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/nr.2015.61007.
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Torrubia, Jorge, Antonio Valero, and Alicia Valero. "Thermodynamic Rarity Assessment of Mobile Phone PCBs: A Physical Criticality Indicator in Times of Shortage." Entropy 24, no. 1 (January 8, 2022): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24010100.
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Rising prices in energy, raw materials, and shortages of critical raw materials (CRMs) for renewable energies or electric vehicles are jeopardizing the transition to a low-carbon economy. Therefore, managing scarce resources must be a priority for governments. To that end, appropriate indicators that can identify the criticality of raw materials and products is key. Thermodynamic rarity (TR) is an exergy-based indicator that measures the scarcity of elements in the earth’s crust and the energy intensity to extract and refine them. This paper uses TR to study 70 Mobile Phone (MP) Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) samples. Results show that an average MP PCB has a TR of 88 MJ per unit, indicating their intensive use of valuable materials. Every year the embedded TR increases by 36,250 GWh worldwide -similar to the electricity consumed by Denmark in 2019- due to annual production of MP. Pd, Ta and Au embedded in MP PCBs worldwide between 2007 and 2021 contribute to 90% of the overall TR, which account for 75, 600 and 250 tones, respectively, and increasing by 11% annually. This, coupled with the short lifespan of MP, makes PCBs an important potential source of secondary resources.
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Göçmen Polat, Elifcan, Melih Yücesan, and Muhammet Gül. "A comparative framework for criticality assessment of strategic raw materials in Turkey." Resources Policy 82 (May 2023): 103511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103511.
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Bamforth, Douglas B. "Technological Efficiency and Tool Curation." American Antiquity 51, no. 1 (January 1986): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/280392.
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Archaeologists frequently explain tool curation by its efficiency. Such explanations ignore the fact that curation is a complex activity and that its component parts are efficient in different ways. I argue that the nature and distribution of lithic resources critically affect technological efficiency and I discuss two aspects of curation, maintenance and recycling, asserting that they are responses to raw material shortages. Shortages result from regional geological conditions and from behavior patterns that restrict access to raw material in certain contexts. Ethnographic and archaeological examples support this hypothesis and highlight the relationship between subsistence-settlement organization, raw material distribution, and technology.
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GÖÇMEN POLAT, Elifcan. "Assessing the Roles of Raw Materials in Sustainable Development Goals: Current Situation and Future Prospects." International Scientific and Vocational Studies Journal 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 176–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.47897/bilmes.1397666.
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Raw materials are the necessary building blocks for the functioning of the country's economy and industries. It is inevitable for countries to direct their economic policies towards sustainability within the scope of their green and digital transformation efforts. The fact that green and digital transformation are among the most driving forces in achieving sustainable development also reveals the criticality of the raw materials to be used in the technologies required for this transformation. The positive effects of raw materials come to the fore in many areas such as the use of carbon neutral and green technologies required for climate and energy targets, the design of sustainable cities, and healthy and quality life. However, it is necessary to discuss the dilemma created by the negative environmental effects of mining activities undertaken to extract the raw materials necessary to achieve sustainability goals. Therefore, in this study, the positive or negative effects of raw materials on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), sustainable performance criteria that can be used in the evaluation of raw materials, are examined with strategic planning tools. Policies, measures, and investments regarding the performance measures achieved in Turkey are investigated. At the end of the study, the strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities of some raw materials in terms of targets are evaluated. Additionally, through analysis of critical success factors, numerical inputs that can be used for researchers conducting data studies in this field are presented.
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Volk, Emily K., Rebecca R. Beswick, Stephanie Kwon, and Shaun M. Alia. "Electrochemical Activation of NiFe2O4 for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Media." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 36 (August 28, 2023): 2067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01362067mtgabs.
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Electrochemical H2 production via low temperature H2O electrolysis is a promising strategy to facilitate decarbonization across sectors;1 however, current high-performing proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers require the use of expensive and rare platinum-group metals (PGMs) for catalysts and hardware, limiting scale up feasibility.2 More recently, anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzers have emerged as an alternative strategy, combining the zero-gap approach employed by PEM with operation in an alkaline environment where many non-PGMs are thermodynamically stable.3 In fact, oxides of first row transition metals including Ni, Fe, and Co have been proposed as promising anode catalyst alternatives to IrO2 in AEM electrolyzers.4–7 However, these materials suffer from high overpotentials (> 300 mV @ 10 mA/cm2)8 and kinetic improvements are needed to facilitate the deployment of this technology. Ni-Fe oxides have gained particular attention due to their high ex-situ activities and typically low material criticality compared to IrO2 or other non-PGMs such as Co.9 Ni and Fe are known to have a synergistic effect, with trace amounts of Fe in Ni catalysts leading to increased OER activity.10 However, the mechanism behind the improved performance and the optimal Fe content is heavily debated in the literature;11 for example, this activity enhancement has been attributed to increased electrical conductivity with increasing Fe content,10 stabilization of the Ni4+ state,12 and a shift of the Ni (II/III) redox couple.13 Furthermore, these studies have evaluated Ni-Fe catalysts in their metallic or oxy(hydroxide) forms, although device-level conditioning may passivate near-surfaces and minimize performance differences between catalysts with difference ex-situ oxide content.14 Uncovering how Fe content changes over time-on-stream for nanoparticle oxides and correlating this to changes in activity is needed to facilitate optimization of these materials at the device level. To this end, this work evaluated the stability of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles (30 nm) in alkaline environments, correlating changes in Fe composition to changes in activity. All tests were performed in a rotating disc electrode cell with Au working electrode (0.193 cm2), Au counter electrode, and reversible hydrogen reference electrode. Tests were performed in 0.1 M NaOH electrolyte at room temperature with a catalyst loading of 17.8 μgM/cm2. We found that the activity of NiFe2O4 improved over time-on-stream (+ 80 % in current at 1.65 V after 13.5 h) concurrent with a dissolution of Fe (2 – 8 wt% Fe loss). We hypothesize that the Fe content in NiFe2O4 (48 wt% Fe) was prohibitively high, and that dissolution of Fe shifted this value closer to optimum, resulting in higher activity. For NiFe (oxy)hydroxide materials, optimal Fe content has been reported at 15 - 25 wt% Fe.10 However, this value likely changes depending on the structure of the material and, relatedly, the relative abundances of Ni and Fe on the surface. We further looked at the effect of longer time on stream at 1.8 V (13.5 h – 27 h) and potentiodynamic cycling (1.4 - 1.8 V, 1.4 – 2.0 V, 0.0 – 2.0 V; 13.5 h) on NiFe2O4 stability. The results, in turn, showed that catalyst reactivity for OER improved over time-on-stream by 50 – 80% for potentiostatic holds and by upwards 500% for cycling tests (Fig. 1). This activity improvement was found to be concurrent with Fe dissolution (determined from ICP-MS), which ranged from 2 – 8 wt% Fe loss for the potentiostatic stress test to upwards of 40 wt% Fe loss for the cycling tests. Increased time on stream (13.5 – 27 h) was found to not significantly impact the activity enhancement. These results show a correlation between Fe dissolution and activity improvement and suggest that the activity of nanoparticle NiFe2O4 oxides may be electrochemical activated via this method, providing new insights into the viability of NiFe oxides as alternatives to IrO2 for OER. [1] Borup et al., Electrochem. Soc. Interface 2021, [2] IRENA Green Hydrogen Cost Reduction - Scaling up Electrolyzers to Meet the 1.5C Climate Goal 2020, [3] Pourbaix, Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions, 1974, [4] Suen et al., Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017, [5] Plevová et al., J. Power Sources 2021, [6] Burke et al., Chem. Mater. 2015, [7] Anderson et al., J. Electrochem. Soc. 2020, [8] McCrory et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc 2015, [9] European Commission, Report on Critical Raw Materials for the EU 2018, [10] Trotochaud et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, [11] Anantharaj et al., Nano Energy 2021, [12] Li et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2017, [13] Görlin et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, [14] Alia et al., J. Electrochem. Soc. 2019 Figure 1
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Haridevan, Hima, David A. C. Evans, Arthur J. Ragauskas, Darren J. Martin, and Pratheep K. Annamalai. "Valorisation of technical lignin in rigid polyurethane foam: a critical evaluation on trends, guidelines and future perspectives." Green Chemistry 23, no. 22 (2021): 8725–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1gc02744a.
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Lignin is an inexpensive raw material that can be utilised in polymer industry. This review critically appraises the recent progress and provides framework for future developments in lignin valorisation into rigid polyurethane foam.
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Kasina, Monika, and Marek Michalik. "Iron Metallurgy Slags as a Potential Source of Critical Elements - Nb, Ta and REE." Mineralogia 47, no. 1-4 (December 1, 2016): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mipo-2017-0004.
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Abstract The recovery of valuable metals from metallurgical slag disposals is a promising option to protect natural resources, limited due to technology development and increased consumption. The Ad-hoc Working Group on Defining Critical Raw Materials within the Raw Materials Supply Group has proposed a list of critical elements which have the greatest economic importance and meet the requirements of sustainable development in Europe. The goal of this study was to examine steelmaking- and blast-furnace slags from metallurgical processes to determine concentrations of elements of the greatest criticality for Poland, e.g. Nb, Ta and REE, and to discuss the viability of their recovery. Slag analyses indicate enrichment of REE relative to UCC, NASC and average chondrite compositions in blast-furnace slags and Nb and Ta in steelmaking slags. To make recovery of these critical elements reasonable and profitable, it is recommended that they be recovered together with other useful raw materials.
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Riskadayanti, Octavia, Muhammad Hisjam, and Y. Yuniaristanto. "Mixed-Integer Linear Programming Model for Production Planning: A Case Study at Sawn Timber Production." Jurnal Teknik Industri 21, no. 2 (August 30, 2020): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jtiumm.vol21.no2.163-173.
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Sawmill industry is an industry that processes logs into sawn timber products through several processes to maximize profits and meet customer demand. The process involves important operations that has to be coordinated to get the desired product with the available resources optimally. Efficient operations can be achieved through optimal production planning by considering some factors to optimize the number of sawn timber product combinations. Optimal production planning is expected to have an impact, such as: reduction of the use of raw materials that can affect inventory and procurement. In this research, the author has developed a mathematical model for production planning to determine the optimal number of sawn timber product combinations. Problems were solved using mixed-integer linear programming methods with mathematical modeling that aimed for maximizing profit. Production costs, raw material costs, and purchasing costs were critically considered in this mathematical modeling. The result showed that the use of the developed model could integrate the factors above, fulfil the demand, and increase company income.
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Fabbri, Antonin, Jean-Claude Morel, and Domenico Gallipoli. "Assessing the performance of earth building materials: a review of recent developments." RILEM Technical Letters 3 (December 22, 2018): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2018.71.
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After being almost abandoned at the end of the Second World War, the use of raw earth is currently regaining the interest of architects, engineers and policy makers for the construction of dwellings in industrialised countries. This renaissance is driven by growing ecological awareness and the promotion of construction techniques that minimize energy consumption and carbon emissions. Raw earth displays very interesting thermo-hygro-mechanical properties, which can contribute to the reduction of the environmental impact of buildings not only during construction but also during service life. Nevertheless, one of the reasons that still prevents dissemination of raw earth into construction practice is the lack of commonly agreed procedures for assessing material performance. The RILEM technical committee TCE 274 has been established as a first step for overcoming this obstacle. The objective of the technical committee is to critically examine current testing procedures in order to propose suitable experimental standards. The results of this work will be presented in future publications while the present paper summarizes the main challenges faced by the committee and briefly describes some of the existing procedures for measuring the engineering properties of earth materials.
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Bugga, Ratnakumar. "(Invited) Safety Behavior of Lyten’s High-Energy Li-S Cells with 3D Graphene™." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 3 (December 22, 2023): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-023473mtgabs.
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Safety Behavior of Lyten’s High-Energy Li-S Cells with 3D Graphene™ Ratnakumar Bugga, Celina Mikolajczak, Zach Favors, Karel Vanheusden, Arjun Mendiratta, Jefferey Bell, Penchala Kankanala and Dan Cook Lyten Inc., 145 Baytech Dr., San Jose, CA 95134 Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are the leading candidates in the next generation high energy systems to supplement or supplant the conventional Li-ion batteries (LIB) in commercial and DoD applications. Unlike other high energy systems with NMC cathodes, Li-S chemistry has the distinct advantage of being unaffected by the criticality and scarcity of raw materials (e.g., Co and Ni), which can pose significant challenges for robust supply chain and stable pricing. Li- S cells can potentially offer 2-3-fold higher specific energy compared to LIBs at significantly lower cost and have better compliance with environmental regulations,1 as well as, a significantly reduced carbon footprint. Despite their numerous advantages, the implementation of Li-S batteries in practice has been impeded by their classic problem of ‘polysulfide (PS) shuttle’, which is a result of PS dissolution in liquid electrolyte, and is a primary cause of poor cycle life.2 Lyten, an advanced materials company founded in 2015, has developed Lyten 3D Graphene™ (3DG) from methane cracking that has a mechanically flexible and electrically conductive framework to counter the volume expansion and low conductivity of sulfur, and a tunable hierarchical porous structure to confine sulfur and PSs and restrict them from shuttling to the Li anode. Lyten has been developing high energy and long-life Li-S cells based on these high-performance, nano-porous carbons. By further optimizing these 3DG materials microstructurally and chemically,3 Lyten has developed sulfur cathodes far superior to those containing commercial nano-porous carbons traditionally used in Li-S cells. In parallel, Lyten has been developing robust Li anodes with protective coatings, advanced electrolytes with reduced PS solubility, separator coatings for low polysulfide crossover, cathodes with low binder, high sulfur loadings and high areal capacities, and high-energy cell designs with minimal excess anode capacity (low N:P ratio) and low quantities of electrolyte (low E/S ratio). These advances have culminated in Lyten Li-S cells with high specific energy (275 Wh/kg), on par with current Li-ion cells, and a cycle life of ~300 cycles @C/3 in coin cells and ~150 full DOD cycles and >1200 during partial cycling in multi-layer pouch (MLP) and cylindrical cells. Another notable advantage of Lyten Li-S cells is their superior abuse tolerance, compared to LIBs, during electrical, mechanical, and thermal abuse. Though Li-S cells, like other Li metal batteries, are suspected to be less safe due to metallic Li, the safety of Lyten Li-S (1.5 Ah) multi-layer pouch and 18650 cylindrical cells has been demonstrated in our preliminary abuse tests (Fig. 1), i.e., nail penetration simulating internal short, external short, overcharge, over-discharge and mechanical crush test. There is no flame, smoke, charring, rupture, or thermal runaway in any of these abuse tests, underlining the innate safety of Lyten Li-S cells. This behavior is consistent with the previous reports, e.g., nail penetration by Offer et al on Oxis’s MLP Li-S cells 4 and overcharge by Huang et al.5 More recently, thermal runaway tests performed on similar Oxis cells show the absence of runaway behavior during thermal ramp tests even up to 300oC, especially in cells with lean electrolyte. We are planning to perform a full suite of safety testing including ARC (Accelerated Rate Calorimetry) on larger prototype cells (4-5 Ah) to be fabricated on our pilot cell manufacturing line , which has recently been commissioned. In this paper, we will describe our recent results on Lyten Li-S cells both in performance and abuse testing. References Chen et al, "Toward Practical High-Energy-Density Lithium-Sulfur Pouch Cells: A Review", Adv. Mater. 2022, 2201555. V. Mikhaylik and J. R. Akridge, “Polysulfide Shuttle Study in the Li-S Battery System”, J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, A1969-A1976 (2004). Lyten patent on "Carbonaceous material for Li-S cells" US patent 11309 545 B2, April 19, 2022. Hunt et al., J. Energy Storage, 2, 25 (2015). Huang, et al., J. Energy Storage Materials, 30, 87 (2020). Figure 1
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Vikentiev, I. V. "Critical and Strategic Minerals in the Russian Federation." Геология рудных месторождений 65, no. 5 (September 1, 2023): 463–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016777023050106.
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Global development and scientific and technological progress are intensifying the use of mineralraw materials (MRMs)—the necessary basis for the production of high-tech products. The advanced producing countries of these products are in dire need of various raw materials, which are critical and, as a rule, are supplied from third countries. Strategic is a mineral raw material, which is of particular importance for ensuring the economic development of the country, its defense and security. Due to the complex structure of extraction, processing and consumption of raw materials, many of its types are in short supply. In the world literature, the concept of “deficient MRMs” in its content most closely corresponds to “critical MRMs,” that is, raw materials that are critically needed for industry and are characterized by a significant risk of their supplies. Most critical raw materials are needed for production promising high-tech industrial products and new materials and, in particular, for “green technologies” in connection with the course of decarbonization of the economy actively pursued by world powers. In the production of such products, the consumption of MRMs is growing rapidly, especially rare-earth elements (REEs), V, Li and platinum-group elements (PGEs). From the list of 61 kinds of MRMs that are strategic for Russia, the extraction of oil, gas, Cu, Au, PGEs, Ni, apatite ores, K salts, and diamonds (as well as nonlisted coals, Fe ores, Na salts, V, B ores, magnesite, and chrysotile asbestos) fully covers their current domestic consumption in the Russian Federation and the achieved level of export. U, Mn, and Cr ores; Zr; high-purity quartz raw materials (SiO2); bauxite (Al); graphite; fluorite and nonstrategic barite; kaolin; and bentonite are deficient; their exploitation only partially provides domestic consumption, which is largely dependent on imports; it is carried out in insufficient volumes in the presence of significant reserves of relatively low quality. The most deficient in this list are Ti, Li, Ta, Nb, and REEs (usually, there are groups of heavy and light rare earths (HREEs and LREEs, respectively)): their domestic consumption is provided mainly by imports with very limited production (despite large reserves, including low quality ores). Re, Be, Nb, Ta, HREEs, Y, Sc, LREEs, Ge, Ga, Li, Hf, and Co, and, of nonstrategic MRMs, Bi and Sr, should be considered critical MRMs in the Russian Federation. The most important source of dispersed/ associated elements is represented by raw materials of mining enterprises of nonferrous metallurgy: Cu and Zn subsectors, In, Ge, Ga, Cd, Tl, Se, Te, Sb, Bi, etc.; Al subsectors, Ga; for Au and Au–Ag deposits, Sb, As, Te, Se, Bi, Tl. An associated source of lithium is represented by brines of gas-condensate fields. The issues of assessing complex raw materials for high-tech industry are considered using the example of pyrite, porphyry, and gold-ore deposits of the Ural folded region, which play an important role in its overall metallogenic potential.
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Iglesias-Émbil, Marta, Alejandro Abadías, Alicia Valero, Guiomar Calvo, Markus Andreas Reuter, and Abel Ortego. "Criticality and Recyclability Assessment of Car Parts—A Thermodynamic Simulation-Based Approach." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010091.
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Using a thermodynamic approach, this paper identifies the most critical parts of a car, considering their composition. A total of 11 car parts that contain valuable and scarce materials have been selected using thermodynamic rarity, an indicator that helps assess elements and minerals in exergy terms according to their relative scarcity in the crust and the energy required to extract and refine them. A recyclability analysis using a product-centric approach was then undertaken using dedicated software, HSC Chemistry. To that end, the dismantling of these car parts into three main fractions was performed. Each car part was divided into non-ferrous, steel, and aluminum flows. A general metallurgical process was developed and simulated for each flow, including all the required equipment to extract most of the minor but valuable metals. Of the 11 parts, only 7 have a recyclability potential higher than 85%. By treating these selected car parts appropriately, the raw materials recovered from the car can increase by 6%. The approach used in this paper can help provide guidelines to improve the eco-design of cars and can also be applied to other sectors. Ultimately, this paper uniquely introduces simulation-based thermodynamic rarity analysis for thermodynamic based product “design for recycling”.
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Grundy, Daisy, Alwin Abraham, and Michael Wilde. "Investigating the Chemical Composition of Lanolin Waste to Improve the Production of Sustainable Natural Fibre Materials." ChromCom 1, no. 7 (March 31, 2023): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54516/ce7ta1.
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e Natural Fibre Company process raw wool into natural fibre materials utilising several processing steps. During the manufacturing, intermittent difficulties downstream of the scouring process of raw wool were encountered. Critically, the formation of an unknown paste- like grease deposit - which lead to downstream complications. To characterise the unknown by- product, the chemical composition of different raw wool lanolin extracts routinely employed in the manufacture of fibres were compared against a sample of the unknown grease deposit using high-temperature gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Major components of the unknown grease were putatively identified as psi-cholesterol, pentadecenol, palmitic and oleic acid, and a homologous series with mass spectra consistent with glycol ethers. The identification of chemicals predominantly with high interfacial properties was indicative of a potential issue with the surfactants used in the scouring process. the high inorganic content could indicate the presence of potassium salts derived from the suint, warranting further investigation of the inorganic fraction using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy or mass spectrometry.
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Gonçalves, António Pereira, Elsa Branco Lopes, Judith Monnier, Eric Alleno, Claude Godart, Maria de Fátima Montemor, Jean Baptiste Vaney, and Bertrand Lenoir. "Tetrahedrites for Low Cost and Sustainable Thermoelectrics." Solid State Phenomena 257 (October 2016): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.257.135.
Full textAbstract:
Sustainable development is the way to ensure the Human progress within the bounds of the ecological possible. In this context thermoelectric systems can play an important role. However, the price of most high-performance thermoelectric devices is high, mainly due to the use of expensive elements, which raised the interest for cheap thermoelectric materials. It is also clear that the production of competitive thermoelectric devices critically depends on other factors, like the manufacturing costs, and that the materials fabrication simplicity, reproducibility, and use of easy scale-up processes will also play a fundamental role.Tetrahedrites, with generic formula Cu10M2Sb4S13 (M = Cu, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn), are world spread sulfosalt minerals that crystallize in the cubic Cu12Sb4S13-type structure. They are environment friendly materials mainly formed by non-expensive elements. Recently, mineral based and synthetic tetrahedrites were considered as promising thermoelectric materials, with zT ~ 1 at T ~ 700 K. Though, tetrahedrite melts incongruently, the preparation of appropriate tetrahedrite samples usually requiring long-term annealing procedures. Here we present a set of systematic studies on the use of tetrahedrites as low-cost and sustainable thermoelectric materials. The raw material prices evaluation, the feasibility of rapid, scalable, cheap tetrahedrite preparation and their long term stability and resistance to oxidation under working conditions are highlighted.
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Zhang, Ruochun, Yulin Qi, Chao Ma, Jinfeng Ge, Qiaozhuan Hu, Fu-Jun Yue, Si-Liang Li, and Dietrich A. Volmer. "Characterization of Lignin Compounds at the Molecular Level: Mass Spectrometry Analysis and Raw Data Processing." Molecules 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26010178.
Full textAbstract:
Lignin is the second most abundant natural biopolymer, which is a potential alternative to conventional fossil fuels. It is also a promising material for the recovery of valuable chemicals such as aromatic compounds as well as an important biomarker for terrestrial organic matter. Lignin is currently produced in large quantities as a by-product of chemical pulping and cellulosic ethanol processes. Consequently, analytical methods are required to assess the content of valuable chemicals contained in these complex lignin wastes. This review is devoted to the application of mass spectrometry, including data analysis strategies, for the elemental and structural elucidation of lignin products. We describe and critically evaluate how these methods have contributed to progress and trends in the utilization of lignin in chemical synthesis, materials, energy, and geochemistry.