Academic literature on the topic 'Raw Material Criticality'
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Journal articles on the topic "Raw Material Criticality"
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Frenzel, M., J. Kullik, M. A. Reuter, and J. Gutzmer. "Raw material ‘criticality’—sense or nonsense?" Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 50, no. 12 (February 20, 2017): 123002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aa5b64.
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Lütkehaus, Hauke, Christian Pade, Matthias Oswald, Urte Brand, Tobias Naegler, and Thomas Vogt. "Measuring raw-material criticality of product systems through an economic product importance indicator: a case study of battery-electric vehicles." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 27, no. 1 (December 4, 2021): 122–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-02002-z.
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Abstract Purpose The concept of criticality concerns the probability and the possible impacts of shortages in raw-material supply and is usually applied to regional economies or specific industries. With more and more products being highly dependent on potentially critical raw materials, efforts are being made to also incorporate criticality into the framework of life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA). However, there is still some need for methodological development of indicators to measure raw-material criticality in LCSA. Methods We therefore introduce ‘economic product importance’ (EPI) as a novel parameter for the product-specific evaluation of the relevance and significance of a certain raw material for a particular product system. We thereby consider both the actual raw-material flows (life cycle inventories) and the life cycle cost. The EPI thus represents a measure for the material-specific product-system vulnerability (another component being the substitutability). Combining the product-system vulnerability of a specific product system towards a certain raw material with the supply disruption probability of that same raw material then yields the product-system specific overall criticality with regard to that raw material. In order to demonstrate our novel approach, we apply it to a case study on a battery-electric vehicle. Results Since our approach accounts for the actual amounts of raw materials used in a product and relates their total share of costs to the overall costs of the product, no under- or over-estimation of the mere presence of the raw materials with respect to their relevance for the product system occurs. Consequently, raw materials, e.g. rare earth elements, which are regularly rated highly critical, do not necessarily reach higher criticality ranks within our approach, if they are either needed in very small amounts only or if their share in total costs of the respective product system is very low. Accordingly, in our case study on a battery-electric vehicle product system, most rare earth elements are ranked less critical than bulk materials such as copper or aluminium. Conclusion Our EPI approach constitutes a step forward towards a methodology for the raw-material criticality assessment within the LCSA framework, mainly because it allows a product-specific evaluation of product-system vulnerability. Furthermore, it is compatible with common methods for the supply disruption probability calculation — such as GeoPolRisk, ESP or ESSENZ — as well as with available substitutability evaluations. The practicability and usefulness of our approach has been shown by applying it to a battery-electric vehicle.
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Helbig, Christoph, Martin Bruckler, Andrea Thorenz, and Axel Tuma. "An Overview of Indicator Choice and Normalization in Raw Material Supply Risk Assessments." Resources 10, no. 8 (August 4, 2021): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources10080079.
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Supply risk assessments are an integral part of raw material criticality assessments frequently used at the country or company level to identify raw materials of concern. However, the indicators used in supply risk assessments to estimate the likelihood of supply disruptions vary substantially. Here, we summarize and evaluate the use of supply risk indicators and their normalization to supply risk scores in 88 methods published until 2020. In total, we find 618 individual applications of supply risk criteria with 98 unique criteria belonging to one of ten indicator categories. The most often used categories of supply risk indicators are concentration, scarcity, and political instability. The most frequently used criteria are the country concentration of production, depletion time of reserves, and geopolitical risk. Indicator measurements and normalizations vary substantially between different methods for the same criterion. Our results can be used for future raw material criticality assessments to screen for suitable supply risk indicators and generally accepted indicator normalizations. We also find a further need for stronger empirical evidence of widely used indicators.
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Glöser, Simon, Luis Tercero Espinoza, Carsten Gandenberger, and Martin Faulstich. "Raw material criticality in the context of classical risk assessment." Resources Policy 44 (June 2015): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2014.12.003.
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Schrijvers, Dieuwertje, Alessandra Hool, Gian Andrea Blengini, Wei-Qiang Chen, Jo Dewulf, Roderick Eggert, Layla van Ellen, et al. "A review of methods and data to determine raw material criticality." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 155 (April 2020): 104617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104617.
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Mancini, Lucia, and Philip Nuss. "Responsible Materials Management for a Resource-Efficient and Low-Carbon Society." Resources 9, no. 6 (June 5, 2020): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources9060068.
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Our societies rely on the quality and availability of natural resources. Driven by population growth, economic development, and innovation, future demand for natural resources is expected to further increase in coming decades. Raw materials will be an important part of society’s future material mix as countries increasingly transition towards resource-efficient and greenhouse-gas neutral economies. Raw materials are also fundamental to meet ecological and socio-economic targets within the UN Sustainable Development Agenda. For instance, they have a fundamental role in renewable energy technologies, new building materials and infrastructure, communication systems, and low-carbon transportation. However, some materials are largely supplied from countries with poor governance. The future availability of these materials and associated impacts are of increasing concern going forward. Recent raw material criticality studies have explored economic, geo-political, and technological factors that affect materials’ supply. However, environmental and social pressures also play a role in their security of supply. For instance, conflicts can prevent access to mineral deposits; accidents and environmental damage compromise public acceptance and can hinder future extraction operations. This article will introduce this Special Issue with a focus on material requirements and responsible sourcing of materials for a low-carbon society, and provides an overview of the subsequent research papers.
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Fathia, Sarah, Tjahja Muhandri, and Nugraha Edhi Suyatma. "Profil Bahan Perisa Kritis Halal dalam Peraturan BPOM No. 13/2020." Jurnal Mutu Pangan : Indonesian Journal of Food Quality 9, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jmpi.2022.9.2.92.
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Flavors play a role as a determinant of the acceptability of food product. Halal certificate is a required document in Indonesia. Halal material requirements refer to SK11/Dir/LPPOM MUI/VI/20. This study aimed to obtain a profile of halal critical flavoring materials in BPOM regulation no. 13/2020 based on the document requirements for halal materials in LPPOM's SK11 and propose for non-critical halal flavoring materials. Materials used in this study were data-from BPOM regulation no. 13/2020, halal material requirements SK11/Dir/LPPOM MUI/VI/20 and other literatures associated with material production process information. The research method includes data collection based on CAS numbering, determination of BPOM flavoring materials outside the list of non-critical halal materials, determination of the production process for flavoring material, mapping of halal critical flavoring materials. The results showed that 53.82% (1381/2566) of the flavoring materials in BPOM regulations were halal critical materials. Based on identification results there were 26 types of production processes that have different halal critical sources that affect the required halal supporting documents. 65.38% (17/26) of critical halal sources came from raw materials, 30.77% (8/26) critical halal sources came from raw materials and manufacturing processes. The criticality of halal flavoring materials depends on the source of the raw material and the production process. Flavors obtained from the chemical synthesis process (414/1381) can be proposed as non-critical halal flavorings.
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Blum, Ulrich, and Jiarui Zhong. "The Loss of Raw Material Criticality: Implications of the Collapse of Saudi Arabian Oil Exports." Intereconomics 56, no. 6 (November 2021): 362–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10272-021-1015-4.
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AbstractRaw material criticality has played an important role in geostrategic thinking, especially since the crisis surrounding the price and supply of rare earths at the beginning of the 2010s. However, once dependency and strategic importance grow too strong, substitution efforts will take place that could reduce or even eradicate the previous criticality. Critical resources rarely become obsolete very quickly. However, this could happen in the case of crude oil because climate policy is forcing defossilisation, but also because artificial scarcity is falling as a result of geostrategic rivalries that are causing oversupply. This article analyses this process and the possible consequences using Saudi Arabia as an example. The development of a green hydrogen industry has potential, but it should not be overestimated in view of the absorption capacity of the economy.
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Gjoka, Margariti, Georgios Sempros, Stefanos Giaremis, Joseph Kioseoglou, and Charalampos Sarafidis. "On Structural and Magnetic Properties of Substituted SmCo5 Materials." Materials 16, no. 2 (January 5, 2023): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020547.
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SmCo5 is a well-established material in the permanent magnet industry, a sector which constantly gains market share due to increasing demand but also suffers from criticality of some raw materials. In this work we study the possibility of replacement of Sm with other, more abundant rare earth atoms like Ce-La. These raw materials are usually called “free” rare-earth minerals, appearing as a by-product during mining and processing of other raw materials. Samples with nominal stoichiometry Sm1−xMMxCo5 (x = 0.1–1.0) were prepared in bulk form with conventional metallurgy techniques and their basic structural and magnetic properties were examined. The materials retain the hexagonal CaCu5-type structure while minor fluctuations in unit cell parameters as observed with X-ray diffraction. Incorporation of Ce-La degrade intrinsic magnetic properties, Curie temperature drops from 920 K to 800 K across the series and mass magnetization from 98 Am2/kg to 60 Am2/kg; effects which trade off for the significantly reduced price. Atomistic simulations, implemented based on Density Functional Theory calculations are used in the case of the stoichiometry with x = 0.5 to calculate atomic magnetic moments and provide additional insight in the complex interactions that dominate the magnetic properties of the material.
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Kim, Juhan, Jungbae Lee, BumChoong Kim, and Jinsoo Kim. "Raw material criticality assessment with weighted indicators: An application of fuzzy analytic hierarchy process." Resources Policy 60 (March 2019): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.01.005.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Raw Material Criticality"
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Leroy-Parmentier, Noémie. "Évaluer les impacts des produits issus de la bio-économie : Une approche intégrée de l’analyse de durabilité du cycle de vie et de l’évaluation de la criticité des matières premières issues de la biomasse." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0106.
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Alors que la demande de biomasse augmente, l’accès à ces ressources est d’avantage contraint par des évènements socio-économiques, (géo-)politiques ou encore climatiques déstabilisant les chaînes de valeur. Les chaînes de valeur de la bio-économie, par leur structure, peuvent se montrer vulnérables aux ruptures d’approvisionnement. Chaque décision stratégique ayant des implications sur le cycle de vie des produits, les performances environnementales, sociales et économiques (i.e. la durabilité) peuvent s’en voir modifiées. Il est donc nécessaire d’évaluer ces risques d’approvisionnement et leurs impacts sur la durabilité des activités. Pour cela, différentes méthodologies d’évaluation existent : l’Analyse de Durabilité du Cycle de Vie (ADCV) et l’évaluation de la criticité des matières premières. Elles sont très souvent menées au sein des firmes par des personnes différentes, avec des objectifs différents et dans des temporalités différentes. De plus, elles ne sont pas utilisables telles qu’elles et nécessitent d’être adaptées pour évaluer les enjeux de la bio-économie et de la chimie verte.Ces travaux visent à répondre à la question « Comment évaluer la durabilité des produits issus de la bio-économie dans un contexte de variation de la disponibilité et de l’accessibilité des ressources renouvelables issues de la biomasse ? ». En adoptant le point de vue des firmes, cette recherche étudie l’intégration potentielle de l’évaluation de la durabilité du cycle de vie et de la criticité des ressources ligno-cellulosiques dont la demande est en forte croissance avec notamment l’émergence des bioraffineries sous l’impulsion de la chimie verte dans le cadre de la production et l’utilisation de solvants bio-sourcés. Ces derniers reposent sur la transformation de molécules plateformes bio-sourcée et visent à substituer les solvants pétro-sourcés afin d’amorcer la transition vers la bio-économie. La question de la substitution, d’une ressource ligno-cellulosique par une autre dans le cas de cette thèse, est au centre des interrogations puisqu’il s’agit d’une stratégie commune de mitigation des risques d’approvisionnement bien que cette décision puisse également avoir des impacts environnementaux, sociaux et économiques négatifs.La thèse propose une méthode d’évaluation de la criticité spécifiques aux ressources et commodités de la bio-économie, « LignoCrit ». Le développement de LignoCrit, s’appuyant en partie sur des données et résultats de l’ADCV, implique la nécessité d’une structure commune pour intégrer les deux méthodes. Ainsi, l’ADCV a été appliquée au cas d’un solvant bio-sourcé, le 2-Methyl Tétrahydrofurane (2-MeTHF) montrant la prépondérance des procédés chimiques de transformation dans les impacts environnementaux, sociaux et économiques du solvant. Cependant, le choix de la ressource ligno-cellulosique et du pays producteur, pour la production du solvant a un effet notable sur les résultats.Les données et les résultats des différents scénarios de production de 2-MeTHF évalués dans l’ADCV sont ensuite injectés dans la méthode de criticité sur la base des données et résultats obtenus. Ainsi, un score agrégeant les différentes dimensions de la méthode LignoCrit est obtenu pour chaque triplet ressource-process-pays producteur de la molécule plateforme achetée pour la production de 2-MeTHF. Du fait de la nature des indicateurs sélectionnés, cette évaluation est généralisable de multiples triplets ressource-process-pays producteur pour de multiples molécules plateformes.Enfin, ces résultats et leur interprétation peuvent être utilisés pour la mise en place de démarche d’amélioration continue au sein des firmes ainsi que pour leur communication extérieure dans le cadre de SME et de RSESo demand for biomass is increasing, access to these resources is further constrained by socio-economic, (geo-)political or climatic events that destabilize value chains. Bio-economy structure, bio-economy value chains can be vulnerable to supply to supply disruptions. It is therefore supply risks and their impact on environmental, social and economic on the environmental, social and economic performance (i.e. sustainability) of activities. For this purpose, various assessment methodologies assessment methodologies exist: Life Cycle Sustainability Analysis (LCSA) and raw materials criticality assessment. These are very often carried out within companies by different people, with different objectives and objectives and timeframes. What's more, they cannot be used and need to be adapted to assess the challenges of the bio-economy and bio-economy and green chemistry.This work aims to answer the question "How can the sustainability of products from the bio-economy be assessed in a context of variation in the availability and accessibility of renewable biomass resources?". By adopting the point of view of firms, this research studies the potential integration of life-cycle sustainability assessment and criticality assessment of lignocellulosic resources, whose demand is growing rapidly, notably with the emergence of biofuels. in particular with the emergence of biorefineries driven by the green chemistry the production and use of bio-sourced solvents. The latter are based on the transformation of bio-sourced platforms and aim to substitute petro-sourced solvents in order to the transition to a bio-economy. The question of substituting a lignocellulosic resource by another in the case of this thesis, is central to the is at the heart of these questions, since it is a common strategy for supply risks, although this decision may also have environmental, social and economic have negative environmental, social and economic impacts.The thesis proposes a criticality assessment method specific to the resources and commodities of the bio-economy, "LignoCrit". The development of LignoCrit, based in part on ADCV data and results ADCV, requires a common structure to integrate the two methods. Thus, ADCV was applied to the case of a bio-sourced solvent, 2-Methyl Tetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF), demonstrating the preponderance of chemical transformation processes in the solvent's social and economic impacts of the solvent. However, the choice of lignocellulosic resource and the country of production, for solvent production has a significant effect on the results.Data and results of the different 2-MeTHF production scenarios evaluated in the ADCV are then injected into the criticality method on the basis of the data and results obtained. Thus, a score aggregating the various dimensions of the LignoCrit method is obtained for each triplet resource-process-producing country of the platform molecule purchased for the production of 2-MeTHF. Due to the nature of the indicators selected, this evaluation is generalizable multiple resource-process-producing country for multiple platform molecules.Last but not least these results and their interpretation can be used to implement continuous continuous improvement initiatives within companies, as well as for external external communication in the context of EMS and CSR
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Santillan, Saldivar Jair. "Integrated assessment of selected materials for criticality and environmental sustainability : application to the healthcare sector and methodological enhancements." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0084.
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Les activités nécessaires pour fournir des services de santé posent plusieurs défis en termes de durabilité. Le secteur de la santé repose sur divers produits, services et installations, notamment des produits jetables, équipements complexes et moyens de transport. Ce domaine a été peu exploré sous l'angle de la durabilité et le niveau de sensibilisation à ce sujet est faible. Les méthodologies basées sur le cycle de vie ont le potentiel de caractériser la durabilité liée au secteur de la santé et à bien d'autres; toutefois, ces méthodes sont principalement - sinon exclusivement - liées à une voie inside-out pour évaluer les impacts. D'un point de vue outside-in, la criticité des ressources a le potentiel de répondre aux préoccupations relatives à la disponibilité des ressources pour le secteur de la santé, en particulier après son intégration dans le cadre de l'évaluation de la durabilité du cycle de vie (LCSA).Une tâche en suspens autour de cette voie méthodologique proposée est d'explorer l'applicabilité et l'état de préparation des approches de risque d'approvisionnement, en particulier la méthode de risque géopolitique d'approvisionnement (GeoPolRisk), proposée pour évaluer les impacts liés aux ressources. Cette recherche fournit et intègre des techniques d'évaluation de la durabilité environnementale dans une perspective de cycle de vie, en particulier sur l'amélioration des indicateurs de criticité en tant que voie d'impact outside-in associée au domaine de protection "Ressources naturelles" dans l'analyse du cycle de vie (ACV); en outre, leur applicabilité est validée par de multiples études de cas, dont l'une fait partie du secteur de la santé.La thèse est divisée en 9 chapitres et suit deux branches: "Durabilité des soins de santé" et "Criticité des ressources dans l'ACV". Le premier chapitre fournit une introduction au manuscrit et présente la question de recherche et les objectifs de la thèse ; il est suivi par l'état de l'art dans le chapitre 2. Le chapitre 3 présente le développement d'un nouveau cadre pour relever les défis de la durabilité dans le secteur de la santé par le biais de la pensée cycle de vie. Les chapitres 4 et 5 proposent et testent des développements méthodologiques pour évaluer le risque d'approvisionnement géopolitique. Ces aspects sont nécessaires pour mieux aborder les impacts liés aux ressources en ACV. Le chapitre 6 présente une évaluation intégrée de la criticité des ressources avec les catégories d'impact environnemental traditionnellement utilisées en ACV. Dans le chapitre 7, la méthode GeoPolRisk est utilisée pour mieux comprendre la pertinence de l'évaluation des impacts outside-in associés à un élément utilisé dans le secteur de la santé. Le chapitre 8 intègre les développements méthodologiques présentées précédemment pour étudier les impacts inside-out et outside-in dans le cadre d'une étude de cas associée à l'imagerie médicale. Enfin, les perspectives de développement sur le terrain sont examinées dans le dernier chapitre du manuscrit.Dans la branche " Durabilité des soins de santé", ce travail contribue à l'élaboration d'un cadre intégré pour soutenir la recherche dans ce domaine et à la première application à une étude de cas dans le secteur de la santé d'une analyse intégrée du cycle de vie intégrant des indicateurs environnementaux et la méthode GeoPolRisk. Dans la branche "Criticité des ressources dans l'ACV", la thése développe de nouvelles approches et propose des améliorations méthodologiques pour faire progresser l'évaluation de l'utilisation des ressources dans l'ACVThe activities required to provide healthcare services bring challenges to environmental sustainability. The sector relies on diverse products, services and facilities, including disposable products, complex equipment and transportation. This domain has not been well explored from a sustainability lens and the level of awareness around healthcare sustainability is low. Life-cycle based methods have the potential to characterize systems related to the healthcare sector and many others; however, these methods are mostly – if not exclusively – related to an inside-out pathway to assess impacts. From an outside-in perspective, there is potential for raw material criticality to assess resource availability in the healthcare sector, especially after the proposal to integrate it into the Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) framework.A pending task around this proposed methodological pathway is to explore the applicability and readiness of supply risk methods, specifically the geopolitical supply risk (GeoPolRisk) method has been proposed to assess resource related impacts. This research provides and integrates methods to assess environmental sustainability from a life cycle perspective with focus on enhancing criticality indicators as an outside-in impact pathway associated with the Area of Protection “Natural Resources” in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); moreover, their applicability is validated with multiple case studies, being one of those a part of the healthcare sector.The thesis is divided in 9 chapters along two branches: “Healthcare Sustainability” and “Raw Material Criticality in Life Cycle Assessment”. The first chapter provides an introduction to the manuscript and presents the research question and objectives of the thesis; it is followed by the state of the art in chapter 2. Chapter 3 presents the development of a novel framework to help address sustainability challenges in the healthcare sector through life cycle thinking. Chapter 4 and Chapter 5 propose and test methodological enhancements to the geopolitical supply risk method required to better address resource related impacts in life cycle assessment. Chapter 6 presents an integrated assessment taking into account the enhanced method and its relation to more traditionally used environmental impact categories in LCA. In chapter 7, the GeoPolRisk method is used to better understand the relevance of assessing outside-in impacts associated to an element used in the healthcare sector. Chapter 8 integrates the methodological enhancements previously presented to study inside-out and outside-in impacts for a case study associated with medical imaging. Finally, accomplishments and future opportunities for development on the field are discussed as part of the last chapter of the manuscript.Along the branch of “Healthcare Sustainability” this work contributes to the development of an integrated framework to support research in this domain and the first application to a case study in the healthcare sector of an integrated life cycle assessment incorporating environmental indicators and the GeoPolRisk method. Along the branch of “Raw Material Criticality in LCA”, the PhD develops new approaches and proposes methodological enhancements to advance the assessment of resource use in LCA
Book chapters on the topic "Raw Material Criticality"
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Buzatu, Raluca, Viorel Ungureanu, Adrian Ciutina, and Ioan Both. "Environmental Impact Assessment of Buildings with Steel-Intensive Façade Systems – A Case Study." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 572–81. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57800-7_53.
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AbstractGlobal concerns about environmental sustainability have escalated in the last three decades, forcing industries to critically examine their practices and their contribution to the overall ecological footprint. The construction sector has become a significant contributor to environmental deterioration due to its extensive energy consumption, raw material extraction, and waste generation. One of the ways to reduce the environmental impact of the construction sector is to decrease the embodied carbon footprint of buildings using the three R approaches – reduce, reuse, recycle and by using renewable construction materials. The paper focusses on the evaluation of the behaviour of steel-intensive façade systems from an environmental impact perspective. The research presented in the paper shows a comparative Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) of industrial buildings that have envelopes consisting of liner tray cladding systems and sandwich panel cladding systems. The results of this comparison show that when different envelope solutions are considered, the highest potential benefits (8–25% higher) occur for structures that have liner tray cladding systems and the highest loads (11–19% higher) appear for structures that have sandwich panel cladding systems. Moreover, the potential for repeated reuse in the case of claddings based on steel liner trays is superior to the potential for repeated reuse of sandwich panels, helping to reduce the environmental impact of the cladding system even after its second life cycle.
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Argyriou, Thodoris. "The Fossil Record of Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii) in Greece." In Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol. 1, 91–142. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68398-6_4.
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AbstractThe nowadays hyper-diverse clade of Actinopterygii (ray-finned bony fishes) is characterized by a long evolutionary history and an extremely rich global fossil record. This work builds upon 170 years of research on the fossil record of this clade in Greece. The taxonomy and spatiotemporal distribution of the ray-finned fish record of Greece are critically revisited and placed in an updated systematic and stratigraphic framework, while some new fossil data and interpretations are also provided. Greece hosts diverse ray-finned fish assemblages, which range in age from Lower Jurassic to Quaternary. Most known assemblages are of Miocene–Pliocene age and of marine affinities. A minimum of 32 families, followed by at least 34 genera and 22 species, have been recognized in Greece. From originally two named genera and seven species, only two fossil species, established on Greek material, are accepted as valid. Additional taxonomic diversity is anticipated, pending detailed investigations. From a taxonomic perspective, previous knowledge lies on preliminary or authoritative assessments of fossils, with many decades-old treatments needing revision. Little is known about Mesozoic–early Cenozoic occurrences or freshwater assemblages. Given the proven potential of the Greek fossil record, this chapter stresses the need for additional exploration and the establishment of permanent, curated collections of fossil fishes in Greek institutions. Directions for future research are discussed.
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"Picosecond hard X-ray pulses and their application to time-resolved diffraction." In Time-resolved Diffraction, edited by V. Tomov;*, P. Chen, S. H. Lin, and P. M. Rentzepis, 1–43. Oxford University PressOxford, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198500322.003.0001.
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Abstract X-ray diffraction has been used for many years to study the structural properties of crystalline and to some extent amorphous materials on the atomic scale. One of the basic advantages of X-ray diffraction is that, to a large extent, X-rays interact weakly with matter and therefore provide an ideal, non-destructive, probe for structural studies of bulk as well of surfaces. Most of the X-ray diffraction studies and other X-ray applications have been related to steady-state, long-lived systems. Extension of the X-ray techniques into the time domain will contribute immensely to the understanding of the mechanism of formation and transformation occurring in material systems. Ultrashort X-ray pulses provide an excellent means for basic research studies in time-resolved intra- and intermolecular structural changes and also find use in several technological applications, such as lithography. To develop those new technologies which are based on the interaction of matter with short laser pulses it is critically important to understand better the radiation-matter coupling and mechanism of energy transfer. Such knowledge will make possible the evaluation of the transient properties of materials and propose the design of new materials suitable for new technological applications. Time-resolved structural studies with higher resolution are expected to become more and more important as the development of more sophisticated technological materials progresses.
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Rietveld, Elmer, and Ton Bastein. "In Search of an Appropriate Criticality Assessment of Raw Materials in the Dutch Economy." In World Scientific Series in Current Energy Issues, 151–76. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813271050_0008.
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Olayemi Raji, Akeem. "Utilization of Starch in Food and Allied Industries in Africa: Challenges and Prospects." In Innovation in the Food Sector Through the Valorization of Food and Agro-Food By-Products [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95020.
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The shortage of food supply has affected the food situation in most developing tropical countries, resulting into a high incidence of hunger and malnutrition. This has also affected the attainment of self sufficiency in starch production for food, pharmaceutical and industrial usage. The review critically appraised the challenges that food and allied industries are facing on the utilization of starch as their major raw material. Information on various conventional and non conventional starch sources were provided, starch forms, properties and recent advances in starch modification methods were discussed. Starch applications in food and allied industries were mentioned and various challenges facing common starch sources were stated. Possibly, utilization of unconventional lesser known crops as starch sources might broadening the present narrow commonly cultivated starch sources, while value addition and good agricultural practices might improve the productivity of conventional starch sources.
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E. Müller, Thomas. "Supply Chains for Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide for Sustainable Production of Base Chemicals." In Supply Chain - Perspectives and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.114031.
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In pursuit of global climate goals, the emergence of a hydrogen economy is a promising avenue, emphasizing the environmentally friendly production and versatile applications of hydrogen as an energy carrier, raw material, and cornerstone for energy-intensive sectors such as power, transportation, and especially the chemical industry. This evolution requires profound changes in the supply chain, ranging from the establishment of a robust hydrogen infrastructure to the realization of efficient transportation, distribution, and storage mechanisms. Amidst a plethora of potential hydrogen supply modalities, determining the path to a carbon-neutral hydrogen economy presents complex challenges. This chapter explores these transition complexities in the context of sustainable technology development. It also critically assesses the symbiosis between this transition and emerging carbon supply chains, particularly those aiming for closed carbon cycles, and presents a holistic vision for future sustainable frameworks in the chemical sector.
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Nyasani, Majorie Moraa, and Victor Odhiambo Shikuku. "Life Cycle Assessment of Biofuels." In Biomass and Bioenergy Solutions for Climate Change Mitigation and Sustainability, 22–31. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5269-1.ch002.
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To address energy security and climate-change concerns, substitutes are needed for petroleum-based transportation fuels. In addition to electricity and natural gas, biofuels are emerging as an important class of substitutes. The promotion of biofuels as energy is mainly driven by the perspective of oil depletion, concerns about energy security, and global warming. However, results published in the past few decades present conflicting pictures regarding the energy efficiency and sustainability of biofuels. To adequately address these real or apparent contradictions, a life cycle assessment (LCA) of biofuels is indispensable. “Life cycle” refers to all stages of a process: from the cradle, that is, raw material extraction through manufacturing, distribution, and use to ultimate disposal. This chapter discusses the benefits and limitations of biofuels from an LCA standpoint. The discrepancies and strengths in LCA of biofuels are critically analyzed and opportunities are highlighted. LCA of biofuels is shown to be critical to informing policy and for practical application.
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Gross, Stephen G. "The Coupling Paradigm." In Energy and Power, 46—C2P73. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197667712.003.0003.
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Abstract This chapter shows how German economists created a powerful paradigm to guide policymakers, by arguing that economic growth was inextricably and inherently coupled with growth in the supply of energy. This coupling paradigm let economists forecast the consumption and production of energy far into the future. Their framework initially reinforced the ideas of Ordoliberalism, that markets and competition were the best method of ensuring low energy prices and thus prosperity. West German economists diverged from American neoclassical economists, who were paying less attention to raw materials as a limit to growth in the 1950s and 1960s. German experts, by contrast, saw energy as a uniquely important input, and this led them to think more critically about energy security and crises. They developed different priorities than their peers in America, where the pursuit of growth trumped all else. Because development remained so tied to energy in German models, and because the nation’s prime energy was increasingly foreign oil, security came to rival growth as a goal.
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Garavaglia, Marcello, Fabio Grisoni, Marta Mantegazza, and Marco Rottoli. "Advanced Shell-and-Tube Longitudinal Flow Technology for Improved Performances in the Process Industry." In Heat Transfer - Advances in Fundamentals and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.113132.
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Several heat exchanger technologies have been developed in the second half of the former century thenceforth for addressing a multiplicity of incumbent topics shaping the discussion in the technical community and the economics of the process industry. In the frame of shell-and-tube layout, longitudinal flow deserves a peculiar place. Initially conceived for addressing requisition for reduced vibration and fouling accumulation and later recommended in case of limited allowable pressure drops, it proved valuable in replacing segmental layouts whereas weight and footprint come into the picture and reliability matters. Structural increases in the cost of raw materials and expectation for extended operational continuity push the industry in the direction of more efficient and dependable technologies. This chapter focuses on the EMbaffle® design, among the most reputed longitudinal flow shell-and-tube technologies, whose extensive adoption in oil and gas, chemical sector, and renewable power generation in the last two decades allows some fair yet not exhaustive considerations. After a concise introduction to the feature of longitudinal flow technology and to EMbaffle® basic design equations, measures of performance will be discussed. Comparison with conventional technologies will be outlined. Selected realizations will be critically presented and their potential for effective market penetration duly assessed.
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Coppens, Philip. "Charge Density Studies of Transition Metal Compounds." In X-Ray Charge Densities and Chemical Bonding. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195098235.003.0012.
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The electron density in transition metal complexes is of unusual interest. The chemistry of transition metal compounds is of relevance for catalysis, for solid-state properties, and for a large number of key biological processes. The importance of transition-metal-based materials needs no further mention after the discovery of the high-Tc superconducting cuprates, the properties of which depend critically on the electronic structure in the CuO2 planes. The results of theoretical calculations of systems with a large number of electrons can be ambiguous because of the approximations involved and the frequent occurrence of low-lying excited states. The X-ray charge densities provide independent evidence from a technique with very different strengths and weaknesses, and thus can make significant contributions to our understanding of the properties of transition-metal-containing molecules and solids. In inorganic and organometallic solids, the average electron concentration tends to be high. This means that absorption and extinction effects can be severe, and that the use of hard radiation and very small crystals is frequently essential. Needless to say that the advent of synchrotron radiation has been most helpful in this respect. The weaker contribution of valence electrons compared with the scattering of first-row-atom-only solids implies that great care must be taken during data collection in order to obtain reliable information on the valence electron distribution. When the field exerted by the atomic environment is not spherically symmetric, as is the case in any crystal, the degeneracy of the d-electron orbitals is lifted. In the electrostatic crystal field theory, originally developed by Bethe (1929) and Van Vleck (1932), all interactions between the transition metal atom and its ligands are treated electrostatically, and covalent bonding is neglected. Since the ligands are almost always negatively charged, electrons in orbitals pointing towards the ligands are repelled more strongly, and the corresponding orbitals will be higher in energy. The discussion is the simplest for the one d-electron case, in which d-d electron repulsions are absent.
Conference papers on the topic "Raw Material Criticality"
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Josso, P. "What is Behind a Critical Raw Material List? a Review of Best Practice in Criticality Assessments." In 85th EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition - Workshop Programme. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.2024101745.
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Zambak, Caner. "CIRCULAR ECONOMY AND CRITICALITY OF RAW MATERIALS." In International Symposium "The Environment and the Industry". National Research and Development institute for Industrial Ecology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21698/simi.2022.ab21.
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Cremers, David A., and Joseph R. Wachter. "Analysis of Uranium Solutions Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy." In Lasers in Material Diagnostics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lmd.1987.wc3.
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Measurement of the uranium content in liquid streams is important for criticality safety, process and quality control, and nuclear material accountability in nuclear fuel cycle facilities. Conventional analytical techniques such as spectrophotometry, passive gamma-ray spectroscopy, x-ray fluorescence, and densitometry are frequently unsuitable because they may be slow, require sample handling, or be subject to interference by high concentrations of fission products or neutron emitters in the solutions to be analyzed.
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Watkins, Robert W., Daniel R. Leduc, and Allen C. Smith. "Radioactive Material Packaging Torque Requirements Compliance." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57203.
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Shipping containers used to transport radioactive material (RAM) in commerce employ a variety of closure mechanisms. Often, these closure mechanisms require a specific amount of torque be applied to a bolt, nut or other threaded fastener. It is important that the required preload is achieved so that the package certification testing and analysis is not invalidated for the purpose of protecting the public, workers, and environment. Torque compliance as a means of ensuring closure preload, is a major factor in accomplishing the package functions of confinement/containment, sub-criticality, and shielding. This paper will address the importance, as a matter of operational practice, of applying proper torque to package closures, discuss torque value nomenclature, and present one methodology to ensure torque compliance is achieved.
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McConnell, Paul, Charles Robino, Ron Mizia, John DuPont, Gregg Wachs, and William Hurt. "A New Ni-Cr-Mo-Based Gadolinium Structural Alloy for Neutron Adsorption Application in Radioactive Material Packages." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93042.
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In order to avoid restrictive fissile loading limits in some types of US Department of Energy (DOE) spent nuclear fuel, nuclear criticality control measures are needed in standardized waste packages for long-term disposal of high-level radioactive materials in the proposed Yucca Mountain repository. This need has been addressed by development of a corrosion-resistant, neutron-absorbing structural alloy for nuclear criticality control. Applications for the alloy include internals (e.g., baskets) for storage, transportation, and disposal of radioactive material (RAM). This paper outlines results of a metallurgical development program that alloyed gadolinium into a nickel-chromium-molybdenum matrix. Gadolinium was chosen as a neutron-absorption alloying element due to its high thermal neutron absorption cross section and low solubility in the anticipated repository environment. The nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy family was chosen for its known corrosion performance, mechanical properties, and weldability. An ASTM International Material Specification has been issued for the alloy and a Code Case has been approved by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers for RAM package applications. Mechanical and physical property data for the alloy are provided in this paper.
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Abramczyk, Glenn, James Shuler, Steven J. Nathan, and Allen C. Smith. "Case Study of Certification of Small Quantities of RAM: Comparison With SGQ Concept." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57666.
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The Small Gram Quantity (SGQ) concept is based on the understanding that small amounts of hazardous materials, in this case radioactive materials, are significantly less hazardous than large amounts of the same materials. The essential functional requirements for RAM packaging are containment of the material, ensuring sub-criticality, and ensuring that the radiation hazard of the package, as represented by the radiation dose for the package, is within the regulatory limits. Knowledge of the composition of the material being shipped is also required. By placing the contents in a containment vessel which is helium leaktight, and limiting the mass so that subcriticality is ensured, the first two requirements are readily met. Some materials emit sufficiently strong photon radiation that a small amount of material can yield a large dose rate. Foreknowledge of the dose rate which will be present for a proposed content is a challenging issue for the SGQ approach. Issues associated with certification for several cases of contents which fall within the SGQ envelop are discussed.
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Rao, L. Kameswara, and A. Selvarajan. "Photodarkening In insitu Textured PbTe Eilms - A Novel Technique for High Contrast Optical Storage in Polycrystalline Thin Eilms." In Lasers in Material Diagnostics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lmd.1987.thb2.
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Recent studies (1,2) have shown that textured films are ideally suited for optical storage as they exhibit appreciable optical contrast upon laser irradiation. Craighead et al (1) demonstrated that relatively thick films of various materials exhibit good reflectance contrast due to a mechanism of columnar collapse, when the films are prepared by sputter-etch technique. Kameswara Rao et al (2) observed that thin films of Ge, prepared by oblique angle deposition technique, exhibit good transmittance contrast due to chemical modification of the irradiated region to a selective oxide phase. It thus appears that the origin as well as the nature of the optical contrast in textured films critically vary with method of preparation as well as the thickness of the film. In the present study we report the observation of optical contrast of thin polycrystalline films of PbTe, via darkening of irradiated region. The observed darkening is found to be similar to the photodarkening widely known in amorphous materials.
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Hepworth, Stephen, Rob Way, and Jonathan Sharpe. "Critical Evaluation on the Use of Non-Destructive Assay of Nuclear Packages Through Destructive Breakdown and Inventory Recovery." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16081.
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Two historic waste packages on the Sellafield Site with potentially high fissile content were destined for re-packaging. Prior to relocation and subsequent breakdown, each item underwent a campaign of non-destructive assay. The aim of the assay was to gather information that would assist with the production of a safety case. The assay work consisted of: conventional x-ray radiography to determine the identity of the contents; gamma imaging and three-dimensional tomographic re-construction to determine the location of the gamma emitting material; and neutron coincidence counting coupled with gamma spectrometry to assign a fissile mass. Most items on the Sellafield Site that undergo non-destructive assay normally remain intact or are re-packaged with minimal interference of the content. However, in this instance each item was dismantled and the fissile material recovered. This paper provides a comparison of the measured results with the actual results for each technique. The x-ray radiographic information was used to construct a three dimensional representation of the contents of each item. This information was useful in identifying the plant items contained within. The results were discussed with plant operators who were familiar with the historic plant. The operators were able to identify areas of likely accumulations of fissile material. The two-dimensional gamma survey and subsequent threedimensional re-construction revealed the location of the gamma emitting materials within the packages. It was assumed that areas of increased gamma activity indicated areas of increased fissile mass. The neutron coincidence counting, gamma measurements and subsequent modelling provided an estimate of fissile mass for each item. The fissile mass estimate is an essential component of the safety case planning. However, it does not provide all of the information required to plan an ALARP breakdown strategy. The combination of the information gathered through assay was essential to construct a safety case that considered: transport requirements; criticality risk; dose to operator and breakdown methodology. Subsequent studies suggest that improved combination of the data acquired from the assay programme and more post-assay discussion of the specific issues and implications between the various stakeholder groups (e.g. assay engineers and safety case authors) may have led to a fissile mass result with lower uncertainties, which given a more favourable example would have resulted in a significant cost savings through reduced criticality assessment burden and mitigation actions and reduced security control.
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Colombo, Chiara, Stefano Monti, Mario Guagliano, Laura Vergani, Emanuele Fiordaligi, and Fausto Fusari. "Numerical and Experimental Residual Stresses of Different Welded Joint Configurations in Heavy Wall." In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21495.
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Abstract Refinery equipment subjected to high pressure is commonly made of Vanadium high strength steels (2¼Cr1Mo¼V), characterized by high allowable stress and low toughness in the as welded condition, leading to potential wall cracking before the application of thermal treatments. Therefore, the decision to perform specific thermal treatments after welding is of paramount importance. These thermal treatments, which are quite expensive and time demanding for the manufacturer, are still under discussion and not supported by evident scientific findings. The paper presents a numerical and experimental study on a plate-to-plate weld and on a nozzle-to-plate weld, created as ad-hoc mock-ups. Experimental residual stresses are collected by an X-ray diffractometer in the as welded configurations. These values are used to validate a complex 3D numerical model, implemented with the finite element software Abaqus and its AWI plugin. Finally, this validated model allows for the identification of joint criticality through two parameters: the volume of plasticized material per unit of welded length and the strain-based assessment according with ASME code. Their application as tools to compare the criticality of different welded geometries and the effect of thermal treatments on the residual stress field are discussed.
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Han, Zenghu, Vikram N. Shah, and Yung Y. Liu. "Dynamic Finite Element Analysis of Drum-Type Shipping Packages for Radioactive Materials." In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78707.
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The US Department of Energy (DOE) often uses Type AF and Type B drum-type packages for shipment of radioactive materials (RAM), both of which shall be designed and certified to meet the regulatory requirements specified in 10 CFR 71, to ensure safety, public health and protection of environment. In particular for the hypothetical accident conditions (HAC) prescribed in 10 CFR 71.73, RAM packages are subjected to sequential tests of 30-ft drop, crush, puncture, engulfing fire, and water immersions. Packages shall maintain structural integrity of containment, radiation shielding, and criticality control following these HAC tests. The structural evaluation (i.e., drop, crush, and puncture) of packages should address different combinations of test conditions, such as drop orientations, sequence, temperature and payload during the drop, crush and puncture tests. The combinations to be considered are those which would produce most damage to the package, challenge the most vulnerable packaging components, and cause the most cumulative damages. The evaluation of the most damage should also consider the effects of fire and water immersions following the structural tests. In this paper, the structural evaluation details of two drum-type packages, Model 9979 Type AF and Model ES-3100 Type B(U)F, are discussed. The design and performance of these packages were evaluated by physical testing of full-size prototype units. However, it is not practical to account for the worst test conditions and sequence in physical testing. Therefore, confirmatory finite element analyses have been performed to determine whether the cumulative damage resulting from the worst test sequence and conditions is acceptable. It was found for the 9979 package, the corner drop followed by corner crush causes most damage, and most unfavorably challenges its split-ring closures; for the ES-3100 package, the containment vessel (CV) experiences maximum strain following the sequence of bottom-to-lid slapdown and side crush. Although a lower temperature does not compromise their structural performance, the ES-3100 CV does experience slightly more strain because the impact limiter imparts more impact load because of its higher stiffness at lower temperature. In summary, the confirmatory analysis results show that the structural performance of the packages meets the regulatory requirements.
Reports on the topic "Raw Material Criticality"
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Litaor, Iggy, James Ippolito, Iris Zohar, and Michael Massey. Phosphorus capture recycling and utilization for sustainable agriculture using Al/organic composite water treatment residuals. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600037.bard.
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Objectives: 1) develop a thorough understanding of the sorption mechanisms of Pi and Po onto the Al/O- WTR; 2) determine the breakthrough range of the composite Al/O-WTR during P capturing from agro- wastewaters; and 3) critically evaluate the performance of the composite Al/O-WTR as a fertilizer using selected plants grown in lysimeters and test-field studies. Instead of lysimeters we used pots (Israel) and one- liter cone-tainers (USA). We conducted one field study but in spite of major pretreatments the soils still exhibited high enough P from previous experiments so no differences between control and P additions were noticeable. Due to time constrains the field study was discontinued. Background: Phosphorous, a non-renewable resource, has been applied extensively in fields to increase crop yield, yet consequently has increased the potential of waterway eutrophication. Our proposal impetus is the need to develop an innovative method of P capturing, recycling and reuse that will sustain agricultural productivity while concurrently reducing the level of P discharge from and to agricultural settings. Major Conclusions & Achievements: An innovative approach was developed for P removal from soil leachate, dairy wastewater (Israel), and swine effluents (USA) using Al-based water treatment residuals (Al- WTR) to create an organic-Al-WTR composite (Al/O-WTR), potentially capable of serving as a P fertilizer source. The Al-WTR removed 95% inorganic-P, 80% to 99.9% organic P, and over 60% dissolved organic carbon from the agro-industrial waste streams. Organic C accumulation on particles surfaces possibly enhanced weak P bonding and facilitated P desorption. Analysis by scanning electron microscope (SEM- EDS), indicated that P was sparsely sorbed on both calcic and Al (hydr)oxide surfaces. Sorption of P onto WW-Al/O-WTR was reversible due to weak Ca-P and Al-P bonds induced by the slight alkaline nature and in the presence of organic moieties. Synchrotron-based microfocused X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) spectrometry, bulk P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES), and P K-edge micro-XANES spectroscopy indicated that adsorption was the primary P retention mechanism in the Al- WTR materials. However, distinct apatite- or octocalciumphosphatelike P grains were also observed. Synchrotron micro-XRF mapping further suggested that exposure of the aggregate exteriors to wastewater caused P to diffuse into the porous Al-WTR aggregates. Organic P species were not explicitly identified via P K-edge XANES despite high organic matter content, suggesting that organic P may have been predominantly associated with mineral surfaces. In screen houses experiments (Israel) we showed that the highest additions of Al/O-WTR (5 and 7 g kg⁻¹) produced the highest lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolial) yield. Lettuce yield and P concentration were similar across treatments, indicating that Al/O- WTR can provide sufficient P to perform similarly to common fertilizers. A greenhouse study (USA) was utilized to compare increasing rates of swine wastewater derived Al/O-WTR and inorganic P fertilizer (both applied at 33.6, 67.3, and 134.5 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹) to supply plant-available P to spring wheat (TriticumaestivumL.) in either sandy loam or sandy clay loam soil. Spring wheat straw and grain P uptake were comparable across all treatments in the sandy loam, while Al/O-WTR application to the sandy clay loam reduced straw and grain P uptake. The Al/O-WTR did not affect soil organic P concentrations, but did increase phosphatase activity in both soils; this suggests that Al/O-WTR application stimulated microorganisms and enhance the extent to which microbial communities can mineralize Al/O-WTR-bound organic P. Implications: Overall, results suggest that creating a new P fertilizer from Al-WTR and agro-industrial waste sources may be a feasible alternative to mining inorganic P fertilizer sources, while protecting the environment from unnecessary waste disposal.