Relevant bibliographies by topics / Raw earth materials

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Raw earth materials'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 January 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Raw earth materials"

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Lalicata, Leonardo Maria, Agostino Walter Bruno, and Domenico Gallipoli. "Hygro-thermal coupling in earth building materials." E3S Web of Conferences 382 (2023): 23003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338223003.

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Raw earth is emerging as a viable building material with lower carbon emissions than conventional concrete and fired bricks. Raw earth is as an excellent passive hygro-thermal regulator, which improves occupants’ comfort while reducing the need for active heating/cooling installations. The coupled hygro-thermal response of earth materials is investigated by exploiting the principles of the thermodynamics of porous media and unsaturated soil mechanics. The degree of coupling between temperature and relative humidity (or water content) depends on the adopted simplifying assumptions. Some of these assumptions are valid for traditional building materials but may not be applicable to raw earth characterised by relatively high levels of liquid/gas permeability. The validity of current approaches is here assessed with reference to earth building via a simple one-dimensional transfer model, which simulates the behaviour of an unbounded earth wall subjected to time-dependent boundary conditions on the two faces. For typical values of water and vapour permeability, the complexity of the governing equations can be greatly reduced by neglecting variations of vapour mass and the dependency of suction on temperature without significantly reducing accuracy. Results are also strongly influenced by both initial state and water retention properties of the earth material.
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MEDEIROS, CARLOS AGUIAR DE, and NICHOLAS M. TREBAT. "Transforming natural resources into industrial advantage: the case of China’s rare earths industry." Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 37, no. 3 (July 2017): 504–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572017v37n03a03.

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ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the development of China’s rare earths industry, emphasizing the role of state technological initiatives in the country’s transition from rare earth exporter to large industrial consumer of these raw materials. Like other industrial powers before it, China takes advantage of low-cost domestic supplies of strategic raw materials to promote higher value-added manufacturing. We argue that, in the case of rare earths, this strategy has been largely successful, disrupting a classic international division of labor that existed prior to 2000, in which China exported most of its rare earth output to wealthy countries, and transforming Chinese firms into exporters of more sophisticated downstream products.
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Ewing, Rodney C., and Alexandra Navrotsky. "Earth Materials." MRS Bulletin 17, no. 5 (May 1992): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400041233.

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This issue of the MRS Bulletin is devoted to Earth materials — a subject so broad and with such a long history, stretching back to man's first use of materials, that we can offer only a small sample of topics, only a partial review. As our ancestors fashioned the first crude tools from stone, they must have distinguished among materials on the basis of their physical properties. They classified materials by color and density and very early must have wanted more than Nature had provided. They began to synthesize and fashion their own materials. Today's nanoscale engineering of materials is part of this same quest—a continuous evolution of this early toolmaking.Thus, Earth materials were the first raw materials—and the first subjects of study and classification in materials science. Probably one of the earliest materials scientists to make quantitative observations was Nicolas Steno (1638–1686, actually Nils Stensen, a Dane by birth), who was among the first to note the “law of constancy of angle” in comments which accompany his drawings of quartz and hematite crystals (De Solido intra Solidum Naturaliter Conteno Dissertationis Prodromus, 1669). Such observations were the first clues to understanding the internal structure of solids. Steno was also a keen geological observer. He is given credit for the first statement of the law of superposition of sedimentary strata. The first quantitative experiments on the origin of minerals grew out of studies of glass and ceramics. French mathematician René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur (1683–1757) tried to determine the composition of Chinese porcelain by melting minerals and rocks.
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Giada, Giuffrida, Rosa Caponetto, and Francesco Nocera. "Hygrothermal Properties of Raw Earth Materials: A Literature Review." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (September 27, 2019): 5342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195342.

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Raw earth historic and contemporary architectures are renowned for their good environmental properties of recyclability and low embodied energy along the production process. Earth massive walls are universally known to be able to regulate indoor thermal and hygroscopic conditions containing energy consumptions, creating comfortable interior spaces with a low carbon footprint. Therefore, earth buildings are de facto green buildings. As a result of this, some earthen technologies have been rediscovered and implemented to be adapted to the contemporary building production sector. Nevertheless, the diffusion of contemporary earthen architecture is decelerated by the lack of broadly accepted standards on its anti-seismic and thermal performance. Indeed, the former issue has been solved using high-tensile materials inside the walls or surface reinforcements on their sides to improve their flexural strength. The latter issue is related to the penalization of earth walls thermal behavior in current regulations, which tent to evaluate only the steady-state performance of building components, neglecting the benefit of heat storage and hygrothermal buffering effect provided by massive and porous envelopes as raw earth ones. In this paper, we show the results of a paper review concerning the hygrothermal performance of earthen materials for contemporary housing: great attention is given to the base materials which are used (inorganic soils, natural fibers, and mineral or recycled aggregates, chemical stabilizers), manufacturing procedures (when described), performed tests and final performances. Different earth techniques (adobe, cob, extruded bricks, rammed earth, compressed earth blocks, light earth) have been considered in order to highlight that earth material can act both as a conductive and insulating meterial depending on how it is implemented, adapting to several climate contests. The paper aims to summarize current progress in the improvement of thermal performance of raw earth traditional mixes, discuss the suitability of existing measurement protocols for hygroscopic and natural materials and provide guidance for further researches.
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Leal Filho, Walter Leal, Richard Kotter, Pinar Gökçin Özuyar, Ismaila Rimi Abubakar, João Henrique Paulino Pires Eustachio, and Newton R. Matandirotya. "Understanding Rare Earth Elements as Critical Raw Materials." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 1919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15031919.

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The boom in technological advances in recent decades has led to increased demand for rare earth elements (REEs) (also known as rare earth metals) across various industries with wide-ranging industrial applications, including in the clean energy sector, but with some environmental, economic, and social footprint concerns. This paper reviews the complexities of the production, consumption, and reuse or recovery of REEs, presenting current trends in terms of potentials and challenges associated with this. This paper in particular focuses on the supply, demand, and (environmental and economic) sustainability of REEs, as a subset of critical raw materials. It does so via a critical stocktaking of key discussions and debates in the field over the past 15 years up until now, through a thematic analysis of the published and gray (policy) literature with a grounded theory approach. The paper finds that carefully balanced lifecycle sustainability assessments are needed for assessing the respective dimensions of the extraction, processing, and reuse or recovery methods for different types of REE sources and supplies to meet current and future demands. It furthermore diagnoses the need for taking into account some shifts and substitutions among REEs also for reasons of cost and locational supplies for the security of supply. Finally, the paper provides some overall policy recommendations for addressing current problems, with a conceptual framing of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
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H. Khalid, Ameer, and Thanoon A. Thanoon. "Study of Silica Occurrence in the Raw Materials of HammamAl- Alil Cement Plant." Iraqi National Journal of Earth Sciences 10, no. 1 (June 28, 2010): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33899/earth.2010.5556.

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Kamprowski, Rafał. "The raw materials policy of the European Union for rare earth elements." Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej, no. 16 (February 22, 2023): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/rie.2022.16.14.

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This article deals with one of the dimensions of the European Union’s raw materials policy, including rare earth elements (REE). The core and overarching goal of the raw materials policy implemented by a given entity is to ensure security in terms of raw materials. Taking into account the current geopolitical situation and the ongoing war in Ukraine, the main part of discussion regarding raw materials security focuses on issues related to the supply of energy sources, including gas or coal. Rare earth elements, however, remain on the side-lines of these considerations. Rare earth elements are the foundation of modern technological development in many areas and fields. Due to their role, they have been the object of political rivalry between the People’s Republic of China and the United States of America for at least twenty years. The question of the place and role of the European Union in this system remains open. The research intention of the considerations in this article is to indicate the role of REEs in the raw materials policy implemented by the European Union. The research shows that, despite the relatively late involvement of the European Union in the identification of key REEs and the development of their supply chain, a clear professionalisation of EU practices has been observed for several years. It is also indicated that among the most important challenges for the European Union’s raw materials policy are factors such as excessive dependence of the supply chain on the People’s Republic of China and difficulties in obtaining REEs within the territory of European Union member states.
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Wang, Yun. "Study on Modification of Rammed Earth Material in Mountain Areas." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 1178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.1178.

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In order to explore the proper modified materials of the raw-soil building in mountain area, the raw-soil modified materials now being used commonly are analyzed effectively at first, and the natural reborn starch resource is thought which has a promising application prospect. In the end, experiments on compressive properties and shear properties of raw-soil material modified by quicklime, slaked lime and starch with different incorporation rates are carried out, and the tests show starch is applicable to modify raw-soil in mountain area.
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Fabbri, Antonin, Jean-Claude Morel, and Domenico Gallipoli. "Assessing the performance of earth building materials: a review of recent developments." RILEM Technical Letters 3 (December 22, 2018): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2018.71.

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After being almost abandoned at the end of the Second World War, the use of raw earth is currently regaining the interest of architects, engineers and policy makers for the construction of dwellings in industrialised countries. This renaissance is driven by growing ecological awareness and the promotion of construction techniques that minimize energy consumption and carbon emissions. Raw earth displays very interesting thermo-hygro-mechanical properties, which can contribute to the reduction of the environmental impact of buildings not only during construction but also during service life. Nevertheless, one of the reasons that still prevents dissemination of raw earth into construction practice is the lack of commonly agreed procedures for assessing material performance. The RILEM technical committee TCE 274 has been established as a first step for overcoming this obstacle. The objective of the technical committee is to critically examine current testing procedures in order to propose suitable experimental standards. The results of this work will be presented in future publications while the present paper summarizes the main challenges faced by the committee and briefly describes some of the existing procedures for measuring the engineering properties of earth materials.
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Lu, Bai-ru, Kun Zhang, and Zhan Qu. "Research on Compressive Tests of Iron Tailing and Cement-Modified Earth Materials from Northwest China." Advances in Civil Engineering 2023 (October 21, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6661545.

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The strength of earth-modified materials is an important mechanical indicator of raw soil building materials. Iron tailings are a rich mineral waste resource with basic properties similar to river sand and can be used as a modified material for raw soil construction. To increase the utilization rate of iron tailings and improve the mechanical properties of earth materials, modification of earth materials were analyzed using iron tailings and cement. Through a single lattice theory design method, 10 different blending ratios of modified earth specimens were designed, with each group comprising six 100 mm cubic specimens. Earth specimens were used as the control group and compression tests carried out under standard curing conditions, with analysis of the failure mode, compressive strength, deformation, and load–displacement curve for each specimen. Also, the reasons for specimen failures were examined, including the influence of strength, dispersion, and implications of load–displacement curves. The optimal mix ratio of modified materials was determined using frequency domain analysis method. The results showed that the load–displacement curves of materials with different material ratios were basically similar and the slope and discreteness of the curves quite different. Increased tailings and cement content improved the compressive strength of earth materials and increased the discreteness of the material. Through frequency analysis, it was obtained that when the content of tailings was 12.1%–19.5%, cement content 13.9%–19.1%, and earth 65.5%–69.9%, there was a 95% of the guaranteed rate of compressive strength of iron tailings and cement-modified earth materials between 6 and 9 MPa. Iron tailings can, thus, be used as the preferred material for modifying earth materials; single lattice theory can be used as the design method for mixing experiments, and frequency domain analysis can be an effective calculation method for optimizing mixing design. Adding cement and iron tailings to modify the raw soil formula can provide reference for the selection of basic materials for raw soil construction.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Raw earth materials"

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Buratovic, Emma, Dervis Cocalic, Kasper Eliasson, Matilda Danestig, and Linus Everlid. "Controversial Materials : Ethical issues in the production of mineral based raw materials." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-327393.

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This report has investigated the ethical issues associated with mining or processing of materials that make them considered as controversial. For each material, the main areas of use and the top producing countries are analysed, followed by social and/or environmental issues as well as potential problems in the future. In total, 13 materials are discussed, of which most are minerals. The overall issues, that are recurring throughout the report and are important to be aware of are: child labor, low safety standards, mining activity resulting in deforestation or harming biodiversity, mining processes that affect communities (e.g. because of large water consumption) and the risks associated with widespread illegal mining. The report also provides research about organisations and initiatives that aim to affect the problems, and gives a brief view over tools that can be used to increase awareness of these issues.
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André, Axel. "Raw Material Consumption - Ett mått på Sveriges materialanvändning i ett mer resurseffektivt samhälle." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-367195.

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Att kunna mäta vår materialanvändning är centralt i omställningen till ett resurseffektivare samhälle och en cirkulär ekonomi. Inom EU används Domestic Material Consumption (DMC) som indikator för materialanvändning. Den beräknas genom att addera de material som ett land utvinner, plus de material som importeras, minus de material som exporteras. Det finns kritik mot DMC då den endast tar hänsyn till vikten på import- och exportprodukter då de korsar landsgränsen. DMC inkluderar inte de uppströms material som gått åt för att producera en produkt, men som inte syns i slutprodukten (den så kallade materialryggsäcken).   Den ökade globaliseringen har för många länder lett till en förflyttning av produktion utomlands, och för att beräkna dessa länders totala materialanvändning krävs det att hänsyn tas till importerade och exporterade produkters materialryggsäck. Raw Material Consumption (RMC) är en indikator som tar hänsyn till materialryggsäcken, men den har idag ingen standardiserad beräkningsmetod. Både RMC och DMC används inom Agenda 2030 för att följa upp FN:s hållbarhetsmål 12 ”Hållbar konsumtion och produktion”, samt hållbarhetsmål 8 ”Anständiga arbetsvillkor och ekonomisk tillväxt”. Endast DMC används idag inom EU.   Syftet med projektet var att beräkna Sveriges materialanvändning med hjälp av indikatorn Raw Material Consumption (RMC), samt att identifiera styrkor och svagheter hos RMC. Eurostats RME-verktyg användes för att beräkna RMC. Enligt RMC ökade Sveriges totala materialanvändning från 198 miljoner ton råmaterialekvivalenter (RME) år 2008, till 221 miljoner ton RME år 2015, motsvarande 21,4 ton RME per capita 2008 till 22,6 ton RME per capita 2015. Resultaten jämfördes med resultat för Sveriges DMC som Statistiska Centralbyrån tagit fram. RMC och DMC gav liknande resultat för Sveriges totala materialanvändning. Detta tros bero på att materialryggsäcken för den svenska importen är ungefär lika stor som för exporten och att den största materialkategorin, icke-metalliska mineraler, utgör en liten del av vår handelsbalans och därför inte påverkas i någon större utsträckning när importerade och exporterade produkters materialryggsäck inkluderas. På materialkategorinivå är dock skillnaderna mellan RMC och DMC större.   Resultat från Eurostats RME-verktyg som tagits fram i denna studie, har jämförts med resultat som OECD och UNEP tagit fram för Sveriges RMC. De har använt en annan beräkningsmetod än den RME-verktyget tillämpar. Skillnaden i total RMC för de olika beräkningsmetoderna är mellan 11 % och 22 %. På materialkategorinivå är skillnaderna större, över 50 % för fossila bränslen exempelvis. Liknande resultat har påvisats i en studie som jämförde Österrikes RMC för år 2007 med olika beräkningsmetoder.   Både DMC och RMC kan användas som indikatorer för resurseffektivitet och cirkulär ekonomi, men vid jämförelse mellan länder är RMC teoretiskt en mer lämplig indikator. Detta eftersom många länder idag har flyttat stora delar av sin produktion utomlands, och DMC därför riskerar att ge en skev bild över resurseffektivitet och frikoppling, när materialryggsäcken inte inkluderas.
Being able to measure the amount of materials used in society, is central in the transition to a resource-efficient and circular economy. Within the EU, Domestic Material Consumption (DMC) is currently used as indicator for material use. It is calculated by adding the materials that a country extracts, plus the materials imported, minus the materials being exported. There is criticism of DMC, as a measure, since it only considers the weight of imported and exported goods when they cross the country border. It does not consider the upstream materials needed to produce a product, which are not represented in the final product (the so-called material backpack). Globalisation has led to a geographical disconnection in production and consumption, and to consider net-importing countries’ total material consumption, it is necessary to include traded product’s material backpack. Raw Material Consumption (RMC) considers the material backpack, but is currently without a standardised calculation method. Both RMC and DMC are used in Agenda 2030 to follow up the UN Sustainability Development Goal 12 "Sustainable Consumption and Production", as well as Goal 8 "Decent Work Conditions and Economic Growth". Only DMC is used today in the EU.   The aim of this project was to calculate Sweden’s material consumption, using the indicator Raw Material Consumption (RMC), as well as identifying strengths and weaknesses of RMC. For calculating RMC, Eurostat’s RME-tool has been used. According to RMC, Sweden's total material usage increased from 2008 when it amounted to 198 million tonnes of raw material equivalents (RME), to 221 million tonnes RME in 2015. There has also been an increase per capita: 21,4 RME per capita in 2008 to 22,6 RME per capita in 2015. These results have been compared with the results for Sweden's DMC, calculated by SCB. RMC and DMC gave similar results for Sweden's total material consumption. This is believed to be due to the similar size of the material backpack of imports and exports. Another reason is believed to be due to Sweden’s largest material category, non-metallic minerals, is a small part of our trade balance, and therefore is not affected when the material backpack is included. At the material category level, however, the differences between RMC and DMC are greater.   Results from Eurostat's RME tool, calculated in this study, have been compared with results presented by the OECD and UNEP. They have used a different calculation method for Sweden’s RMC than the RME tool applies. The difference in total RMC for different calculation methods is between 11 % and 22 %. At material category level, the differences are greater, more than 50 % for fossil fuels, for example. Similar results have been presented in a study over Austria's RMC for the year 2007, using different calculation methods.   Both DMC and RMC can be used as policy-support for resource efficiency, but RMC is theoretically a more suitable indicator for comparison of countries. This is since many countries today have moved a significant share of their production abroad, and DMC therefore risks displaying a false perception of resource efficiency and decoupling, when the material backpack is not included.
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Farez, Younes. "Élaboration de matériaux à base de la terre crue destinés aux applications en travaux publics." Electronic Thesis or Diss., CY Cergy Paris Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024CYUN1328.

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Chaque année, des millions de tonnes de terre sont excavées sur les chantiers du BTP en France. Actuellement, ces terres sont majoritairement valorisées dans le secteur du bâtiment, sous forme d’éléments de remplissage (brique en terre comprimée, adobe, bauge…), tandis que leur usage reste limité dans le secteur des travaux publics.L’objectif de ce travail de recherche est de développer de nouveaux éco-matériaux à base de terre crue et de sédiments de dragage, destinés à certaines applications en travaux publics, comme les bordures de trottoir, les blocs lego ou les glissières de sécurité. Différentes techniques de stabilisations, par compactage et stabilisation chimique, ont été explorées pour la confection des éprouvettes aux échelles du laboratoire et semi-industrielle. Différentes formulations, optimisées, ont fait l’objet de caractérisations physico-chimiques, mécaniques et microstructurales. Une analyse de cycle de vie est aussi réalisée afin de comparer les nouveaux matériaux développés aux matériaux traditionnels.Dans une première approche, la stabilisation chimico-mécanique de la terre crue et du sédiment de dragage est réalisée en utilisant un ciment Portland avec un compactage statique. L’optimisation des propriétés mécaniques et physiques à l’échelle de l’éprouvette cylindrique 5 x 10 cm2 (diamètre × hauteur) a permis d’aboutir à une formulation optimale composée de 75% de terre crue, 20% de sédiment et 5% de ciment, et compactée à 5 MPa. Cependant, lors du passage à l’échelle de la bordure de type P1 (33 × 20 × 8 cm3), des limitations de cette méthode sont constatées, notamment en raison de la non uniformité de la contrainte de compactage en raison de l’effet paroi.Pour surmonter ces obstacles, une stabilisation avec un liant géopolymère à base de métakaolin a été explorée. Plusieurs facteurs ont été étudiés : optimisation des propriétés mécaniques, analyse de l’influence des argiles, durabilité et analyse de cycle de vie. L’optimisation des propriétés mécaniques a été réalisée à travers un plan d’expériences à trois facteurs (SiO2/Al2O3, Na2O/Al2O3 et H2O/Na2O), suivi d’une variation du rapport massique métakaolin sur terre crue (MK/TC) entre 0.33 et 0.16. Cette optimisation réalisée à l’échelle de l’éprouvette prismatique 4 × 4 × 16 cm3 a permis de retenir deux formulations optimales à la fois sur le plan mécanique et environnemental. Ces formulations ont été ensuite exploitées à une échelle semi-industrielle, avec la fabrication et la pose de 30 mètres de bordures de type P1 (50 × 20 × 8 cm3) sur un chantier expérimental à Narbonne
Every year, millions of tonnes of soil are excavated on construction sites in France. Currently, most of these soils are reused in the construction sector, in products such as compressed earth bricks, adobe, paving stones, etc.), while its use remains limited in the field of public works.This study aims to develop new eco-friendly materials based on raw earth and dredged sediments in some civil engineering applications such as kerbs, Lego-like blocks, and guardrails. Various stabilization techniques, including compaction and chemical stabilization, were explored to produce laboratory-scale and semi-industrial-scale samples. Optimized formulations were then subjected to physicochemical, mechanical, and microstructural characterizations. A life cycle analysis was also conducted to compare these new materials with traditional ones.Initially, cement was used for the stabilization of raw earth and dredged sediments through static compaction. Optimization of the mechanical and physical properties on a cylindrical sample of 5 cm in diameter and 10 cm in height led to an optimal formulation consisting of 75% raw earth, 20% sediment, and 5% cement, compacted at 5 MPa. However, scaling up to a P1 kerbs (33 × 20 × 8 cm³) showed some limitations, notably due to a non-uniform compaction load caused by the wall effect.To overcome these limitations, stabilization using metakaolin-based geopolymer binder was explored. Several factors were studied, including mechanical properties, the effect of clays, durability, and life cycle analysis. Mechanical optimization was carried out using a three-factor experimental design (SiO2/Al2O3, Na2O/Al2O3, and H2O/Na2O), with subsequent variation of the metakaolin to raw earth weight ratio (MK/TC) between 0.33 and 0.16. This optimization, carried out on a 4 × 4 × 16 cm³ prismatic specimen, identified two optimal formulations in terms of mechanical and environmental performance. These formulations were then evaluated on a semi-industrial scale, resulting in the production and installation of 30 meters of P1 kerbs (50 × 20 × 8 cm³) on an experimental site
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Kukkonen, Liv Linnea. "Transparent, rare earth doped, oxyfluoride glass-ceramics for photonics." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340220.

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Cedervall, Johan. "Magnetic Materials for Cool Applications : Relations between Structure and Magnetism in Rare Earth Free Alloys." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kemi - Ångström, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-331762.

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New and more efficient magnetic materials for energy applications are a big necessity for sustainable future. Whether the application is energy conversion or refrigeration, materials based on sustainable elements should be used, which discards all rare earth elements. For energy conversion, permanent magnets with high magnetisation and working temperature are needed whereas for refrigeration, the entropy difference between the non-magnetised and magnetised states should be large. For this reason, magnetic materials have been synthesised with high temperature methods and structurally and magnetically characterised with the aim of making a material with potential for large scale applications. To really determine the cause of the physical properties the connections between structure (crystalline and magnetic) and, mainly, the magnetic properties have been studied thoroughly. The materials that have been studied have all been iron based and exhibit properties with potential for the applications in mind. The first system, for permanent magnet applications, was Fe5SiB2. It was found to be unsuitable for a permanent magnet, however, an interesting magnetic behaviour was studied at low temperatures. The magnetic behaviour arose from a change in the magnetic structure which was solved by using neutron diffraction. Substitutions with phosphorus (Fe5Si1-xPxB2) and cobalt (Fe1-xCox)5PB2 were then performed to improve the permanent magnet potential. While the permanent magnetic potential was not improved with cobalt substitutions the magnetic transition temperature could be greatly controlled, a real benefit for magnetic refrigeration. For this purpose AlFe2B2 was also studied, and there it was found, conclusively, that the material undergoes a second order transition, making it unsuitable for magnetic cooling. However, the magnetic structure was solved with two different methods and was found to be ferromagnetic with all magnetic moments aligned along the crystallographic a-direction. Lastly, the origin of magnetic cooling was studied in Fe2P, and can be linked to the interactions between the magnetic and atomic vibrations.
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Carleschi, Emanuela. "Electronic structure of transition metal and rare earth ions in complex materials by resonant core-level spectroscopies." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/3061.

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2007/2008
In the course of this thesis I present an experimental investigation into various strongly correlated transition metal and rare earth compounds using core-level spectroscopic techniques, which have augmented the understanding of the electronic properties of these different systems. I will discuss the orbital occupation and the symmetry of the states near the Fermi level, responsible for the variety of ground states shown by a variety of strongly correlated systems such as misfit cobaltates, strontium ruthenates, metallic manganese and rare earth compounds.
XXI Ciclo
1978
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Cuccurullo, Alessia. "EARTH STABILISATION BY PLANT-DERIVED UREASE ENZYME FOR BUILDING APPLICATIONS." Thesis, Pau, 2019. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03179295.

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Cette étude se concentre sur les performances hygro-mécaniques de la terre crue compactée comme matériau de construction alternatif aux matériaux de construction classiques à forte empreinte énergétique. Les briques en terre ont été fabriquées en appliquant des pressions de compactage élevées (jusqu’à 100 MPa, d’où la dénomination d’hyper-compactage) pour augmenter la densité du matériau et ainsi obtenir des propriétés mécaniques similaires à celles des matériaux de construction traditionnels tels que les briques cuites, les blocs de béton et la terre stabilisée. Une vaste campagne expérimentale a été menée sur des échantillons constitués de différents mélanges hyper-compactés de terres à leur teneur en eau optimale respective. La rigidité et la résistance mécanique ont été mesurées par des essais de compression non confinés et triaxiaux, tandis que l’adsorption/désorption de vapeur a été évaluée par la valeur de MBV (Moisture Buffering Value). La durabilité à l'érosion hydrique a été étudiée en effectuant des tests de adsorption capillaire, d'immersion et de goutte-à-goutte conformément aux normes DIN 18945 (2013) et NZS 4298 (1998). Les résultats ont confirmé que l'hyper-compactage améliore les performances mécaniques de la terre crue compactée, mais qu'une augmentation sensible de l'humidité ambiante pouvait entraîner une réduction considérable de la résistance. Néanmoins, les tests de durabilité ont révélé que la terre compactée non stabilisée ne pouvait pas être utilisée pour la construction des parties de structures exposées aux intempéries naturelles en raison de sa sensibilité vis-à-vis de l’eau liquide. Les expériences ont démontré la dépendance de la résistance, de la rigidité, du comportement hydrique, de la sensibilité à l’eau liquide et de la durabilité à la taille des particules. En particulier, il a été observé qu'un mélange de terre à faible granulométrie et calibrées présentait des caractéristiques pour les propriétés susmentionnées supérieures à celle d’un sol à la granulométrie grossière et non maîtrisée. Un défi important a été l'amélioration de la durabilité de la terre crue à l'érosion hydrique en adoptant de techniques de stabilisation à faibles impacts environnementaux, ce qui a conduit à la mise au point d’une méthode originale de stabilisation basée sur l’utilisation d’extraits de plantes. Cette méthode était conforme à la précipitation de calcite induite par voie enzymatique via l'action de l'enzyme uréase pour catalyser l'hydrolyse de l'urée. Cette réaction produit des ions carbonates, qui réagissent ensuite avec les ions calcium du sol dissout dans l’eau interstitielle pour précipiter sous forme de carbonate de calcium, liant ainsi les particules du sol
The present work investigates the hygro-mechanical performance of compacted earth as an alternative to conventional energy-intensive building materials. Earth bricks were manufactured by applying high compaction pressures up to 100 MPa (hyper-compaction) to increase the density of the earth and hence to obtain mechanical properties that are similar to those of traditional construction materials such as fired bricks, concrete blocks and stabilised earth. A wide campaign of laboratory tests was performed on samples made of different earth mixes that were hyper-compacted at their respective optimum water contents. Stiffness and strength were measured by unconfined and triaxial compression tests while vapour adsorption/desorption was assessed by measuring moisture buffering value (MBV). Durability to water erosion was also evaluated by performing suction, immersion and drip tests according to the norms DIN 18945 (2013) and NZS 4298 (1998), respectively. Results showed that hyper-compaction largely improved the mechanical performance of compacted earth but that a marked increase in ambient humidity could produce a considerable reduction of strength. Durability tests highlighted that the unstabilised compacted earth could not be employed for the construction of structures exposed to natural weathering. The experiments also demonstrated the dependency of strength, stiffness, moisture buffering capacity and water durability on particle grading. In particular, it was shown that a fine and well-graded earth mix exhibited higher levels of strength, stiffness, moisture buffering capacity and durability than a coarse and poorly-graded one. One important challenge lied in the improvement of the earth durability against water erosion by adopting novel stabilisation techniques, which led to the development of an original stabilisation method based on the utilisation of plant extracts. The method was consistent with the principles of Enzymatic Induced Calcite Precipitation (EICP), which utilises the action of the urease enzyme to catalyse the hydrolysis of urea. This reaction produces carbonate ions, which then react with the calcium ions dissolved in the pore water to produce the precipitation of calcium carbonate (i.e. calcite), thus binding the soil together. The novelty of the present work resides in the utilisation of crude plant-derived urease enzyme instead of pure reagent-grade products available from chemical suppliers, which reduces environmental and financial costs. In particular, the urease enzyme was obtained from a liquid soybeans extract, inside which the urea and calcium chloride were subsequently dissolved to induce the precipitation of calcite. Measurements of pH, electrical conductivity and precipitation ratio indicated that the optimum equimolar concentration of urea and calcium chloride (leading to the largest precipitation of calcite) was 2.5 mol/L. An experimental campaign was finally undertaken to implement the proposed bio-stabilisation method into the manufacture of compressed earth bricks. The most promising versions of the proposed bio-stabilisation method were also the object of further investigation to assess the hygro-mechanical behaviour of the stabilised earth by means of unconfined compression and moisture buffering value tests. The findings, although preliminary, suggested that a noticeable improvement of strength and water durability could be achieved by the proposed stabilisation protocol, in spite of the difficulty in replicating exactly quantitative results
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Chirawatkul, Prae. "Structure of liquid and glassy materials from ambient to extreme conditions : a multiprobe approach." Thesis, University of Bath, 2010. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.537488.

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The structure of molten Au0.81Si0.19, Au0.72Ge0.28 and Ag0.74Ge0.26 alloys with a composition at or near to the eutectic was investigated by using neutron diffraction (ND). The results suggest that the Au-Au distance in the alloys is similar to that of liquid Au, there is a preference for Au-Si bonds and show that there are pre-peaks in the total structure factors for Au0.72Ge0.28 and Ag0.74Ge0.26 at 1.3(2) and 1.6(3) ˚, A−1 respectively. The asymptotic decay of the pair correlation functions was found to agree both with a theoretical prediction based on simple pair potentials and a fractal model for metallic glasses. The structure of glassy (R2O3)0.2(Al2O3)0.2(SiO2)0.6, where R denotes Dy, Ho or a 50:50 mixture of Dy and Ho, was investigated by using the method of isomorphic substitution in ND, x-ray diffraction (XRD) and extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The network is made from SiO4 tetrahedral units with a distribution of AlO4, AlO5 and AlO6 units giving an average coordination number of 4.5(1). There is a distribution of RO5, RO6, RO7, RO8 and RO9 units with an average coordination number of 7.2(3) and an average R-O distance of 2.33(2) ˚ A. The EXAFS results confirmed that Dy and Ho are isomorphic and were used to refine an RMC model of the structure. R-Al and R-Si nearest neighbour shells with average distances of 3.15(3) and 3.6(1) ˚A were required to fit the EXAFS results. The structure of glassy and liquid ZnCl2 was studied by using ND and XRD. The material has a network structure made from ZnCl4 tetrahedra units which is retained in the liquid at temperatures near to the boiling point. An increase of temperature promotes edge sharing connectivity as inferred from a decrease of the Zn-Zn nearest neighbour distance and average Zn-Cl coordination number. An EXAFS study on crystalline ZnCl2 at room temperature shows that Zn remains 4fold coordinated at pressures less than 1 GPa, is 4+2-fold coordinated at 2-4 GPa, and is 6-fold coordinated above 4 GPa. For liquid ZnCl2, Zn is 4-fold coordinated by Cl at a pressure of about 1 GPa and could be 6-fold coordinated at 2-3 GPa.
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Pereira, Luciano Fabricio Dias. ""Estudo do campo hiperfino magnético na sonda de Ce colocada nos compostos intermetálicos do tipo RAg (R=Terra Rara) e do ordenamento magnético desses compostos usando cálculos de primeiros princípios"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-28052007-141935/.

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Nesse trabalho foram estudados os compostos intermetalicos do tipo RAg (R = Nd, Gd e Ho) por calculos teoricos desenvolvidos dentro do formalismo da Teoria do Funcional Densidade (DFT). O metodo APW+lo (Augmented Planes Waves + lo- cal orbitals) foi aplicado para resolver a equacao de Kohn-Sham e a Aproximacao do Gradiente Generalizado (GGA) usada para tratar de forma aproximada o potencial de troca-correlacao. O codigo computacional utilizado foi o WIEN2k. As atividades foram focalizadas em duas frentes. Numa delas, determinou-se a fase magnetica do estado fundamental dos compos- tos HoAg e NdAg. Para isso, simulou-se as 4 estruturas magneticas possiveis (para as celulas cristalinas cubicas) desses dois sistemas (uma ferromagnetica (0,0,0) e as antifer-romagneticas: (0,0,¼), (¼,¼,0) e (¼,¼,¼)) e com a confeccao de gra¯cos de energia das celulas cristalinas dessas estruturas magneticas pela variacao dos volumes de tais celulas, chegou-se na estrutura magnetica (¼,¼,0) como a mais provavel para o estado fundamental magnetico de ambos os compostos. Tambem observou-se que o sistema de NdAg apre- senta uma pequena diferenca entre as energias das estruturas antiferromagnetica (¼,¼,0) e ferromagnetica. Creditou-se a esse efeito a explicacao de encontrar-se na literatura re- sultados experimentais diferentes para a estrutura magnetica do composto de NdAg puro e dopado com o atomo de 140Ce (entrando no sitio do Nd). Acredita-se que a dopagem do NdAg com o atomo de 140Ce (em uma porcao reduzida), gera alteracao no sinal da integral de troca (acoplamento RKKY), mudando-o de positivo para negativo, e isso implica na modficacao da fase magnetica do estado fundamental, passando da estrutura (¼,¼,0) µa 0,0,0). Assim, com a informacao anterior da estrutura magnetica do composto de NdAg quando dopado com o atomo de 140Ce, entrou-se na segunda etapa do estudo. Nela, fez-se os calculos das estruturas eletronicas usando a aproximacao de supercelulas nos compostos de GdAg e NdAg dopados com o atomo de Ce, garantindo que esse substituisse um atomo de terra rara nas supercelulas cristalinas montadas para determinar no Ce o campo hiperfino magnetico e suas componentes geradoras. Os compostos de GdAg e NdAg (dopados com Ce), respectivamente, tiveram suas celulas cristalinas montadas ferromagnetica e antiferromagneticamente. Utilizou-se a polarizacao orbital (DFT+U) nos eletrons da camada 4f das terras raras (excluindo-se o atomo de Gd que nao apresenta momento angular). Dessa forma, em ambos os sistemas foi possivel fazer varias simulacoes, nas quais a camada 4f do atomo de Ce foi populada de maneiras diferentes, afim de se obter varios valores de momento angular e com isso diversos resultados de campo hiperfino orbital foram conseguidos; assim, automaticamente o campo magnetico hiperfino tambem assumiu diferentes valores. Escolheu-se os sub-estados da camada 4f do Ce para serem simulados por meio da regra de Hund. Como esperado o campo hiperfino magnetico orbital gerado na camada 4f e a principal componente do campo hiper¯no total no atomo de Ce e ele apresenta sinal contrario µa componente de contato. Apesar dos resultados teoricos do campo hiperfino magnetico terem consideravel discrepancia dos resultados experimentais, pode-se verificar que o unico eletron da camada 4f do atomo de Ce (nos dois compostos) possivelmente esta em um dos seguintes sub-estados da camada 4f: ml = ¡2, ml = ¡1 ou ainda uma combinacao dos dois.
In this work the magnetic hyper¯ne ¯eld acting on Ce atoms substituting the rare-earths in RAg compounds (R = Gd e Nd) was studied by means of ¯rst-principles electronic structure calculations. The employed method was the Augmented Plane Waves plus local orbitals (APW+lo), embodied in the WIEN2k program, within the framework of the Density Functional Theory (DFT) and with the Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) for the exchange and correlation potential. The super-cell approach was utilized in order to simulate for the Ce atoms acting as impurities in the RAg matrix. In order to improve for correlation e®ects within the 4f shells, a Hubbard term was added to the DFT hamiltonian, within a procedure called GGA+U. It was found that the magnetic hyper¯ne ¯eld (MHF) generated by the Ce 4f electron is the main component of the total MHF and that the Ce 4f ground state level is probably a combination of the ml = ¡2 and ml = ¡1 sub-levels. In addition, the ground-state magnetic structure was determined for HoAg and NdAg by observing the behavior of the total energy as a function of the lattice volume v for several possible magnetic ordering in these compounds, namelly, ferromagnetic, and the (0,0,¼), (¼,¼,0) and (¼,¼,¼) types of anti-ferromagnetic ordering of rare-earth atoms. It was found that the ground-state magnetic structure is anti-ferromagnetic of type (¼,¼,0) for both, the HoAg and NdAg compounds. The energy di®erence of the ferromag-netic and antiferromagnetic ordering is very small in the case of the NdAg compound.
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Buzz, Lu La. "The states and status of clay : material, metamorphic and metaphorical values." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/11639.

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This doctoral project combines a performance-led practice with contextual research in order to demonstrate how arts practice can challenge historical perceptions of clay and enhance its material status. The core knowledge deduced from this research is that embodied performance transforms connectivity between artist and clay and produces a unified incarnation of both elements. Through the use of immersive research methods I gained insights which could not have been predicted - particularly that my experiential performances were a process of ‘clay becoming’ in which I ultimately became the clay. In terms of locality, the practice, comprising eight performance-led works and related documentation, focuses on the China Clay and Ball Clay of South West England. Traditionally in the arts, these materials are associated with ceramics, where through heating, clay becomes rigid and fixed. In contrast, my research investigates the textural fluidity and metamorphic potential of these clays in their raw state. The practice encompasses two interrelated groups of work; the In-breath and Out-breath. These terms are significant in three respects. Firstly they define two different modes and moments of practice. Secondly they refer to myself as a living component of these practices. Thirdly they reflect the cultural associations of clay as a metaphor for life. During the initial exploratory ‘In-breath’ phase of my practice, comprising four site-specific pieces, I engaged with clay at sites of historical relevance, building an expansive knowledge of my material. During the later ‘Out-breath’ phase, identification with site was relinquished. These works took place within neutral spaces, allowing the clay to be explored in relation to my body. The introduction of layering, where photographic elements of private clay rituals were situated within the context of a live performance, allowed a texturally dynamic and immersive experience to be created for both artist and viewer. By collecting and preserving clay traces from these live performances (e.g. foot and body prints) additional value was given to the embedded significance of the clay.
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Books on the topic "Raw earth materials"

1

Motov, David Lazarevich. Fiziko-khimii︠a︡ i sulʹfatnai︠a︡ tekhnologii︠a︡ titano-redkometallʹnogo syrʹi︠a︡ = Physico-chemistry and sulphate technology of titanium-rare metal raw materials. Apatity: Institut khimii i tekhnologii redkikh ėlementov i mineralʹnogo syrʹi︠a︡ im. I.V. Tananaeva KNT︠S︡ RAN, 2002.

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Italy), Rocca Roveresca (Senigallia, ed. Materie prime: Artisti italiani contemporanei tra terra e luce = Raw materials : contemporary italian artists between earth and light. Cinisello Balsamo, Milano: Silvana editoriale, 2019.

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Serebryakov, Andrey. Ecological geology. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/971374.

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The textbook describes complex natural, geological, geographical, hydrogeological and lithological studies based on modern geological and ecological theories and forming the basis of environmental science. The theoretical views on the ecology of the geological environment are expanded. The tasks of ecological geology and geography, as well as ecological hydrogeology and ecological lithology are substantiated. Attention is paid to the history of geoecological research in the development of new territories. The influence of the tectonic formation of geological structures on the ecological situation of the Earth's lithosphere is studied. The ecological zoning of the lithosphere and hydrosphere is given. The ecological characteristics of sedimentary deposits, which are associated with minerals of important industrial and environmental importance, are given. The ecological properties of various types of mineral raw materials for their application in industry are considered. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for bachelors studying the discipline "Ecological Geology" and Earth sciences, and will also be of interest to environmental specialists in the design and operation of industrial facilities, structures and deposits of natural raw materials.
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Institut khimii i tekhnologii redkikh ėlementov i mineralʹnogo syrʹi͡a (Rossiĭskai͡a akademii͡a nauk). Tekhnologii͡a mineralʹnogo syrʹi͡a i fiziko-khimicheskie issledovanii͡a produktov ego pererabotki: Sbornik nauchnykh trudov. Apatity: Kolʹskiĭ nauchnyĭ t͡sentr RAN, 1994.

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Russia) Dikovskie chtenii︠a︡ (6th 2010 Magadan. VI Dikovskie chtenii︠a︡: Materialy nauchno-prakticheskoĭ konferent︠s︡ii, posvi︠a︡shchennoĭ 85-letii︠u︡ so dni︠a︡ rozhdenii︠a︡ N.N. Dikova i 50-letii︠u︡ obrazovanii︠a︡ SVKNII DVO RAN = The VI Dikov readings : Proceedings of the scientific conference in honor of the 85th anniversary of N.N. Dikov and the 50th anniversary of NEISRI FEB RAS. Magadan: Severo-Vostochnyĭ nauchno-issledovatelʹskiĭ institut DVO RAN, 2010.

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Eiichiro, Matsubara, Shinoda Kozo, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. X-Ray Diffraction Crystallography: Introduction, Examples and Solved Problems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2011.

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Litvinoff, Miles. Raw Materials (Earth Care). Heinemann Educational Books - Library Division, 1997.

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Litvinoff, Miles. Earth Care: Raw Materials (Earth Care). Heinemann Educational Books - Library Division, 1996.

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Ali, Saleem H. Treasures of the Earth: Need, Greed, and a Sustainable Future. Yale University Press, 2009.

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Ali, Saleem H. Treasures of the Earth: Need, Greed, and a Sustainable Future. Yale University Press, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Raw earth materials"

1

Keersemaker, Marco. "Critical Raw Materials." In SpringerBriefs in Earth Sciences, 69–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40268-6_9.

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Matloff, Greg, C. Bangs, and Les Johnson. "Raw Materials from Space." In Harvesting Space for a Greener Earth, 109–25. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9426-3_11.

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Cerqueira, Â., C. Sequeira, D. Terroso, S. Moutinho, C. Costa, and F. Rocha. "Santa Maria Clays as Ceramic Raw Materials." In Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences, 311–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22974-0_74.

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Dick, John S., and Charles P. Rader. "Basic Raw Materials from Earth Extractions and Agriculture." In Raw Materials Supply Chain for Rubber Products, 13–40. München, Germany: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-56990-538-8_2.

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Ryzhkov, Vyacheslav M., Maria A. Igumentseva, and Mikhail V. Shtenberg. "Technology for Quality Assessment of Quartz Raw Materials." In Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences, 195–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00925-0_29.

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Hussain, Mazhar, Léo Saouti, Daniel Levacher, Irini Maigre-Djeran, Andry Razakamanantsoa, Nathalie Leblanc, and Hafida Zmamou. "Production of Waste Fiber-Reinforced Raw Earth Specimens by Controlled Compaction." In Springer Proceedings in Materials, 248–60. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2000-2_29.

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Bongaerts, Jan C., and Carsten Drebenstedt. "Life Cycle Assessment for the Primary Raw Materials Extraction Industry." In Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences, 166–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25840-4_20.

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Shamas, Youssef, H. C. Nithin, Vivek Sharma, S. D. Jeevan, Sachin Patil, Saber Imanzadeh, Armelle Jarno, and Said Taibi. "Uncertainties About the Toughness Property of Raw Earth Construction Materials." In Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Uncertainty Quantification and Stochastic Modelling, 16–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47036-3_2.

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Kiseleva, Daria V., Maria V. Chervyakovskaya, Natalia I. Shishlina, and Evgeny S. Shagalov. "Strontium Isotope Analysis of Modern Raw Wool Materials and Archaeological Textiles." In Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences, 27–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48864-2_4.

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Burtsev, I., I. Perovskiy, and D. Kuzmin. "Application of Fluoride Technology for Processing of Off-Grade Aluminum Raw Materials." In Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences, 41–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22974-0_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Raw earth materials"

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Ng-Cutipa, Wai L., Ana Lobato, Francisco J. González, Georgios Georgalas, Irene Zananiri, Joana Cardoso-Fernandes, Morgana Carvalho, António Azzalini, Beatriz Araújo, and Ana Cláudia Teodoro. "Airborne images integration for a first cartographic approximation of critical raw-materials-rich placers on Santa Marta Beach (Ría de Vigo, NW Spain)." In Earth Resources and Environmental Remote Sensing/GIS Applications XV, edited by Karsten Schulz, Konstantinos G. Nikolakopoulos, and Ulrich Michel, 23. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3031637.

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Hikov, Atanas, Zlatka Milakovska, Valentina Lyubomirova Lyubomirova, and Nadezhda Lihareva. "CRITICAL ELEMENTS IN SEQUENTIAL LEACHED PHASES FROM DEEP-SEA POLYMETALLIC NODULES AND SEDIMENTS." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 24, 37–44. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/1.1/s01.05.

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The deep-sea metalliferous sediments and Fe-Mn polymetallic nodules formed in modern environment at the deep-sea ocean floor (> 4000 m depth) were evaluated as promising new raw materials, especially for critical elements as Li, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, and rare earth elements (REE). We use � selective sequential leaching procedure to study the distribution of main and trace elements in sequential leached phases from deep-sea polymetallic nodules and sediments from the eastern part of the Clarion-Clipperton fractures zone, NE Pacific. Results show extraction of Mn in the leach 2 in both nodules and sediments. Cobalt, Ni, Cu, Zn have similar behavior because these elements are preferentially incorporated into MnO2 phases. The extraction of Fe, K, P and most of trace elements is different for leach 2, 3 and residual fraction for nodules and sediments. Partially extraction of Fe in leach 2 and the extraction of P from sediments in leach 2 attests to the presence of FeOOH and authigenic fine-grained phosphate component (apatite) which are intergrown with the Mn oxyhydroxides. The second group of elements (Al, Fe, Ti, K, Rb, V, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sb, W, Ba, U) represents a detrital (illite, kaolinite, chlorite, andesine, zircon, rutile) and authigenic (barite) composition and has higher content in the residual fraction in sediments. Part of these elements (Zr, Nb, Mo, U) as well as Sc, Y and REE have strong positive correlation with phosphorous and form the third group of elements which is bound in the authigenic apatite. The results will reveal the main factors that control the trace element concentration in both polymetallic nodules and sediments and help future extraction of these raw materials.
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Udaliszczew, Jan. "ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF BLEACHING EARTHS FOR PARAFFIN REFINING ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE TERRA TRADE COMPANY." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 24, 243–50. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/4.1/s18.32.

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Modern industrial production of paraffin and other hydrocarbon-based products, such as mineral oils or waxes, is extremely closely related to the process of raw material purification. One of the key stages of this process is paraffin filtration, which aims to remove impurities and undesirable substances that may affect the quality and properties of the final product. Filter earth plays an irreplaceable role in the paraffin filtration process. The paper presents the main aspects related to soil for paraffin filtration, including its physical and chemical properties, production processes and use in industry. The aim of the work is to analyse the effectiveness of types of filter soil in terms of the quality of the finished raw material and to present other methods of paraffin purification. This work provides a comprehensive look at paraffin filtration soil and provides the necessary knowledge to understand its key role in the production process.
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Tourtelot, Julia, Chloé Fourdrin, Jean Baptiste d'Espinose de Lacaillerie, Ann Bourgès, and Emmanuel Keita. "Starch Reinforcement of Raw Earth Constructions." In 4th International Conference on Bio-Based Building Materials. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/cta.1.443.

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The restoration, the protection, or the creation of earthen buildings require improving the mechanical strength of the material. The first way to do that is to use inorganic additives, but these additives change the structural properties of earth and have a high carbon footprint. In contrast, the other way to consolidate is the use of organic additives such as vegetal derivatives that rearrange the minerals in the earth, with the lowest carbon footprint as they are from waste management. After preliminary tests with ten different organic additives from traditional recipes, we found that wheat starch improves the earth strength up to 50 %. In this study, we related the mechanical strengthening to the physicochemical interactions between clays and starch. We focus on three clays that represent the three main groups of clays: kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite. For this study, we mainly focused on compressive test and rheological tests. We showed that the improvement of the mechanical strength with starch is depending on clay nature and their chemistry. Then, we can recommend formulations based on the earth nature for new sustainable buildings. Furthermore, we can understand why it was an interesting way to use starch as a strengthening agent in traditional recipes and how it could be used to repair and protect buildings made of earthen material.
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Mihajlović, Katarina, Ana Radosavljević-Mihajlović, Milica Stoiljković, Nataša Đorđević, Mirko Grubišić, Nikola Vuković, and Aleksandra Šaponjić. "Diatomaceous earth: A precursor in the synthesis of new materials." In Rudarstvo i geologija danas, 257–62. Rudarski institut d.o.o. Beograd, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5937/rgd240026m.

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This paper presents the results of research on diatomaceous earth as a possible precursor for obtaining new materials. Diatomaceous earth from the Kolubura Basin was used, where it is present as an accompanying mineral raw material. In the synthesis process, it was ion-exchanged with a diluted 0.25 M MnNO3 solution. After that, the samples were annealed in a temperature range of 800 to 1100 ºC. A new phase of the mineral akatoreite (Mn9Al2Si8O24(OH)8) was obtained. In the characterization process, the method of X-ray powder diffraction on a polycrystalline sample and the method of a scanning microscope were used.
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Abdallah, Rafik Isaam, Céline Perlot, Hélène Carré, Christian La Borderie, and Haissam El Ghoche. "Fire Behavior of Raw Earth Bricks: Influence of Water Content and Cement Stabilization." In 4th International Conference on Bio-Based Building Materials. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/cta.1.792.

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This study focus on the effects of both water content and cement stabilization on the fire behavior of earth bricks. To observe the effect of cement stabilization, two materials are formulated: raw earth with only soil and water, and stabilized bricks with soil, water and cement (3.5% by mass of soil). Since the material’s mechanical strength can strongly influence its fire behavior, the raw bricks were compacted at 50 MPa to reach a compressive strength similar to the one of stabilized bricks. Four different water contents were tested; dry state obtained with oven drying and three others achieved through equalization at 50%, 75% and 100% of relative humidities. Bricks are then subjected to an ISO 834-1 standard fire. Results show that water content has caused a thermal instability behavior on the raw earth bricks after equalization at 50% and 75% relative humidities. Thermally stable bricks displayed a noticeable diffusion of cracks on their heated face. Furthermore, cement stabilization helps to prevent from thermal instabilities.
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Volodchenko, Aleksandr Anatolevich, Ruslan Valeryevich Lesovik, Evgeny Sergeyevich Glagolev, Anatoly Nikolaevich Volodchenko, Natalia Maksimovna Tolypina, and Irina Alexandrovna Cherepanova. "Effective Finishing Composites Using Non-Traditional Natural Raw Materials." In Proceedings of the International Symposium “Engineering and Earth Sciences: Applied and Fundamental Research” (ISEES 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/isees-18.2018.56.

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Cardoso-Fernandes, Joana, Morgana Carvalho, Antonio Azzalini, Gonçalo Rodrigues, Gonçalo Monteiro, Alexandre Lima, and Ana Cláudia M. Teodoro. "Sentinel data for critical raw materials (CRM) exploration: first results of the S34I project." In Earth Resources and Environmental Remote Sensing/GIS Applications XIV, edited by Karsten Schulz, Konstantinos G. Nikolakopoulos, and Ulrich Michel. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2679373.

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Nelyubova, V. V., and V. V. Nelyubova. "Mineral Formation of Autoclaved Binders Using Amorphized Raw Materials." In Proceedings of the International Symposium "Engineering and Earth Sciences: Applied and Fundamental Research" dedicated to the 85th anniversary of H.I. Ibragimov (ISEES 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/isees-19.2019.52.

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Murtazayev, S.-A. U., M. Sh Mintsaev, A. Kh Alaskhanov, M. S. Saidumov, and M. Z. Duskayev. "Recycled Technogenic Raw Materials as an Effective Filler for Modern Construction Composites." In Proceedings of the International Symposium “Engineering and Earth Sciences: Applied and Fundamental Research” (ISEES 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/isees-18.2018.52.

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Reports on the topic "Raw earth materials"

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Ruiz de Gauna, Itziar, Anil Markandya, Laura Onofri, Francisco (Patxi) Greño, Javier Warman, Norma Arce, Alejandra Navarrete, et al. Economic Valuation of the Ecosystem Services of the Mesoamerican Reef, and the Allocation and Distribution of these Values. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003289.

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Coral reefs are one of the most diverse and valuable ecosystems on Earth. The Mesoamerican Reef contains the largest barrier reef in the Western Hemisphere. However, its health is threatened, so there is a need for a management and sustainable conservation. Key to this is knowing the economic value of the ecosystem. “Mainstreaming the value of natural capital into policy decision-making is vital” The value of environmental and natural resources reflects what society is willing to pay for a good or service or to conserve natural resources. Conventional economic approaches tended to view value only in terms of the willingness to pay for raw materials and physical products generated for human production and consumption (e.g. fish, mining materials, pharmaceutical products, etc.). As recognition of the potential negative impacts of human activity on the environment became more widespread, economists began to understand that people might also be willing to pay for other reasons beyond the own current use of the service (e.g. to protect coral reefs from degradation or to know that coral reefs will remain intact in the future). As a result of this debate, Total Economic Value (TEV) became the most widely used and commonly accepted framework for classifying economic benefits of ecosystems and for trying to integrate them into decision-making. This report estimates the economic value of the following goods and services provided by the MAR's coral reefs: Tourism & Recreation, Fisheries, Shoreline protection. To our knowledge, the inclusion of non-use values in the economic valuation of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System is novel, which makes the study more comprehensive.
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Hodul, M., H. P. White, and A. Knudby. A report on water quality monitoring in Quesnel Lake, British Columbia, subsequent to the Mount Polley tailings dam spill, using optical satellite imagery. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330556.

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In the early morning on the 4th of August 2014, a tailings dam near Quesnel, BC burst, spilling approximately 25 million m3 of runoff containing heavy metal elements into nearby Quesnel Lake (Byrne et al. 2018). The runoff slurry, which included lead, arsenic, selenium, and vanadium spilled through Hazeltine Creek, scouring its banks and picking up till and forest cover on the way, and ultimately ended up in Quesnel Lake, whose water level rose by 1.5 m as a result. While the introduction of heavy metals into Quesnel Lake was of environmental concern, the additional till and forest cover scoured from the banks of Hazeltine Creek added to the lake has also been of concern to salmon spawning grounds. Immediate repercussions of the spill involved the damage of sensitive environments along the banks and on the lake bed, the closing of the seasonal salmon fishery in the lake, and a change in the microbial composition of the lake bed (Hatam et al. 2019). In addition, there appears to be a seasonal resuspension of the tailings sediment due to thermal cycling of the water and surface winds (Hamilton et al. 2020). While the water quality of Quesnel Lake continues to be monitored for the tailings sediments, primarily by members at the Quesnel River Research Centre, the sample-and-test methods of water quality testing used, while highly accurate, are expensive to undertake, and not spatially exhaustive. The use of remote sensing techniques, though not as accurate as lab testing, allows for the relatively fast creation of expansive water quality maps using sensors mounted on boats, planes, and satellites (Ritchie et al. 2003). The most common method for the remote sensing of surface water quality is through the use of a physics-based semianalytical model which simulates light passing through a water column with a given set of Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs), developed by Lee et al. (1998) and commonly referred to as a Radiative Transfer Model (RTM). The RTM forward-models a wide range of water-leaving spectral signatures based on IOPs determined by a mix of water constituents, including natural materials and pollutants. Remote sensing imagery is then used to invert the model by finding the modelled water spectrum which most closely resembles that seen in the imagery (Brando et al 2009). This project set out to develop an RTM water quality model to monitor the water quality in Quesnel Lake, allowing for the entire surface of the lake to be mapped at once, in an effort to easily determine the timing and extent of resuspension events, as well as potentially investigate greening events reported by locals. The project intended to use a combination of multispectral imagery (Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2), as well as hyperspectral imagery (DESIS), combined with field calibration/validation of the resulting models. The project began in the Autumn before the COVID pandemic, with plans to undertake a comprehensive fieldwork campaign to gather model calibration data in the summer of 2020. Since a province-wide travel shutdown and social distancing procedures made it difficult to carry out water quality surveying in a small boat, an insufficient amount of fieldwork was conducted to suit the needs of the project. Thus, the project has been put on hold, and the primary researcher has moved to a different project. This document stands as a report on all of the work conducted up to April 2021, intended largely as an instructional document for researchers who may wish to continue the work once fieldwork may freely and safely resume. This research was undertaken at the University of Ottawa, with supporting funding provided by the Earth Observations for Cumulative Effects (EO4CE) Program Work Package 10b: Site Monitoring and Remediation, Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, through the Natural Resources Canada Research Affiliate Program (RAP).
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