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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Sales, James. "Digestive Physiology and Nutrition of Ratites." Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews 17, no. 3 (May 30, 2006): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/147020606783437912.

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2

Maloney, Shane K. "Thermoregulation in ratites: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 10 (2008): 1293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08142.

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Laboratory and free-ranging studies on the emu, ostrich and kiwi show ratites to be competent homeotherms. While body temperature and basal metabolic rate are lower in ratites than other birds, all of the thermoregulatory adaptations present in other birds are well established in ratites. The thermoneutral zone has been established for the emu and kiwi, and extends to 10°C. Below that zone, homeothermy is achieved via the efficient use of insulation and elevated metabolic heat production. In the heat, emus and ostriches increase respiratory evaporative water loss and use some cutaneous water loss. Respiratory alkalosis is avoided by reducing tidal volume. In severe heat, tidal volume increases, but the emu becomes hypoxic and hypocapnic, probably by altering blood flow to the parabronchi, resulting in ventilation/perfusion inhomogeneities. Ostriches are capable of uncoupling brain temperature from arterial blood temperature, a phenomenon termed selective brain cooling. This mechanism may modulate evaporative effector responses by manipulating hypothalamic temperature, as in mammals. The implications of thermal physiology for ratite production systems include elevated metabolic costs for homeothermy at low ambient temperature. However, the emu and ostrich are well adapted to high environmental temperatures.
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3

Varricchio, D. J., J. D. Hogan, and W. J. Freimuth. "Revisiting Russell’s troodontid: autecology, physiology, and speculative tool use1." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 58, no. 9 (September 2021): 796–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2020-0184.

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Dale Russell described the osteology, morphology, and ecology of the small theropod “Stenonychosaurus inequalis” in two papers, speculating on its life habits, brain power, vision, movement, feeding, and hand capabilities. Russell even pondered a tool-using dinosauroid, the hypothetical troodontid descendant if the lineage had survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. We revisit the life habits of the North American troodontids Troodon formosus and Latenivenatrix mcmasterae in part by reviewing various trace fossils of T. formosus discovered in Montana. These fossils include egg clutches, a nest, and recently discovered regurgitalites. We also contemplate the possibility of dinosaur tool use. Troodon likely constructed earthen nests in the same way that ratites and other birds did to create their nesting scrapes through backward hindlimb kicks. The more complex clutch architecture suggests dexterous movement of the eggs, potentially requiring manual manipulation. Functionally, reproductive traces support elevated body temperatures and a metabolic output that approach but do not equal that of modern birds. Brooding would require very high energy investment from the adult. The regurgitalites largely contain multi-individual aggregations of the marsupialiform Alphadon and support Russell’s hypotheses of troodontids as crepuscular to nocturnal, intelligent, small game hunters with elevated metabolism and enhanced vision. Tool use in a few crocodilians and widely among extant birds suggests a reasonable possibility of this behavior in nonavian dinosaurs. Whether an avian-comparable encephalization quotient and freed forelimbs would make North American troodontids good candidates for exhibiting such behavior remains an open and speculative question. However, given the minimal modification made to tools by modern archosaurs, recognition of fossil tools poses a challenging problem.
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4

Phillips, Polly K., and Allen F. Sanborn. "An infrared, thermographic study of surface temperature in three ratites: ostrich, emu and double-wattled cassowary." Journal of Thermal Biology 19, no. 6 (December 1994): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4565(94)90042-6.

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5

Maina, John N., and Christopher Nathaniel. "A qualitative and quantitative study of the lung of an ostrich,Struthio camelus." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 13 (July 1, 2001): 2313–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.13.2313.

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SUMMARYThe ostrich lung, with its lack of interparabronchial septa, the presence of very shallow atria and exceptional morphometric refinement, structurally resembles those of small, energetic flying birds, whereas it also displays features characteristic of the flightless ratites in which the neopulmo is relatively poorly developed and a segmentum accelerans may be generally lacking. The large size of the bronchial system of the ostrich may help explain the unique shifts in the airflow pathways that must occur from resting to panting breathing, explaining its insensitivity to acid–base imbalance of the blood during sustained panting under thermal stress. The mass-specific volume of the lung is 39.1 cm3kg−1 and the volume density of the exchange tissue is remarkably high (78.31%). The blood–gas (tissue) barrier is relatively thick (0.56μm) but the plasma layer is very thin (0.14μm). In this flightless ratite bird, the mass-specific surface area of the tissue barrier (30.1 cm2g−1), the mass-specific anatomical diffusing capacity of the tissue barrier for oxygen (0.0022mlO2s−1Pa−1kg−1), the mass-specific volume of pulmonary capillary blood (6.25 cm3kg−1) and the mass-specific total anatomical diffusing capacity for oxygen (0.00073mlO2s−1Pa−1kg−1) are equivalent to or exceed those of much smaller highly aerobic volant birds. The distinctive morphological and morphometric features that seem to occur in the ostrich lung may explain how it achieves and maintains high aerobic capacities and endures long thermal panting without experiencing respiratory alkalosis.
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6

Gilbert, Donald L., David A. Huddleston, Steve W. Wu, Ernest V. Pedapati, Paul S. Horn, Kathryn Hirabayashi, Deanna Crocetti, Eric M. Wassermann, and Stewart H. Mostofsky. "Motor cortex inhibition and modulation in children with ADHD." Neurology 93, no. 6 (July 17, 2019): e599-e610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000007899.

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ObjectiveCompared to typically developing (TD) peers, children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) consistently demonstrate impaired transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-evoked short interval cortical inhibition (SICI) of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in resting motor cortex (M1). To determine whether perturbed M1 physiology also reflects clinically relevant behavioral dysfunction, we evaluated M1 physiology during a cognitive control task taxing motor response selection/inhibition.MethodsIn this case-control study, behavioral ratings, motor skill (assessed using standardized examination), and left M1 physiology were evaluated in 131 right-handed, 8- to 12-year-old children (66 ADHD: mean 10.5 years, 43 male; 65 TD: mean 10.6 years, 42 male). The primary outcomes were MEP amplitudes and SICI, evaluated during rest and during a modified “racecar” Slater-Hammel stop signal reaction task, with TMS pulses administered 150 ms prior to the target go action and after the dynamic stop cue.ResultsGo responses were significantly slower (p = 0.01) and more variable (p = 0.002) in ADHD. Children with ADHD showed less M1 SICI at rest (p = 0.02) and during go (p = 0.03) and stop trials (p = 0.02). Rest M1 excitability increased during response inhibition task engagement (p < 0.0001). This Task-Related Up-Modulation (TRUM) was less robust across and within groups, with diminished task upmodulation associated with significantly more severe ADHD behavioral ratings and slower stop signal reaction times.ConclusionChildren with ADHD show anomalous motor cortex physiology, with deficient SICI across behavioral states and less TRUM from rest to action selection. Associations of these physiologic measures with ADHD symptoms and cognitive control measures support further investigation into biological mechanisms.
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7

Carter, Leslie E., Daniel W. McNeil, Kevin E. Vowles, John T. Sorrell, Cynthia L. Turk, Barry J. Ries, and Derek R. Hopko. "Effects of Emotion on Pain Reports, Tolerance and Physiology." Pain Research and Management 7, no. 1 (2002): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2002/426193.

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The effects of specific emotional states on a laboratory pain task were tested by examining the behavioural, verbal and psychophysiological responses of 80 student volunteers (50% female). Participants were assigned to one of four Velten-style emotion-induction conditions (ie, anxiety, depression, elation or neutral). The sexes of experimenters were counterbalanced. Overt escape behaviour (ie, pain tolerance), pain threshold and severity ratings, verbal reports of emotion and physiological measures (ie, electrocardiogram, corrugator and trapezium electromyogram) were recorded. A pressure pain task was given before and after the emotion induction. As predicted, those who participated in the anxiety or depression condition showed reduced pain tolerance after induction of these negative emotions; pain severity ratings became most pronounced in the depression condition. Emotion induction did not have a discernable effect on pain tolerance or severity ratings in the elation condition. A pattern of participant and experimenter sex effects, as well as trials effects, was seen in the physiological data. The influence of negative affective states (ie, anxiety and depression) on acute pain are discussed along with the unique contributions of behavioural, verbal and physiological response systems in understanding the interactions of pain and emotions.
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8

Dilly, Oliver. "Ratios of microbial biomass estimates to evaluate microbial physiology in soil." Biology and Fertility of Soils 42, no. 3 (July 12, 2005): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00374-005-0021-1.

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9

Brouwer, Anne-Marie, Maarten A. Hogervorst, Jan B. F. van Erp, Marc Grootjen, Elsbeth van Dam, and Elizabeth H. Zandstra. "Measuring cooking experience implicitly and explicitly: Physiology, facial expression and subjective ratings." Food Quality and Preference 78 (December 2019): 103726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.103726.

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10

Taniguchi, S., F. A. Neefhling, R. Oriol, T. Kobayashis, Y. Ye, M. Niekrasz, L. Peters, S. Kosanke, E. Koren, and D. K. C. Cooper. "Ratites (ostrich, emu) as potential heart donors for humans: Immunologic, anatomic, and physiologic considerations." Xenotransplantation 3, no. 3 (August 1996): 252–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3089.1996.tb00145.x.

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11

Brands, Michael W., and Lori Schumacher. "Active learning strategies to teach renal-cardiovascular integration with high student-to-teacher ratios." Advances in Physiology Education 33, no. 4 (December 2009): 282–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00055.2009.

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To address the challenge of increasing opportunities for active learning into a medical physiology course with ∼190 students enrolled, we chose an integrated approach. This was facilitated by the availability of a patient simulator facility at the School of Nursing at the Medical College of Georgia, and an ∼20-min simulation of acute hemorrhage on the simulators comprised the first of three components in our approach. The second component was a small-group problem-solving session that each group conducted immediately after their patient simulator session. It brought in the more complex physiological responses to acute hemorrhage using an exercise we designed using free downloadable simulation software from the Department of Physiology and Biophysics at the University of Mississippi Medical Center. The third component was a student worksheet exercise that was built around data collected from 12 students who volunteered to collect a 24-h urine sample and have blood pressure measured after 3 days on either high or low salt intake. The worksheet was completed independently, and the answers and student data formed the basis for a classroom lecture. The approach has met with increasingly positive reviews due to testing the first two components on second-year medical student volunteers before its implementation, keeping the first component as simple as possible, keeping the second component to <30 min, and continued revision of the third component to increase clinical context of the study questions. An integrated active learning approach can enhance student interest in integrating cardiovascular-renal physiology, particularly if faculty members are willing to revise the approach in response to student feedback.
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12

Anders, Michael E., Jasna Vuk, and Sung W. Rhee. "Interactive retrieval practice in renal physiology improves performance on customized National Board of Medical Examiners examination of medical students." Advances in Physiology Education 46, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00118.2021.

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Retrieval practice improves long-term retention. Use of interactive retrieval practice in large group, in-person and online live classes, in combination with outside resources, is unreported for medical physiology classes. The primary study purpose was to compare student cohorts’ performance with or without retrieval practice in renal physiology classes, relative to the national average on customized national examinations in renal physiology, nonphysiology, and all questions. The secondary purpose was to examine the students’ educational experience. For the primary purpose, we used a nonequivalent group, posttest-only design. For the secondary purpose, we used cross-sectional and qualitative designs. We analyzed examination results of 684 students in four academic years. For renal physiology questions, students performed significantly better in years with retrieval practice compared with years without it ( P < 0.001). There was no change in nonphysiology scores over the four years. Performance in all questions, too, significantly improved ( P < 0.001). A large majority (86%) of students indicated retrieval practice helped them learn renal physiology. Student ratings of quality in online classes, which featured interactive retrieval practice, were higher than that of in-person classes ( P < 0.001). Qualitative analysis revealed students found interactive retrieval practice, scaffolding, outside resources, and the instructor’s teaching style helpful. Educators in medical physiology classes can use our findings to implement interactive retrieval practice.
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13

McClean, Michael D., and Charles M. Runyan. "Variations in the Relative Speeds of Orofacial Structures With Stuttering Severity." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 43, no. 6 (December 2000): 1524–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4306.1524.

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Stuttering can be characterized in part as a disorder in the coordination of different muscle systems. In light of basic aspects of orofacial physiology and development, the speeds of the lips and tongue relative to the jaw may be an important dimension for evaluating motor coordination among persons who stutter (PWS). To test this idea, an electromagnetic system was used to obtain measures of lip, tongue, and jaw speed in 38 adults (29 PWS and 9 normally fluent speakers, NFS) as they repeated a simple speech utterance at a normal rate. Using categorical ratings of stuttering severity, ratios of tongue speed to jaw speed were significantly greater in PWS rated as severe, compared to NFS and other PWS. Significant increases in lower lip-to-jaw and tongue-to-jaw speed ratios with stuttering severity were also reflected in correlation analyses relating speed ratios to a continuous measure of stuttering severity. These trends in speed ratio were related to increases in lower lip and tongue speed and decreases in jaw speed with stuttering severity. Sources of the speed differences are discussed in relation to underlying muscle activity, motor compensation processes in adults, and the development of orofacial motor control in children who stutter.
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14

Nolan, Claire M., Matthew Maddocks, Toby M. Maher, Winston Banya, Suhani Patel, Ruth E. Barker, Sarah E. Jones, Peter M. George, Paul Cullinan, and William D.-C. Man. "Gait speed and prognosis in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a prospective cohort study." European Respiratory Journal 53, no. 2 (February 2019): 1801186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01186-2018.

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The 4-m gait speed (4MGS), a simple physical performance measure and surrogate marker of frailty, consistently predicts adverse prognosis in older adults. We hypothesised that 4MGS could predict all-cause mortality and nonelective hospitalisation in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).4MGS and lung function were measured at baseline in 130 outpatients newly diagnosed with IPF. Survival status and nonelective hospital admissions were recorded over 1 year. We assessed the predictive value of 4MGS (as a continuous variable and as a binary variable: slow versus preserved 4MGS) by calculating hazard ratios using Cox proportional regression, adjusting for potential confounding variables. Receiver operating characteristic curves assessed discrimination between the multivariable regression models and established prognostic indices.Continuous 4MGS and slow 4MGS were independent predictors of all-cause mortality (4MGS: HR 0.03, 95% CI 0.01–0.31; p=0.004; slow 4MGS: 2.63, 95% CI 1.01–6.87; p=0.049) and hospitalisation (4MGS: HR 0.02, 95% CI 0.01–0.14; p<0.001; slow 4MGS: 2.76, 95% CI 1.16–6.58; p=0.02). Multivariable models incorporating 4MGS or slow 4MGS had better discrimination for predicting mortality than either the gender, age and lung physiology index or Composite Physiologic Index.In patients with IPF, 4MGS is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality and nonelective hospitalisation.
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15

Borgmans, G., R. Palme, A. Sannen, H. Vervaecke, and R. Van Damme. "The effect of cage size on stress levels in captive green anole (Anolis carolinensis)." Animal Welfare 28, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 455–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.28.4.455.

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Reptiles are often used as model species in scientific research and are popular in the pet trade, yet how they cope with captive conditions has not been well studied. Stress caused by captivity could affect the endocrinology, physiology and behaviour of animals, resulting in a general decrease in welfare and could confound the results of scientific experiments. One of the factors that could influence stress in a captive environment is the size of the cage. However, the effect of cage size on stress has rarely been investigated in reptiles. In this study, the effect of cage size on the behaviour, morphology and physiology of the green anole (Anolis carolinensis) was quantified. We were unable to find an effect of cage dimensions (range 0.05 to 0.2 m3) on body mass, tail-base width, heterophil to lymphocyte ratios (H/L ratios), behaviour and faecal corticosterone metabolite (FCM) levels.
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16

Winkler, Andreas, Bennet Fiedler, and Moritz Knoche. "Calcium physiology of sweet cherry fruits." Trees 34, no. 5 (May 16, 2020): 1157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00468-020-01986-9.

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Abstract Key message Xylem functionality is the primary determinant of the Ca relations of developing sweet cherry. Calcium influx is positively related to transpiration and decreases as xylem functionality is progressively lost during development. Abstract Fruit calcium (Ca) may be associated with susceptibility to rain cracking in sweet cherry but little background information is available on the fruits’ Ca relations. The objectives of the study were to identify the key determinants of the Ca content in developing sweet cherry fruit. The masses of Ca and K in the flesh (mg per fruit) increased continuously through to maturity. However, their dry mass ratios [mg per g dry mass (DM)] decreased continuously. The decrease in Ca/dry mass ratio was to about 30% of the transition stage II/III value, and for K to about 55%. These decreases occurred in all cultivars investigated. Moreover, the Ca mass per fruit and the Ca/dry mass ratio were normally distributed and wide ranging; the maximum recorded values were about twice the minimum ones. Within a fruit, the Ca/dry mass ratio was two to three times higher in the stem end than in the stylar scar end. Fruit held under low relative humidity (26.2%) contained more Ca per fruit and had a higher Ca/dry mass ratio compared with fruit held under high humidity (91.6%). There was a positive relationship between Ca mass per fruit and cumulative transpiration. Our results indicate xylem functionality is the primary determinant of the Ca relations of sweet cherry fruit.
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17

Alharby, Hesham F., Kamrun Nahar, Hassan S. Al-Zahrani, Khalid Rehman Hakeem, and Mirza Hasanuzzaman. "Enhancing Salt Tolerance in Soybean by Exogenous Boron: Intrinsic Study of the Ascorbate-Glutathione and Glyoxalase Pathways." Plants 10, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 2085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10102085.

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Boron (B) performs physiological functions in higher plants as an essential micronutrient, but its protective role in salt stress is poorly understood. Soybean (Glycine max L.) is planted widely throughout the world, and salinity has adverse effects on its physiology. Here, the role of B (1 mM boric acid) in salt stress was studied by subjecting soybean plants to two levels of salt stress: mild (75 mM NaCl) and severe (150 mM NaCl). Exogenous B relieved oxidative stress by enhancing antioxidant defense system components, such as ascorbate (AsA) levels, AsA/dehydroascorbate ratios, glutathione (GSH) levels, the GSH and glutathione disulfide ratios, and ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, and dehydroascorbate reductase activities. B also enhanced the methylglyoxal detoxification process by upregulation of the components of the glyoxalase system in salt-stressed plants. Overall, B supplementation enhanced antioxidant defense and glyoxalase system components to alleviate oxidative stress and MG toxicity induced by salt stress. B also improved the physiology of salt-affected soybean plants.
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Liang, Ying, Chenqian Kang, Elias Kaiser, Yu Kuang, Qichang Yang, and Tao Li. "Red/blue light ratios induce morphology and physiology alterations differently in cucumber and tomato." Scientia Horticulturae 281 (April 2021): 109995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2021.109995.

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19

Zanazzi, Alessandro, and Matthew J. Kohn. "Ecology and physiology of White River mammals based on stable isotope ratios of teeth." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 257, no. 1-2 (January 2008): 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.08.007.

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20

Carpenter, Roger E. "Flight Physiology of Flying Foxes, Pteropus Poliocephalus." Journal of Experimental Biology 114, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 619–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.114.1.619.

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Oxygen consumption was measured during flight in two flying foxes (Pteropus poliocephalus) at airspeeds of 4–8.6ms−1. There was good agreement with the measured power input of the only previously measured large bat, and with an allometric equation predicting power input for flying vertebrates. Measurements of respiratory exchange ratios, pulmonary water loss, respiratory frequencies, heart rates and body temperatures of both bats flying at intermediate airspeeds were compared with equivalent measurements on other bats or birds in flight. Despite a high non-evaporative thermal conductance in flight, the P. poliocephalus became severely hyperthermic at ambient temperatures (Ta) above 25°C. The failure to dissipate heat as successfully as flying birds at high Ta is apparently the result of an inability to increase pulmonary ventilation rates, and thus increase rates of evaporative heat loss. The effect of airspeed on endurance was measured systematically on one bat. Endurance was not limited by energy reserves at all airspeeds, and flight times were significantly greater at the airspeed of minimum power input (Vmp). The endurance of both bats was so reduced at the higher airspeeds that they would not achieve maximum flight range in still air at the velocity where cost of locomotion is lowest. Contrary to a common assumption, flight range would be maximized at the Vmp.
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Kapitan, Kent S. "Teaching pulmonary gas exchange physiology using computer modeling." Advances in Physiology Education 32, no. 1 (March 2008): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00099.2007.

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Students often have difficulty understanding the relationship of O2 consumption, CO2 production, cardiac output, and distribution of ventilation-perfusion ratios in the lung to the final arterial blood gas composition. To overcome this difficulty, I have developed an interactive computer simulation of pulmonary gas exchange that is web based and allows the student to vary multiple factors simultaneously and observe the final effect on the arterial blood gas composition (available at www.siumed.edu/medicine/pulm/vqmodeling.htm ). In this article, the underlying mathematics of the computer model is presented, as is the teaching strategy. The simulation is applied to a typical clinical case drawn from the intensive care unit to demonstrate the interdependence of the above factors as well as the less-appreciated importance of the Bohr and Haldane effects in clinical pulmonary medicine. The use of a computer to vary the many interacting factors involved in the arterial blood gas composition appeals to today's students and demonstrates the importance of basic physiology to the actual practice of medicine.
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Landis, B. N. "Ratings of Overall Olfactory Function." Chemical Senses 28, no. 8 (October 1, 2003): 691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjg061.

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Lu, Hongliang, Yingchao Hu, Shuran Li, Wei Dang, and Yongpu Zhang. "Acclimatory responses of thermal physiological performances in hatchling yellow pond turtles (Mauremys mutica)." Animal Biology 70, no. 1 (2020): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-20191106.

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Abstract Temperature is a crucial environmental factor that can strongly impact animal physiology. Here, we acclimated hatchling of Asian yellow pond turtles (Mauremys mutica) to one of two different temperatures (25 or 30°C) for four weeks to determine temperature acclimation effects on their physiology. All four measured physiological variables (righting time, resting metabolic rate, critical thermal minimum and critical thermal maximum) were significantly affected by temperature acclimation. Turtles acclimated to 25°C righted themselves more slowly and had a lower mean metabolic rate than 30°C-acclimated turtles. Turtles acclimated to 25°C were more resistant to low temperatures, but less resistant to high temperatures than 30°C-acclimated turtles, as measured by critical thermal limits. The thermal resistance range (i.e., the difference between critical thermal minimum and maximum) did not differ between the two acclimation groups. Compared with other semi-aquatic turtles, M. mutica had relatively higher acclimation response ratios for its critical thermal minimum and critical thermal maximum. Our results indicate that acclimation to relatively moderate temperatures could also produce significant responses in the thermal physiology of turtles.
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Richardson, D. "Student perceptions and learning outcomes of computer-assisted versus traditional instruction in physiology." Advances in Physiology Education 273, no. 6 (December 1997): S55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advances.1997.273.6.s55.

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This study compared student perceptions and learning outcomes of computer-assisted instruction against those of traditional didactic lectures. Components of Quantitative Circulatory Physiology (Biological Simulators) and Mechanical Properties of Active Muscle (Trinity Software) were used to teach regulation of tissue blood flow and muscle mechanics, respectively, in the course Medical Physiology. These topics were each taught, in part, by 1) standard didactic lectures, 2) computer-assisted lectures, and 3) computer laboratory assignment. Subjective evaluation was derived from a questionnaire assessing student opinions of the effectiveness of each method. Objective evaluation consisted of comparing scores on examination questions generated from each method. On a 1-10 scale, effectiveness ratings were higher (P < 0.0001) for the didactic lectures (7.7) compared with either computer-assisted lecture (3.8) or computer laboratory (4.2) methods. A follow-up discussion with representatives from the class indicated that students did not perceive computer instruction as being time effective. However, examination scores from computer laboratory questions (94.3%) were significantly higher compared with ones from either computer-assisted (89.9%; P < 0.025) or didactic (86.6%; P < 0.001) lectures. Thus computer laboratory instruction enhanced learning outcomes in medical physiology despite student perceptions to the contrary.
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Kichenok, Nadiia. "Studying problems related to the motional physiology of tennists." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 7(138) (July 27, 2021): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2021.7(138).13.

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The article is devoted to the problems connected with the physiology of tennis players' movements. The main aim of the article was to determine the key factors which directly influence on movements and actions of tennis players during training process and participation in professional tournaments. Methods of the research: the analysis of scientific and methodical sources and observations. Object of the research: the educational and training process of tennis players aimed at improvement of movements. Results. The human strength is the ability to overcome the external resistance or to resist it due to the power of muscles. Each of the factors studied plays an important role in the training of athletes. The physiology of movement of tennis players consists of many components such as strength, agility, speed, ability to maintain balance, accuracy of movement in space, flexibility and endurance. Each of the mentioned elements plays not a small role and requires a special training. The urgency of the subject of the analysis of physiology of tennis players' movements consists in the increase of popularity of this kind of sport on the territory of Ukraine. As of 2021, more than 50 representatives of the country are included in the WTA and ATP ratings. It directly indicates a high level of preparation of domestic sportsmen. Conclusions. The physiology of a tennis player's movement consists of many factors (strength, agility, speed, ability to keep balance, accuracy of movement in space, flexibility and endurance), each of which plays an important role to reach the goals. Most of them are related to each other and create certain combinations. However, having one property does not guarantee the other, creates obstacles. However, they can be solved through constant training. Studying in detail the physiology of an athlete's movement is necessary in order to understand what characteristics may arise. More detailed researches, connected with physiology of movements, will help to correct correctly the preparatory process in future not only for the future professionals, but also for the present representatives of the Ukrainian national tennis team.
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Meng, Ge-Lei, Dong-Tao Luan, Zhi-Juan Tai, Ji-Feng Deng, Jian-Qiu Han, and Yu-Mei Zhou. "Effects of Different Substrate Ratios on the Growth and Physiology of Sequoia sempervirens Container Seedlings." Compost Science & Utilization 27, no. 3 (July 3, 2019): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1065657x.2019.1630340.

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Solberg, D. H., and J. M. Diamond. "Comparison of different dietary sugars as inducers of intestinal sugar transporters." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 252, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): G574—G584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1987.252.4.g574.

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Intestinal sugar transport increases with dietary carbohydrate levels, but the specific regulatory signals involved have been little studied. Hence we compared rations containing one of five sugars [D-glucose, D-galactose, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (3-O-MG), D-fructose, and maltose] in their effects on brush-border uptake of five transported solutes (D-glucose, D-galactose, 3-O-MG, D-fructose, and L-proline) by everted sleeves of mouse small intestine. As confirmed by transepithelial potential difference (PD) measurements, there is a distinct fructose transporter that does not evoke a PD, along with one or more aldohexose transporters that do evoke a PD. Galactose and 3-O-MG rations cause a twofold increase in feeding rates, mucosal hyperplasia, and hence nonspecific increases in uptake per unit length of intestine for all transported solutes. Dietary fructose is by far the best specific inducer of the fructose transporter. The five dietary sugars are of fairly similar potency as specific inducers of aldohexose transport, but dietary galactose and fructose may be slightly more potent than glucose. Regulatory signals need not be transported substrates, or vice versa, and need not be metabolizable. Variation in uptake ratios of pairs of aldohexoses with ration and intestinal position suggest multiple aldohexose transporters of overlapping specificity, with different relative activities at different positions and with different susceptibilities to induction by different dietary sugars.
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Arai, Shoshana R., Alice Butzlaff, Nancy A. Stotts, and Kathleen A. Puntillo. "Quench the Thirst." Biological Research For Nursing 16, no. 4 (October 16, 2013): 456–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800413505900.

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Thirst, as a symptom, has long been considered the most prevalent clinical complaint patients voice in healthcare settings. Yet, rarely have researchers examined thirst by its correlation with physiologic factors. This review was undertaken to examine the relationships between thirst ratings and factors mediating its primary physiologic correlates: plasma osmolality (pOsm) and arginine vasopressin peptide (AVP). A literature search was undertaken to identify clinical studies in human subjects that investigated the relationship of thirst to specific physiologic thirst-related correlates and associated thirst mediators. Thirst was induced in 17 selected clinical studies by hyperosmolar infusion, through water deprivation or exercise weight-loss regimens. Positive linear relationships between the subjects' thirst ratings and rising serum pOsm levels confirmed the presence of intact osmotic thirst drives. However, there were significant variations in normal compensatory rises in AVP levels that followed the rises in plasma osmolality after the subjects were exposed to cold, physical pre-conditioning and water immersion tests. Notably, older adults in the studies reported diminished thirst ratings. Weak correlations suggest that angiotensin II may play only a minor role in thirst mediation. Atrial natriuretic hormone's inhibitory effect on thirst was inconsistent. Findings indicated that older adults are at higher risk for profound dehydration due to sensory deficits along with failure to correct volume losses. The thirst trials results support the close correlation between serum pOsm values and patients' thirst ratings, with the exception of the older adult.
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Santos, Marcio Quara de Carvalho, Mariana do Amaral Camara Lima, Luciana dos Santos, Manoel Pereira-Filho, Eduardo Akifumi Ono, and Elizabeth Gusmão Affonso. "Feeding strategies and energy to protein ratio on tambaqui performance and physiology." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 48, no. 8 (August 2013): 955–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2013000800021.

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The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of feed deprivation and refeeding with diets containing different energy to protein ratios (E/P) on the performance and physiology of juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). A 4x2 factorial arrangement with three replicates was used, with four E/P ratios (11.5, 10.5, 9.5, and 8.5 kcal g-1 digestible energy per protein) and two feeding regimens (with and without deprivation), during 60 days. Fish from the food-deprived group were fasted for 14 days and refed from the fifteenth to the sixtieth day, whereas the remaining fish were fed for 60 days. At the end of the experimental period, weight of fish subjected to food deprivation was lower than that of those continuously fed; however, this condition did not influence the physiological parameters analyzed. Tambaqui fed 11.5 kcal g-1 achieved lower final weight than those fed with the other diets, in both regimens. Among the physiological parameters, only plasma protein presented significant increase in fish fed 8.5 kcal g-1, in both feeding regimens, probably due to the higher dietary protein concentration. These results indicate that fish show a partial compensatory growth, and that 10.5 kcal g-1 can be recommended for the diet of juvenile tambaqui.
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Robischon, Marcel. "Surface-Area-to-Volume Ratios, Fluid Dynamics & Gas Diffusion: Four Frogs & Their Oxygen Flux." American Biology Teacher 79, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2017.79.1.64.

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Processes of diffusion of oxygen can be described in a formalized and simplified manner in formulas such as Fick's laws of diffusion. For a sound understanding of the interconnections of anatomical structure, biological function, and environmental factors in a living system, however, real-life case studies need to be employed to explore what is captured in the equation and what is not, and which other structures and behaviors may play a role in respiratory physiology. I use four anuran examples to illustrate, starting with Fick's first law, respiratory processes as influenced by surface-area-to-volume ratio and turbulence in the surrounding medium.
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Kobori, Márcia Maria Rabelo Guimarães, Simone da Costa Mello, Isabela Scavacini de Freitas, Fernando Ferraz Silveira, Marcelo Corrêa Alves, and Ricardo Antunes Azevedo. "Supplemental light with different blue and red ratios in the physiology, yield and quality of Impatiens." Scientia Horticulturae 306 (December 2022): 111424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2022.111424.

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Papagiannopoulos-Vatopaidinos, Ioannis-Eleemon, Maria Papagiannopoulou, and Vassilis Sideris. "Dry Fasting Physiology: Responses to Hypovolemia and Hypertonicity." Complementary Medicine Research 27, no. 4 (2020): 242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000505201.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to provide a deeper insight into dry fasting (DF) physiology. Design: Ten participants performed DF for 5 consecutive days. Methods: The following parameters were monitored daily: cortisol, aldosterone, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), erythropoietin, albumin, uric acid, and vitamin C in serum; vasopressin (ADH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), renin, angiotensin II, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in plasma; hematocrit and erythrocytes in whole blood; osmolality, noradrenaline, dopamine, adrenaline, Na+, and K+ in 24-h urine; waist circumference and body, urine, and stool weight. Results: The following parameters increased: ADH (60 ± 11%), ACTH (176 ± 34%), cortisol (495 ± 75%), urine osmolality (20 ± 4%), CRP (167 ± 77%), renin (315 ± 63%), angiotensin II (74 ± 21%), aldosterone (61 ± 21%), TAC (80.4 ± 17%), uric acid (103 ± 19%), albumin (18.4 ± 2.4%), erythrocytes (13.4 ± 2.2%), hematocrit (11 ± 1.8%), and the excretion of noradrenaline (40.3 ± 10%) and dopamine (17 ± 5%). The following parameters decreased: waist circumference (8.20 ± 0.61 cm), body weight (7.010 ± 0.3 kg), erythropoietin (65 ± 18%), and the excretion of adrenaline (38 ± 4%) and Na+ (60 ± 16%). The excretion of K+ remained unchanged. Vitamin C decreased, showing a half-life of 4.8 ± 0.7 days. The percent ratios of lost weight components were: urine (52.2 ± 3.7%), insensible water loss (32.2 ± 1.4%), stool (5 ± 0.3%), and respiratory gases, i.e., expired CO2 – incorporated O2 (10.6 ± 5.4%). Conclusion: The mechanisms underlying the hypertonicity and hypovolemia compensation and the ratio analysis of lost weight components were presented. DF demonstrated short-term antioxidant, anti-ischemic, immune-stimulating, anti-edematous, and anti-inflammatory effects. The results may have an impact on developing new concepts for the treatment of edema, obesity, and inflammatory and ischemic diseases.
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Mohamed, Shiren J., Hail Z. Rihan, Naofel Aljafer, and Michael P. Fuller. "The Impact of Light Spectrum and Intensity on the Growth, Physiology, and Antioxidant Activity of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)." Plants 10, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): 2162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10102162.

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This study focused on the physiology, growth and antioxidant activity response of hydroponically grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) under sole-source LED lighting of differing spectra. Lighting spectra were provided by differing combinations of LEDs of three different peak wavelengths, (Blue 435, Blue 450, and Red 663 nm) with ratios of B450/R663: 1.25 ± 0.1, B450/R663: 1.25 ± 0.1, and B450/R663 1:1 at two light intensities of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (270 μmol m−2 s−1 and 60 μmol m−2 s−1). A further experiment was conducted, in which Blue and Red LEDs were supplemented with Green (Blue 450, Red 663, and Green 520 nm) with ratios of B435/R663: 1.25 ± 0.1, B450/R663/G520: 1/0.73/0.26, and B450/R663: 1.25 ± 0.1. LED light intensities under the different spectra were adjusted to deliver the same level of PAR (270 ± 20 μmol m−2 s−1). Results from the first experiment showed that increased fraction of blue 435 nm in combination with red light at 663 nm at high irradiance enhanced the physiology of lettuce (i.e., significantly increased assimilation rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate) and increased the yield while having no significant effect on antioxidant activity. At the lower irradiance, the B435/R663 significantly increased antioxidant activity compared to other spectra. Results from the second experiment showed no significant effect of the spectra of LEDs on the physiology and yield of lettuce, but antioxidant activity was very significantly induced by B450/R663 at the ratio of 1.25 ± 0.1. However, the amount was still less than that obtained by B435/R663 1.25 ± 0.1 from the first experiment. This study indicates that LED light with a spectrum of B435/R663 at a ratio of 1.25 ± 0.1 significantly improves lettuce yield and antioxidant activity.
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Fong, Abigail, Kelly Lafaro, Arthur X. Li, Laleh Golkar Melstrom, Jenny Rodriguez, Karen L. Clark, Matthew J. Loscalzo, and Susanne Warner. "Assessing hematologic ratios as biomarkers for psychosocial distress." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2019): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.4_suppl.699.

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699 Background: Psychosocial distress is common among cancer patients and has been shown to have deleterious effects on a patient’s quality of life, treatment, and outcomes. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR), and platelet-monocyte ratio (PMR) have been associated with poor outcomes in some cancers. Therefore we hypothesized that these ratios may be correlated to distress. This study looked at request for social work follow up as a surrogate marker for distress and investigated relationships between these ratios and markers of patient distress. Methods: A validated 48 item electronic distress screen was administered to patients in the medical and surgical oncology clinics of a large cancer center from 2009-2015. Patient requests for social work follow up were noted and patient charts reviewed for relevant labs and history. Patient demographics, NLR, LMR, PMR were reviewed. Chi-squared tests and univariate and multivariate regressions were performed to compare groups and relationships of variables and outcomes. Results: 43% of patients surveyed requested social work follow up. Of those, 75% received follow up, at a mean of 8 days. Non-Caucasian patients were more likely to request social work follow up (p = 0.03). Non-English speaking patients (p = 0.06) and those who saw medical oncologists trended towards significant desire for social work follow up. There was no significant correlation between NLR, PMR, LMR and desire to see a social worker. On multivariate analysis, patients with metastatic disease were less likely to want social work follow up (OR 0.43, 95% CI: 0.21-0.9, P = 0.02). Conclusions: In this study, non-white, non-English speaking patients, and those seeing medical oncologists were more likely to request social work follow up. We found no significant correlations between NLR, PMR, LMR and request for social work follow up. This suggests that desire for social work follow up is not a good correlate for physiologic distress in cancer patients. Further work is ongoing to provide better insight into determinants of psychosocial and physiologic stress in this patient population along with relevance of hematologic ratios.
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Richardson, D., and B. Birge. "Teaching physiology by combined passive (pedagogical) and active (andragogical) methods." Advances in Physiology Education 268, no. 6 (June 1995): S66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advances.1995.268.6.s66.

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Pedagogy and andragogy are models of education based, respectively, on passive and active learning. This project compared two balanced sections of an undergraduate course in physiology. Both sections used the pedagogical method of didactic lectures to present basic material. Students in section 01 were given multiple-choice examinations, a pedagogical procedure, over the lecture content for the purpose of performance evaluation. In section 02 the lectures were used as an information source, which students combined with other information researched in the library to draft essays on assigned topics, i.e., an andragogical approach. Grading of the essays constituted 75% of a student's performance evaluation, with participation in class discussions making up the remaining 25%. There was no significant difference in overall performance outcome between the two sections (P > 0.47). Students from both sections valued the lectures, even though they served a different purpose in each section. However, overall the student rating of section 02 was significantly higher than that of section 01 (P < or = 0.05). This reflected different teaching methods rather than different teachers, because the ratings of the two instructors were virtually identical (P > 0.98). These results suggest that a combined pedagogical and andragogical approach is an acceptable model for teaching introductory physiology.
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Kommalage, Mahinda, and Sampath Gunawardena. "Evaluation of physiology lectures conducted by students: comparison between evaluation by staff and students." Advances in Physiology Education 35, no. 1 (March 2011): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00091.2010.

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As a peer-assisted learning process, minilectures on physiology were conducted by students. During this process, students lecture to their colleagues in the presence of faculty staff members. These lectures were evaluated by faculty staff and students simultaneously. The aim of this study was to compare feedback from faculty members and students on 66 minilectures conducted by students. Their perception of different qualities of lecture was assessed using a questionnaire. There were significant correlations between students and faculty members for many qualities of the lecture, including the speed of the lecture, retaining attention, clear introduction, and the overall quality of the lecture. However, ratings for gesture, eye contact, language usage, illustration usage, audiovisuals, voice usage, and important points stressed were significantly different between students and faculty members. Multiple regression analysis was performed to assess the degree of effect of different aspects of a lecture on its overall quality. Aspects such as gesture, eye contact, and language usage showed very low β-values, suggesting a poor contribution of these factors to the overall quality of the lecture for both students and faculty members. The speed of the lecture, retaining attention, and clear introduction were qualities that faculty members and students rated equally, and these were the main contributors to the overall quality of the lecture. Awareness about the possible discrepancy between ratings given by faculty members and students may be important when interpreting the evaluation results of formal lectures by these two groups.
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Castro-Ruiz, Diana, Karl B. Andree, Mikhail M. Solovyev, Christian Fernández-Méndez, Carmen García-Dávila, Chantal Cahu, Enric Gisbert, and Maria J. Darias. "The Digestive Function of Pseudoplatystoma punctifer Early Juveniles Is Differentially Modulated by Dietary Protein, Lipid and Carbohydrate Content and Their Ratios." Animals 11, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020369.

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Pseudoplatystoma punctifer is an Amazonian catfish highly appreciated for its high flesh quality, size, and commercial value. Its aquaculture is pursued to satisfy the demands of an increasing population in the region. However, knowledge of the nutritional needs during the early life stages is necessary for improving growth and reducing the incidence of cannibalism, factors that limit the success of its commercial farming. This study aimed at evaluating the influence of four diets containing different protein and lipid levels (30:15, 30:10, 45:15, or 45:10 in %) in the digestive physiology and performance of early juveniles. The results showed that the dietary protein:lipid as well as carbohydrate levels and ratios influenced differently the whole-body proximate composition, the digestive physiology and development, and hence growth and survival. The 45:15 diet promoted the best growth, survival, and the most rapid development of the digestive system, as shown at histological (higher number of hepatocytes, goblet cells in the anterior intestine and enterocytes in all intestinal portions, and longer folds in the posterior intestine), molecular (highest amylase, lipoprotein lipase, phospholipase, trypsinogen, and pepsinogen gene expression), and biochemical (highest lipase and pepsin activities and higher alkaline phosphatase:leucine alanine peptidase activity ratio) levels. Lipids were favored over carbohydrates as source of energy, with lipids promoting a protein-sparing effect at adequate energy:protein ratio. Carbohydrate content higher than 25% was excessive for this species, leading to unbalanced lipid metabolism and fat deposition in the liver.
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Larcombe, Alexander N., and Philip C. Withers. "Thermoregulatory, metabolic and ventilatory physiology of the western barred bandicoot (Perameles bougainville bougainville) in summer and winter." Australian Journal of Zoology 54, no. 1 (2006): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo05072.

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The metabolic, thermoregulatory and ventilatory physiology of western barred bandicoots (Perameles bougainville bougainville), measured in the laboratory during summer and winter at ambient temperatures of 10 and 30°C, is relatively unusual for a peramelid marsupial. It has a low thermoneutral body temperature (33.7 ± 0.2°C), a very high basal metabolic rate (0.68 ± 0.03 mL O2 g–1 h–1 at ambient temperature = 30°C), low respiratory exchange ratios (often less than 0.7) and a high thermal conductance, reflecting its high oxygen consumption rate and low body temperature. Ventilatory frequency and tidal volume were variable between seasons, although minute volume and oxygen extraction efficiency were not. Minute volume of the western barred bandicoot was higher than expected, reflecting its high metabolic rate. Time of year (i.e. season) had an effect on some aspects of metabolic, thermoregulatory and ventilatory physiology (carbon dioxide production, respiratory exchange ratio, total evaporative water loss), but this effect was not as substantial nor as general as the effect of ambient temperature.
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Yogiswari, Krisna Suksma. "Keraguan Kritis; Descartes." Sanjiwani: Jurnal Filsafat 10, no. 1 (July 8, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25078/sjf.v10i1.1631.

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<em>Rene Descartes is regarded as the father of modern philosophy, a figure of rationalism, a mathematician, and physiology. Descartes was also a philosopher whose philosophical teachings were very popular because his views which never faltered about the highest truths were in reason or human ratios. Descartes was a philosopher who was dissatisfied with Scholastic philosophy whose views were contradictory, and there was no certainty due to the poor method of thinking.</em>
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Nguyen, Khoa, Bertha Ben Khallouq, Amanda Schuster, Christopher Beevers, Nyla Dil, Denise Kay, Jonathan D. Kibble, and David M. Harris. "Developing a tool for observing group critical thinking skills in first-year medical students: a pilot study using physiology-based, high-fidelity patient simulations." Advances in Physiology Education 41, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 604–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00126.2017.

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Most assessments of physiology in medical school use multiple choice tests that may not provide information about a student’s critical thinking (CT) process. There are limited performance assessments, but high-fidelity patient simulations (HFPS) may be a feasible platform. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine whether a group’s CT process could be observed over a series of HFPS. An instrument [Critical Thinking Skills Rating Instrument CTSRI)] was designed with the IDEAS framework. Fifteen groups of students participated in three HFPS that consisted of a basic knowledge quiz and introduction, HFPS session, and debriefing. HFPS were video recorded, and two raters reviewed and scored all HFPS encounters with the CTSRI independently. Interrater analysis suggested good reliability. There was a correlation between basic knowledge scores and three of the six observations on the CTSRI providing support for construct validity. The median CT ratings significantly increased for all observations between the groups’ first and last simulation. However, there were still large percentages of video ratings that indicated students needed substantial prompting during the HFPS. The data from this pilot study suggest that it is feasible to observe CT skills in HFPS using the CTSRI. Based on the findings from this study, we strongly recommend that first-year medical students be competent in basic knowledge of the relevant physiology of the HFPS before participating, to minimize the risk of a poor learning experience.
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Ghaleb, Atef M., Tamer M. Khalaf, Mohamed Z. Ramadan, Adham E. Ragab, and Ahmed Badwelan. "Effect of Cycling on a Stationary Bike While Performing Assembly Tasks on Human Physiology and Performance Parameters." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5 (March 8, 2020): 1761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051761.

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Objective: This study evaluated participants’ ability to assemble a computer keyboard while at a cycling workstation. Depending on task completion time, error percentage, and workload based on subjective workload ratings, subjective body discomfort, electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiographic (ECG) signals, human performances were compared at four different cycling conditions: no cycling, low level cycling (15 km/h), preferred level cycling, and high level cycling (25 km/h). Method: The experiment consisted of 16 participants. Each participant performed the test four times (each cycling condition) on different days. Results: The repeated measure test showed that the alpha and beta EEG signals were high during session times (post) when compared with session times (pre). Moreover, the mean interbeat (R-R) interval decreased after the participants performed the assembly while pedaling, possibly due to the physical effort of cycling. Conclusions: Pedaling had no significant effect on body discomfort ratings, task errors, or completion time.
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Becker, Daniel J., Katherine M. Talbott, Tara M. Smiley, Kerry L. Clark, Peter E. Sauer, and Ellen D. Ketterson. "Leukocyte profiles vary with breeding latitude and infection status in a seasonally sympatric songbird." Animal Migration 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ami-2019-0004.

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Abstract Billions of animals migrate annually in pursuit of food, safety, and reproduction. Long-distance migration can be energetically expensive, which can force tradeoffs with investment in other physiological systems (e.g., suppressing immunity). Understanding the physiological impacts of migration is important to predict when and where such animals may be vulnerable to parasites and how changes to migration might affect infectious disease risks. To isolate relationships between migration and physiology from energetic tradeoffs and hormonal shifts associated with spring reproduction, we assessed differences in leukocyte profiles between seasonally sympatric resident and recently arrived fall migrant dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) in the Appalachian Mountains. When examining heterophil:lymphocyte (HL) ratios, which can elevate for long durations after even mild stressors, we found weak associations with migratory strategy (resident or migrant subspecies). In contrast, feather δ2H values showed that HL ratios were highest for juncos breeding at more northern latitudes, and this relationship was strongest for birds that arrived at the overwintering site infected with haemosporidian parasites (Plasmodium and Haemoproteus spp.). These patterns were more pronounced and better indicated hematological responses to stressors when using multivariate analyses. Our findings suggest that short- and long-distance migration may be more energetically costly in the presence of infection and highlight how approximating breeding latitude and using multivariate analyses can help understand host physiology.
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Grice, A. M., N. R. Loneragan, and W. C. Dennison. "Light intensity and the interactions between physiology, morphology and stable isotope ratios in five species of seagrass." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 195, no. 1 (January 1996): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(95)00096-8.

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Rutherford, F. S., and E. W. B. Ward. "Evidence for genetic control of oospore abortion in Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 9 (September 1, 1985): 1671–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-231.

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Levels of oospore abortion were determined in nine physiologic races of the soybean pathogen Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea. In five of the races, ratios of aborted to nonaborted oospores conformed to classical Mendelian ratios, consistent with diploidy in this species. Levels of abortion differed among races, providing a basis for selection of lines with low levels of oospore abortion.
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45

Zhao, Dapeng, Zhuoyue Chen, and Baoguo Li. "Sex differences in anogenital distances and digit ratios in wild David’s rock squirrels Sciurotamias davidianus." Current Zoology 60, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.2.180.

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Abstract The prenatal hormonal environment plays an important role in organizing sex differences in the morphology, physiology and behavior of humans as well as other vertebrates. Currently, all related research on rodents has been focused on Myo-morpha. This study presents data on sex differences in the anogenital distance (AGD) and the ratio of the second to the fourth digit length (2D:4D) from 44 wild David’s rock squirrels Sciurotamias davidianus captured from the Qinling Mountains, China. This was the first study of a species from Sciuromorpha. The AGD as well as body mass are sexually dimorphic. There are no sex differences or lateral asymmetry in 2D:4D. Significant correlation was not found between AGD and 2D:4D for any paw. The findings indicate that 2D:4D may not be fixed or influenced by the prenatal steroidal environment in David’s rock squirrels.
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Maron, M. B. "Analysis of airway fluid protein concentration in neurogenic pulmonary edema." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 470–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.2.470.

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Intracisternal administration of veratrine (40 micrograms/kg) in the alpha-chloralose-anesthetized dog produces fulminant neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE). To determine whether the edema resulted from increased microvascular pressure or from increased permeability, the airway fluid-to-plasma protein (A/P) concentration ratios were compared for both total proteins and endogenous protein fractions of known molecular radii (37–114 A) from dogs with edema produced by either veratrine, alloxan (permeability edema), or combined left atrial pressure and volume overload (hemodynamic edema). High A/P ratios (0.98 +/- 0.05) were observed after alloxan administration, whereas lower values (0.54 +/- 0.04) were observed in hemodynamic edema. A/P ratios were observed after veratrine administration that formed a continuum (0.48–0.84) between these extremes. Veratrine animals with high overall A/P ratios exhibited elevated A/P ratios for all protein fractions, whereas animals with lower overall A/P ratios exhibited A/P protein fraction ratios similar to those observed in the hemodynamic group. These data indicate that both hemodynamic and increased permeability mechanisms may play a role to varying degrees in the development of this form of NPE.
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Xu, Xiuwen, Zonghang Zhang, Haoyu Guo, Jianguang Qin, and Xiumei Zhang. "Changes in Aggressive Behavior, Cortisol and Brain Monoamines during the Formation of Social Hierarchy in Black Rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii)." Animals 10, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): 2357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122357.

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Aggressive interactions can lead to a social hierarchy and influence the responses of animal behavior and physiology. However, our understanding on the changes of fish behavior and physiology during the process of social hierarchical formation is limited. To explore the responses of fish behavior and physiology to social hierarchy, we examined the differences in the growth performance, aggression, cortisol level, brain serotonergic activity, and brain dopamine activity between the dominant individuals and the subordinate individuals of black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) in two time scenarios. In the short-term contest, the cortisol level and the ratio of telencephalic 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)/5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was significantly higher in subordinate individuals than in dominant individuals. In the long-term contest, the ratios of 5-HIAA/5-HT in all brain regions were significantly higher, and the frequency of aggressive acts were significantly lower in subordinate individuals than in dominant individuals. In contrast, no difference was detected in growth performance. Significant positive correlations between the cortisol level and serotonergic activity were observed in the short-term contest, but the serotonergic activity was negatively correlated with the aggressive behavior in the long-term contest. These results suggest that subordinate hierarchy inhibits aggression but does not impact growth in black rockfish. The cortisol-related change in brain monoaminergic activity could be a potential indicator to predict aggressive behavior in black rockfish in captivity with an obvious social hierarchy.
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Ning, Z., K. Yu, Y. Wang, F. Wei, Z. Liao, B. Yang, C. Fang, R. Xia, X. Huang, and G. Song. "Effects of nutrient enrichment and skewed N:P ratios on physiology of scleractinian corals from Weizhou Island in the northern South China Sea." Marine Ecology Progress Series 682 (January 20, 2022): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13933.

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The availability of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) is crucial for maintaining coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis, whereas excess nutrients and skewed N:P ratios are often associated with coral reef decline. It is thus essential to understand the general patterns of species-specific as well as dose-dependent responses of corals to elevated nutrient concentrations and skewed N:P ratios. Here, we found that the impacts of nutrient enrichment on the corals Acropora millepora and Platygyra crosslandi from Weizhou Island, South China Sea, were highly dependent on nutrient dose, N:P ratios, and coral species. Moderate nutrient enrichment (N: 19-140 µmol l-1 and P: 0.5-1.5 µmol l-1) did not lead to bleaching of either coral species, but their metabolic processes (calcification, nutrient uptake, and dinitrogen fixation) were affected. More depleted δ13C and lower dinitrogen fixation rates of A. millepora than of P. crosslandi indicated that A. millepora was more vulnerable to the disturbance of nutrient enrichment. However, N:P ratios (±SD) as high as 106 ± 10 decreased the photosynthetic efficiency and nutrient uptake rates of P. crosslandi, indicating that this species may be vulnerable to high N:P ratios, although it was one of the dominant coral assemblages at Weizhou Island. The results provide an important basis for understanding coral reef degradation triggered by nutrients and a suggestion that coastal management should focus not only on the concentrations but also on the ratios of nutrients.
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Adams, JD, Ali I. Myatich, and Alexis S. McCullough. "Thirst as an ingestive behavior: A brief review on physiology and assessment." Nutrition and Health 26, no. 3 (April 16, 2020): 271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0260106020916972.

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Background: Thirst is a sensation normally aroused by a lack of water and associated with a desire to drink more fluid. Aim: The aims of this brief review are twofold: (a) to summarize the thirst mechanism in how it is initiated and diminished, and (b) to describe techniques to assess human thirst accurately in a variety of situations. Discussion: Thirst is maintained via a feedback-controlled mechanism, regulated by central and peripheral factors, as well as social and psychological cues. Most studies of thirst have focused on the initiation of water intake and the neural mechanisms responsible for this vital behavior. Less attention has been paid to the stimuli and mechanisms that terminate a bout of drinking and limit fluid ingestion, such as oropharyngeal and gastric signals, coupled with osmotic sensations. Thirst perception is typically assessed by subjective ratings using a variety of questionnaires, rankings, or visual analog scales. However, the appropriate perceptual tool may not always be used for the correct assessment of thirst perception. Conclusions: In considering the many factors involved in thirst arousal and inhibition, similar questions need to be considered for the correct assessment of this ingestive behavior.
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Wise, P. M. "Time-Intensity Ratings of Nasal Irritation from Carbon Dioxide." Chemical Senses 28, no. 9 (November 1, 2003): 751–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjg065.

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