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1
Buhrmann, Kristin. "A behavioral and anatomical examination of the intramodal and intramodal effects of early stimulation history and selective posterior cortical lesions in the rat." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29348.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the intra- and intermodal impact of different kinds of early sensory experience on the development of specific neural/perceptual systems. The manipulations of the rats' early experience involved a combination of early binocular deprivation through dark-rearing, somatosensory restriction through cauterization of mystacial vibrissae, and multimodal enrichment through rearing in a complex environment. Specific lesions to somatosensory (Parl) and visual (Oc2M) cortex in differentially reared animals were included in an attempt to gain further insight into the plasticity surrounding manipulations of early stimulation history.
Five tasks were used to assess these effects of early rearing condition in combination with later cortical lesions. Behavioral assessment focused on the ability of the animals to encode, abstract, and remember specific relationships between stimuli within the deprived modality itself, their ability to do so with information presented in other modalities, and on the basic species specific behavior. The only effect found was a main effect for rearing condition. Basically, complex-reared rats were more competent on several of the behavioral tasks than were dark-reared rats. However, this result provided little behavioral support for ideas of modality interdependence.
Dendritic proliferation is considered to be a general mechanism supporting behavioral change. The subsequent neuroanatomical assessment focused on dendritic branching of neurons in specific cortical areas thought to be most affected by early environmental manipulations. Animals that were raised in a complex environment, but had experienced early tactile restriction through cauterization of vibrissae, showed significantly more dendritic branching than animals from all other rearing conditions in all cortical areas measured. This finding is consistent with ideas of both intra- and intermodal compensation following damage to an early developing modality, as well as behavioral demand acting as a significant factor in determining the impact of early somatosensory restriction.
It is reasonable to assume that anatomical changes should be manifested behaviorally. Suggestions for smaller, more restricted studies, that would be more effective in describing the behavioral impact of early manipulations of the environment, were outlined.Arts, Faculty of
Psychology, Department of
Graduate
2
Todd, Dorothy A. "A study of pyretics in rats and mice." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1986. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU004772.
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In this study, the suitability of rodents for the detection and assay of microbial pyrogens was investigated and the pathophysiology of the 'yeast rat' model, currently used for screening antipyretic drugs, was documented. Mice do not consistently develop pyrexia following systemic injections of bacterial endotoxin (BE). These findings are in contrast to the dose-dependent hyperthermia observed in mice following intrahypothalamic injections of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a putative central mediator of pyrexia. Hyperthermia was associated with a decrease in skin temperature or an increase in oxygen consumption depending on the ambient temperature. These results suggest that mice have the ability to co-ordinate thermoregulatory mechanisms to raise their body temperature. Unlike PGE2, BE injected into the preoptic and anterior hypothalamic nuclei did not consistently raise body temperature in mice. This suggests that the failure of systemically administered endotoxin to consistently induce pyrexia is not due to insufficient quantities of pyrogen reaching the central thermoregulatory centres. However, central injections of BE may not mimic the central events occurring during the development of pyrexia as a result of peripheral infection. The inconsistent effect of systemic endotoxin on body temperature in mice in this study suggests that this species is unsuitable for the assay of microbial pyrogens. Unlike mice, rats developed pyrexia following systemic injections of BE; the doses of BE required were at least 100 fold greater than those reported for the rabbit (see General Introduction), rendering rats less sensitive than other species as models for the detection and assay of microbial pyrogens. Yeast also raised body temperature in rats. Pyrexia coincided with the acute phase of a yeast-induced inflammatory response. An abscess was formed at the site of injection; this subsequently developed into a chronic granuloma. The pyrogenic response to yeast was not directly attributable to inflammatory mediators associated with increased vascular permeability, phagocytosis or granuloma formation. It is unlikely therefore, that antipyretic activity displayed by drugs tested in the 'yeast rat' model is due to peripheral anti-inflammatory activity. However, results from this study suggest that BE may be a suitable replacement for yeast as a pyrexic challenge in rats for screening antipyretics. BE would be less emotive than yeast and would not induce a chronic granuloma. No endogenous pyrogenic mediators were detected in yeast-treated rats. No endogenous pyrogen (EP) was obtained from rat blood or peritoneal exudates in vitro. Either rats do not release detectable EP or attempts in this study to activate rat white blood cells in vitro do not mimic events occurring in vivo. Athymic rats injected with yeast developed pyrexia which suggests that Interleukin 1 is not an endogenous pyrogenic mediator unless its release is independent of T-cell derived lymphokines. Changes in thermoregulatory behaviour following pyrogen administration in rats were studied as an alternative method for assaying pyrogens. Detectable changes in thermoregulatory behaviour can precede but do not always accompany changes in body temperature in rats. Therefore, body temperature was considered to be a more reliable measure of thermoregulatory changes than behaviour in this study.
3
Huang, Zhigao. "Implication of anti-apoptotic genes in neuronal death following focal cerebral ischemia in rats." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6270.
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Accumulating biochemical and morphological evidence suggests that apoptosis contributes to neuronal cell death following cerebral ischemia. Recent research which has examined changes in expression of proapoptotic proteins has further strengthened the important role of apoptosis in ischemic cell death. In this thesis I first addressed the role of apoptosis in ischemic death by examining p53, which is itself a complex multifunctional tumor suppresser gene, following transient focal ischemia. Of particular note were the alterations of the anti-apoptosic gene, naip, that were observed under stress conditions. The anatomical distribution of naip expression and neuronal survival following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCA-o) were closely examined. In experiment I, SHR rats were subjected to 90 minute MCA-o followed by 22.5 hr reperfusion (RP) and compared with sham operated controls. In experiment II, sections obtained from fresh frozen or fixed brain tissue of long-Evans hooded rats (n = 3--4) that had been subjected to hippocampal kindling were used for ISHH or immunohistochemistry for naip expression. Neuronal protection against cerebral ischemia by hippocampal kindling was assessed in experiment III. Hippocampal kindled animals were also used to study the time course of naip expression in the frontoparietal cortex, which is mainly supplied by MCA. Both p53 mRNA and protein were elevated in the ischemic penumbra in experiment I. The induction of p53 peaked within 8--12 hr then returned to basal levels within 24 hr after RP. The short duration of p53 induction in ischemic penumbra may suggest that p53 activate downstream genes responsible for growth arrest, DNA repair or/and apoptosis. Experiment II demonstrated a significant elevation in naip mRNA and proteins in piriform cortex and hippocampus, where neuronal populations known to be protected by kindling. The duration of the elevation lasted up to three weeks. In contrast, naip mRNA and protein remained at baseline levels in regions that are not protected, such as endopiriform cortex and medial thalamus. We also demonstrated that hippocampal kindling attenuated cortical infarct induced by MCA-o to 57.7 +/- 4.6mm3 as compared to 156.5 +/- 12.6mm3 in controls. This neuroprotection was associated with a two to three fold elevation of naip expression in the corresponding areas by kindling treatment. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
4
Watson, Charles. "Brain mapping." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28840.
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These publications are a summary of work I have completed in brain mapping over many years. The work includes one book (The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, 6th compact edition), ten articles on hindbrain and spinal cord anatomy published in peer reviewed journals between 1975 to 2011, and five published chapters on spinal cord anatomy, including two spinal cord atlases.
Over my career I have published 15 books on the anatomy of the brain and spinal cord of experimental animals. I am first author or equal co-author of ten of these books. The most successful of these books, "The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates" (Paxinos and Watson, l 982, 1986, 1996, 1998, 2005, 2007), has earned over 50,000 citations since it was first published in 1982. The second edition alone is ranked 32 in the Thomson ISI 50 most cited publications of all time, having been cited 17,093 times up to January 2006. Dr George Paxinos and l are equal
contributors to this work; the order of authors was decided on alphabetical precedence.
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Kruszynska, Y. T. "Metabolic effects of portal and peripheral insulin delivery in streptozotocin diabetic rats." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356789.
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Rupanagudi, S. R. "Pathogenesis of thyroid enlargement and involution in rats treated with antithyroid compounds." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383301.
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Baker, Gregory Lloyd. "The role of milk-borne epidermal growth factor on hepatic development in artificially reared suckling rats." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289229.
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Breast milk contains many biologically active substances, including epidermal growth factor (EGF), that are absent from artificial milk formulas. Previous studies have shown dramatic growth and maturation effects of milk-borne EGF on the intestine. This raises the question as to whether artificial milk formulas should be supplemented with biologically active substances, such as EGF. As a result, this dissertation examined whether feeding suckling rats artificial milk formula supplemented with EGF modulates liver development. The normal development of hepatic cells in suckling and weanling rats also was characterized. Additionally, this dissertation examined whether gut-derived endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) play a role in liver development. Dam-fed suckling and weanlings showed increases in the reorganization of hepatocellular plates, numbers of binucleated hepatocytes, and a tendency for sinusoidal endothelial cell fenestrae density and porosity to increase with age. Monocytic derived cells increased at days 8-12 and decreased at day 16. Hepatic stellate cells decreased with age. Colon microbial flora and portal venous endotoxin were present from day 8 onward. Compared to artificial milk formula feeding alone, EGF in the artificial formula elicited increased numbers of binucleated hepatocytes, changes in colon microbial flora, and a tendency for increased numbers of Kupffer cells and portal venous endotoxin. Compared to breast milk, the artificial diet caused decreases in binucleated hepatocytes, increases in monocytic derived cells, Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells, portal venous endotoxin and changes in the composition of the colon microbial flora. These increases in cells may be due to colonization of the colon with microbial flora which increased portal venous endotoxin. Increased endotoxin may provide a stimulus for the recruitment of monocytic derived cells to the liver and differentiation into Kupffer cells, which then stimulates hepatic stellate cell proliferation. However, the increases in portal venous endotoxin were not sufficient to elicit hepatic TNFα, mRNA production. In conclusion, milk-borne EGF is involved in differentiation of hepatocytes and changes colon microbial flora that occur in suckling rats. Whether accelerating maturation of hepatocyte is beneficial or detrimental to the suckling rats remains to be determined. Therefore, the supplementation of artificial milk formula with EGF warrants further consideration and research.
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Wan, J. M.-F. "The effect of E. coli endotoxin on the metabolic responses of Wistar rats." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376188.
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Carter, Katharine Christine. "The specificity of the host's immunological response to invasive nematode parasites of rats." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/13330.
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Britton, Ann Patricia. "A morphological investigation of the effects of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin on oocyte maturation, fertilization and embryonic development in rats." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30962.
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A delicate balance of steroid and gonadotrophic hormones is essential for intrafollicular oocyte maturation and successful fertilization and embryonic development. Previous studies have demonstrated that a superovulatory dose of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) has excessive gonadotrophic activity and alters intrafol1icular steroid hormone levels. In a series of four experiments, the morphology of oocytes and embryos retrieved from immature rats, treated with either a low or high dose of PMSG, and mature, cycling rats was compared to determine whether a superovulatory
dose of PMSG has an adverse effect on oocyte maturation and subsequent fertilization and embryonic development in immature rats.
Morphological criteria for the assessment of intraoviductal oocyte aging were established in the first experiment. During intraoviductal aging, progressive morphological changes directed by the intrinsic developmental program of the oocyte were observed. Further alterations in morphology were attributed to abnormalities of cytoskeletal function.
In the second experiment, no difference in morphology was observed between oocytes retrieved from immature rats treated with either 4 or 40 IU PMSG. When compared with mature rats, changes attributable to cytoskeletal instability were observed in aged oocytes from immature rats treated with both doses of PMSG. This was concluded to be a manifestation of altered intrafollicular oocyte maturation as a result of the administration of exogenous gonadotrophin.
In the third and fourth experiments, delayed fertilization and
a significant reduction in fertilization rate were observed in superovulated, immature rats. The major cause of fertilization failure was determined to be intraoviductal oocyte aging. A significant increase in abnormal embryos was observed as a result of parthenogenetic activation of the aged oocytes. Abnormal, fertilized embryos retrieved from the superovulated group were concluded to be the manifestation of delayed fertilization.
In conclusion, the major effect of a superovulatory dose of PMSG on oocyte fertilizability and embryonic development was intraoviductal oocyte aging and delayed fertilization. Changes attributed to altered intrafol1icular maturation were manifested during oocyte aging in immature rats treated with either the low or high dose of PMSG.Medicine, Faculty of
Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of
Graduate
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Custodio, Marcelo Graziano. "Análise morfológica renal de ratas prenhes submetidas ao estresse." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5139/tde-11122006-102216/.
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O presente trabalho avaliou os rins de ratas Wistar prenhes e não prenhes submetidas ao estresse e seus respectivos controles. O estresse crônico consistiu de estímulo sônico de 100 decibéis por trinta minutos, interrompido por noventa minutos, e superpopulação entre o sétimo e o décimo quarto dia de gestação e o estresse agudo foi representado pela imobilização durante trinta minutos, no décimo oitavo dia da prenhez ou período equivalente nas ratas não prenhes, dois dias antes do final do experimento. Todas as ratas foram sacrificadas no vigésimo dia do protocolo. Foram avaliados os rins de todas as ratas do estudo, assim como o peso das ratas no primeiro, sétimo, décimo quarto e vigésimo dia do experimento, a pressão arterial caudal no quinto e décimo oitavo dia de prenhez, ou período equivalente, e os pesos dos fetos e respectivas placentas. Não foram encontradas alterações à microscopia óptica nos rins das ratas submetidas ao estresse; entretanto foram observadas maiores medidas de pressão arterial caudal sistólica (154,4 ± 14,2 mmHg) e diastólica (89,0 ± 8,7 mmHg) no grupo prenhe estresse (p < 0,05) em relação ao grupo prenhe controle (129,1 ± 13,1 mmHg e 79,9 ± 18,1 mmHg, respectivamente) no décimo oitavo dia e menor peso dos fetos (2,54 ± 0,32g) e das placentas (0,53 ± 0,09 g) de ratas submetidas ao estresse crônico no vigésimo dia de prenhez (p < 0,001) quando comparados aos do grupo controle (2,95 ± 0,53g e 0,60 ± 0,08g, respectivamente). Desta maneira, o modelo analisado pode ser empregado para avaliar a restrição do crescimento intra-uterino de ratos causada pelo estresse crônico, provavelmente decorrente do aumento dos níveis pressóricos maternos durante a prenhezThis study evaluated the kidneys from pregnant and non-pregnant Wistar rats exposed to chronic stress and its respective control groups. The chronic stress consisted of noise exposure (30 minutes of 100-dB each two hours interval) and super-population between the 7th and 14th day and the acute stress of thirty minutes immobilization in the 18th of pregnancy two days before the end of the experiment. All the rats were killed in the 20th day of protocol. The kidneys were studied and also the weight of the rats in the 1st, 7th, 14th and 20th day, the caudal artery blood pressure in the 5th and 18th day, and the fetus and placentas weight. There were not seen any alteration using light microscopy in the kidney of rats submitted to stress; although it was observed a significant increase in systolic (154.4 ± 14.2 mmHg) and diastolic (89.0 ± 8.7 mmHg) caudal blood pressure in the 18th day in the pregnant stress group (p < 0.05) in relation to the control group (129.1 ± 13.1 mmHg and 79.9 ± 18.1 mmHg, respectively) and a decrease in fetal (2.54 ± 0.32g) and placenta (0.53 ± 0.09g) weight in the 20th day in the pregnant stress group (p < 0.001) in relation to the control group (2.95 ± 0.53g and 0.60 ± 0.08g, respectively). The analyzed model may be employed to evaluate the intrauterine growth restriction in rats, caused by chronic stress, probably induced by hypertension during the pregnancy
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Boyko, Jeffrey M. "Carcass nitrogen as a predictor of lysine requirement in the adult female rat." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91163.
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Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats, age 10 months, were used to estimate the minimum dietary lysine requirement for tissue maintenance. Ten animals were assigned to one of eight treatment groups by weight. The dietary lysine levels ranged from 0.06 to 0.36 % of diet and the feeding period lasted 56 days. Carcass and liver nitrogen and total serum proteins were determined, and a dietary lysine requirement was estimated from the data obtained.
Carcass and liver analysis included weight, total nitrogen, percent protein, percent water and percent fat. Using a one-way analysis of variance, results showed no significant differences in carcass or liver composition between the treatment groups.
The data indicated that the mature female rat has a dietary lysine requirement lower than 0.06 % of diet, or less than 20.1 mg/day/kg0.75. Since previous investigators used a protein based diet, a possible cause for the insignificant differences between values seen in this study may be a consequence of using a nonprotein, amino acid mix base supplemented with lysine.
In future studies for determining the dietary lysine requirement in the adult female rat, dietary lysine levels below 0.06 % of diet must be included when using a nonprotein based diet.M.S.
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Normandin, Joseph Jeremy. "Anatomy and Physiology of the Nucleus Paragigantocellularis: Neural Regulation of Genital Reflexes in Male and Female Rats." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/biology_diss/73.
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The supraspinal control of descending inhibition of genital reflexes (such as ejaculation) is poorly understood but is important in our global comprehension of how neural signals are integrated to produce sexual behavior, and in our understanding of sexual dysfunction. Sexual dysfunctions, such as premature ejaculation/delayed ejaculation in men, and involuntary vaginal spasms, dyspareunia, and anorgasmia in women, are common. An underlying dysregulation of genital reflexes may produce these dysfunctions, especially in those individuals being treated for depression and anxiety with serotonergic drugs. The nucleus paragigantocellularis (nPGi) of the rat medulla has been described as a descending inhibitory system for genital reflexes in rats, and a homologue is known in humans. Through retrograde tracing of nPGi afferents with the tracer Fluorogold in rats, we found that a number of brain regions implicated in sexual behavior, such as the medial preoptic area, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and periaqueductal gray (PAG) provide sexually dimorphic projections to the nPGi, and that many of these regions contain receptors for gonadal steroids and are active during sexual behavior. We also found that excitotoxic lesions of the nPGi with N-methyl-D-aspartate facilitate male sexual behavior by reducing the number of intromissions required for ejaculation, and decreasing ejaculation latency. In females, such lesions attenuated sexual behavior by reducing the amount of time the female spent mating and reducing the reinforcement value of vaginocervical stimulation. Lastly, we found that by removing the source of serotonin to the nPGi (from the ventrolateral PAG) with the serotonergic neurotoxin 5,7-DHT in male rats, we were able to mimic the effects of nPGi lesions and facilitated male sexual behavior indicating that serotonin neurotransmission at the level of the nPGi is critical for genital reflex control. Taken together our results indicate that the nPGi is an important site of integration of internal signals for the regulation of sexual behavior that is sexually dimorphic and under serotonergic control. Our understanding of normal and dysfunction genital reflex control, and possible treatment options in people, is complemented by these results.
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Montoya-Sanhueza, Germán Andrés. "Functional anatomy, osteogenesis and bone microstructure of the appendicular system of African mole-rats (Rodentia: Ctenohystrica: Bathyergidae)." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Science, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32855.
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In comparison to their ecophysiological and behavioral aspects, the skeletal system of African mole-rats (Bathyergidae) has been relatively understudied. Only a few studies have assessed their skeletal system, but these have mostly focused on their cranial and dental systems, with little attention on their postcranial skeleton. This PhD thesis provides a considerable amount of information about the functional anatomy, morphological diversity and postnatal bone morphogenesis of the appendicular system of these subterranean mammals. African mole-rats are small mammals highly adapted to the hypogeous niche that feed on underground roots and tubers. They forage, mate, breed and to some extent even disperse underground. For this, they build extensive burrow systems primarily with their chisel-like teeth, but also using their forelimbs for scratch-digging. One of the most exceptional features of bathyergids is their wide spectrum of social organization, which is unique among mammals and ranges from solitary, social and eusocial. Here, the eusocial naked mole-rat, Heterocephalus glaber, has been the most studied species. The physiology of African mole-rats is also exceptional among rodents and other mammals, showing low metabolic rates and body temperatures, as well as slow somatic growth rates. They also show enhanced fitness and prolonged longevity, features that have been associated to a life protected from both climatic extremes and predation, as well as to intergenerational transfer of information, communal care of young and shared foraging endeavors in social species. For these reasons, bathyergids represent a unique animal model to explore their skeletal adaptations to fossoriality and life underground. The aim of this research was to assess the patterns of bone growth and development to understand how adults attain their final phenotype. A comprehensive sample (N = 506) of all six bathyergid genera including seven species and comprising individuals of both sexes and of different ontogenetic stages was studied. Stylopodial (humerus and femur) and zeugopodial (ulna and tibia-fibula) bones (n = 1133) were analyzed using multiple quantitative analyses of variance (ANOVA, MANOVA), ordination (PCA, DA) and regression (RMA, OLS, equality of slopes), as well as bone labeling techniques and detailed qualitative descriptions of their midshaft bone histology. Chapter 3 shows that the specialized phenotype of the only scratch-digger bathyergid Bathyergus suillus underwent considerable morphological changes during ontogeny, e.g. juveniles showed externally more robust bones with thin cortical walls, whereas adults presented slender bones with significantly thicker cross-sections. Such changes are probably related to the increased digging demands and agonistic behaviors of the developing young. However, other aspects of their anatomy expressed perinatally, such as greater external epicondylar robustness, well-developed olecranon, teres major and deltoid processes, suggest a major role of genetic factors in their development. This chapter applied for first time the conceptualization of developmental modules to long bones, and showed that the periosteal module had higher variability and tended to grow faster than the endochondral module. Chapter 4 analyzed the morphological diversity within Bathyergidae using comparative anatomy and morpho-functional indices and showed that most species shared a highly specialized fossorial morphology and that only the naked mole-rats were morphologically divergent (having a simplified phenotype), resembling the condition of non-fossorial closest relatives of the Bathyergidae. Nevertheless, the novel inclusion of three ecomorphological categories (solitary scratch-diggers, solitary chisel-tooth diggers and social chisel-tooth diggers) in this study, showed significant differences among the groups. In general, social species appeared to have a phenotype more specialized to increase digging ability and locomotor performance, whereas solitary species showed a relatively less specialized fossorial phenotype, and a diminished locomotor ability. This may contribute to foraging strategies in social species which are known to have more complex and relatively longer burrow systems as compared to solitary species. Chapter 5 assesses the ossification patterns of the endochondral and periosteal modules, and shows that in general most bathyergids have relatively similar endochondral growth rates, irrespective of social behavior or digging strategy, although the periosteal module showed relatively higher growth rates and a higher degree of variation as compared to the endochondral module, thus appearing to be considerably less dependent on body size and genetic factors. Naked mole-rats showed the lowest growth rates among bathyergids. Considering the basal phylogenetic position of H. glaber within the family, a neotenic condition is suggested for this species, and suggests accelerated bone growth rates for the evolution of the other bathyergids. Chapter 6 provides a comprehensive description of the pattern of bone modelling in bathyergids and includes an assessment of their bone dynamics using fluorochrome labeling. All bathyergids analyzed showed increased cortical bone thickening during ontogeny, as well as low rates of endosteal bone resorption. Also, all species showed high histodiversity, limited remodeling (i.e. development of secondary osteons) and they do not ever develop Haversian bone tissues. This thesis concludes that the combination of social strategy and type of excavation had an impact on the evolution of the bathyergid appendicular system. On one hand, it was evidenced that the development of fore- and hindlimbs are not constrained by intrinsic factors (as suggested for other mammals), and that the limbs develop at similar growth rates, resulting in relatively symmetrical limb proportions. This is suggested to improve locomotion within burrows and represents an adaptation to the subterranean lifestyle, which is also observed in other fossorial mammals. This thesis further discusses how environmental factors and specific behaviors and locomotor modes, may represent strong selective pressures on limb adaptation and evolution. Similarly, a proximo-distal pattern of variation was observed, where zeugopodial elements were more variable than stylopodial elements, probably because they are in direct interaction with the substrate, so they can evolve morphological adaptations for particular habitats and locomotor behaviors. Importantly, these adaptations are most likely mediated by heterochronic modifications of their ossification modules, especially intramembranous ossification, which is known to be more responsive to environmental factors, whilst the endochondral modules would be more conservative, perhaps because a stronger genetic regulation in postnatal life. Further research on long bone modules is necessary to understand the specificity of such changes. Despite the comparatively simplified phenotype of H. glaber, they showed a larger morphospace as compared to other bathyergids, indicating a wider intraspecific variability. This agrees with previous observations suggesting skeletal plasticity for this species. It is suggested that living in large colonies results in diminished selective pressures for limb specialization but has an impact on increasing trait variability within members of the colony. This study showed that the integration of multiscale techniques and multivariate analysis of combined skeletal phenotypes (i.e. forelimb + hindlimb) offer a better understanding of adaptations to the hypogeous environment. The findings of this study also highlight the importance of considering developmental modularity of long bones for assessment of bone adaptations, particularly for understanding the differential effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors regulating endochondral and intramembranous ossification.
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Zhang, Zhao 1960. "Studies on mechanisms of delayed puberty in female rats effected by dietary eicosapentaenoic acid." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278267.
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Marine oils contain eicosapentaenoic acid, a fatty acid that competes for cyclooxygenase and reduces the synthesis of dienoic prostanoids including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Since PGE2 plays an important role in the release of hypothalamic GnRH and the maturation of ovarian follicles and ova release, it was postulated that a diet containing fish oil (FO) would delay first ovulation through inhibitory effects on GnRH release, follicle development and ovulation. Immature female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a FO diet ad libitum. Controls were pair-fed an identical diet with the substitution of safflower oil. The age of the FO-fed rats was significantly increased at first estrus, and first ovulation was either delayed or inhibited. Preoptic area/hypothalamic and ovarian PGE2 levels were reduced by FO feeding whereas hypothalamic GnRH was significantly increased. A FO-containing diet may delay the onset of puberty through attenuation of preovulatory GnRH release and local impairment of the ovulatory process.
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Minchev, Kiril M. "Age-related changes in kidney function in female pigmented Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats." Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1178344.
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The Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat is an established animal model used to study human retinal dystrophies. This study investigated whether kidney dysfunction accompanies the eye abnormalities seen in this model. Overnight urine collection procedures were used to measure protein excretion in 2, 12, and 22 month old female pigmented RCS rats and control rats (RDY). Clearance experiments were performed in anesthetized rats to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow rate (RPF). There was an age-related increase in protein excretion in both RCS and RDY rats, but the protein excretion was significantly higher in the RCS rats at 2 and 22 months of age. Whole kidney GFR and RPF were significantly lower in the 22 month old RCS rats, when compared to age-matched RDY rats. These findings suggest that the RCS rat exhibits both kidney and eye abnormalities.Department of Physiology and Health Science
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McLaren, Julie. "Quantification of mRNA levels for LH-beta, FSH-beta, alpha and prolactin in female rats following chronic or acute estrogen treatment." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68220.
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Injection of 2mg of estradiol valerate (EV) to cycling female rats causes cell death among the hypothalamic beta-endorphin population that results in increased mu-opioid receptor binding in the hypothalamic MPOA. We suspect that the subsequent opioid suppression of the GnRH system is responsible for the constellation of defects that occur in pituitary LH production and release.In order to determine the mechanisms by which a defective GnRH pattern affects pituitary LH functions, we quantitated LH-beta and alpha mRNA in EV-injected animals using Northern blot analysis. To determine whether estradiol has direct effects at the pituitary level, we studied estradiol implanted (E2) animals that do not have the hypothalamic lesion. In order to observe possible effects on prolactin and FSH (normal plasma levels) we also quantitated them in EV or E2-treated animals.
Our results indicate that LH-beta, but not alpha or FSH-beta RNA are below control levels in both EV and E2 treated animals. Thus estrogen can modulate LH-beta production at both the hypothalamic (EV) and pituitary (E2) levels. Prolactin was sometimes below that of control animals which is surprising since estradiol is a known stimulator of prolactin production.
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Osburn, James Roy. "Importance of the kappa opoid system for ultrasonic vocalizations of young rats: Role of peripherally-versus centrally-located kappa opioid receptors." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2008. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3378.
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Richey, Meghan. "Observations of idazoxan and xylazine on the myometrial response of the normal, cycling virgin rat in vitro." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09292009-020109/.
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Lazosky, Darien-Alexis. "Histochemical changes in colonic epithelial glycoproteins during the induction of cancer in rats." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24838.
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Colonic epithelial glycoproteins were histochemically studied in rats during the induction of colorectal cancer with 1,2,-dimethylhydrazine-diHCl (DMH). 310 male Wistar rats were separated into 3 groups: 10 control rats were sacrificed without treatment, 150 rats were given weekly subcutaneous injections of the carcinogen and 150 rats were given sham Injections on the same schedule. Groups of rats (10 control and 10 treated) were sacrificed at various time intervals in an effort to obtain a large number of pre-neoplastic rat colons to be used to determine whether histochemical changes could be detected prior to morphologic change.
Three histochemically distinct regions in the Wistar rat distal colon have been described using recently developed techniques. Two major histochemical changes have been shown to occur prior to malignancy. Change 'A' represented a decrease or loss of sulphate from the glycoproteins; this was the earliest and predominant change and has been shown to occur prior to any identifiable morphologic change. Change 'B' represented a decrease or loss of sulphate occurring in the same cells as a decrease or loss of side chain 0-acetylation of sialic acid residues; this change occured later and to a lesser extent than change 'A'. The data suggests that histochemical change may be a premalignant marker, however, further investigations are necessary to firmly establish this conclusion.Medicine, Faculty of
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of
Graduate
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Allbutt, Haydn. "The rat spinal cord following traumatic injury: An anatomical and behavioural study examining NADPH-d and fos." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1335.
Full textAbstract:
The general aim of this current work was to examine spinal cord injury (SCI), and in particular to examine the pathology of injury as it relates to changes in sensory transmission. Due to the limited possibilities for experimentation in humans, a range of animal models of SCI have been developed and are reviewed here. The weight drop SCI model is the most similar to the clinical presentation of SCI in humans and has been widely used in the rat. It was selected for the series of experiments reported in this thesis. Many of the functional deficits produced by SCI result from a cascade of biochemical events set into motion by the injury. Included amongst these is the activation of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase which produces the gaseous neuromodulator, nitric oxide (NO). NO is amongst the most widely distributed and widely utilised molecule in virtually all living organisms, and it is an important signalling molecule in the nervous system. One of the major functions performed by NO appears to relate to sensory transmission, and thus alterations in sensory transmission observed as a result of SCI may involve alterations to NO synthesis. One of the principal aims of this thesis was to examine the effect of SCI on the NO producing cells of the spinal cord and to consider what any changes in NO synthesis may suggest in regards to sensation. NO producing cells were examined using NADPH diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry. As the symptoms of SCI such as motor loss and changes in sensory processing are functional changes, it was also useful to examine changes in neuronal function as a result of SCI. Widespread neuronal function was examined via immunohistochemical detection of the gene product of the immediate early gene, c-fos. It is not known how extensive the biochemical changes resulting from SCI may be, thus another of the aims of the present thesis was to examine the effects of SCI on NO synthesis not only at the level of injury, but also distant to the injury. Findings of the present thesis indicated that traumatic SCI resulted in a decrease in the number of NADPH-d positive cells from the superficial dorsal horn (SDH) of the spinal cord, while the number of these cells are increased in the ventral horn. These changes were restricted to spinal segments adjacent to the injury. Fos expression was also altered by injury and was found to decrease. The most profound changes were found to occur in lamina III, although the other laminae also demonstrated similar changes. Changes in fos expression however were notably more widespread than those for NADPH-d and were not restricted to the level of the injury, occurring at all levels of the spinal cord examined. It was interpreted that alterations in NO synthesis appear to be modulated by the local injury-induced environment while fos expression may be altered by widespread changes to the global level of activity within the central nervous system. Having observed that the number of NADPH-d positive cells of the SDH is reduced following injury, it was of interest to determine whether these cells were in fact killed, or whether they were still present but with reduced NADPH-d activity. Cell counts suggested that the NADPH-d positive cells, which were likely to represent a population of inhibitory interneurons, were not killed following injury, but rather are disrupted such that their normal biochemistry is altered. Since these cells were likely to be inhibitory and were located in laminae involved in sensory transmission, the question arose how disruption of these cells may relate to the neuropathic pain observed to develop following SCI. Thus both NADPH-d and fos expression were again examined, but this time in conjunction with the sensory function of the rats. Sensory thresholds to pain-like behaviour were determined prior to and after injury using Von Frey filaments. Rats that demonstrated a decrease in sensory threshold of at least two Von Frey filament gradations (>70%) were classed as allodynic, while those with a less than a 70% decrease in threshold were classed as non-allodynic. A subpopulation of each of the groups of rats (uninjured, non-allodynic and allodynic) underwent a somatic stimulation paradigm. It was found that stimulation resulted in an increase in the number of NO producing cells but only in the allodynic group of animals. Since this group of animals by definition would perceive this stimulation as noxious, it is likely that the noxious nature of the stimulation resulted in the increased number of NO producing cells observed. This effect occurred only in segments adjacent to the injury. When fos expression was examined in the uninjured animals it was noted that somatic stimulation resulted in a decrease in fos expression, almost exclusively in lamina III. Following injury, there was no change in fos expression in lamina III observed. Instead the only change observed was an increase in fos expression in the deep dorsal horn (DDH, lamina IV and V). This occurred most profoundly in the allodynic group. These results suggested that SCI may lead to misprocessing of sensory signals such that non-noxious somatic stimuli are processed in the DDH rather than lamina III following SCI. It is proposed here that this change in laminae processing may be responsible for the perception of pain towards a non-noxious stimulus, and that the reported injury-induced loss of NO producing inhibitory interneurons in the SDH may be responsible for this alteration in sensory processing following SCI. Sensation is also processed by a number of supraspinal structures and a number of these have been implicated in the development of neuropathic pain states. The effects of SCI on neuronal activity as well as NO synthesis were examined in the periaqueductal grey region of the mid brain (PAG). SCI was shown to result in reduced neuronal activity in the PAG. This reduction in activity did not follow the somatotopy of the lateral column of the PAG (lPAG). It was suggested the reduced activity may not be solely caused by reduced spinal input as a result of SCI. Reduced neuronal activity in the PAG may indicate reduced PAG function, which includes descending modulation of spinal sensory transmission. Injury was not found to alter NADPH-d expression in the PAG. The effect of traumatic lumbar SCI on the parietal (sensorimotor) cortex of the rat was also examined, as loss of inputs following SCI have been shown to result in a profound reorganisation of the cortex. Results indicated that SCI results in a virtual cessation of neuronal activity in areas 1 and 2 of the parietal cortex, likely as a result of lost afferent drive. Theories of cortical plasticity suggest that while the primary inputs via the lumbar spinal cord may be lost following SCI, other less dominants input will remain and become more dominant. It has been proposed previously that cortical reorganisation involves a rapid reorganisation of the entire sensory system. It was interpreted that a similar process may explain the system-wide reduction in neuronal activity observed in the present series of studies.
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Allbutt, Haydn. "The rat spinal cord following traumatic injury: An anatomical and behavioural study examining NADPH-d and fos." University of Sydney, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1335.
Full textAbstract:
Doctor of PhilosophyThe general aim of this current work was to examine spinal cord injury (SCI), and in particular to examine the pathology of injury as it relates to changes in sensory transmission. Due to the limited possibilities for experimentation in humans, a range of animal models of SCI have been developed and are reviewed here. The weight drop SCI model is the most similar to the clinical presentation of SCI in humans and has been widely used in the rat. It was selected for the series of experiments reported in this thesis. Many of the functional deficits produced by SCI result from a cascade of biochemical events set into motion by the injury. Included amongst these is the activation of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase which produces the gaseous neuromodulator, nitric oxide (NO). NO is amongst the most widely distributed and widely utilised molecule in virtually all living organisms, and it is an important signalling molecule in the nervous system. One of the major functions performed by NO appears to relate to sensory transmission, and thus alterations in sensory transmission observed as a result of SCI may involve alterations to NO synthesis. One of the principal aims of this thesis was to examine the effect of SCI on the NO producing cells of the spinal cord and to consider what any changes in NO synthesis may suggest in regards to sensation. NO producing cells were examined using NADPH diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry. As the symptoms of SCI such as motor loss and changes in sensory processing are functional changes, it was also useful to examine changes in neuronal function as a result of SCI. Widespread neuronal function was examined via immunohistochemical detection of the gene product of the immediate early gene, c-fos. It is not known how extensive the biochemical changes resulting from SCI may be, thus another of the aims of the present thesis was to examine the effects of SCI on NO synthesis not only at the level of injury, but also distant to the injury. Findings of the present thesis indicated that traumatic SCI resulted in a decrease in the number of NADPH-d positive cells from the superficial dorsal horn (SDH) of the spinal cord, while the number of these cells are increased in the ventral horn. These changes were restricted to spinal segments adjacent to the injury. Fos expression was also altered by injury and was found to decrease. The most profound changes were found to occur in lamina III, although the other laminae also demonstrated similar changes. Changes in fos expression however were notably more widespread than those for NADPH-d and were not restricted to the level of the injury, occurring at all levels of the spinal cord examined. It was interpreted that alterations in NO synthesis appear to be modulated by the local injury-induced environment while fos expression may be altered by widespread changes to the global level of activity within the central nervous system. Having observed that the number of NADPH-d positive cells of the SDH is reduced following injury, it was of interest to determine whether these cells were in fact killed, or whether they were still present but with reduced NADPH-d activity. Cell counts suggested that the NADPH-d positive cells, which were likely to represent a population of inhibitory interneurons, were not killed following injury, but rather are disrupted such that their normal biochemistry is altered. Since these cells were likely to be inhibitory and were located in laminae involved in sensory transmission, the question arose how disruption of these cells may relate to the neuropathic pain observed to develop following SCI. Thus both NADPH-d and fos expression were again examined, but this time in conjunction with the sensory function of the rats. Sensory thresholds to pain-like behaviour were determined prior to and after injury using Von Frey filaments. Rats that demonstrated a decrease in sensory threshold of at least two Von Frey filament gradations (>70%) were classed as allodynic, while those with a less than a 70% decrease in threshold were classed as non-allodynic. A subpopulation of each of the groups of rats (uninjured, non-allodynic and allodynic) underwent a somatic stimulation paradigm. It was found that stimulation resulted in an increase in the number of NO producing cells but only in the allodynic group of animals. Since this group of animals by definition would perceive this stimulation as noxious, it is likely that the noxious nature of the stimulation resulted in the increased number of NO producing cells observed. This effect occurred only in segments adjacent to the injury. When fos expression was examined in the uninjured animals it was noted that somatic stimulation resulted in a decrease in fos expression, almost exclusively in lamina III. Following injury, there was no change in fos expression in lamina III observed. Instead the only change observed was an increase in fos expression in the deep dorsal horn (DDH, lamina IV and V). This occurred most profoundly in the allodynic group. These results suggested that SCI may lead to misprocessing of sensory signals such that non-noxious somatic stimuli are processed in the DDH rather than lamina III following SCI. It is proposed here that this change in laminae processing may be responsible for the perception of pain towards a non-noxious stimulus, and that the reported injury-induced loss of NO producing inhibitory interneurons in the SDH may be responsible for this alteration in sensory processing following SCI. Sensation is also processed by a number of supraspinal structures and a number of these have been implicated in the development of neuropathic pain states. The effects of SCI on neuronal activity as well as NO synthesis were examined in the periaqueductal grey region of the mid brain (PAG). SCI was shown to result in reduced neuronal activity in the PAG. This reduction in activity did not follow the somatotopy of the lateral column of the PAG (lPAG). It was suggested the reduced activity may not be solely caused by reduced spinal input as a result of SCI. Reduced neuronal activity in the PAG may indicate reduced PAG function, which includes descending modulation of spinal sensory transmission. Injury was not found to alter NADPH-d expression in the PAG. The effect of traumatic lumbar SCI on the parietal (sensorimotor) cortex of the rat was also examined, as loss of inputs following SCI have been shown to result in a profound reorganisation of the cortex. Results indicated that SCI results in a virtual cessation of neuronal activity in areas 1 and 2 of the parietal cortex, likely as a result of lost afferent drive. Theories of cortical plasticity suggest that while the primary inputs via the lumbar spinal cord may be lost following SCI, other less dominants input will remain and become more dominant. It has been proposed previously that cortical reorganisation involves a rapid reorganisation of the entire sensory system. It was interpreted that a similar process may explain the system-wide reduction in neuronal activity observed in the present series of studies.
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Rivero, Dolores Helena Rodriguez Ferreira. "Alterações eletrocardiográficas, hematológicas e histológicas induzidas pelo material particulado fino na cidade de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5160/tde-07102014-090749/.
Full textAbstract:
Os mecanismos envolvidos na associação entre poluição do ar e aumento da mortalidade cardiovascular não estão ao todo esclarecidos. O objetivo deste estudo foi testar os efeitos agudos do PM2.5 da cidade de São Paulo sobre a freqüência cardíaca (FC), variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca (VFC), inflamação sistêmica e vasoconstrição de arteríolas de ratos Wistar saudáveis. O PM2.5 foi coletado em filtros de fibra de vidro utilizando um amostrador de grandes volumes. Para o ECG foram utilizados 47 ratos que foram submetidos a instilação traqueal de: salina, filtro branco, 50 ?g e 100 ?g de PM2.5. A freqüência cardíaca (FC) e o desvio-padrão dos intervalos NN (SDNN) foram avaliados na fase pré, 30 e 60 minutos após a instilação. Outro grupo de 38 ratos foram submetidos a instilação traqueal de: filtro branco, 100 ?g e 500 ?g de PM2.5 para análises hematológicas e histopatológicas. Estes animais foram sacrificados 24 horas após a instilação traqueal para a coleta de sangue e amostras de pulmão e coração para a morfometria e análise da razão peso seco/úmido. A FC diminuiu significativamente (p<0.001) com o tempo, mas não houve efeito de tratamento ou interação entre tempo e tratamento. O SDNN diminuiu 60 minutos após a instilação nos grupos de 50 ?g e 100 ?g de PM2.5 (p=0.025). O número de reticulócitos aumentou significativamente em ambas as doses de PM2.5 (p<0.05), enquanto que o hematócrito aumentou somente no grupo de 500 ?g (p<0.05). Segmentados, neutrófilos e fibrinogênio diminuíram significativamente, enquanto que os linfócitos aumentaram com 100 ?g de PM2.5 (p<0.05). Houve uma diminuição dose-dependente da razão luz/parede (L/P) das arteríolas pulmonares intra-acinares em ambos grupos de PM (p<0.001). A razão L/P das arteríolas peri-bronquiolares diminuiu no grupo que recebeu 500 ?g de PM2.5 (p<0.001). Houve um aumento significativo da razão peso seco/úmido no coração para o grupo que recebeu 500 ?g (p<0.001). Concluindo, as partículas finas da cidade de São Paulo induzem a uma redução do SDNN e promovem alterações histológicas pulmonares e cardíacas, resultando em significante vasoconstrição. A medula óssea também participou na resposta aguda promovida pelas partículas que alcançam os pulmõesThe mechanisms involved in the association between air pollution and increased cardiovascular mortality are not fully understood. The objective of this study was to test the acute effects of Sao Paulo PM2.5 on heart rate, heart rate variability, systemic inflammation and vasoconstriction of arterioles of healthy Wistar rats. PM2.5 was collected in glass fiber filters using a high volume sampler. Forty-seven rats were submitted to tracheal instillation with: saline, blank filter, 50 ?g and 100 ?g of PM2.5 to ECG analysis. Heart rate (HR) and standard deviation of the intervals between normal beats (SDNN) were assessed immediately before, 30 and 60 minutes after instillation. Another thirty-eight rats were submitted to tracheal instillation with: blank filter, 100 ?g and 500 ?g of PM2.5 to hematological and histopathological analysis. These animals were sacrificed 24 hours after instillation when blood, heart and lung samples were collected for morphological and wet-to-dry weight ratio analysis. HR decreased significantly (p< 0.001) with time, but no significant effect of treatment or interaction between time and treatment was observed. SDNN decreased 60 minutes after instillation in groups PM2.5 50 ?g and 100 ?g (p=0.025). Reticulocytes significantly increased at both PM2.5 doses (p<0.05) while hematocrit levels increased in the 500 ?g group (p<0.05). Segmented, neutrophils and fibrinogen levels significantly decreased, while lymphocytes increaseded with 100 ?g of PM2.5 (p<0.05). A significant dose-dependent decrease of intra-acinar pulmonary arterioles Lumen/Wall ratio (L/W) was observed in PM groups (p<0.001). Peribronchiolar arterioles L/W showed a significant decrease in the 500?g group (p<0.001). A significant increase in heart wet-to-dry weight ratio was observed in the 500 ?g group (p<0.001). In conclusion, fine particles in the city of Sao Paulo induces a reduction of SDNN and promote pulmonary and cardiac histological alterations, resulting in significant vasoconstriction. In addition, we observed that the bone marrow also participated in the acute response to particles reaching the lungs
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Flannery, Tiffany L. "Enhanced Neurogenesis In Subventricular Zone Of Rats That Voluntarily Ingest Fluoxetine And Simavastatin Combination Treatment." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1484566200182717.
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Piette, Etienne. "Scanning electron microscopic studies of the rat mandibular joint : angioarchitecture and surface morphology /." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B38627978.
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Hitier, Martin. "Relation du système vestibulaire avec l'hippocampe." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC426.
Full textAbstract:
Le système vestibulaire est le seul sens ne possédant pas un cortex primaire mais plusieurs zones corticales rassemblées sous le terme « cortex vestibulaire ». Le rôle et le fonctionnement du cortex vestibulaire restent peu connus à l’état physiologique, et encore moins chez des personnes souffrant de pathologies vestibulaires ou de l’intégration multisensorielle. Parmi ces régions, l’hippocampe joue un rôle fondamental dans la cognition d’origine vestibulaire et en particulier dans l’orientation spatiale et la formation de carte cognitive. Le but de ce travail était d’étudier la répartition des influx vestibulaires au sein de l’hippocampe, chez le rat qui représente l’espèce où les connaissances sur l’hippocampe sont les plus développées. Pour cela nous avons mis au point une méthode de lésion labyrinthique chirurgicale et une méthode de stimulation électrique sélective de chaque senseur vestibulaire (3 ampoules canalaires, les macules utriculaires et sacculaires). Cette méthode a ensuite été appliquée pour étudier le reflex vestibulo-oculaire spécifique de chaque senseur du rat. Ce reflex vestibulo-oculaire a ensuite était utilisée comme témoin d’une stimulation efficace et sélective de chaque senseur vestibulaire. Nous avons enfin étudié la projection des influx vestibulaires au niveau de l’hippocampe par analyse immunohistochimique de la protéine cFOS, considéré comme un marqueur de l’activité neuronale. Les résultats retrouvent une prédominance de cFOS au niveau de l’hippocampe dorsal, dans la région CA2-CA3. Ces résultats sont cohérents avec l’implication de l’hippocampe dorsal dans la cognition et le rôle de CA3 dans l’encodage de nouvelles informations spatiales, dans la mémoire à court terme et dans la représentation spatiale géométrique de l’environnementThe vestibular system is the only sense that lake a primary cortex but project to several cortical areas known as the "vestibular cortex". The roles and functioning of the vestibular cortex remain poorly known, neither in the physiological state, nor in pathologies involving the vestibular system. Among these cortices, the hippocampus plays a fundamental role in vestibular cognition and in particular in spatial orientation and cognitive map formation. The purpose of this work was to study the distribution of vestibular inputs within the rat’s hippocampus, which represents the species where hippocampus is best known. For this purpose we have developed a method of surgical labyrinthectomy and a method of selective electrical stimulation of each vestibular sensor (3 canals ampullae, utricular and saccular maculae). This method was then applied to study the vestibulo-ocular reflex specific of each sensor in the rat. This vestibulo-ocular reflex was further used during electrical stimulation of each sensor to control the effectiveness and selectiveness of the stimulation. Finally, we studied the vestibular imputs in the hippocampus by immunohistochemical analysis of the cFOS protein, which is considered as a marker of neuronal activity. The results show a predominance of cFOS labelling in the dorsal hippocampus, in the CA2-CA3 region. These results are consistent with the role of the dorsal hippocampus in cognition and the role of CA3 encoding of new spatial information within short-term memory and in processing the geometry of the environment
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Kulkarni, Praveen P. "Functional MRI Data Analysis Techniques and Strategies to Map the Olfactory System of a Rat Brain." Digital WPI, 2006. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/37.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding mysteries of a brain represents one of the great challenges for modern science. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has two features that make it unique amongst other imaging modalities used in behavioral neuroscience. First, it can be entirely non-invasive and second, fMRI has the spatial and temporal resolution to resolve patterns of neuronal activity across the entire brain in less than a minute. fMRI indirectly detects neural activity in different parts of the brain by comparing contrast in MR signal intensity prior to and following stimulation. Areas of the brain with increased synaptic and neuronal activity require increased levels of oxygen to sustain this activity. Enhanced brain activity is accompanied by an increase in metabolism followed by increases in blood flow and blood volume. The enhanced blood flow usually exceeds the metabolic demand exposing the active brain area to high level of oxygenated hemoglobin. Oxygenated hemoglobin increases the MR signal intensity that can be detected in MR scanner. This relatively straight forward scenario is, unfortunately, oversimplified. The fMRI signal change to noise ratio is extremely small. In this work a quantitative analysis strategy to analyze fMRI data was successfully developed, implemented and optimized for the rat brain. Therein, each subject is registered or aligned to a complete volume-segmented rat atlas. The matrices that transformed the subject's anatomy to the atlas space are used to embed each slice within the atlas. All transformed pixel locations of the anatomy images are tagged with the segmented atlas major and minor regions creating a fully segmented representation of each subject. This task required the development of a full 3D surface atlas based upon 2D non-uniformly spaced 2D slices from an existing atlas. A multiple materials marching cube (M3C) algorithm was used to generate these 1277 subvolumes. After this process, they were coalesced into a dozen major zones of the brain (amygdaloid complex, cerebrum, cerebellum, hypothalamus, etc.). Each major brain category was subdivided into approximately 10 sub-major zones. Many scientists are interested in behavior and reactions to pain, pleasure, smell, for example. Consequently, the 3D volume atlas was segmented into functional zones as well as the anatomical regions. A utility (program) called Tree Browser was developed to interactively display and choose different anatomical and/or functional areas. Statistical t-tests are performed to determine activation on each subject within their original coordinate system. Due to the multiple t-test analyses performed, a false-positive detection controlling mechanism was introduced. A statistical composite of five components was created for each group. The individual analyses were summed within groups. The strategy developed in this work is unique as it registers segments and analyzes multiple subjects and presents a composite response of the whole group. This strategy is robust, incredibly fast and statistically powerful. The power of this system was demonstrated by mapping the olfactory system of a rat brain. Synchronized changes in neuronal activity across multiple subjects and brain areas can be viewed as functional neuro-anatomical circuits coordinating the thoughts, memories and emotions for particular behaviors using this fMRI module.
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Kannan, Ashok. "Combining electrospun polydioxanone scaffolds, Schwann cells, and Matrigel to improve functional recovery after a complete spinal cord transection in rats." VCU Scholars Compass, 2012. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2737.
Full textAbstract:
Spinal cord injury (SCI) has presented itself as a multifaceted pathology that is largely inhibitory to regeneration, and therefore to functional recovery, even though spinal cord neurons have been found to be innately regenerative. Thus, having identified the key players in the inhibition of this innate regeneration, SCI researchers have focused on two major types of approaches: (1) blocking inhibitory cues and (2) promoting innate regeneration. Schwann cells (SCs) have long been shown to promote and enhance functional recovery after SCI through providing supplemental myelination and trophic and tropic factors to regenerating axons, though singular approaches rarely address the complex SCI pathology. Guidance channels and scaffolds have been shown to provide physical support and directional cues to regeneration axons. Therefore, a combinatorial approach in which SCs migrate into and throughout a guidance scaffold would be an ideal research focus for treating SCI. However, cell migration into guidance scaffolds has been shown to be problematic. This study attempts to assess and improve two- and three-dimensional SC migration on electrospun scaffolds. Additionally, we evaluate the ability of SCs, seeded on Matrigel-coated electrospun scaffolds, to improve functional recovery in rats with completely transected spinal cords.
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Patullo, Ive Maria Falcone. "Efeito da hipofunção mastigatória na massa óssea da mandíbula de ratas Wistar submetidas ou não a ovariectomia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5166/tde-24092009-150336/.
Full textAbstract:
Objetivo: Examinar o efeito da hipofunção mastigatória e deficiência estrogênica no osso da mandíbula e comparar esta região com o osso da coluna e fêmur. Métodos: Vinte e quatro ratas Wistar foram ovariectomizadas (OVX) ou Sham-operadas (Sham) e analisadas após alimentação com dietanormal (Pellet) ou dieta-pó (Pó), divididas em 4 grupos: (GI) Sham-Pellet; (GII) OVX-Pelllet; (GIII) Sham-Pó; (GIV) OVX-Pó. A densidade mineral óssea (DMO) foi medida na coluna lombar e fêmur ao início e final do estudo, e a DMO (DMO inicial - DMO final) foi calculada. A DMO do osso mandibular e a histomorfometria foram analisadas ao final do experimento. Resultados: Os animais dos grupos Sham apresentaram DMO maior na coluna (GI:13.5% vs. GII:0.74%, p<0.01; GIII:10.67% vs. GIV:- 4.36%, p<0.001) e fêmur (GI:14.43% vs. GII:4.42%, p<0.01; GIII:10.58% vs. GIV:0.49%, p<0.001) que os dos grupos OVX, mas nenhuma diferença foi observada na DMO da mandíbula entre esses grupos (p>0,05). Por outro lado, os animais dos grupos de dieta-Pó mostraram diminuição da DMO da mandíbula quando comparados com os dos grupos de dieta-Pellet, (GIV vs. GII, p<0,01; GIII vs. GI, p<0,01). Semelhantemente, a análise histomorfométrica do côndilo mandibular mostrou que os grupos de dieta-Pó, apresentaram significante diminuição na espessura e volume trabecular quando comparado com os grupos de dieta-Pellet (GIV vs. GII, p<0,05; GIII vs. GI, p<0,01). Conclusão: Nossos resultados sugerem que a perda óssea mandibular foi resultado da diminuição da carga mecânica durante a mastigação, e a mandíbula não foi afetada pela supressão de estrogênioObjectives: This study was designed to examine the effect of masticatory hypofunction and estrogen deficiency on mandible bone mass and compare this site with spine and femoral bone. Methods: Twenty-four rats were ovariectomized (OVX) or Sham-operated (Sham) and analyzed after feeding with hard-diet (Hard) or soft-diet (Soft). They were divided into 4 groups: (GI) Sham-Hard; (GII) OVX-Hard; (GIII) Sham-Soft and (GIV) OVX-Soft. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in the spine and femur in the baseline and at the end of the study, and BMD (final BMD baseline BMD) was calculated. In mandible bone, BMD and histomorphometry were analyzed at the end of the experiment. Results: Sham rats showed higher spine (GI: 13.5% vs. GII:0.74%, p<0.01; GIII:10.67% vs. GIV: - 4.36%, p<0.001) and femur BMD (GI:14.43% vs. GII:4.42%, p<0.01; GIII:10.58% vs. GIV:0.49%, p<0.001) than OVX but no difference was observed in mandible BMD among these groups (p>0.05). Soft-diet groups showed decreased mandible BMD compared with hard-diet groups (GIV vs. GII, p<0.01; GIII vs. GI, p<0.01). Similarly, mandibular condyle histomorphometry showed that soft-diet groups presented a significant decrease in trabecular thickness and volume (GIV vs. GII, p<0.05; GIII vs. GI, p<0.01) compared to hard-diet. Conclusions: Our results suggest that mandibular bone loss resulted from decreased mechanical loading during mastication, and was not affect by estrogen depletion
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Page, Benedict J. (Benedict John). "A histological and morphometric assessment of endocrine and ductular proliferation in the adult rat pancreas using an occlusive pancreatic duct ligation model." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51573.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is synonymous with "B-cell failure". Ligation of the pancreatic duct distally to its confluence into the bile duct has been shown to induce endocrine tissue regeneration from a number of probable sources. The cells responsible for regeneration are supposed to possess either dormant pluripotent stem cell ability and/or the plasticity to undergo metaplasia to form new and surplus endocrine tissue able to replace pathologically and/or experimentally compromised pancreas. The sequence of events (cell lineage) during this process of neogenesis, has been the source of controversy for quite some time as various studies suggest that the cell lineage differs from in vivo and in vitro studies, according to experimental model and species of laboratory animal. The object of this study was to utilise an established experimental laboratory animal model to study islet morphological changes, neogenesis and or both in vivo. Further aims of the study were to determine the extent, sequence and magnitude of pancreatic duct ligation (PDL) induced endocrine neogenesis/morphogenesis in a laboratory rat model using occlusive pancreatic duct ligation. PDL's were performed on six groups of 25 normal adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (300g+) according to the method of Hultquist and Jonsson (1965). Experimental animals were sacrificed at 12 hr intervals from day one post-PDL to day 10 and every 24 hrs thereafter to day 14 as described by Wang, Klëppel, Bouwens (1995). Animals received BrdU (a thymidine marker and cell proliferation indicator) 50mglkg intraperitoneally as described by Wang et al. (1995), one hour prior to removal of the pancreas after which it was fixed in Bouin's solution and histologically processed. Seven consecutive 3-6 urn thick serial sections were sequentially stained with H & E, insulin (I), glucagon (G), somatostatin (ST), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY). Immunolabeling was done according to the method of Guesdon, Temynck , Avrameas (1979). Double immunolabeling for BrdU and each pancreatic peptide was performed on the sections on days 3,5, 7, 9 and 11 as described by Wang et al (1994). Cellular transformation between one and 3Yz days was characterised by simultaneous total deletion and/or transdifferentiation of the acinar compartment and the appearance of immunoreactive cells for I (11.53 ±1.5%), G (1.85 ±0.8%), pp (1.50 ±0.09%), and ST (1.96 ±0.24%). Changes in the endocrine composition in existing islets, occurred along a pathway that saw PP- and ST-cells invading the islet core, islet mantle glucagon deletion and random appearance of all endocrine cell types within the inter-islet interstitium on day 3Yz. Days 4 to 6Yz saw further endocrine expansion while days 7 to 14 were distinguished by islet reconstitution and consolidation. NPY immunoreactivity appeared on day 4Y2 and persisted intermittently throughout while PVV first appeared on day 4 and disappeared after day 7Yz. The results suggest that PDL firstly induced the development of endocrine tissue distributed haphazardly throughout the space previously occupied by acinar parenchyma. Secondly, the appearance of insulin is preceded by the appearance of PP, glucagon and somatostatin by 24-hours. A still to be determined proportion of the ligation induced endocrine formation appeared to be associated with existing islets, resulting in a number of very large islets, some of which might have secretory access through the glomerularlike capillary network known to occupy the islet core. The remainder appeared to form separate "new" islets, which have a dubious access to the blood stream. In conclusion, if it is true that the pancreas can regenerate some of its endocrine tissue then it has potential clinical implication for the stabilising of diabetes mellitus. Ligated exocrine pancreatic tissue, devoid of its acinar component, has been shown to contain notable quantities of insulin positive cells. This presents intriguing possibilities as an alternative for donor tissue, usually obtained from rat foetuses, during foetal rat pancreas transplantation studies. Pancreas tissue harvested from duct ligated rats could replace the foetal tissue currently used in the treatment of experimental diabetes mellitus in laboratory animals in this laboratory.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Diabetes Mellitus is sinoniem met B-sel disfunksie. Endokriene regenerasie kan segmenteel bewerkstellig word deur eksperimentele afbinding van die pankreasbuis distaal tot sy samesmelting met die gemene galbuis. 'n Verskeidenheid van selle word vermoedelik by hierdie proses betrek. Dormante stamselle besit die vermoë en/of plastisiteit om 'n aantal vorms van metaplasie te ondergaan om nuwe en/of oortollige endokriene weefsel te vorm wat patologiese en/of eksperimenteel gekompromiseerde weefsel vervang. Die selontwikkelings volgorde wat tydens hierdie proses plaasvind is al vir 'n geruime tyd die middelpunt van 'n meningsverskil. Sommige studies dui daarop dat die in vivo selontwikkelingsvolgorde verskil van in vitro, volgens eksperimentele model en tipe proefdier gebruik. Die doel van die studie was die gebruik van 'n bestaande eksperimentele laboratorium proefdier model om pankreas eiland morfologiese verandering en/ofneogenese of beide in vivo te evalueer. Die oogmerk van die studie was om die omvang en volgorde van veranderings in die endokriene kompartement (neogenese/morfogenese) te bepaal deur gebruik te maak van 'n pankreas buis afbindings (PBA) model wat totale afsnyding van die buis tot gevolg het. PBA's is uitgevoer op ses groepe van 25 volwasse normale Sprague-Dawley (SD) laboratorium rotte (±300g) soos beskryf deur Hultquist en Jonsson (1965). Proefdiere is elke 12 uur geoffer vanaf dag een post-PBA tot dag tien en elke 24 uur daarna tot dag 14 soos beskryf deur Wang, Bouwens, Kloppel (1995) na die toediening van 50 mg/kg 5-Bromo-2-deoksi-uridien intraperitoneaal ('n selprolifererings aanduider) soos beskryf deur Wang et al. (1995). Die pankreas is werwyder, in Bouin se oplossing gefikseer en histologies geprosesseer. Sewe openvolgende seriesnitte (3-6 urn) is alternatiewelik gekleur met H & E, en immunositochemies, soos beskryf deur Guesdon, Terugnek, Avrameas (1979), vir insulien (I), glukagon (G), somatostatien (ST), pankreatiesepolipeptied (PP), neuropeptied tirosien (NPY) en peptied tirosien-tirosien (PYY). BrdU dubbel-immuunkleuring is ingesluit op dae 3,5, 7, 9 en 11 soos beskryf deur Wang et al. (1994). Sellulêre transformasie tussen dae een en 3~ dae is gekenmerk deur gelyktydige en totale uitwissing en/ofmetaplasie van die asinêre kompartement en die verskyning van selle immunorektiefvir I(11.53 ±1.5%), G (1.85 ±0.8%), PP (1.50 ±0.09%), ST (1.96 ±0.24%). Metaplasie was verantwoordelik vir merkbare veranderings in bestaande endokriene weefsel langs In transformasie weg waar eiland insulien kemselle vervang is deur PP- en ST-selle, glukagon buitelaag uitwissing en die toevallige verskyning van alle endokriene seltipes in the inter-eiland interstitium teen dag 3Y2. Dae 4Y2deur 6~ is gekenmerk deur verdere endokrinetoename terwyl dag 7 deur 14 gekenmerk is deur eiland hersamestelling en konsolidering. NPY immunoreaktiwiteit was vanaf dag 4~, met afwisseling, te bespeur terwyl PVV slegs tussen dae 4 en 7 In verskyning gemaak het. . Die resultate suggereer eerstens, PBA induseer die ontwikkeling van oortollige endokriene weefsel op In lukrake wyse versprei deur die ruimte voorheen deur asinêre parenchiem beset. Tweedens, dat die verskyning van insulien deur dié van PP, glukagon en somatostatien met minstens 24-uur voorafgegaan is. Die verhouding, van nuutgevormde endokriene weefsel wat met bestaande eilande assosieer om In aantal baie groot eilande te vorm, moet nog vasgestel word. Sulke strukture mag moontlik afskeidings toegang hê tot die bloedstroom, deur die glomerulusagtige kapillêre netwerk, in die eilandkern teenwoordig terwyl die oorblywende nuutgevormde endokrine weefsel "nuwe" apparte eilande vorm wat wel of gladnie toegang tot die bloedstroom mag hê nie. As gevolgtrekking, indien dit waar is dat volwasse pankreas eilandweefsel wel regenerasie kan ondergaan, dan het dit kliniese implikasie vir die stabilisering van diabetes mellitus. Weefsel verkry uit PBA bevat geen asinêre weefsel nie maar wel merkbare hoeveelhede endokriene weefsel, veral insulin positief. Dit bied dan interessante alternatiewe as skenker weefsel by fetal rot pankreas oorplantings. PBA en/of die oorplanting van pankreasbuis afgebinde weefsel, na in vitro weefsel kultuur, bied moontlikhede vir die behandeling van diabetes mellitus.
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Carvalho, Marcio Oliveira Penna de. "Estudo da recuperação da função locomotora e histomorfométrica da lesão medular em ratos: efeitos da metilprednisolona e do gangliosídeo G(M1)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5140/tde-14042008-110025/.
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A metilprednisolona (MP) e o gangliosídeo GM-1 são drogas de uso clínico estabelecido para o tratamento da lesão medular em humanos, embora sua eficácia e seus mecanismos de ação ainda não sejam totalmente entendidos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os resultados da recuperação da função locomotora e comparar com as alterações histomorfométricas da medula de ratos com lesão medular medicados com MP; GM-1 e sua associação. A lesão medular foi produzida pelo sistema New York University® em 24 ratos Wistar, divididos em quatro grupos: controle (n=6), MP (n=6), GM1 (n=6) e MP+GM1 (n=6). A avaliação da recuperação da função locomotora dos ratos foi realizada utilizando-se a escala de BBB no 2º, 7º e 14º dias após lesão medular e sacrificados no 14º dia para análise histológica e morfométrica de área total, área preservada e percentual de área preservada. Concluímos que a MP e sua associação com o GM-1 mostraram-se eficazes na recuperação da função locomotora e que todos os ratos medicados demonstraram melhora no percentual de área preservada superior ao grupo controle. Os Grupos MP e GM1 foram superiores na preservação de substância branca e o GM-1 demonstrou efeitos benéficos na preservação de substância cinzenta no centro da lesão. A substância cinzenta demonstrou ser mais suscetível à lesão que a substância branca e não houve correlação entre os achados histológicos e a recuperação da função locomotora.The methylprednisolone and the GM-1 ganglioside are drugs with established clinical usage for the treatment of spinal cord injury in human; however its efficiency and its active mechanisms are not completely understood yet. The objective of the present paper has been to evaluate the results from the neurological function recovering and to compare these with the histomorphometric alterations in rats with spinal cord injury, prescribed with methylprednisolone; GM-1 and its association. The spinal cord injury has been done by the New York University system® in 24 Wistar rats which were assigned to one of four groups: control (n=6), MP (n=6), GM1 (n=6) and MP+GM1 (n=6). The evaluation of the neurological function outcome has been carried out using BBB locomotor rating scale on the second, seventh and fourteenth days after the injury and sacrificed on the fourteenth day for histological and morphometric analyses of total cross-sectional area, spared area and percentage of spared area. We concluded that the methylprednisolone and its association with the GM-1 revealed themselves effective concerning to the locomotor function recover and that every medicated rat demonstrated an improvement in the preserved area percentage superior to the control group. The MP and GM1 Groups were superior in the white matter preservation and the GM-1 demonstrated beneficial effects regarding the gray matter preservation at the injury epicenter. The gray matter has been more sensitive for damaged than the white matter and there has not been correlation between the histological findings and the locomotor function recovering.
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Said, Marcelo Manzano. "Efeitos da azatioprina e da transecção brônquica no aparelho mucociliar: estudo experimental em ratos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5156/tde-09102014-112003/.
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No laboratório de investigação médica da disciplina de Cirurgia Torácica do Departamento de Cardio-pneumologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo vem sendo desenvolvida uma linha de pesquisa experimental sobre transplante pulmonar, visando elucidar os efeitos que a cirurgia sobre o brônquio e o uso de drogas imunossupressoras têm sobre o aparelho mucociliar. O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da azatioprina e da transecção brônquica sobre o aparelho mucociliar em ratos. Utilizamos 36 ratos machos da raça Wistar, não isogênicos, pesando de 200 a 250g, obtidos no biotério da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Todos os animais foram submetidos à anestesia geral, intubação orotraqueal e ventilação mecânica. Em seguida foi realizada uma toracotomia esquerda com transecção e reanastomose do brônquio principal esquerdo. Por fim síntese do tórax e drenagem fechada, que era retirada quando o animal acordava. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos: com administração de azatioprina e com administração de solução de salina. Eles foram sacrificados aos 7, 15 e 30 dias para retirada dos pulmões e árvore brônquica. O muco foi coletado do brônquio direito e esquerdo. Foi realizada a medida da velocidade do transporte mucociliar à direita e esquerda dos dois grupos e posterior análise das propriedades dos mucos através da medida da velocidade de transporte relativa no palato de rã e da medida do ângulo de contato. As medidas das variáveis dos brônquios direito e esquerdo com e sem azatioprina nos três tempos de avaliação foram submetidas ao teste de Análise de Variância de Duplo Fator. Nos resultados a velocidade do transporte à esquerda foi significativamente reduzida pela transecção brônquica quando comparada entre os grupos: mostrando-se pior aos 30 dias. A velocidade relativa e o ângulo de contato dos mucos coletados à esquerda mostraram com significado estatístico uma piora nas propriedades do muco pela transecção, pricipalmente aos 30 dias. Com a azatioprina e a transecção observamos piora na velocidade do transporte mucociliar significativa ao longo do tempo, maior aos sete dias e com uma progressiva melhora até os 30 dias. O estudo mostrou que a azatioprina não acarretou piora quando associada à transecção. Na presença de azatioprina houve melhora das propriedades do muco, tendo a velocidade do transporte relativo e o ângulo de contato melhora significativa ao longo do tempo. A azatioprina previne uma piora da qualidade do muco. Concluímos que a transecção brônquica piora o transporte mucociliar; a azatioprina preserva as propriedades do muco; a azatioprina piora o transporte até os sete dias; a azatioprina não interage com a transecção para a redução da velocidade do transporte mucociliar e para a piora do mucoAt the Experimental Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Cardio-Pneumology , Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, in the Medical School, São Paulo University, research in lung transplantation, administration of imunossupression drugs and their effects on the mucociliary system are carried out. We develop models of bronchial transeccion and reanastomosis, unilateral lung transplantation, mucociliary transport velocity and mucus transportability in rats, which allow us to observe the resulting alterations. The mechanisms involved in the impairment of the mucociliary function after lung transplantation and immunosuppression therapy are not yet completely understood. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of azathioprine on the mucociliary system in a model of bronchial transeccion and reanastomosis in rats. We used 36 rats, submitted to general anesthesia, tracheal tube, mechanical ventilation and left thoracotomy, followed by a left main stem bronchus transeccion and reanastomosis. The animals were separated into 2 groups that received or not azathioprine (AZA), and being sacrificed at 7, 15 and 30 days after the surgical procedure. In situ bronchial mucociliary transport (MCT) was determined distal to the anastomosis of the left main stem transected bronchus (LTB) and in the right intact bronchus (RIB). We also studied the surface properties of mucus by using in vitro mucus transportability with a frog palate preparation and mucus contact angle (mucus adhesively) collecting mucus from LTB and RIB. The measures obtained were submitted to statistical analysis. The results showed that the MCT velocity (mm/min) was significantly lower (p<0.01) in the LTB without the AZA administration compared with the RIB with or without AZA. At the LTB with AZA administration there was significant difference (p<0.05) at 7 days compared with the RIB with and without AZA and no significant difference at 15 and 30 days (p>0.05). Mucus in vitro transportability and adhesiveness showed the worst result at the LTB without AZA (p<0.05). In the group that received AZA on 30 days of LTB there was no significantly difference in mucus properties (p>0.05) compared with the RIB groups (with and without AZA). We concluded that AZA led to a temporary marked impairment of MCT, while this occurrence was maintained up to 30 days in the transected bronchus. In addition, AZA contributes to preventing alterations in the mucus surface properties
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Oliveira, Arnóbio Rocha. "Efeitos do tempo da descompressão medular no traumatismo raquimedular: estudo experimental em ratos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5140/tde-14102014-161625/.
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Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do tempo da descompressão medular em 50 ratos, machos, da raça Wistar, criou-se um modelo experimental de compressão medular através da passagem de uma fita de tecido (cetim), que reduz em 30% o diâmetro do canal vertebral na região da coluna torácica após laminectomia (TIX E TX). Os animais foram distribuídos em cinco grupos com 10 ratos cada, sendo: grupo A, controle da técnica de exposição medular atraumática, sem lesão; grupo B, submetidos à compressão medular, seguida de descompressão cinco minutos após a lesão; nos grupos C e D, realizou-se o mesmo procedimento do grupo B, porém a descompressão ocorreu 24 e 72 horas após a compressão, respectivamente; os ratos do grupo E sofreram compressão, sem descompressão até o fim do experimento na quarta semana, quando os 50 ratos foram submetidos à eutanásia. Todos os animais com compressão (B, C, D e E) apresentaram paraplegia no pós-operatório imediato. A recuperação neurológica foi avaliada através do potencial evocado motor, da escala BBB de capacidade locomotora e do exame anatomopatológico do sítio da lesão. Observou-se relação direta entre o potencial de recuperação neurológica e o tempo da descompressão medular nos três métodos de avaliaçãoWith the objective of evaluating the effects of medullary decompression time in 50 male Wistar rats, an experimental model of medullary compression was created, through the insertion of a satin tape, which reduces in 30% the diameter of the vertebral canal at the region of the thoracic column after laminectomy (TIX and TX). The animals were distributed in five groups with 10 rats each, as follows: group A: control of the technique of atraumatic medullary exposure, with no lesion; group B, submitted to medullary compression, followed by decompression five minutes after the lesion; groups C and D underwent the same procedure, but decompression was performed 24 and 72 hours after compression, respectively; and finally, rats from group E underwent compression without decompression up to the end of the experiment on the 4th week, when all 50 rats were euthanized. All animals submitted to compression (groups B, C, D and E) presented paraplegia in the immediate post-operative period. The neurological recovery was evaluated through the motor-evoked potential of the BBB scale of locomotor capacity and anatomopathological examination of the lesion site. A direct correlation between the neurological recovery potential and time of medullary decompression was observed at the three evaluation methods
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Monteiro, Rosangela. ""Avaliação das alterações anatômicas cardíacas secundárias ao enfisema pulmonar: estudo experimental em ratos"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5156/tde-09082005-111153/.
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Analisamos as alterações cardíacas pós-indução de enfisema por instilação de papaína. Foram avaliados 75 ratos (grupos papaína e controle), sacrificados 30, 60, 90, 120 ou 180 dias pós-instilação. Foram realizados: gasometria do sangue arterial, avaliação morfométrica cardíaca e pulmonar. A papaína produziu destruição alveolar compatível com enfisema, sem repercussão nas trocas gasosas. Ventrículo direito e septo interventricular não apresentaram alterações significativas. Houve redução da área do ventrículo esquerdo, 90 dias pós-indução, e discreto espessamento de sua parede.Cardiac alterations post-induction emphysema by instillation of papain were analyzed. Seventy-five rats (groups papain and control), sacrificed 30, 60, 90, 120 or 180 days post-instillation were evaluated. Arterial blood gases, cardiac and pulmonary morphometrical analysis were performed. Papain administration produced alveolar destruction compatible with emphysema, without arterial blood gases changes. Right ventricle and interventricular septum didn't show alterations. There were left ventricular area decrease (90 days post-induction) and light thickness increase of its wall.
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Verret, Laure. "Étude anatomo-fonctionnelle des réseaux neuronaux du sommeil paradoxal chez le rat." Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10272.
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Le but de notre étude est de déterminer à l'échelle cellulaire les neurones responsables de la genèse du Sommeil Paradoxal (SP). Nous avons combiné l'immunohistochimie de la protéine Fos, marqueur de l'activation neuronale, à celle de neurotransmetteurs ou traceur anatomique chez des rats privés de SP, ou pouvant effectuer un rebond de SP, et des rats témoins. Nous avons confirmé le rôle des noyaux sublatérodorsal (SLD) et gigantocellulaire ventral (GiV) dans la genèse du SP, et observé que les neurones cholinergiques du LDTg et du PPTg sont peu activés. D'autre part, nous avons démontré que les neurones à l'origine de l'inhibition des neurones noradrénergiques du LC lors du SP se situent dans les noyaux paragigantocellulaires latéral (LPGi) et dorsal (DPGi) et dans la partie ventrolatérale de la substance grise périaqueducale (vlPAG). Nous avons également mis en évidence le rôle du système MCH de l'hypothalamus, confirmé par l'effet hypnogène de l'injection ICV de ce neuropeptide
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Roux, Candice Rene. "β-cell response to high fat diet induced metabolic demands in the obese Wistar rat." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6454.
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Thesis (MScMedSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction: A westernized diet rich in saturated fats and sugars, together with a sedentary lifestyle, has contributed to the dramatic increase in obesity during the last decade (Zimmett et al, 2001; Wild et al, 2004). Obesity is associated with dyslipidemia and insulin resistance which are major risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) (Zimmet et al, 2001, Kahn et al, 2006; Schröder et al, 2007). High-fat feeding in rodents induces symptoms similar to the human metabolic syndrome without progression to T2D (Woods et al, 2002; Weir and Bonner-Weir, 2007). The addition of fructose to a high-fat diet exacerbates the insulin resistance and leads to impaired pancreatic function of insulin secretion and glucose intolerance (Basciano et al, 2005; Stanhope et al, 2009). Aims: The aim of this study was to establish the effect of a high-fat and sucrose/fructose diet on glucose metabolism, the development of insulin resistance and β-cell dynamics. Methods: Weanling Wistar rats were randomized into two study groups; study one over an experimental period for three months and study two for twelve months. Each study consisted of a control group that received standard rat chow and water; and two experimental groups receiving either a high-fat diet and water (HFD) or a café diet consisting of HFD with the addition of 15% sucrose/fructose (CFD). Fasting glucose and insulin concentrations, intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT), glucose stimulated insulin secretion rates and 2-deoxy-[3H]-D-glucose uptake in muscle, liver and fat were measured. The pancreata were harvested for immunohistochemical labeling of β-cells (insulin), α-cells (glucagon), GLUT2 (glucose transport) and MIB5 (proliferation). Samples of the pancreata were also collected for electron microscopy. Results and discussion: Feeding Wistar rats a CFD induced obesity, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. By twelve months the rats had an impaired glucose response with increased IVGTT peak values, area under the curve (AUC) values and glucose clearance rates. Concomitantly, the glucose stimulated insulin secretion rate (GS-ISR) was attenuated. Stimulated glucose disposal as measured by 2-deoxy-[3H]-D-glucose uptake was reduced in muscle and adipose tissue at three months. By twelve months, due to the age of the rats, stimulated glucose uptake declined compared to three months with no difference between groups. After three months the diets had no observable effect on the islets using light microscopy. However, by twelve months morphological changes were observed in both the HFD and CFD groups. In the HFD group large hypertrophied irregular islets with fibrous changes were observed. In the CFD group these morphological changes were more prominent with fibrous segregation and disruption of the normal endocrine arrangement. In addition, the presence of inflammatory cells within the affected islets is consistent with T2D. Conclusion: High-fat diet fed to Wistar rats induced obesity, abdominal adiposity and insulin resistance. The addition of sucrose/fructose to a high-fat diet exacerbated the insulin resistance and resulted in glucose intolerance and mild hyperglycemia. Morphological changes in the large islets were observed which are consistent with the development of T2D.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Inleiding: ‘n Verwesterde dieët, ryk aan versadigde vette en suikers tesame met 'n passiewe lewenstyl, het bygedra tot die dramatiese verhoging in vetsug gedurende die laaste dekade (Zimmett et al, 2001; Wild et al, 2004). Vetsug word met dislipidemie en insulienweerstandigheid geassosieer wat hoof risikofaktore is vir die ontwikkeling van tipe 2 diabetes (T2D) (Zimmet et al, 2001; Kahn et al, 2006; Schröder et al, 2007). Hoë-vet voeding in knaagdiere induseer simptome soortgelyk aan menslike metaboliese sindroom sonder die ontwikkeling van T2D (Woods et al, 2002; Weir and Bonner-Weir, 2007). Die byvoeging van fruktose tot 'n hoë-vet dieët vererger insulienweerstandigheid en lei tot verswakte pankreas funksie, insuliensekresie en glukoseintoleransie (Basciano et al, 2005; Stanhope et al, 2009). Doelwitte: Die doelwitte van die studie was om die effek van hoë-vet en sukrose/fruktose voeding op glukosemetabolisme, die ontwikkeling van insulienweerstandigheid en β-sel dinamika te bepaal. Metodes: Gespeende Wistar rotte was in twee groepe gerandomiseer; studie een oor ʼn tydperk van drie maande en studie twee oor ʼn tydperk van twaalf maande onderskeidelik. Elke studie het 'n kontrole groep met standaard rot kos en water (control); en twee experimentele diëte wat of ʼn hoë-vet dieët en water (HFD) of 'n kafeedieët groep wat die HFD met die byvoeging van 15% sukrose/fruktose in hul drink water (CFD) ontvang. Fastende glukose en insulien, binneaarse glukose toleransie toets (IVGTT), glukose gestimuleerde insulien sekresie tempo en 2-deoxi-[3H]-D-glukose opname in spier, lewer en vet is gebruik om die effek van die dieët op glukosemetabolisme te bepaal. Die pankreata is uitgehaal vir immunohistochemiese identifisering van β-selle (insulien), α-selle (glukagoon), GLUT2 (glukose transport) en MIB5 (proliferasie). Monsters van die pankreata was ook vir elektronmikroskopie versamel. Resultate en bespreking: Voeding van ʼn CFD aan Wistar rotte induseer vetsug, insulienweerstandigheid en glukose-intoleransie Teen twaalf maande toon die rotte 'n verswakte respons tot glukose met verhoogde IVGTT piekwaardes, AUC waardes en glukose opruimingswaardes. Terselfdetyd is die glukose gestimuleerde insuliensekresie tempo (GS-ISR) ook verswak. Gestimuleerde glukose opruiming, soos deur 2-deoxi-[3H]-D-glukose opname bepaal, was verlaag in spier en vetweefsel teen drie maande. Teen twaalf maande, weens die ouderdom van die rotte, is die gestimuleerde glukose opname verlaag in vergelyking met drie maande sonder 'n verskil tussen groepe. Na drie maande kon geen sigbare morfologiese verskille met ligmikroskopie tussen die diëte waargeneem word nie. Teen twaalf maande is morfologiese verskille waargeneem in beide die HFD en die CFD groepe. In die HFD groep is groot hipertrofiese onreëlmatige eilande met fibrotiese verandering waargeneem. In die CFD groep was die morfologiese verandering meer gevorder met fibrotiese onderverdeling en ontwrigting van die normale endokriene rangskikking. Die teenwoordigheid van inflammatoriese selle in die geaffekteerde eilande is verenigbaar met T2D. Afleiding: Die voer van 'n hoë-vet dieët aan Wistar rotte veroorsaak vetsug, abdominale adipositeit en insulienweerstandigheid. Die byvoeging van sukrose/ fruktose tot die hoë-vet dieët vererger die insulienweerstandigheid en veroorsaak glukoseintoleransie en matige hiperglukemie. Morfologiese veranderings in die groter eilande was verenigbaar met T2D.
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Guerra, Flavia Da Ré 1984. "Avaliação morfologica e bioquimica do disco articular da ATM de ratos submetidos a terapia com laser de baixa potencia : estudo experimental em animais portadores de disfuncão temporomandibular." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317511.
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Orientador: Evanisi Teresa PalomariDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biololgia
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Resumo: Desordens decorrentes de danos ou doencas relacionadas a ATM afetam o aparelho mastigador como um todo e sao caracterizadas como desordens temporomandibulares (DTM). Sabe-se que cerca de sete por cento da populacao mundial requer tratamento para as DTM. Tecidos cartilaginosos, como os que constituem o disco articular da ATM, possuem uma capacidade limitada de regeneracao, e ainda nao existem tecnicas e metodos fidedignos que estimulem o crescimento de um novo tecido, capaz de auxiliar o tratamento de traumas e doencas degenerativas. O tratamento com laser de baixa potencia e uma das terapias utilizadas e, por isto, torna-se imprescindivel o conhecimento de suas acoes sob o ponto de vista celular e tecidual. Para tal, foram utilizados 24 ratos Lewis machos divididos em quatro grupos: GC, grupo controle; grupo GD, animais em que foi administrada a toxina botulinica; grupo GL, animais que receberam o tratamento com o laser de baixa potencia; grupo GDL, animais em que foi administrada a toxina botulinica e em seguida, submetidos a terapia com o laser de baixa potencia. Foi realizada analise morfologica por meio de cortes histologicos corados por HE, AT e picrosirius e; analise bioquimica por meio de eletroforese em gel SDS-poliacrilamida e dosagem de proteinas. Com base nos resultados morfologicos e bioquimicos, conclui-se que o modelo de DTM proposto mostrou-se satisfatorio para estudos desta doenca. Por outro lado, a terapia com o laser deve submeter seus protocolos clinicos a uma reavaliacao, visto que a mesma apresentou resultados controversos do ponto de vista tecidual por ter promovido a sintese de alguns componentes da matriz extracelular e a desestruturacao de outros essenciais ao bom funcionamento da articulacao envolvida.
Abstract: Disorders resulting from injury or disease related to TMJ affect the masticatory apparatus as a whole and are characterized as temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJD). It is known that about seven percent of world population requires treatment for the TMJD. Cartilaginous tissues, such as those that constitute the articular disc of the ATM, have a limited capacity for regeneration, and yet there are no reliable techniques and methods that encourage the growth of a new tissue, capable of assisting the treatment of trauma and degenerative diseases. Treatment with low power laser is one of the therapies used and, therefore, it is essential knowledge of their actions in terms of cellular and tissue. To this end, we used 24 male Lewis rats divided into four groups: GC control group GD animals in that group was given the botulinum toxin; GL group animals that received treatment with low-power laser; GDL animals in that group was given the botulinum toxin and then submitted to the low power laser therapy. Morphological analysis was performed by means of histological sections and stained by HE, and AT and picrosirius; biochemical analysis by electrophoresis in SDSpolyacrylamide gel and determination of proteins. It can be concluded based on morphological and biochemical results, the proposed model of TMD was shown satisfactory for studies of this disease, while treatment with the laser must submit their clinical protocols to a revaluation because it showed controversial results of point of tissue for promoting the synthesis of some components of the extracellular matrix and destruction of other essential for the proper functioning of the joint involved.
Mestrado
Anatomia
Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
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Williams, Elizabeth Jane Bulkeley. "The evolution of genomic anatomy : linkage, expression and rates of evolution." Thesis, University of Bath, 2002. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268398.
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Giannetti, Nathalie. "Etude anatomo-fonctionnelle de l'organe olfactif septal chez le rat." Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO10013.
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Le but de cette these est d'etudier anatomiquement et fonctionnellement l'organe olfactif septal chez le rat. Le mode de distribution des afferences de cet organe sur le bulbe olfactif a ete etudie par une approche hodologique chez l'adulte et au cours du developpement. Les resultats ont montre que les axones des recepteurs de l'organe septal se terminent soit massivement dans un nombre limite de glomerules et que l'on peut qualifier de septaux, soit de facon dispersee dans des glomerules formes essentiellement par des afferences de l'epithelium olfactif principal. L'ensemble de ces projections est localise dans la moitie ventro-mediane posterieure du bulbe olfactif principal. Cette projection semble etablie des la naissance, mais le nombre de glomerules septaux augmente avec l'age. La comparaison avec la projection d'une region limitee d'epithelium olfactif principal met en evidence l'existence de particularites propres a l'organisation de la projection de l'organe septal. Nous avons ensuite analyse le processus d'individualisation de cet organe au cours de l'ontogenese grace a des approches immunohistochimique et ultrastructurale. Un organe septal presomptif peut etre distingue de l'epithelium olfactif principal a partir du 16eme jour foetal, bien que la region intermediaire separant ces deux epitheliums soit recouverte de neurorecepteurs. La regression avec l'age du nombre des neurones occupant la region intermediaire semble faire intervenir un mecanisme d'extrusion. Enfin, nous avons verifie si l'organe septal possede une fonction d'alerte comme on l'admet classiquement. Des lesions bilaterales de cet organe ont ete effectuees chez le rat adulte. Le comportement d'eveil des animaux leses en reponse a des stimulations odorantes a signification biologique ou non, a ete compare a celui de rats temoins. Aucune difference significative de comportement entre les groupes experimentaux n'a ete observee. Ces resultats sont discutes a la lumiere des donnees recentes d'aerodynamique qui laissent supposer que les seules regions epitheliales susceptibles d'etre stimulees en respiration calme sont l'organe septal et/ou l'epithelium olfactif principal recouvrant le recessus dorsal anterieur. L'hypothese de complementarite de ces deux regions dans la fonction d'alerte a ete avancee. Dans la discussion generale, apres avoir resume nos donnees originales, nous avons reevalue l'hypothese d'organe septal comme sous-systeme olfactif
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Fragoso, Mariana Franco [UNESP]. "Efeito protetor do açaí (Euterpeoleracea Martius) na promoção da carcinogênese de cólon em ratos Wistar." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95895.
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fragoso_mf_me_botfm.pdf: 663141 bytes, checksum: 3faf3707c9cd0b2583b7df103e5d313a (MD5)Açaí, fruto da Euterpe oleraceae Martius, é consumido in natura e em uma variedade de bebidas e alimentos. Esse fruto tem sido bastante consumido e produzido no Brazil, devido à alta popularidade como alimento funcional com capacidade antioxidante e antiinflamatória. Este trabalho investigou o efeito protetor potencial do consumo da polpa de açaí (PA) seca por pulverização na carcinogênese de cólon induzida pela 1,2-dimetilhidrazina (DMH) em ratos Wistar adultos (peso médio de 200g). Após 4 semanas de administração de DMH, os grupos passaram a receber dieta padrão, dieta contendo 2.5% ou 5.0% de PA e 0.2% de N-acetilcisteína (NAC) durante 10 semanas de tratamento para análise de focos de criptas aberrantes (FCA). Adicionalmente, dois grupos receberam dieta padrão e dieta contendo 5.0% de PA durante 20 semanas de tratamento para análise de tumores de cólon. No experimento de 14 semanas, foi observada redução significante no número de criptas aberrantes (CA) e em FCA (1-3 CA) nos grupos que receberam 5.0% de PA e 0.2% de NAC (37% e 47% de inibição, p = 0.036; 37% e 41% de inibição, p = 0.042), respectivamente, quando comparados ao grupo não tratado. No experimento de 24 semanas, foi observada redução no número de adenocarcinomas invasivos e multiplicidade de tumores no grupo que recebeu 5.0% de PA na dieta (p < 0.005 e p = 0.001, respectivamente) quando comparados ao grupo não tratado. Além disso, redução significante na proliferação celular de tumores marcados com Ki-67 e na taxa de crescimento tumoral foi observada no grupo que recebeu 5.0% de PA (p = 0.003 e p = 0.001). Portanto, os resultados desse trabalho indicam que uma dieta acrescida de 5.0% da polpa de açaí seca por pulverização pode reduzir o desenvolvimento de FCA e de tumores de colón induzidos em ratos, indicando seu uso como um potencial alimento funcional
Acai, fruit from Euterpe oleraceae Martius, is consumed in natura and in a variety of beverages and food preparations. This fruit has been widely consumed and produced in Brazil, due to the high popularity as a functional food with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities. This study investigated the potential protective effect of spray-dried açai pulp (AP) intake on colon carcinogenesis induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) in male adult Wistar rats (mean weight of 200g). After 4 weeks of DMH administration, groups were fed standard diet, diet containing AP at 2.5% or 5.0% or 0.2% N-acetylcysteine (NAC) during 10 weeks for analysis of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) as endpoint. Additionally, two groups were fed standard diet or diet containing AP at 5.0% during 20 weeks for analysis of colon tumor as endpoint. In 14-week ACF assay, a significant reduction in number of aberrant crypt (AC) and in ACF (1-3 AC) were observed in groups fed 5.0% AP and 0.2% NAC (37% and 47% inhibition, p = 0.036; 37% and 41% inhibition, p = 0.042), respectively, when compared to the untreated group. In 24-week tumor assay, a significant reduction in number of invasive adenocarcinomas and tumor multiplicity were observed in group fed 5.0% AP (p < 0.005 and p = 0.001, respectively) when compared to untreated group. Also, significant reduction in tumor Ki-67 cell proliferation and growth index was observed in group fed 5.0% AP (p = 0.003 and p = 0.001). Therefore, the findings of this study indicate that spray-dried açai pulp feeding at 5.0% may reduce the development of chemically-induced ACF and colon tumor in male rats, indicating their use as a potential functional food
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Fragoso, Mariana Franco. "Efeito protetor do açaí (Euterpeoleracea Martius) na promoção da carcinogênese de cólon em ratos Wistar /." Botucatu, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95895.
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Orientador: Luis Fernando BarbisanBanca: Camila Renata Correa
Banca: Sérgio Britto Garcia
Resumo: Açaí, fruto da Euterpe oleraceae Martius, é consumido in natura e em uma variedade de bebidas e alimentos. Esse fruto tem sido bastante consumido e produzido no Brazil, devido à alta popularidade como alimento funcional com capacidade antioxidante e antiinflamatória. Este trabalho investigou o efeito protetor potencial do consumo da polpa de açaí (PA) seca por pulverização na carcinogênese de cólon induzida pela 1,2-dimetilhidrazina (DMH) em ratos Wistar adultos (peso médio de 200g). Após 4 semanas de administração de DMH, os grupos passaram a receber dieta padrão, dieta contendo 2.5% ou 5.0% de PA e 0.2% de N-acetilcisteína (NAC) durante 10 semanas de tratamento para análise de focos de criptas aberrantes (FCA). Adicionalmente, dois grupos receberam dieta padrão e dieta contendo 5.0% de PA durante 20 semanas de tratamento para análise de tumores de cólon. No experimento de 14 semanas, foi observada redução significante no número de criptas aberrantes (CA) e em FCA (1-3 CA) nos grupos que receberam 5.0% de PA e 0.2% de NAC (37% e 47% de inibição, p = 0.036; 37% e 41% de inibição, p = 0.042), respectivamente, quando comparados ao grupo não tratado. No experimento de 24 semanas, foi observada redução no número de adenocarcinomas invasivos e multiplicidade de tumores no grupo que recebeu 5.0% de PA na dieta (p < 0.005 e p = 0.001, respectivamente) quando comparados ao grupo não tratado. Além disso, redução significante na proliferação celular de tumores marcados com Ki-67 e na taxa de crescimento tumoral foi observada no grupo que recebeu 5.0% de PA (p = 0.003 e p = 0.001). Portanto, os resultados desse trabalho indicam que uma dieta acrescida de 5.0% da polpa de açaí seca por pulverização pode reduzir o desenvolvimento de FCA e de tumores de colón induzidos em ratos, indicando seu uso como um potencial alimento funcional
Abstract: Acai, fruit from Euterpe oleraceae Martius, is consumed in natura and in a variety of beverages and food preparations. This fruit has been widely consumed and produced in Brazil, due to the high popularity as a functional food with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities. This study investigated the potential protective effect of spray-dried açai pulp (AP) intake on colon carcinogenesis induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) in male adult Wistar rats (mean weight of 200g). After 4 weeks of DMH administration, groups were fed standard diet, diet containing AP at 2.5% or 5.0% or 0.2% N-acetylcysteine (NAC) during 10 weeks for analysis of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) as endpoint. Additionally, two groups were fed standard diet or diet containing AP at 5.0% during 20 weeks for analysis of colon tumor as endpoint. In 14-week ACF assay, a significant reduction in number of aberrant crypt (AC) and in ACF (1-3 AC) were observed in groups fed 5.0% AP and 0.2% NAC (37% and 47% inhibition, p = 0.036; 37% and 41% inhibition, p = 0.042), respectively, when compared to the untreated group. In 24-week tumor assay, a significant reduction in number of invasive adenocarcinomas and tumor multiplicity were observed in group fed 5.0% AP (p < 0.005 and p = 0.001, respectively) when compared to untreated group. Also, significant reduction in tumor Ki-67 cell proliferation and growth index was observed in group fed 5.0% AP (p = 0.003 and p = 0.001). Therefore, the findings of this study indicate that spray-dried açai pulp feeding at 5.0% may reduce the development of chemically-induced ACF and colon tumor in male rats, indicating their use as a potential functional food
Mestre
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Normand, Elisabeth. "Les Neurones producteurs d'encéphalines chez l'Escargot et le Rat. Etude anatomo-fonctionnelle par immunocytochimie et hybridation "In situ"." Université de Franche-Comté. UFR des sciences et techniques, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BESA2034.
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Moura, Nelci Antunes de [UNESP]. "Efeitos da ingestão de Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) sobre o processo de carcinogênese de cólon induzido pela 1, 2-dimetilhidrazina em ratos wistar." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87766.
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moura_na_me_botib.pdf: 645966 bytes, checksum: 470176f1b4d022fe7693f78122d3d799 (MD5)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) é uma raiz originária da região dos Andes que tem se destacado pelos seus compostos bioativos principalmente frutanos como futooligossacarídeos e inulina. O presente projeto teve como objetivo determinar a atividade quimioprotetora da ingestão de Yacon sobre o desenvolvimento de lesões pré-neoplásicas (focos de criptas aberrantes-FCA) induzidas pela dimetilhidrazina (DMH) em ratos Wistar machos. Os animais foram divididos em seis grupos com 5 a 12 animais cada. Os animais dos Grupos 1 a 4 e Grupos 5 e 6 receberam respectivamente, quatro injeções subcutâneas de DMH (40 mg/Kg) e solução de EDTA (veículo da DMH) nas duas semanas iniciais do experimento respectivamente. Os animais receberam ração basal até a sexta semana do experimento e a partir desta os animais dos grupos 2, 3, 4, 5 receberam ração acrescida de extrato de Yacon a 0,5%, 1%, 1% e 1%, respectivamente. Os animais do grupo 4 receberam Lactobacilus casei (2,5 x 1010 de UFC por Kg de ração). O sacrifício ocorreu na vigésima semana de experimento para análise de focos de criptas aberrantes (FCA) e tumores. Nossos resultados mostraram uma redução no número, multiplicidade de FCA e no número de adenocarcinomas invasivos nos grupos tratados com 1% yacon (G3) e na combinação simbiótica (G4), (0,05 < p < 0, 001). A multiplicidade de tumores (invasivos e não invasivos) foi significativamente menor no grupo tratado com a combinação simbiótica (p < 0,02). Observou-se também uma redução significativa nas taxas de proliferação celular tanto em criptas colônicas como em tumores nos grupos tratados com 1% yacon (G3) e na combinação simbiótica (G4), p < 0.001. Os resultados sugerem que a ingestão de extrato de yacon exerce atividade quimiopreventiva contra carcinogênese de cólon
Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) is a tuberous root native to the Andean region of South America which contains high amounts of inulin-type fructans. The present study investigated the beneficial potential of yacon root intake on development of colon carcinogenesis induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) in male Wistar rats. Six groups were studied: Groups 1–4 were given four s.c. injections of DMH (40 mg/kg b.w.) twice a week, during two weeks, whereas Groups 4 and 5 received similar injections of EDTA solution (DMH vehicle). After 6 weeks of DMH-initiation, groups were fed with basal diet (G1 and G6) or basal diet containing dried extract of yacon root at 0.5% (G2), 1.0% (G3 and G5) or a synbiotic formulation (G4) (1.0% yacon root plus Lactobacillus casei at 2.5 x 1010 CFU per g diet) for 13 weeks. At 20 week, all animals were killed and the colons were analyzed for development of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and tumor. A significant reduction in number and multiplicity of ACF and in number of invasive adenocarcinomas was observed in the groups orally treated with 1.0% yacon root (G3) or their synbiotic formulation (G4) (0.05 < p < 0.001). Tumor multiplicity (noninvasive plus invasive) was significantly lower solely in group fed with symbiotic formulation (p < 0.02). Also, a reduction in cell proliferation indexes in colonic crypt and tumor were observed in groups orally treated with 1.0% yacon root (G3) or their synbiotic formulation (G4) (p < 0.001). The findings this study suggest that yacon root intake may have potential as chemopreventive agent against colon carcinogenesis
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Cunha, Carlo Magenta da. "Anatomia comparada dos músculos extraoculares em raias da ordem Myliobatiformes (Chondrichthyes, Batoidea)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10132/tde-24042012-104230/.
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Os músculos extraoculares são responsáveis pela movimentação dos olhos em todos os vertebrados e estão agrupados em quatro músculos retos e dois oblíquos. Porém existem poucas descrições destes músculos para as raias. Neste estudo são descritos e comparados os músculos extraoculares de quatro espécies de raias Mylibatiformes que possuem habitat e hábitos alimentares distintos, sendo elas: Mobula thurstoni (n=10), Pteroplatytrygon violacea (n=10), Daysatis hypostigma (n=10) e Gymnura altavela (n=10). Dasyatis hypostigma, G. altavela e P. violacea possuem o músculo reto dorsal, m. reto ventral, m. reto lateral, m. reto medial, m. obliquo dorsal e o m. obliquo ventral. Em M. thurstoni não foram encontrados dois músculos oblíquos dorsal e ventral e sim apenas um músculo com uma cabeça e duas origens (bíceps). Diferenças significativas como à disposição do olho no condrocrânio, o afunilamento das fibras e local de inserção dos mm. oblíquos próximo ao ponto de inserção; a posição de cruzamento dos músculos reto medial e ventral com o pedículo óptico e a posição da inserção do músculo reto dorsal agruparam as espécies de acordo com seu habitat e modo de vida. Dasyatis hypostigma e G. altavela, raias bentônicas apresentaram o m. oblíquo dorsal mais desenvolvido do que os demais músculos. Em P. violacea, a inserção do músculo oblíquo dorsal ocorre no equador do bulbo e suas fibras não apresentam mudança na direção desde a origem à inserção. Em M. thurstoni, o m. reto lateral está suportado pela ação do músculo reto lateral β. Este músculo pode ser responsável por uma maior ação sinérgica com o músculo oblíquo bíceps. Este estudo mostrou que existem diferenças entre os músculos extraoculares, caindo, portanto a afirmativa de que os músculos extraoculares são \"extraordinariamente constantes\" em todos os vertebrados e abre-se um leque de opções de estudos comparativos para as raias que até então tiveram o estudo dos músculos extraoculares negligenciados.The extraocular muscles, responsible for the eye movements in all vertebrates, are classically grouped as four rectus muscles: rectus dorsal muscle, rectus ventral muscle, rectus lateral muscle and rectus medial muscle; and two oblique: oblique dorsal muscle and oblique ventral muscle; however, the description of these groups and their possible association with several species habits is very limited. Hence the objective of this study is to demonstrate the differences and singularities of the extraocular muscles in rays of diverse habitats and habits. This study used four species of rays of the Myliobatiformes order: Mobula thurstoni, pelagic stingray and planktofoga. Pteroplatytrygon violacea, pelagic stingray, predator of fish and squid; Dasyatis hypostigma and Gymnura altavela, both benthonic, predators of small fish and invertebrates. Ten heads of each species were decalcified and dissected to characterize and describe the extraocular muscles. The final results followed, qualitatively and quantitatively, the pattern of extraocular muscles found in vertebrate animals, for P. violacea, D. hypostigma e G. altavela species. But this pattern could not be established for M. thurstoni species because of, instead of two oblique muscles, only one muscle with two origins (biceps) was observed. There were also significant differences of the eye disposition in the chondrocranium; fibers narrowing down and on the place of insertion of oblique muscles near to the insertion point; the crossing position of the rectus medial and ventral muscles with the optical pedicle and the insertion position of the rectus dorsal muscle. Furthermore, this study shows that, distinctively from what has been known so far, the extraocular muscles are not the same for all species and present important anatomical differences that allow grouping the studied species according to their feeding behavior. In face of the obtained results, it is safe to conclude that the extraocular muscles are not \"extraordinarily uniform\" in all vertebrates and provide a range of options to comparative studies to various species that, until now, have had their study of extraocular muscles neglected.
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Moura, Nelci Antunes de. "Efeitos da ingestão de Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) sobre o processo de carcinogênese de cólon induzido pela 1, 2-dimetilhidrazina em ratos wistar /." Botucatu, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87766.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Luís Fernando BarbisanBanca: Luís Antônio Justulim Júnior
Banca: Carlos Eduardo Andrade Chagas
Resumo: Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) é uma raiz originária da região dos Andes que tem se destacado pelos seus compostos bioativos principalmente frutanos como futooligossacarídeos e inulina. O presente projeto teve como objetivo determinar a atividade quimioprotetora da ingestão de Yacon sobre o desenvolvimento de lesões pré-neoplásicas (focos de criptas aberrantes-FCA) induzidas pela dimetilhidrazina (DMH) em ratos Wistar machos. Os animais foram divididos em seis grupos com 5 a 12 animais cada. Os animais dos Grupos 1 a 4 e Grupos 5 e 6 receberam respectivamente, quatro injeções subcutâneas de DMH (40 mg/Kg) e solução de EDTA (veículo da DMH) nas duas semanas iniciais do experimento respectivamente. Os animais receberam ração basal até a sexta semana do experimento e a partir desta os animais dos grupos 2, 3, 4, 5 receberam ração acrescida de extrato de Yacon a 0,5%, 1%, 1% e 1%, respectivamente. Os animais do grupo 4 receberam Lactobacilus casei (2,5 x 1010 de UFC por Kg de ração). O sacrifício ocorreu na vigésima semana de experimento para análise de focos de criptas aberrantes (FCA) e tumores. Nossos resultados mostraram uma redução no número, multiplicidade de FCA e no número de adenocarcinomas invasivos nos grupos tratados com 1% yacon (G3) e na combinação simbiótica (G4), (0,05 < p < 0, 001). A multiplicidade de tumores (invasivos e não invasivos) foi significativamente menor no grupo tratado com a combinação simbiótica (p < 0,02). Observou-se também uma redução significativa nas taxas de proliferação celular tanto em criptas colônicas como em tumores nos grupos tratados com 1% yacon (G3) e na combinação simbiótica (G4), p < 0.001. Os resultados sugerem que a ingestão de extrato de yacon exerce atividade quimiopreventiva contra carcinogênese de cólon
Abstract: Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) is a tuberous root native to the Andean region of South America which contains high amounts of inulin-type fructans. The present study investigated the beneficial potential of yacon root intake on development of colon carcinogenesis induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) in male Wistar rats. Six groups were studied: Groups 1-4 were given four s.c. injections of DMH (40 mg/kg b.w.) twice a week, during two weeks, whereas Groups 4 and 5 received similar injections of EDTA solution (DMH vehicle). After 6 weeks of DMH-initiation, groups were fed with basal diet (G1 and G6) or basal diet containing dried extract of yacon root at 0.5% (G2), 1.0% (G3 and G5) or a synbiotic formulation (G4) (1.0% yacon root plus Lactobacillus casei at 2.5 x 1010 CFU per g diet) for 13 weeks. At 20 week, all animals were killed and the colons were analyzed for development of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and tumor. A significant reduction in number and multiplicity of ACF and in number of invasive adenocarcinomas was observed in the groups orally treated with 1.0% yacon root (G3) or their synbiotic formulation (G4) (0.05 < p < 0.001). Tumor multiplicity (noninvasive plus invasive) was significantly lower solely in group fed with symbiotic formulation (p < 0.02). Also, a reduction in cell proliferation indexes in colonic crypt and tumor were observed in groups orally treated with 1.0% yacon root (G3) or their synbiotic formulation (G4) (p < 0.001). The findings this study suggest that yacon root intake may have potential as chemopreventive agent against colon carcinogenesis
Mestre
46
Figueiredo, Cairo Faleiros de. "Anatomia e identificação macroscópica das lianas da Reserva Florestal do Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41132/tde-23012012-110851/.
Full textAbstract:
Existe uma necessidade de técnicas acuradas para a identificação das espécies de lianas nas formações florestais do Estado de São Paulo, de forma a permitir a implementação de medidas de conservação e manejo dos ecossistemas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a criação de mecanismos eficientes e rápidos para identificação anatômica da madeira de lianas. Para isso foram coletadas e descritas anatomicamente 54 espécies de lianas pertencentes a 19 famílias ocorrentes na mata da Reserva do Instituto de Biociências da USP, São Paulo-SP. Com as descrições anatômicas macroscópicas, características organolépticas e variações na conformação de tecidos (variações cambiais), foi possível criar chaves de múltipla entrada e eletrônica que possibilitam a identificação dos indivíduos até o nível de espécie. Essas chaves visaram a utilização de ferramentas simples tais como lupas de 10 aumentos. Desta forma, foram gerados produtos que permitem uma rápida e prática identificação de lianas utilizando-se apenas partes do caule. Esses produtos podem ser utilizados tanto em campo como em laboratório e também em material seco ou fresco. O trabalho aqui apresentado também desenvolveu um Guia de Identificação das Lianas ocorrentes na mata da Reserva do Instituto de Biociências da USP com pranchas iconográficas que mostram detalhadamente aspectos da anatomia das lianas. Concluiu-se que utilizando os grandes grupos de características supracitados em conjunto pode-se criar ferramentas de extrema utilidade para áreas com a flora previamente inventariada.There is a need for techniques for accurate identification of species of lianas in forest formations of São Paulo, to allow the implementation of conservation and ecosystem management. This study aimed at creating mechanisms for efficient and rapid anatomical identification of the wood of vines. For this pupouse it was collected and described anatomically 54 lianas species belonging to 19 families that occurs in the Reserva do Instituto de Biociências da USP forest. With the anatomical descriptions, organoleptic characteristics and variations in the formation of tissues (cambial variants), it was possible to create multiple entry keys and electronic keys that enable the identification of individuals to the species level. These keys have targeted the use of simple tools such as hand lens of 10 increases. Thus were created products that allow a quick and easy identification of vines using only parts of the stem.These products can be used both in field and laboratory and also in dry or fresh. The work presented here has also developed a GUI Identification of Lianas occurring in the forest reserve of the Institute of Biosciences of USP with boards that show detailed iconographic aspects of the anatomy of lianas. It was concluded that using large groups of the above features together can create tools extremely useful in areas with previously inventoried the flora.
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Pazos, López Marta. "Rat optic nerve head anatomy within three- dimensional histomorphometric reconstructions of normal and early experimental glaucoma eyes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/381080.
Full textAbstract:
Objetciu: Reconstruir en 3D caps del nervi òptic (CNOs) de rata camb glaucoma experimental
(GExp) precoç unilateral, per proporcionar la primera descripció histomorfomètrica del CNO de
controls normales i amb GExp primerenc en aquesta espècie.
Métodos: Es va injectar sèrum salí hipertònic unilateralment en les venes epiesclerals de 8 rates
noruegues que van ser sacrificades 4 setmantes després (fixació-perfusió). Cinc observadors
enmascarats graduaren el dany de seccions del nervi òptic (NO) orbitari (1 Normal-5 Extens). Es
van reconstruir en 3D, es van visualitzar, deliniar i parametritzar els CNOs i l’esclera peripapil·lar.
Els paràmetres globals i específics per ull van ser avaluats conjuntament i regionalment amb un
model d’efectes linials mixtes amb criteris de significació ajustats per a comparacións múltiples.
Resultats: El CNO de la rata consisteix en 2 obertures esclerals (una superior neurovascular i una
altra otra inferior arterial) separades por una cingla escleral. Dins l’obertura superior, el nervi es
recolza un una prominent extensió de la Membrana de Bruch’s (MB) superiorment i està rodejat
d’un plexe vascular. El NO i l’Obertura Anterior del Canal Escleral (ASCO) van expandir-se
significativament en 7 dels 8 ulls amb GExp. En almenys 5 ulls amb GExp van detectar-se
expansions significativae de l’Obertura de la MB (BMO) (3-10%), de l’ASCO y de l’Obertura
Posterior del Canal Escleral (PSCO) (8-21% i 8-41% respectivament). L’expansió del NO va
correlacionar-se significativament amb el grau de dany (R2=0.668, p<0.05).
Conclusions: La complexitat 3D del CNO de rata y el gau en el què es diferencia de la del primat
han estat infravalorats en estudis previs en 2D. En el CNO de rata, el NO, el BMO que el rodeja I
el canal neurovascular s’expandeixen de manera precoç en resposta a l’elevació experimental crònica
de PIO. Aquestes troballes aporten nous punts de referència i objectius d’imatge per detectar el
desenvolupament de la neuropatia glaucomatosa experimental en ulls de rata.Objetivo: Reconstruir en 3D cabezas del nervio óptico (CNOs) de rata con glaucoma experimental (GExp) precoz unilateral, para proporcionar la primera descripción histomorfométrica de la CNO de controles normales y GExp precoz en esta especie. Métodos: Se inyectó suero salino hipertónico unilaterlamente en las venas epiesclerales de 8 ratas noruegas que se sacrificaron 4 semanas después (fijación-perfusión). Cinco observadores enmascarados graduaron el daño de secciones del nervio óptico (NO) orbitario (1 Normal-5 Extenso). Se reconstruyeron en 3D, se visualizaron, delinearon y parametrizaron las CNOs junto con la esclera peripapilar. Los parámetros globales y específicos por ojo fueron evaluados conjuntamente y regionalmente con un modelo de efectos lineares mixtos con criterios de significación ajustados para comparaciones múltiples. Resultados: La CNO de la rata consiste en 2 aperturas esclerales (una superior neurovascular y otra inferior arterial) separados por una cincha escleral. Dentro de la apertura superior, el nervio se apoya en una prominente extensión de la Membrana de Bruch’s (MB) superiormente y está rodeado de un plexo vascular. El NO y la Apertura Anterior del Canal Escleral (ASCO) se expandieron significativamente en 7 de 8 ojos con GExp. En al menos 5 ojos con GExp se detectaron expansiones significativas de la apertura de la MB (BMO) (3-10%), de la ASCO y de la Apertura Posterior del Canal Escleral (PSCO) (8-21% y 8-41% resp.). La expansión del NO se correlacionó significativamente con el grado de daño (R2=0.668, p<0.05). Conclusiones: La complejidad 3D de la CNO de rata y el grado en el que se diferencia de la del primate han sido infravalorados en los estudios previos en 2D. En la CNO de rata, el NO, el BMO que lo rodea y el canal neurovascular se expanden de manera temprana en respuesta a la elevación experimental crónica de PIO. Estos hallazgos proporcionan nuevos puntos de referencia y objetivos de imagen para detectar el desarrollo de la neuropatía glaucomatosa experimental en ojos de rata.
Purpose: To Three-Dimensionally (3D) reconstruct rat optic nerve heads (ONHs) with varying stages of unilateral early experimental glaucoma (EG), so as to provide the first histomorphometrical description of nomal controls and early EG ONH anatomy in this species. Methods: Hypertonic saline was unilaterally injected into the episcleral veins of 8 Brown Norway rats and animals were sacrificed 4 weeks later by perfusion fixation. Orbital optic nerve (ON) crosssections from were graded (1 normal, 5 extensive injury) by 5 masked observers. ONH’s with peripapillary ONH sclera were 3D reconstructed, visualized, delineated, and parameterized. Overall and animal-especific EG versus control eye ONH parameters differences were assessed globally and regionally by linear mixed effect models with significance criteria adjusted for multiple comparisons. Results: The rat ONH consists of 2 scleral openings (a superior neurovascular and inferior arterial) separated by a scleral sling. Within the superior opening, the nerve abuts a prominent extension of Bruch’s Membrane (BM) superiorly and is surrounded by a vascular plexus. Expansions of the ON and anterior scleral canal opening (ASCO) achieved statistical significance overall and in 7 of 8 EG eyes. In at least 5 EG eyes, significant expansions in Bruch’s Membrane Opening (BMO) (3-10%), the ASCO and Posterior Scleral Canal Openings (PSCOs) (8-21% and 8-41%, respectively) were detected. ON expansion was significantly correlated to ON damage (R2=0.668, p<0.05). Conclusions: The 3D complexity of the rat ONH and the extent to which it differs from the primate have been under-appreciated within previous 2D studies. In the rat ONH, the ON ansd surrounding BMO and neurovascular canal expand early in their response to chronic experimental IOP elevation. These findings provide phenotypic landmarks and imaging targets for detecting the development of EG optic neuropathy in the rat eye.
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Jornada, Daniela Hartmann. "Efeito da associação da taurina e do 5-fluorouracil em câncer de cólon induzido por DMH. Planejamento e síntese de pró-fármacos derivados /." Araraquara, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/157230.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Man Chin ChungCoorientador: Cleverton Roberto de Andrade
Banca: Luiz Fernando Takase
Banca: Cíntia Duarte de Freitas Milagre
Banca: Renato Farina Menegon
Banca: Jean Leandro dos Santos
Resumo: O câncer colorretal (CCR) é um dos 10 tipos de câncer mais incidentes no Brasil. A terapia consiste na remoção cirúrgica e em alguns casos, a quimioterapia adjuvante, composta de 5-fluorouracil e outros fármacos associados. O 5-FU, apesar de amplamente utilizado, provoca uma série de efeitos adversos, relacionados à toxicidade renal, cardíaca, hepática e mucosite. Nesse contexto, a ferramenta do planejamento de pró fármacos é uma alternativa para a redução das propriedades indesejadas dos fármacos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi comprovar a hipótese da diminuição da toxicidade do 5-FU pela taurina, aminoácido com propriedades anti-inflamatórias e antioxidante, para a obtenção de pró-fármacos derivados. Para isso, ratos Wistar foram submetidos ao modelo de carcinogênese de cólon induzida por1,2-dimetilhidrazina (DMH), e tratados com a associação (5-FU+TAU) por 8 dias, na 20° semana pós indução. Os resultados demonstraram que a taurina inibe a formação de criptas aberrantes e atua sinergicamente com 5-FU reduzindo a quantidade das mesmas. Além disso, o grupo tratado com 5-FU isolado apresentou aumento de 28% no número de tumores, enquanto a TAU isolada promoveu 64% menos neoplasias que o controle. Na associação a redução na incidência alcança 86%, sendo nenhuma das neoplasias classificados como adenocarcinomas (tumor invasivo), enquanto TAU isolada apresenta 50%, e 5-FU 70% de adenocarcinomas entre as neoplasias. Os resultados demonstram que a TAU e o 5-FU apresentam efei... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Colorectal cancer is one of the ten most incident types of cancer in Brazil. Its treatment consists of surgical intervention and, in some cases, adjuvant chemotherapy, using 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) associated with other drugs. Although extensively used, 5-FU presents several adverse effects, related to renal, cardiac and hepatic toxicity and mucositis. In this context, the search of new drugs is an alternative to reduce some undesired properties of the drug. Thus, the objective of this work was to prove the hypothesis of the reduction of toxicity of 5-FU by taurine, amino acid with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, to obtain derivative prodrugs. For this, Wistar rats were submitted to the colon carcinogenesis model induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and treated with the combination (5-FU + TAU) for 8 days at the 19th week post induction. The results have demonstrated that taurine inhibits the formation of aberrant crypts foci and acts synergistically with 5-FU. In addition, the group treated with 5-FU alone showed a 28% increase in the number of tumors, whereas the isolated TAU promoted 64% fewer neoplasms than the control. In the association, the reduction in incidence reaches 86%, none of the neoplasms classified as adenocarcinomas (invasive tumor), while isolated TAU presents 50%, and 5-FU 70% of adenocarcinomas between neoplasms. Thus, the association results have demonstrated that the two substances presented a chemotherapic effect and can be used to obtent... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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Poulat, Philippe. "Innervation sérotonergique et peptidergique de la colonne intermédiolatérale de la moe͏̈lle épinière du rat : anatomie et plasticité." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20166.
Full textAbstract:
Les techniques immunocytochimiques nous ont permis de montrer que les projections medullaires contenant l'hormone de liberation de la thyrotropine (trh) se mettent en place des le 17eme jour ftal. Elles etablissent des synapses axo-dendritiques des la naissance. Chez le rat adulte, ces terminaisons etablissent des synapses majoritairement axo-dendritiques dans la colonne intermediolaterale (iml), et la corne ventrale. Dans l'iml, nous avons observe de nombreuses terminaisons serotonergiques, substance p-ergiques et trh-ergiques presentant des caracteristiques ultrastructurales similaires. En outre, la colocalisation de la trh et de divers peptides avec la serotonine dans les corps cellulaires du raphe a ete montree. Enfin, des lesions neonatales du ganglion cervical superieur d'une part et de la glande surrenale d'autre part ont provoque une diminution de l'immunoreactivite de la serotonine et de la trh dans l'iml aux niveaux respectifs t1 et t8. Ces donnees anatomiques constituent un fondement necessaire pour entreprendre des etudes morpho-fonctionnelles ulterieurs dans l'iml. Par ailleurs, compares aux donnees obtenues dans la corne dorsale, ces resultats montrent que les projections serotonergiques de l'iml s'organisent et reagissent de facon differente de celles de la corne dorsale
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Ravel, Nadine. "Le système cholinergique afférent au bulbe olfactif : approche anatomo-fonctionnelle chez le rat." Lyon 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO10039.
Full text