Books on the topic 'Rationality of group'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Rationality of group.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 books for your research on the topic 'Rationality of group.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse books on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Nicholas, Rescher, ed. Reason and rationality in natural science: A group of essays. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1985.
Find full text
2
M, Grauer, Thompson M. 1937-, and Wierzbicki Andrzej 1937-, eds. Plural rationality and interactive decision processes: Proceedings of an IIASA (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis) Summer Study on Plural Rationality and Interactive Decision Processes, held at Sopron, Hungary, August 12-16, 1984. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985.
Find full text
3
van Um, Eric. Evaluating the Political Rationality of Terrorist Groups. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-11539-5.
Full text
4
Gilbert, Margaret. Living together: Rationality, sociality, and obligation. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1996.
Find full text
5
Salcedo, Américo Meza. Racionalidad e irracionalidad en la cotidianidad del sujeto. Edited by Sota Sulca Ricardo. Huancayo: Taller de Estudios Sociológicos, 2006.
Find full text
6
Khan-Magomedov, S. O. U istokov formirovanii͡a︡ ASNOVA i OSA: Dve arkhitekturnye gruppy INKhUKa. Moskva: Architectura, 1994.
Find full text
7
1926-, Coleman James Samuel, and Fararo Thomas J, eds. Rational choice theory: Advocacy and critique. Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1992.
Find full text
8
Sarkar, Husain. Group Rationality in Scientific Research. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2011.
Find full text
9
Sarkar, Husain. Group Rationality in Scientific Research. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Find full text
10
Sarkar, Husain. Group Rationality in Scientific Research. Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Find full text
11
Sarkar, Husain. Group Rationality in Scientific Research. Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Find full text
12
Sarkar, Husain. Group Rationality in Scientific Research. Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Find full text
13
Sarkar, Husain. Group Rationality in Scientific Research. Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Find full text
14
Elster and Hyllard. Foundations of Social Choice Theory (Studies in Rationality and Social Change). Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Find full text
15
Proust, Joëlle. Consensus as an Epistemic Norm for Group Acceptance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801764.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
What are the propositional attitude(s) involved in collective epistemic agency? There are two opposing camps on this question: the ascribers have defended an extended notion of belief, while the rejectionists have claimed that groups form goal-sensitive acceptances. Addressing this question, however, requires providing responses to four preliminary queries. (1) Are group attitudes reducible to the participants’ attitudes? (2) Is epistemic evaluation sensitive to instrumental considerations? (3) Does accepting that p entail believing that p? (4) Is there a unity of epistemic rationality across levels? Both “believing” and “accepting as true”, as applied to plural subjects, fail to provide satisfactory answers to these four queries. An alternative analysis for epistemic group attitude called “accepting under consensus” is proposed. This attitude is shown to reflect actual group agency, and to offer consistent and independently justified answers to the queries. On this analysis, an individualist epistemology cannot simply be transferred to collective agents.
16
Hoshi, Akinari, and Aiichi Yamasaki. Rationality Problem for Algebraic Tori. American Mathematical Society, 2017.
Find full text
17
Um, Eric van. Evaluating the Political Rationality of Terrorist Groups. Springer VS, 2015.
Find full text
18
Um, Eric van. Evaluating the Political Rationality of Terrorist Groups. Springer Vieweg. in Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, 2015.
Find full text
19
Livermore, Michael A., and Richard L. Revesz. Reviving Rationality. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197539446.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Reviving Rationality: Saving Cost-Benefit Analysis for the Sake of the Environment and Our Health explains how Donald Trump destabilized the decades-long bipartisan consensus that federal agencies must base their decisions on evidence, expertise, and analysis. Administrative agencies are charged by law with protecting values like stable financial markets and clean air. Their decisions often have profound consequences, affecting everything from the safety of workplaces to access to the dream of home ownership. Under the Trump administration, agencies have been hampered in their ability to advance these missions by the conflicting ideological whims of a changing cast of political appointees and overwhelming pressure from well-connected interest groups. Inconvenient evidence has been ignored, experts have been sidelined, and analysis has been used to obscure facts rather than inform the public. The results are grim: incoherent policy, social division, defeats in court, a demoralized federal workforce, and a loss of faith in government’s ability to respond to pressing problems. This experiment in abandoning the norms of good governance has been a disaster. Reviving Rationality explains how and why our government has abandoned rationality in recent years, and why it is so important for future administrations to restore rigorous and even-handed cost-benefit analysis if we are to return to a policymaking approach that effectively tackles the most pressing problems of our era.
20
Doris, John M., and Shaun Nichols. Broad-Minded: Sociality and the Cognitive Science of Morality. Edited by Eric Margolis, Richard Samuels, and Stephen P. Stich. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195309799.013.0018.
Full textAbstract:
The article gives an overview on the concept of individualism in cognitive science. Individualism maintains that optimal human reasoning is substantially asocial, and therefore implies that sociality does not facilitate, and may impede, reasoning. The cognitive science of morality very frequently proceeds with individualist assumptions. The individualist may allow that normal development requires sociality, but deny that optimal reasoning in mature individuals requires it. The optimal cognitive functioning is both developed and sustained through sociality. The optimal exercise of rationality is a socially embedded process. It means that sociality is not just a precondition of rationality, but that even among those with normal cognitive functioning, the optimal exercise of rationality typically occurs as part of a social process. The sociality has a significant role in substantial cognitive achievement, such as scientific and technological discovery. A large body of research indicates that motivation plays a crucial role in reasoning. The optimal human reasoning is substantially asocial, and sociality is necessary for the development of optimal reasoning. The sociality is necessary for the sustenance of optimal reasoning, and for the transmission of information. One important feature of group interactions is that they are likely to induce emotional responses. Many familiar emotions such as anger, guilt, and sympathy are characteristically triggered by cues in social interaction.
21
Gilbert, Margaret. Living Together: Rationality, Sociality, and Obligation. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 1996.
Find full text
22
Panzironi, Francesca. Networks. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.270.
Full textAbstract:
A network may refer to “a group of interdependent actors and the relationships among them,” or to a set of nodes linked by a web of interdependencies. The concept of networks has its origins in earlier philosophical and sociological ideas such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s “general will” and Émile Durkheim’s “social facts”, which adressed social and political communities and how decisions are mediated and ideas are structured within them. Networks encompass a wide range of theoretical interpretations and critical applications across different disciplines, including governance networks, policy networks, public administration networks, social movement networks, intergovernmental networks, social networks, trade networks, computer networks, information networks, and neural networks. Governance networks have been proposed as alternative pluricentric governance models representing a new form of negotiated governance based on interdependence, negotiation and trust. Such networks differ from the competitive market regulation and state hierarchical control in three aspects: the relationship between the actors, decision-making processes, and compliance. The decision-making processes within governance networks are founded on a reflexive rationality rather than the “procedural rationality” which characterizes the competitive market regulation and the “substantial rationality” which underpins authoritative state regulation. Network theory has proved especially useful for scholars in positing the existence of loosely defined and informal webs of experts or advocates that can have a real and substantial influence on international relations discourse and policy. Two examples of the use of network theory in action are transnational advocacy networks and epistemic communities.
23
Mauck, Nathan. Behavioral Aspects of Portfolio Investments. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190269999.003.0021.
Full textAbstract:
Investors are inextricably linked to financial institutions, money managers, and the products they market. Mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), hedge funds, and pension funds manage or hold roughly $55 trillion in combined wealth. This chapter examines these topics with a behavioral finance approach, focusing on two main ideas: the performance and rationality of each group, and the behavioral biases that relate to individuals’ selection of particular investments within each group. Research indicates that actively managed mutual funds and hedge funds underperform passive investments. Pension funds generate alpha of roughly zero on a risk-adjusted basis. The fees involved in investing in such funds exacerbate the observed underperformance in mutual funds and hedge funds. Behavioral biases provide one perspective on sources of underperformance. Further, individuals exhibit a wide range of behavioral biases that may lead to suboptimal asset allocation, including the selection of mutual funds, ETFs, and hedge funds.
24
Goodin, Robert E., and Kai Spiekermann. Taking Cues. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823452.003.0012.
Full textAbstract:
The theory of ‘low-information rationality’ suggests that rational voters will not spend much time on researching political questions. Instead, most voters, being poorly informed, use cues as ‘informational shortcuts’ before voting. Among the cues are ideology, party label, endorsements, polls, episodic evidence, appearance, and name recognition. Experimental and survey evidence shows that cue-taking can be effective, but will occasionally fail if cues are misleading. Cue-taking tends to be more effective when the cues are informative, if voters take many independent cues into account, and if voters are good at interpreting the cues. Sample calculations confirm that the number of independent cues is particularly important. We also show that cue-taking can be used selectively to boost the competence of only the most uninformed voters for a substantial improvement in group competence.
25
Singer, Beth J. Pragmatism, Rights, and Democracy. Fordham University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823218677.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The author's theory of rights was developed in an earlier book. This successor volume includes applications, lectures, replies to critics, and clarifications. For the author, rights exist only if they are embedded in the operative practices of a community. People have a right in a community if their claim is acknowledged, and if they would acknowledge similar claims by others. This account contrasts with theories of natural rights, which state that humans have rights by virtue of being human. It also differs from Kantian attempts to derive rights from the necessary conditions of rationality. While denying that rights exist independently of a community's practices, the book maintains that rights to personal autonomy and authority ought to exist in all communities. Group rights, an anathema among individualistic theories, are a valuable institution. The book's discussion of rights appropriate for minority communities is particularly illuminating as a model of careful reasoning.
26
Benton, Matthew A., and Jonathan L. Kvanvig, eds. Religious Disagreement and Pluralism. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198849865.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This volume explores many issues at the intersection of the epistemology of disagreement and religious epistemology. Epistemological questions about the significance of disagreement have advanced in concert with broader developments in social epistemology concerning testimony, the nature of expertise and epistemic authority, the role of institutions, group belief, and epistemic injustice, among others. During this period, related issues in the epistemology of religion have re-emerged as worthy of new consideration, and available to be situated with new conceptual tools. Does disagreement between, and within, religions, challenge the rationality of religious commitment? How should religious adherents think about exclusivist, inclusivist, and pluralist frameworks as applied to religious truth, or to matters of salvation or redemption? This volume engages in careful reflection on religious diversity and disagreement, offering ways to balance epistemic humility with personal conviction. Recognizing the place of religious differences in our social lives, it provides renewed efforts at how best to think about truths concerning religion.
27
Raghuram, Anantharam, and Günter Harder. Eisenstein Cohomology for GL and the Special Values of Rankin-Selberg L-Functions. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691197890.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book studies the cohomology of locally symmetric spaces for GL(N) where the cohomology groups are with coefficients in a local system attached to a finite-dimensional algebraic representation of GL(N). The image of the global cohomology in the cohomology of the Borel–Serre boundary is called Eisenstein cohomology, since at a transcendental level the cohomology classes may be described in terms of Eisenstein series and induced representations. However, because the groups are sheaf-theoretically defined, one can control their rationality and even integrality properties. A celebrated theorem by Langlands describes the constant term of an Eisenstein series in terms of automorphic L-functions. A cohomological interpretation of this theorem in terms of maps in Eisenstein cohomology allows the authors to study the rationality properties of the special values of Rankin–Selberg L-functions for GL(n) × GL(m), where n + m = N. The book carries through the entire program with an eye toward generalizations. The book should be of interest to advanced graduate students and researchers interested in number theory, automorphic forms, representation theory, and the cohomology of arithmetic groups.
28
Giovanni, Busino, Bridel Pascal 1948-, Berthoud Gérald, and Groupe Raison et rationalités, eds. L' invention dans les sciences humaines: Hommage du Groupe Raison et Rationalités à Giovanni Busino. Genève: Labor et Fides, 2004.
Find full text
29
Abrahamov, Binyamin. Scripturalist and Traditionalist Theology. Edited by Sabine Schmidtke. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.025.
Full textAbstract:
The chapter deals with two important approaches in Islamic theology, defining the terms that apply to these two trends and elucidating their main teachings. Scripturalist theology characterizes small groups in Islam which finally disappeared in the Middle Ages, however, leaving some traces on other theological schools. Contrary to the disappearance of the scripturalist theology, the traditionalist theology has remained the core of Islamic theology. It was a flexible theology that used both the Qurʾān and the Sunna and rational considerations. Through these two devices it challenged the rationalist theology and tried to refute both the rationalist methods and specific theological issues based on reason.
30
Hobson, Suzanne. Unbelief in Interwar Literary Culture. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192846471.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Unbelief offers a new account of the relationship between literary and secularist scenes of writing in interwar Britain. Organized secularism has sometimes been seen as a phenomenon that lived and died with the nineteenth century. But associations such as the National Secular Society and the Rationalist Press Association survived into the twentieth and found new purpose in the promotion and publishing of serious literature. This book assembles a group of literary figures whose work was recommended as being of particular interest to the unbelieving readership targeted by these organizations. Some, including Vernon Lee, H. G. Wells, Naomi Mitchison, and K. S. Bhat, were members or friends of the RPA; others, such as Mary Butts, were sceptical but nonetheless registered its importance in their work; a third group, including D. H. Lawrence and George Moore, wrote in ways seen as sympathetic to the Rationalist cause. All of these writers produced fiction that was experimental in form and, though few of them could be described as modernist, they shared with modernist writers a will to innovate. This book explores how secularist ideas were adapted and transformed by these experiments, focusing in particular on the modifications required to accommodate the strong mode of unbelief associated with British secularism to the notional mode of belief usually solicited by fiction. Whereas modernism is often understood as the literature for a secular age, Unbelief looks elsewhere to find a literature that draws more directly on secularism for its aesthetics and its ethics.
31
Mears, Daniel P., and Joshua C. Cochran. Who Goes to Prison? Edited by John Wooldredge and Paula Smith. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199948154.013.2.
Full textAbstract:
This essay discusses changes in the composition of inmate populations in the United States over the past several decades based on legal factors (i.e., types of offenses and offenders) and demographic variables (i.e., race, ethnicity, age, and sex) and examines why variation in inmate composition matters. In particular, black incarceration rates are substantially greater than those of whites and Hispanics, and over time these differences have become more pronounced for black males in particular as compared to other groups. Possible reasons for these changes are considered such as the roles of police and courts in shaping inmate demographics and the implications of the shift from decision-making based on substantive rationality to more “structured“ (formally rational) decision-making.
32
Voisin, Claire. Decomposition of the Diagonal. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691160504.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter explains the method initiated by Bloch and Srinivas, which leads to statements of the following: if a smooth projective variety has trivial Chow groups of k-cycles homologous to 0 for k ≤ c − 1, then its transcendental cohomology has geometric coniveau ≤ c. This result is a vast generalization of Mumford's theorem. A major open problem is the converse of this result. It turns out that statements of this kind are a consequence of a general spreading principle for rational equivalence. Consider a smooth projective family X → B and a cycle Z → B, everything defined over C; then, if at the very general point b ∈ B, the restricted cycle Z𝒳b ⊂ X𝒳b is rationally equivalent to 0, there exist a dense Zariski open set U ⊂ B and an integer N such that NZsubscript U is rationally equivalent to 0 on Xsubscript U.
33
Sugden, Robert. The Invisible Hand. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825142.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 6 presents a new formulation of Adam Smith’s ‘invisible hand’ argument. The underlying idea is that markets are valuable because they provide opportunities for voluntary transactions (rather than because they satisfy preferences). I propose a ‘Strong Interactive Opportunity Criterion’ which requires that all opportunities for feasible and non-dominated transactions within groups of individuals are made available to those individuals. I define competitive equilibrium without making assumptions about the rationality of individuals’ choices and show that the Strong Interactive Opportunity Criterion is satisfied in every competitive equilibrium of an exchange economy. This result is analogous with the classic theorems that every competitive equilibrium is Pareto-efficient and is in the ‘core’ of the economy. I extend these results to ‘storage economies’ in which trade and consumption take place over time and in which individuals’ choices may be dynamically inconsistent.
34
el-Omari, Racha. The Muʿtazilite Movement (I). Edited by Sabine Schmidtke. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.31.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines the origins of the Muʿtazila in the early to mid-eighth century. It begins with a brief overview of the doctrines of the Muʿtazila, showing how the movement became the strongest exponent of ‘rationalism’ in Islamic theology. It then discusses the three angles from which the subject of the origins of the Muʿtazila has been approached: the origin of the name Muʿtazila, what it means, why it was given to this group, the history of the movement and the early figures of Wāṣil b. ʿAṭāʾ (d. 131/748–9) and ʿAmr b. ʿUbayd (d. 144/761); and the extent of intellectual continuity between the period of origins and later Muʿtazilī doctrines. It also considers two key characteristics of the Muʿtazila, learning and worship, and their relationship to a quietist asceticism orientation that is not a principled commitment to political neutrality.
35
Samuel, Coleman James, and Thomas J. Farraro. Rational Choice Theory: Advocacy and Critique (Key Issues in Sociological Theory). Sage Publications, Inc, 1992.
Find full text
36
Samuel, Coleman James, and Thomas J. Farraro. Rational Choice Theory: Advocacy and Critique (Key Issues in Sociological Theory). Sage Publications, Inc, 1992.
Find full text
37
Goldgeier, James M. Foreign Policy Decision Making. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.398.
Full textAbstract:
Decision makers, acting singly or in groups, influence the field of international relations by shaping the interactions among nations. It is therefore important to understand how those decision makers are likely to behave. Some scholars have developed elegant formal theories of decision making to demonstrate the utility of rational choice approaches in the study of international relations, while others have chosen to explain the patterns of bias that exist when leaders face the difficult task of making decisions and formulating policy. Among them are Herbert Simon, who introduced “bounded rationality” to allow leaders to short-circuit the decision process, and Elizabeth Kier, who has shown how organizational cultures shaped the development of military doctrine during the interwar period. The literature on foreign policy decision making during the Cold War looked inside the black box to generate analyses of bureaucratic politics and individual mindsets. Because decision making involves consensus seeking among groups, leaders will often avoid making choices so that they will not antagonize key members of the bureaucracy. Scholars have also investigated the role of “policy entrepreneurs” in the decision-making process, bringing individual agents into organizational, diplomatic and political processes. Over time, the field of policy decision making has evolved to help us understand not only why leaders often calculate so poorly but even more importantly, why systematic patterns of behavior are more or less likely under certain conditions.
38
Hiskes, Richard P. Suffer the Children. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197565988.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book begins with the recognition that continued practical denial of the human rights of children globally is due to the absence of any theoretical foundation justifying such rights. The goal of this book is to provide that foundation, which will depart from the eighteenth-century rationalist justification for human rights generally and provide a new conceptualization that embraces the facts of human vulnerability and capacity for promising as the real basis for all human rights. As such, children also qualify for full human rights, including to a safe environment; to dignity; and to full participation as citizens, including voting rights. The theoretical foundation of children’s human rights expands upon the “participation” rights included in the 1990 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Furthermore, full recognition of children’s rights alters the composition and focus of human rights to include those of future generations, group rights, and the preeminence of social and economic rights over civil and political rights.
39
Wittman, Donald A., and Barry R. Weingast, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Political Economy. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548477.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The Oxford Handbook of Political Economy surveys the field of political economy. Over its long lifetime, political economy has had many different meanings: the science of managing the resources of a nation so as to provide wealth to its inhabitants for Adam Smith; the study of how the ownership of the means of production influenced historical processes for Marx; the study of the inter-relationship between economics and politics for some twentieth-century commentators; and for others, a methodology emphasizing individual rationality (the economic or public choice approach) or institutional adaptation (the sociological version). This Handbook views political economy as a grand (if imperfect) synthesis of these various strands, treating political economy as the methodology of economics applied to the analysis of political behaviour and institutions. The fifty-eight articles range from micro to macro, national to international, institutional to behavioural, methodological to substantive. Articles on social choice, constitutional theory, and public economics are set alongside ones on voters, parties and pressure groups, macroeconomics and politics, capitalism and democracy, and international political economy and international conflict.
40
Fraenkel, Ernst. The National-Socialist Campaign Against Natural Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198716204.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter looks in detail at the rejection by the National-Socialists of Natural Law. The flat rejection of the rationalist traditions of Natural Law resulted in a conflict between National-Socialism and the advocates of Natural Law traditions. The chapter looks at the two opposing groups to try to fathom the historical significance of the National-Socialist attitudes toward Natural Law. In order to do this, it is stated, an examination of the role of religious elements in Natural Law is essential. However, it is argued, the religious elements are not the only consideration. While it is true that the Christian religion is both historically and doctrinally bound to Natural Law, rationalistic Natural Law is not necessarily dependent on the Christian notions with which it has often been associated. Both sides are discussed in detail.
41
Loewenthal, Naftali. Hasidism Beyond Modernity. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764708.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The Habad school of Hasidism is distinguished today from other hasidic groups by its famous emphasis on outreach, on messianism, and on empowering women. This book provides a critical, thematic study of the movement from its beginnings, showing how its unusual qualities evolved. Topics investigated include the theoretical underpinning of the outreach ethos; the turn towards women in the twentieth century; new attitudes to non-Jews; the role of the individual in the hasidic collective; spiritual contemplation in the context of modernity; the quest for inclusivism in the face of prevailing schismatic processes; messianism in both spiritual and political forms; and the direction of the movement after the passing of its seventh rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, in 1994. Attention is given to many contrasts: pre-modern, modern, and postmodern conceptions of Judaism; the clash between maintaining an enclave and outreach models of Jewish society; particularist and universalist trends; and the subtle interplay of mystical faith and rationality. Some of the chapters are new; others, published in an earlier form, have been updated to take account of recent scholarship. This book presents an in-depth study of an intriguing movement which takes traditional Hasidism beyond modernity.
42
Forlenza, Rosario. Meanings of Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817444.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter analyzes the liminal time of the war as a critical interstice of creative pluralism, and explores the various meanings of democracy that emerged from the transformative experiences of Italians in the years 1943–5. The chapter criticizes the rationalist approaches that distinguish between beginning and end, between clear-cut positions either in terms of party allegiance, institutional affiliation, or ideological commitment. It examines the argument for what had been called the “grey zone” of the fluid, unfinished, chaotic, and bewildering. Furthermore, it explores the strategies of resistance formulated by subordinate groups, the very important case of the role of women, and the heightened sense of social equality that developed during and despite the war. It makes the case for the foundation of democratic politics in the individual and collective experiences of undergoing social dramas and being forced to make political and existential choices.
43
Brulé, David, and Alex Mintz. Foreign Policy Decision Making: Evolution, Models, and Methods. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.185.
Full textAbstract:
Choices made by individuals, small groups, or coalitions representing nation-states result in policies or strategies with international outcomes. Foreign policy decision-making, an approach to international relations, is aimed at studying such decisions. The rational choice model is widely considered to be the paradigmatic approach to the study of international relations and foreign policy. The evolution of the decision-making approach to foreign policy analysis has been punctuated by challenges to rational choice from cognitive psychology and organizational theory. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, scholars began to ponder the deterrence puzzle as they sought to find solutions to the problem of credibility. During this period, cross-disciplinary research on organizational behavior began to specify a model of decision making that contrasted with the rational model. Among these models were the bounded rationality/cybernetic model, organizational politics model, bureaucratic politics model, prospect theory, and poliheuristic theory. Despite these and other advances, the gulf between the rational choice approaches and cognitive psychological approaches appears to have stymied progress in the field of foreign policy decision-making. Scholars working within the cognitivist school should develop theories of decision making that incorporate many of the cognitive conceptual inputs in a logical and coherent framework. They should also pursue a multi-method approach to theory testing using experimental, statistical, and case study methods.
44
Helm, Bennett W. Communities of Respect. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801863.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Communities of respect are communities of people sharing common practices or a (partial) way of life; they include families, clubs, religious groups, and political parties. This book develops a detailed account of such communities in terms of the rational structure of their members’ reactive attitudes, arguing that they are fundamental in three interrelated ways to understanding what it is to be a person. First, it is only by being a member of a community of respect that one can be a responsible agent having dignity; such an agent therefore has certain rights as well as the authority to demand that fellow members recognize her dignity and follow the norms of the community, norms compliance with which they likewise have the authority to demand from her. Second, by prescribing or proscribing both actions and values, communities of respect can shape the identities of its members in ways that others have the authority to enforce, thereby revealing an important interpersonal dimension of the identities of persons. Finally, all of this is grounded in a distinctively interpersonal form of practical rationality in virtue of which we jointly have reasons to recognize the dignity and authority of fellow members and so to comply with their authoritative demands, as well as to respect (and so comply with) the norms of the community. Hence we persons are essentially social creatures.
45
Stockdale, Katie. Hope Under Oppression. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197563564.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book explores the nature, value, and role of hope in human life under conditions of oppression. Oppression is often a threat and damage to hope, yet many members of oppressed groups, including prominent activists pursuing a more just world, find hope valuable and even essential to their personal and political lives. This book offers a unique evaluative framework for hope that captures the intrinsic value of hope for many of us, the rationality and morality of hope, and ultimately how we can hope well in the non-ideal world we share. It develops an account of the relationship between hope and anger about oppression and argues that anger tends to be accompanied by hopes for repair. When people’s hopes for repair are not realized, as is often the case for those who are oppressed, anger can evolve into bitterness: a form of unresolved anger involving a loss of hope that injustice will be sufficiently acknowledged and addressed. But even when all hope might seem lost or out of reach, faith can enable resilience in the face of oppression. Spiritual faith, faith in humanity, and moral faith are part of what motivates people to join in solidarity against injustice, through which hope can be recovered collectively. Joining with others who share one’s experiences or commitments for a better world and uniting with them in collective action can restore and strengthen hope for the future when hope might otherwise be lost.
46
Balzacq, Thierry, Peter Dombrowski, and Simon Reich, eds. Comparative Grand Strategy. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840848.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The study of grand strategy has historically been confined to a few great powers—preponderantly, the United States, China, and Russia. In contrast, this volume introduces readers to the novel field of “comparative grand strategy.” Its co-editors offer a framework that expands the analysis beyond a traditional rationalist approach to incorporate significant cultural factors that influence strategists as they prioritize threats and opportunities in the global system. This framework then combines these factors with domestic political influences often understated or overlooked in the international relations literature. It considers both how grand strategy is actually formulated and the varied instruments used to implement it. Applying this framework, the volume’s remaining contributors then examine how grand strategy is conceived, formulated, and implemented by ten states. These consist of the United Nations G5 members and five other states “pivotal” to global or regional economic development and security. This group is composed of Brazil and India—two regional powers operating in very different security environments—and Iran, Israel, and Saudi Arabia, who confront each other in a truly existential conflict. Departing from a state-based analysis, an eleventh case study examines the European Union—an organization that lacks many of the trappings of a conventional state but which is able to call upon more resources than most. The volume’s concluding chapter points to both the theoretical and empirical areas of convergence and divergence highlighted by these chapters, and the prospective questions for future analysis in the emergent field of comparative grand strategy.
47
Magcamit, Michael. Ethnoreligious Otherings and Passionate Conflicts. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847751.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Departing from the mainstream practice and conventional wisdom of materialist and rationalist accounts of internal and intrastate conflicts, the book demonstrates how and why emotions, symbolic predispositions, and perceptions are just as powerful and useful in understanding and explaining these phenomena. By uncovering the invisible albeit concrete emotive, symbolic, and perceptual causal mechanisms underpinning ethnoreligious otherings and the resulting violent protracted conflicts, the book aims to help address the incongruence between how the actual actors operating within these contexts think and act and the existing theories and models of how they are expected to behave. Accordingly, the book has three main goals. First, to highlight the centrality of emotions, symbolic predispositions, and perceptions in providing a more holistic and realistic understanding of otherings and conflicts. Second, to illustrate how the ethnoreligious othering framework developed and applied in the study bolsters and advances process tracing explanations by systematically incorporating context-specific intersubjective meanings into causal accounts of the events under investigation. And third, to emphasize the importance of recognizing religion and nationalism as legitimate constituents and instruments of contemporary realpolitik by underlining their enduring security utility and essence at individual, group, and state levels. As argued and established throughout the book, because the causal mechanisms driving ethnoreligious otherings and passionate conflicts are simultaneously emitting and are propelled by deeply entrenched emotions, symbolic predispositions, and perceptions, achieving durable peace settlement requires reconciliation initiatives and regulation strategies that directly and unapologetically incorporate and address these neglected “immaterial” and “irrational” forces.
48
González, Gabriela. Redeeming La Raza. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199914142.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book examines the gendered and class-conscious political activism of Mexican-origin people in Texas from 1900 to 1950. In particular, it questions the inter-generational agency of Mexicans and Mexican Americans who subscribed to particular race-ethnic, class, and gender ideologies as they encountered barriers and obstacles in a society that often treated Mexicans as a nonwhite minority. Middle-class transborder activists sought to redeem the Mexican masses from body politic exclusions in part by encouraging them to become identified with the nation-state. Redeeming la raza was as much about saving them from traditional modes of thought and practices that were perceived as hindrances to progress as it was about saving them from race and class-based forms of discrimination that were part and parcel of modernity. At the center of this link between modernity and discriminatory practices based on social constructions lay the economic imperative for the abundant and inexpensive labor power that the modernization process required. Labeling groups of people as inferior helped to rationalize their economic exploitation in a developing modern nation-state that also professed to be a democratic society founded upon principles of political egalitarianism. This book presents cases of transborder activism that demonstrate how the politics of respectability and the politics of radicalism operated, often at odds but sometimes in complementary ways.
49
Pennington, Madeleine. Quakers, Christ, and the Enlightenment. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895271.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The Quakers were by far the most successful of the radical religious groups to emerge from the turbulence of the mid-seventeenth century—and their survival into the present day was largely facilitated by the transformation of the movement during its first fifty years. What began as a loose network of charismatic travelling preachers was, by the start of the eighteenth century, a well-organized and international religious machine. This shift is usually explained in terms of a desire to avoid persecution, but Quakers, Christ and the Enlightenment argues instead for the importance of theological factors as the major impetus for change. In the first sustained account of the theological motivations guiding the development of seventeenth-century Quakerism, the volume explores the Quakers’ positive intellectual engagement with those outside the movement to offer a significant reassessment of the causal factors determining the development of early Quakerism. Tracing the Quakers’ engagement with such luminaries as Baruch Spinoza, Henry More, John Locke, and John Norris, the volume unveils the Quakers’ concerted attempts to bolster their theological reputation through the refinement of their central belief in the ‘inward Christ’, or ‘the Light within’. In doing so, the study challenges persistent stereotypes of early modern radicalism as anti-intellectual and ill-educated—and indeed, as defined either by ‘rationalist’ or ‘spiritualist’ excess. Rather, the theological concerns of the Quakers and their interlocutors point to a crisis of Christology weaving through the intellectual milieu of the seventeenth century, which has long been underestimated as significant fuel for the emerging Enlightenment
50
Pinfari, Marco. Terrorists as Monsters. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190927875.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book explores the use of archetypal metaphors of monstrosity in relation to terrorism. It presents two main original arguments, which are influenced by recent studies by leading philosophers and anthropologists on the social and political functions of monstrosity and monster metaphors. The first argument, developed in Part 1, explores the reasons why “terrorists” are sometimes framed as monsters by their audiences. Although this imagery serves the immediate purpose of depicting the “terrorist” as a non- or sub-human “other,” the book examines the recurrence of specific monster types across time and space (from the French Revolution through anarchist and ethnonational terrorism, until the current wave of jihadist terrorism), and concludes that the terrorist-monster is primarily an unmanageable creature and that this characterization is functional to the pursuit of rational political agendas and to securing popular backing for specific types of rule-breaking behavior in counterterrorism. The second, developed in Part 2, is about why “terrorists” might want to portray and present themselves as monsters. In this regard, it argues that the impersonation of the monster prototype (in its entirety or in some of its components) is a tactic that has been rationally pursued by several groups throughout the history of terrorism, as part of the modus operandi of so-called revolutionary terrorism, primarily for increasing their scare power. Part 3 applies these analytical frameworks to other areas of terrorism studies, including the use of monster metaphors by the “terrorists” themselves to frame their enemies and recent trends in counterterrorism.