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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ratites – Physiology

Academic literature on the topic 'Ratites – Physiology'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Ratites – Physiology"

1

Sales, James. "Digestive Physiology and Nutrition of Ratites." Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews 17, no. 3 (May 30, 2006): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/147020606783437912.

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Maloney, Shane K. "Thermoregulation in ratites: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 10 (2008): 1293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08142.

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Laboratory and free-ranging studies on the emu, ostrich and kiwi show ratites to be competent homeotherms. While body temperature and basal metabolic rate are lower in ratites than other birds, all of the thermoregulatory adaptations present in other birds are well established in ratites. The thermoneutral zone has been established for the emu and kiwi, and extends to 10°C. Below that zone, homeothermy is achieved via the efficient use of insulation and elevated metabolic heat production. In the heat, emus and ostriches increase respiratory evaporative water loss and use some cutaneous water loss. Respiratory alkalosis is avoided by reducing tidal volume. In severe heat, tidal volume increases, but the emu becomes hypoxic and hypocapnic, probably by altering blood flow to the parabronchi, resulting in ventilation/perfusion inhomogeneities. Ostriches are capable of uncoupling brain temperature from arterial blood temperature, a phenomenon termed selective brain cooling. This mechanism may modulate evaporative effector responses by manipulating hypothalamic temperature, as in mammals. The implications of thermal physiology for ratite production systems include elevated metabolic costs for homeothermy at low ambient temperature. However, the emu and ostrich are well adapted to high environmental temperatures.

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Varricchio, D. J., J. D. Hogan, and W. J. Freimuth. "Revisiting Russell’s troodontid: autecology, physiology, and speculative tool use1." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 58, no. 9 (September 2021): 796–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2020-0184.

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Dale Russell described the osteology, morphology, and ecology of the small theropod “Stenonychosaurus inequalis” in two papers, speculating on its life habits, brain power, vision, movement, feeding, and hand capabilities. Russell even pondered a tool-using dinosauroid, the hypothetical troodontid descendant if the lineage had survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. We revisit the life habits of the North American troodontids Troodon formosus and Latenivenatrix mcmasterae in part by reviewing various trace fossils of T. formosus discovered in Montana. These fossils include egg clutches, a nest, and recently discovered regurgitalites. We also contemplate the possibility of dinosaur tool use. Troodon likely constructed earthen nests in the same way that ratites and other birds did to create their nesting scrapes through backward hindlimb kicks. The more complex clutch architecture suggests dexterous movement of the eggs, potentially requiring manual manipulation. Functionally, reproductive traces support elevated body temperatures and a metabolic output that approach but do not equal that of modern birds. Brooding would require very high energy investment from the adult. The regurgitalites largely contain multi-individual aggregations of the marsupialiform Alphadon and support Russell’s hypotheses of troodontids as crepuscular to nocturnal, intelligent, small game hunters with elevated metabolism and enhanced vision. Tool use in a few crocodilians and widely among extant birds suggests a reasonable possibility of this behavior in nonavian dinosaurs. Whether an avian-comparable encephalization quotient and freed forelimbs would make North American troodontids good candidates for exhibiting such behavior remains an open and speculative question. However, given the minimal modification made to tools by modern archosaurs, recognition of fossil tools poses a challenging problem.

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Phillips, Polly K., and Allen F. Sanborn. "An infrared, thermographic study of surface temperature in three ratites: ostrich, emu and double-wattled cassowary." Journal of Thermal Biology 19, no. 6 (December 1994): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4565(94)90042-6.

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Maina, John N., and Christopher Nathaniel. "A qualitative and quantitative study of the lung of an ostrich,Struthio camelus." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 13 (July 1, 2001): 2313–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.13.2313.

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SUMMARYThe ostrich lung, with its lack of interparabronchial septa, the presence of very shallow atria and exceptional morphometric refinement, structurally resembles those of small, energetic flying birds, whereas it also displays features characteristic of the flightless ratites in which the neopulmo is relatively poorly developed and a segmentum accelerans may be generally lacking. The large size of the bronchial system of the ostrich may help explain the unique shifts in the airflow pathways that must occur from resting to panting breathing, explaining its insensitivity to acid–base imbalance of the blood during sustained panting under thermal stress. The mass-specific volume of the lung is 39.1 cm3kg−1 and the volume density of the exchange tissue is remarkably high (78.31%). The blood–gas (tissue) barrier is relatively thick (0.56μm) but the plasma layer is very thin (0.14μm). In this flightless ratite bird, the mass-specific surface area of the tissue barrier (30.1 cm2g−1), the mass-specific anatomical diffusing capacity of the tissue barrier for oxygen (0.0022mlO2s−1Pa−1kg−1), the mass-specific volume of pulmonary capillary blood (6.25 cm3kg−1) and the mass-specific total anatomical diffusing capacity for oxygen (0.00073mlO2s−1Pa−1kg−1) are equivalent to or exceed those of much smaller highly aerobic volant birds. The distinctive morphological and morphometric features that seem to occur in the ostrich lung may explain how it achieves and maintains high aerobic capacities and endures long thermal panting without experiencing respiratory alkalosis.

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Gilbert, Donald L., David A. Huddleston, Steve W. Wu, Ernest V. Pedapati, Paul S. Horn, Kathryn Hirabayashi, Deanna Crocetti, Eric M. Wassermann, and Stewart H. Mostofsky. "Motor cortex inhibition and modulation in children with ADHD." Neurology 93, no. 6 (July 17, 2019): e599-e610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000007899.

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ObjectiveCompared to typically developing (TD) peers, children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) consistently demonstrate impaired transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-evoked short interval cortical inhibition (SICI) of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in resting motor cortex (M1). To determine whether perturbed M1 physiology also reflects clinically relevant behavioral dysfunction, we evaluated M1 physiology during a cognitive control task taxing motor response selection/inhibition.MethodsIn this case-control study, behavioral ratings, motor skill (assessed using standardized examination), and left M1 physiology were evaluated in 131 right-handed, 8- to 12-year-old children (66 ADHD: mean 10.5 years, 43 male; 65 TD: mean 10.6 years, 42 male). The primary outcomes were MEP amplitudes and SICI, evaluated during rest and during a modified “racecar” Slater-Hammel stop signal reaction task, with TMS pulses administered 150 ms prior to the target go action and after the dynamic stop cue.ResultsGo responses were significantly slower (p = 0.01) and more variable (p = 0.002) in ADHD. Children with ADHD showed less M1 SICI at rest (p = 0.02) and during go (p = 0.03) and stop trials (p = 0.02). Rest M1 excitability increased during response inhibition task engagement (p < 0.0001). This Task-Related Up-Modulation (TRUM) was less robust across and within groups, with diminished task upmodulation associated with significantly more severe ADHD behavioral ratings and slower stop signal reaction times.ConclusionChildren with ADHD show anomalous motor cortex physiology, with deficient SICI across behavioral states and less TRUM from rest to action selection. Associations of these physiologic measures with ADHD symptoms and cognitive control measures support further investigation into biological mechanisms.

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Carter, Leslie E., Daniel W. McNeil, Kevin E. Vowles, John T. Sorrell, Cynthia L. Turk, Barry J. Ries, and Derek R. Hopko. "Effects of Emotion on Pain Reports, Tolerance and Physiology." Pain Research and Management 7, no. 1 (2002): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2002/426193.

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The effects of specific emotional states on a laboratory pain task were tested by examining the behavioural, verbal and psychophysiological responses of 80 student volunteers (50% female). Participants were assigned to one of four Velten-style emotion-induction conditions (ie, anxiety, depression, elation or neutral). The sexes of experimenters were counterbalanced. Overt escape behaviour (ie, pain tolerance), pain threshold and severity ratings, verbal reports of emotion and physiological measures (ie, electrocardiogram, corrugator and trapezium electromyogram) were recorded. A pressure pain task was given before and after the emotion induction. As predicted, those who participated in the anxiety or depression condition showed reduced pain tolerance after induction of these negative emotions; pain severity ratings became most pronounced in the depression condition. Emotion induction did not have a discernable effect on pain tolerance or severity ratings in the elation condition. A pattern of participant and experimenter sex effects, as well as trials effects, was seen in the physiological data. The influence of negative affective states (ie, anxiety and depression) on acute pain are discussed along with the unique contributions of behavioural, verbal and physiological response systems in understanding the interactions of pain and emotions.

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Dilly, Oliver. "Ratios of microbial biomass estimates to evaluate microbial physiology in soil." Biology and Fertility of Soils 42, no. 3 (July 12, 2005): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00374-005-0021-1.

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Brouwer, Anne-Marie, Maarten A. Hogervorst, Jan B. F. van Erp, Marc Grootjen, Elsbeth van Dam, and Elizabeth H. Zandstra. "Measuring cooking experience implicitly and explicitly: Physiology, facial expression and subjective ratings." Food Quality and Preference 78 (December 2019): 103726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.103726.

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Taniguchi, S., F. A. Neefhling, R. Oriol, T. Kobayashis, Y. Ye, M. Niekrasz, L. Peters, S. Kosanke, E. Koren, and D. K. C. Cooper. "Ratites (ostrich, emu) as potential heart donors for humans: Immunologic, anatomic, and physiologic considerations." Xenotransplantation 3, no. 3 (August 1996): 252–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3089.1996.tb00145.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ratites – Physiology"

1

Buckley, John Paul. "Ratings of perceived exertion and pain in the assessment and prescription of exercise." Thesis, Keele University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269175.

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Baldwin, G. "Isokinetic force ratios, muscle function and anaerobic performance of the knee extensors and flexors." Thesis, Bangor University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273567.

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Suttle, Curtis Arnold. "Effects of nutrient patchiness and N:P supply ratios on the ecology and physiology of freshwater phytoplankton." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27547.

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Laboratory and field experiments examined several aspects of the interaction of freshwater phytoplankton species and plankton communities with nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient resources. The laboratory studies focused on the following three main areas: 1) effects of nutrient 'patchiness' on phytoplankton community structure; 2) kinetics of phosphate (PO₄⁻³ ) and ammonium (NH₄⁺) uptake of phytoplankton grown under non-steady-state but limiting rates of nutrient supply; 3) the effect of different N:P supply ratios on phytoplankton NH₄⁺ and PO₄⁻³ uptake kinetics and community structure. Nutrient 'patchiness' was simulated by altering the frequency of nutrient addition to cultures. Under conditions of infrequent addition (once per 18 days) dominance shifted to a larger species, and the average cell size of another species increased. Observations of PO₄⁻³ uptake kinetics were not consistent with most other studies where kinetics were determined under steady-state conditions. With respect to PO₄⁻³, the duration over which maximum uptake rates were sustained was species specific. There was a short lag before maximum uptake rates were realized, and whether maximum uptake rates occurred at the lowest or at intermediate dilution rates depended on the time scale over which the uptake measurements were made. NH₄⁺ uptake rates were found to be greatly enhanced during the first few minutes of uptake. When natural plankton assemblages were grown under N:P supply ratios of 5:1, 15:1 and 45:1 (by atoms), the treatments selected for different competitive dominants. An N:P ratio of 45:1 resulted in total dominance by Synechococcus sp.; cultures grown under 5:1 and 15:1 supply ratios were dominated by Synedra radians, Nitzschia holsatica and Scenedesmus sp. NH₄⁺ and PO₄⁻³ uptake kinetics were not the same in cultures grown under different supply ratios, and ratios of saturated PO₄⁻³ to NH₄⁺ uptake rates were a good indicator of the N:P supply ratio under which the cultures were grown. This relationship was used to derive an index termed the Relative Field investigations were conducted on an oligotrophic coastal lake. NH₄⁺ and PO₄⁻³ uptake rates of size fractionated plankton (< and > 3 um), at a range of substrate concentrations, revealed that a large portion of the total uptake (50-90 % and 65-85 % for NH₄⁺ and PO₄⁻³, respectively) was attributable to cells in the < 3 um fraction. In addition, saturating PO₄⁻³, uptake rates of the > 3 um cells were less sensitive to incubation time than smaller cells. The ratio of saturated PO₄⁻³ to NH₄⁺ uptake rates were consistent with nutrient bioassay experiments, and indicated that N:P supply ratios in the lake were in the range where both N and P could be limiting to phytoplankton growth.
Science, Faculty of
Botany, Department of
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Seguro, Requejo Maria Isabel. "Shelf-sea gross and net production estimates from triple oxygen isotopes and oxygen-argon ratios in relation with phytoplankton physiology." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2017. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/69374/.

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Shelf seas represent only 10 % of the ocean area, but support 30 % of oceanic primary production. There are few measurements of biological production at high spatial and temporal resolution in such physically dynamic systems. Here, I use dissolved oxygento- argon (O2/Ar) ratios and triple oxygen isotopes (δ(17O), δ(18O)) to estimate net and gross biological production seasonally in the Celtic Sea between summer 2014 and summer 2015, as part of the NERC Shelf-Sea Biogeochemistry programme. O2/Ar was measured continuously using a shipboard membrane inlet mass spectrometer. Discrete water samples from hydrocasts were used to measure O2/Ar, δ(17O) and δ(18O) depth profiles. The data were combined with wind-speed based gas exchange parameterisations to calculate biological air-sea oxygen fluxes. These fluxes were corrected for non-steady state and diapycnal diffusion to give net community production (N(O2/Ar)) and gross O2 production (G(17O)). N(O2/Ar) was highest in spring at (33±41) mmol m-2 d-1, and G(17O) was highest in summer at (494±370) mmol m-2 d-1, while autumn was net heterotrophic with N(O2/Ar) = (–14±28) mmol m-2 d-1. During spring, biological production was spatially heterogeneous, highlighting the importance of high resolution biological production measurements. The ratio of N(O2/Ar) to G(17O), ƒ(O2), was highest in spring at 0.18±0.03 corresponding to 0.34±0.06 in carbon equivalents; about 0.05 in summer and < 0 in autumn/winter. Statistical measurement uncertainties increase when terms other than air-sea exchange fluxes are included in the calculations. Additionally, electron transfer rate derived from fast repetition rate fluorometry measurements was compared with G(17O), but no simple relationship was found. This study characterised the seasonal biological patterns in production rates and shows that the Celtic Sea is a net carbon sink in spring and summer. Such measurements can help reconcile the differences between satellite and in situ productivity estimates, and improve our understanding of the biological carbon pump.

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HARNISH, CHRISTOPHER R. "Comparison of Two Different Sprint Interval Training Work-to-Rest Ratios on Acute Metabolic and Inflammatory Responses." VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3565.

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High intensity exercise is believed to yield greater results on health and human performance than moderate intensity exercise. Extensive research indicates that not only do high-intensity interval training (HIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) produce significant improvements in cardiovascular fitness and disease, they may be more effective at improving long-term metabolic function, including insulin sensitivity (Si), by producing more mitochondria. Moreover, compliance rates for HIT and SIT participation are reported to be the same or better than traditional moderate intensity exercise. Because lack of time is often cited as major hindrance to exercise participation, SIT is also seen as a time efficient option to improve health and performance. It does appear, however, that repeated sessions of SIT are needed before overall improvements can be measured. SIT protocols employing maximal 30 sec sprints with ~5 min rest [a 1:9 work-to-rest ratio (W:R)], have garnered much of the research focus, while those using minimal rest periods, like Tabata which uses 20 sec sprints and 10 sec rest (2:1 W:R), have been ignored. This may omit a possible SIT option that could influence acute and chronic adaptations. The role of inflammatory cytokines on Si remains an area of continued research. While endurance exercise is thought to create an overall anti-inflammatory environment that stimulates improvement in Si, SIT is often viewed as pro-inflammatory. However, few studies have provided significant insight into cytokine release following SIT, and none haveexplored its impact on Si. In addition, the impact of W:R on cytokine remains speculative at best. Therefore, the examination of the effect of different sprint protocols of similar total work (kJ) on performance, metabolic function, and inflammatory response may provide valuable insight into these adaptive processes.

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McMath, Arden Lee. "Associations Between Physical Activity Level and Adiponectin/Leptin Ratios in Older Adults." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1556816283317575.

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Xia, Yang. "Impact of varying NH₄⁺˸NO₃⁻ ratios in nutrient solution on C-isotope composition of leaf- and root-respired CO₂ and putative respiratory substrates in C₃ plants." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS222.

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La composition isotopique (¹³C/¹²C) du CO₂ respiré par les feuilles et les racines dans l'obscurité et celle des substrats respiratoires putatifs, y compris les sucres solubles et les acides organiques (malate et citrate), l'activité de la PEPc ainsi que les échanges gazeux des feuilles ont été déterminés sur le haricot (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) et l’épinards (Spinacia oleracea L.) cultivés dans du sable avec différents rapports NH₄⁺: NO₃⁻ dans N fourni. Le CO₂ respiré par les feuilles était enrichi en ¹³C sous NO₃⁻ s’appauvrissant progressivement avec l’augmentation de la fraction de NH₄⁺ dans le N fourni, tandis que la composition isotopique du CO₂ issu de la respiration des racines restait inchangée quel que soit le rapport NH₄⁺: NO₃⁻. Nous avons suggéré qu'une plus grande quantité de pools enrichis en ¹³C fixés par la PEPc via la voie anaplérotique contribuait à la respiration foliaire sous NO₃⁻. Cependant, un effet similaire dans les racines attendu sous NH₄⁺ a été masqué en raison d'une refixation (par la PEPc) du CO₂ respiré (appauvrie en ¹³C). De manière inattendue, les modifications de la composition isotopique du C des métabolites individuels, leurs quantités, ainsi que l'activité de l’enzyme PEPc, présentaient des profils différents entre les deux espèces étudiées. Des expériences de double marquage (¹³C et ¹⁵N) sont nécessaires pour mieux comprendre l’impact de la plasticité métabolique du TCA sur l’écart isotopique entre le malate et le citrate et sur la composition isotopique du CO₂ respiré chez différentes espèces sous différentes formes d’azote
C-isotope composition of leaf- and root-respired CO₂ in the dark and that of putative respiratory substrates including soluble sugars and organic acids (malate and citrate), PEPc activity, as well as leaf gas exchanges were determined on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) plants grown in sand with varying ratios of NH₄⁺: NO₃⁻ in supplied N. Leaf-respired CO₂ was ¹³C enriched under NO₃⁻ nutrition and became progressively ¹³C depleted with increasing amount of NH₄⁺ in supplied N, while C-isotope composition of root-respired CO₂ remained unchanged across N-type gradient. We suggested that a higher amount of ¹³C enriched C-pools fixed by PEPc through anaplerotic pathway contributed to respired CO₂ in leaves under NO₃⁻ nutrition. However, a similar effect in roots expected under NH4+ nutrition was masked because of a rather ¹³C depleted C source (respired CO₂) refixation by PEPc. Unexpectedly, the changes in C-isotope composition of individual metabolites and their amounts as well as PEPc activity exhibited different patterns between the two species. Double labelling experiments (¹³C and ¹⁵N) are needed for better understanding the impact of metabolic plasticity of TCA on isotopic gap between malate and citrate and on C-isotope composition of respired CO₂ in different species under varying N-type nutrition

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Negrao, Bianca Lee. "Autonomic correlates at rest and during evoked attention in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and effects of sympathomimetic medication." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07072009-163036/.

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Books on the topic "Ratites – Physiology"

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Glatz, P. C., Christine Lunam, and Irek Malecki. The welfare of farmed ratites. Berlin: Springer, 2011.

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Donker, J. D. Prediction of available energy in dairy cow rations from dietary fiber. [St. Paul, Minn.]: Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Minnesota, 1988.

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Glatz, Phil, Christine Lunam, and Irek Malecki. Welfare of Farmed Ratites. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, 2013.

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Glatz, Phil, Christine Lunam, and Irek Malecki. The Welfare of Farmed Ratites. Springer, 2011.

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Effects of dehydration on ratings of perceived exertion at the lactate and ventilatory thresholds. 1990.

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M, Marriott Bernadette, and Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Military Nutrition Research., eds. Food components to enhance performance: An evaluation of potential performance-enhancing food components for operational rations. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1994.

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Marriott, Bernadette M. Food Components to Enhance Performance: An Evaluation of Potential Performance-Enhancing Food Components for Operational Rations. National Academy Press, 1994.

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Effects of dehydration on ratings of perceived exertion at the lactate and ventilatory thresholds. 1992.

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National Academy of Sciences U.S. Mineral Requirements for Military Personnel: Levels Needed for Cognitive and Physical Performance During Garrison Training. National Academies Press, 2006.

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Mineral Requirements for Military Personnel: Levels Needed for Cognitive and Physical Performance During Garrison Training. National Academies Press, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ratites – Physiology"

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Buckley, John P., and Roger Eston. "Ratings of perceived exertion." In Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines, 111–20. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003045267-21.

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Buckley, John, and Roger Eston. "Ratings of perceived exertion." In Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines: Volume I – Sport Testing, 96–105. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003045281-19.

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Gessler, Arthur, and Juan Pedro Ferrio. "Postphotosynthetic Fractionation in Leaves, Phloem and Stem." In Stable Isotopes in Tree Rings, 381–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92698-4_13.

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AbstractStable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) in organic matter convey important integrated and (if assessed in the tree ring archive) dateable information on plant physiology and related environmental drivers. While the generation of the δ13C signal in the primary assimilates in the leaves via photosynthetic carbon isotope fractionation is well understood, we still lack detailed knowledge of the processes that determine the isotopic fractionation in downstream processes in the leaves and during the transport in the stem, which in turn affect δ13C in the tree-ring archive. We here provide an update on processes that drive post-carboxylationcarbon isotope fractionation in the leaves, on potential changes in δ13C related to phloem loading and transport and we also discuss the role of stem CO2 fluxes (bark photosynthesis, stem respiration and CO2 fixation by phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase). Moreover, we address the impact of carbon storage and remobilization on the intra-annual variation of δ13C in tree rings. Finally, we point to the potential importance of the intra-molecularcarbon isotope distribution in carbohydrates for tree ring δ13C and its relation to shifts in metabolic pathways.

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Siegwolf, Rolf T. W., Martine M. Savard, Thorsten E. E. Grams, and Steve Voelker. "Impact of Increasing CO2, and Air Pollutants (NOx, SO2, O3) on the Stable Isotope Ratios in Tree Rings." In Stable Isotopes in Tree Rings, 675–710. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92698-4_24.

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AbstractAnthropogenic activities such as industrialization, land use change and intensification of agriculture strongly contribute to changes in the concentrations of atmospheric trace gases. Carbon dioxide (CO2), oxidized N compounds(NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ozone(O3) have particularly significant impacts on plant physiology. CO2, the substrate for plant photosynthesis, is in the focus of interest as the ambiguous effect of its increasing concentration is controversially discussed. Is its increase beneficial for plants or are plants non-responsive? NOx, a product of combustion and lightning, can have either fertilizing or toxic effects depending on the concentration and form. This is also the case for reduced forms of nitrogen(NHy), which are mostly emitted from agricultural and industrial activities. In combination CO2and N compounds can have a fertilizing effect. SO2 and ground-level O3 are mostly phytotoxic, depending on their concentrations, daily and seasonal exposure dynamics, and tree health condition. Elevated concentrations of both substances arise from industrial combustion processes and car emissions. All of the above-mentioned gaseous compounds affect plant metabolism in their specific ways and to different degrees. This impacts the isotope fractionation leaving specific fingerprints in the C, O, (H) and N isotope ratios of organic matter. In this chapter we will show how the impact of increasing CO2 and air pollutants are reflected in the isotopic ratios of tree rings. Increasing CO2 shows a considerable variation in responses of δ13C and to a minor degree in δ18O. Ozone and SO2 exposure cause an overall increase of the δ13C values in tree rings and a slight decrease in δ18O, mimicking an increase in net photosynthesis (AN) and to a minor degree in stomatal conductance (gs). However, directly measured AN and gs values show the opposite, which does not always correspond with the isotope derived gas exchange data. NO2 concentration as it is found near highly frequented freeways or industrial plants causes an increase of δ13C while δ18O decreases. This indicates an increase in both AN and gs, which corresponds well with directly measured gas exchange data. Thus the air quality situation must be taken in consideration for the interpretation of isotope values in tree rings.

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Madigan, Daniel J., Oliver N. Shipley, and Nigel E. Hussey. "Applying isotopic clocks to identify prior migration patterns and critical habitats in mobile marine predators." In Conservation Physiology, 69–86. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843610.003.0005.

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Large-scale migrations present challenges to management of exploited or at-risk marine species. Our understanding of predator movements has greatly improved, but data are often inadequate to understand patterns on population scales. The chemical composition of predator tissues, most often stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen (δ‎¹³C and δ‎¹⁵N), provides markers of movement as predators incorporate discrete regional isotopic signatures throughout their migratory pathways. These signals can be analysed from small quantities of various tissues (e.g. muscle, liver, blood, hair, feathers) all of which provide different timescales of movement. Predator physiology mediates the assimilation and turnover rates of stable isotopes in tissues, providing a temporal element to interpretation of predator isotopic signatures. Combining physiology-mediated isotopic turnover rates and geographic ‘isoscapes’ of regional isotopic gradients allows for isotopic clock estimates of predator migration timing, which can be used to generate population-scale estimates of retrospective movements using large datasets across targeted regions and sampling periods. This allows for improved regional and international management and conservation of mobile species across their migratory ranges.

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Bondy, Elizabeth Canlas, and Martha S. Hunter. "Sex ratios in the haplodiploid herbivores, Aleyrodidae and Thysanoptera: A review and tools for study." In Advances in Insect Physiology, 251–81. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.aiip.2019.01.002.

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Pavlatou, Maria G., Monica C. Skarulis, Kasey C. Vickers, Alan T. Remaley, Rana Malek, Sudhir Varma, Philip W. Gold, and Tomoshige Kino. "Basal AM Cortisol Levels as Well as AM/PM Cortisol Ratios Are Negatively Correlated with mRNA Expression of the Key Molecules for Inflammatory Reaction or Metabolic Activities in Fat Tissues of Normocortisolemic Obese Subjects." In BASIC/TRANSLATIONAL - Glucocorticoid Disease & Physiology, P3–511—P3–511. The Endocrine Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo-meetings.2011.part4.p5.p3-511.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ratites – Physiology"

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Giles, J. W., L. M. Ferreira, G. S. Athwal, and J. A. Johnson. "Validation of a Novel In-Vitro Simulator for Real-Time Control of Active Shoulder Movements in Various Planes of Motion." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14067.

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In-vitro simulation of active shoulder joint motion is critical to gaining an understanding of the effects of surgical procedures and implant designs. However, development of systems for the accurate simulation of active shoulder motion has lagged well behind those implemented for the lower limb and elbow, which have used principles of closed-loop joint angle control 1,4. In contrast, active shoulder motion has been confined to simulators that can hold static joint angles through the application of loads based on computer model outputs 2, or that use constant velocity of the middle deltoid while using open-loop control to apportion other muscle loads as a function of a-priori physiologic loading ratios 3. Neither of these schemes utilizes real-time feedback of kinematic data in order to follow smooth, predefined profiles. The lack of more refined shoulder simulators, based on control theory, can primarily be attributed to the complexity of shoulder motion and the number of degrees of freedom (DOFs) ( i.e. plane of abduction, abduction angle, and axial rotation) which must be controlled.

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Amirouche, Farid, Mark Gonzalez, Wayne Goldstein, Adam Derhake, Barbara Dudas, and Madhuri Tanushri. "Computer Modeling of the Patellofemoral Joint Instability: Patella Inherent Geometry Influence on Stress and Loading." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206885.

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Despite a large range of surgical options, treatment of patellofemoral instability continues to be a challenging clinical problem. Currently, there have been a number of computer models developed to try and better define the stabilizing forces about the patellofemoral joint. However, most of these studies have focused on patellofemoral contact pressures, omitting evaluation of patellar stability in the first 30° of knee flexion. The purpose of this study was to reconstruct a pathologic and normative patellar shape within a computer model based on previously described morphologic ratios. We then applied physiologic force vectors to each patellar shape and calculated the stress and moment about each. We hypothesized that individuals with a pathologic patellar shape would have internal stress and moments about the patella which could predispose them to instability. We found that there were significant differences in patterns of stress, strain, and internal displacement about the control and study patellar shapes. This study suggests that a change of patellar shape could have significant effects on the stresses and moments about the patella. Future studies in which calculations of moments could be performed on a series of control and study patellar groups could further define this difference. Dynamic simulations of the control and study patellar shapes could also visually demonstrate the difference in patellar translation. In the future, the results of patellofemoral modeling could be applied to individual patients to more accurately detail an individual treatment plan.

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Brown, Stephanie, Peioneti Lam, John Christopher, Richard Goodenough, Jose Villa, Victoria Bode, and K. Blake Mitchell. "A Novel Methodology for Evaluating Military Teamwork and Team Marksmanship Performance." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001899.

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Marksmanship has been a key metric in evaluating total Soldier performance. While marksmanship assessment is typically done at the individual level, marksmanship performance is heavily embedded in team tasks and battle drills. Thus, an objectively measured and operationally-based assessment is needed to characterize teamwork in marksmanship tasks, as well as evaluate its impact on team marksmanship performance. This study was a proof-of-concept trial conducted during a 72-hour mission field study, using 39 active-duty male, infantry Soldiers. Thirteen 3-person teams completed a 6-minute scenario that simulated rapidly escalating firing engagement. The teams conducted a planning session to develop strategies for mission accomplishment prior to scenario start. At mission start, the team was situated in the center of a circle of 28 target light emitting diode (LED) displays, which they were required to cover and engage. The target LED displays were in one of three states (dark, non-threat, or threat), each represented by a pattern created by the research team. The scenario was split into six ~60-80 second segments, differing in number of targets presented, target identities (non-threat or threat), as well as density of targets displayed per sector. On-weapon and body sensor data was used to calculate team marksmanship performance (i.e., probability of target hits, probability of threat targets engaged). Additional teamwork data were gathered from observer ratings of teams’ communication and coordination during the scenario, and post-session questionnaires. To evaluate the effects of scenario segment, sector strategy, and communication strategy on team marksmanship performance, two 6x2x2 mixed analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were conducted with scenario segment as the within-subjects variable, and sector strategy (implicit or explicit) and communication strategy (plan or no plan) as the between-subjects variables. Team marksmanship performance outcomes included a team’s probability of hit, p(hit), and ratio of targets engaged, p(engage). Both marksmanship variables revealed significant main effects of segment, p<.001, where performance degraded as the scenario progressed. Additionally, p(hit) had a main effect of sector strategy, where those who used the external environment cues for sectoring (i.e., explicit) resulted in a higher probability of hit as compared to those who used teammate relative positions (i.e., implicit), p=.02. Team communication was trending towards significance, where having a communication plan resulted in lower p(hit), p=.07. For p(hit), there was also a three-way interaction between communication strategy, sector strategy, and segment, p<.01, where teams without a strategy performed more consistently in their shooting across the segments if they had an externally driven sector strategy (i.e., explicit), but performed just the same as those with a communication plan if they had an internally driven sectoring strategy (i.e., implicit). These results suggest that this methodology can not only characterize individual marksmanship skills but is beneficial to assessing team performance across operationally-based scenarios representing escalating short-term engagements and measuring the effects of team variables. However, our proof-of-concept analysis was limited by sample size and future development will strive to increase the number of teams participating. Additionally, future versions of this methodology will incorporate additional metrics of communication, physiology, and decision making.

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