Academic literature on the topic 'Rational Strain'
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Journal articles on the topic "Rational Strain"
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Nakai, Teruo, Hossain Md Shahin, and Akira Ishikawa. "Rational modelling of elastic soil behaviour in 3D condition." E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 15003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199215003.
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A simple and rigorous formulation of elastic component of elastoplastic model for geomaterials is presented. Although linear relation between elastic volumetric strain and mean principal stress in log scale is assumed in most of the usual models, linear relation between each principal stress and the corresponding principal elastic strain in log scale is assumed. Incorporating Poisson's ratio, three principal stresses vs. three elastic principal strain relation is obtained. Also, assuming coaxially between stresses and elastic strains, this relation can be transformed to stress- elastic strain relation in general coordinate. The material parameters of the proposed model of the elastic component are the same as those of the usual models, i.e., swelling index κ and Poisson's ratio ν. This proposed model can describe typical unloading behaviour of various shear tests and constant stress ratio unloading tests reported before.
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Cardoso, João G. R., Ahmad A. Zeidan, Kristian Jensen, Nikolaus Sonnenschein, Ana Rute Neves, and Markus J. Herrgård. "MARSI: metabolite analogues for rational strain improvement." Bioinformatics 34, no. 13 (February 23, 2018): 2319–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty108.
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Rau, Martin H., and Ahmad A. Zeidan. "Constraint-based modeling in microbial food biotechnology." Biochemical Society Transactions 46, no. 2 (March 27, 2018): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20170268.
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Genome-scale metabolic network reconstruction offers a means to leverage the value of the exponentially growing genomics data and integrate it with other biological knowledge in a structured format. Constraint-based modeling (CBM) enables both the qualitative and quantitative analyses of the reconstructed networks. The rapid advancements in these areas can benefit both the industrial production of microbial food cultures and their application in food processing. CBM provides several avenues for improving our mechanistic understanding of physiology and genotype–phenotype relationships. This is essential for the rational improvement of industrial strains, which can further be facilitated through various model-guided strain design approaches. CBM of microbial communities offers a valuable tool for the rational design of defined food cultures, where it can catalyze hypothesis generation and provide unintuitive rationales for the development of enhanced community phenotypes and, consequently, novel or improved food products. In the industrial-scale production of microorganisms for food cultures, CBM may enable a knowledge-driven bioprocess optimization by rationally identifying strategies for growth and stability improvement. Through these applications, we believe that CBM can become a powerful tool for guiding the areas of strain development, culture development and process optimization in the production of food cultures. Nevertheless, in order to make the correct choice of the modeling framework for a particular application and to interpret model predictions in a biologically meaningful manner, one should be aware of the current limitations of CBM.
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Tenhaef, Niklas, Robert Stella, Julia Frunzke, and Stephan Noack. "Automated Rational Strain Construction Based on High-Throughput Conjugation." ACS Synthetic Biology 10, no. 3 (February 16, 2021): 589–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssynbio.0c00599.
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Tsouka, Sophia, Meric Ataman, Tuure Hameri, Ljubisa Miskovic, and Vassily Hatzimanikatis. "Constraint-based metabolic control analysis for rational strain engineering." Metabolic Engineering 66 (July 2021): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2021.03.003.
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Chen, Zhen, Rajesh Reddy Bommareddy, Doinita Frank, Sugima Rappert, and An-Ping Zeng. "Deregulation of Feedback Inhibition of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase for Improved Lysine Production in Corynebacterium glutamicum." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 4 (December 13, 2013): 1388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03535-13.
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ABSTRACTAllosteric regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) controls the metabolic flux distribution of anaplerotic pathways. In this study, the feedback inhibition ofCorynebacterium glutamicumPEPC was rationally deregulated, and its effect on metabolic flux redistribution was evaluated. Based on rational protein design, six PEPC mutants were designed, and all of them showed significantly reduced sensitivity toward aspartate and malate inhibition. Introducing one of the point mutations (N917G) into theppcgene, encoding PEPC of the lysine-producing strainC. glutamicumLC298, resulted in ∼37% improved lysine production.In vitroenzyme assays and13C-based metabolic flux analysis showed ca. 20 and 30% increases in the PEPC activity and corresponding flux, respectively, in the mutant strain. Higher demand for NADPH in the mutant strain increased the flux toward pentose phosphate pathway, which increased the supply of NADPH for enhanced lysine production. The present study highlights the importance of allosteric regulation on the flux control of central metabolism. The strategy described here can also be implemented to improve other oxaloacetate-derived products.
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Stepanova, Ekaterina A., Ekaterina A. Bazhenova, Elena V. Krutikova, Nataliya V. Larionova, Irina V. Kiseleva, and Larisa G. Rudenko. "Rational selection of hemagglutinin variants of H3N2 influenza viruses in preparation of live influenza vaccine strains to optimize growth characteristics." Medical academic journal 21, no. 3 (December 6, 2021): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/maj77445.
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BACKGROUND: Up to date Russian live attenuated influenza vaccines are produced in developing chicken embryos. During passaging in embryos, the virus isolated from the human respiratory tract undergoes adaptation to the receptors in embryos. The population of the virus, at any passage in chicken embryos, is heterogeneous and contains variants of viruses with one or another set of adaptive substitutions. Before preparing the vaccine strain, the population of the epidemic virus is cloned and the genetic sequence of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase clones is analyzed. The growth characteristics of the vaccine strain and its antigenic properties depend on the correct choice of the variant of the virus.
AIM: The aim of the study was to select the variant of the H3N2 subtype virus for the preparation of a vaccine reassortant based on data on the composition of the population and an assessment of its growth properties.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Viruses were cloned in developing chicken embryos, sequencing of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of the clones was performed. On the basis of the clones selected based on the results of the analysis of the population, strains of a live influenza vaccine were obtained by the reassortment in the chicken embryos. The growth characteristics of the strains, the phenotype in eggs, and the antigenic properties by hemagglutination inhibition test were evaluated.
RESULTS: The influenza virus A/Kansas/14/2017 recommended by WHO for the epidemic season 2019-2020 acquired a pair of D190N + N246T substitutions dominating in the population at the 7th passage in eggs. From the population of A/Kansas/14/2017-like strain A/Brisbane/34/2018, from the third passage in the eggs, it was possible to obtain a variant of the virus with substitutions G186V + S219Y in hemagglutinin. The growth characteristics of the strain based on A/Kansas/14/2017 (passage E7) were significantly inferior to the characteristics of the strain based on A/Brisbane/34/2018 (passage E3), in the absence of differences in antigenic properties.
CONCLUSIONS: The variant of egg adaptation of hemagglutinin G186V in strains of clade 3c.3a is preferable for the preparation of live influenza vaccine strains; variant N246T is not optimal. When preparing strains, it is necessary to analyze the composition of the virus population by cloning and choose the most optimal option for preparing strains. The persistence of egg-adaptive substitutions in passaged variants of the virus is not always optimal for strains of live influenza vaccine, and therefore it is preferable to use the population as close as possible to the initial variant to start work on the strain.
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Xia, Xiao-Xia, and Sang Yup Lee. "Comparative proteomic analysis of four biotechnologically important Escherichia coli strains for rational host strain selection." Journal of Biotechnology 136 (October 2008): S48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.100.
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Mukhopadhyay, N. K., K. N. Ishihara, S. Ranganathan, and K. Chattopadhyay. "Rational approximant structures and phason strain in icosahedral quasicrystalline phases." Acta Metallurgica et Materialia 39, no. 6 (June 1991): 1151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-7151(91)90203-d.
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Han, Yupei, Xiaopeng Jing, Xingzhi Zhou, Kelvin HL Zhang, Sida Li, Wei Wang, and Weidong He. "Coordination-dependent surface strain and rational construction of robust structures." Nanotechnology 29, no. 46 (September 20, 2018): 465708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aad717.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Rational Strain"
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Thacker, Samantha L. "Using Predicted Heat Strain to Evaluate Sustainable Exposures." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7968.
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The most commonly used exposure assessment for heat stress is based on Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT), and the limits are based on empirical relationships that demonstrate a sustainable exposure. The ISO 7933 (2017) describes Predicted Heat Strain (PHS), which is a rational model for heat stress assessment that is used to assess time-limited exposures. Investigators have examined PHS validity under a variety of time-limited conditions. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate if PHS can predict sustainable exposures.
The data used for this study were from two previous heat stress studies using a progressive heat stress protocol. The studies included 29 participants wearing four different ensembles (woven clothing, particle barrier, water barrier, and vapor barrier coveralls) at three levels of metabolic rate and relative humidity. Each trial provided data for a fully compensable (sustainable) exposure and an uncompensable (time-limited) exposure. The heat stress data from each condition were used to see if PHS demonstrated a steady-state response indicating a sustainable exposure.
From the analysis, the sensitivity and specificity respectively for the ensemble types were: 1.00 and 0.18 for woven clothing, 0.95 and 0.60 for particle barrier, 0.91 and 0.83 for water barrier, 0.91 and 0.80 for vapor barrier, and 0.94 and 0.65 for all ensembles. The data show that while the sensitivity of PHS (correctly identifying unsustainable conditions) is good for the different ensembles, PHS specificity (correctly identifying sustainable exposures) was weak. From an occupational health and safety perspective, using PHS to identify sustainable exposures leads to protective decisions.
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Schiefelbein, Sarah [Verfasser], and Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] Wittmann. "Improved L-lysine production in Corynebacterium glutamicum by rational strain engineering / Sarah Schiefelbein ; Betreuer: Christoph Wittmann." Saarbrücken : Saarländische Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2015. http://d-nb.info/112757969X/34.
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Poblete, Castro Ignacio Andrés [Verfasser], and Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] Wittmann. "Systems Biotechnology of Pseudomonas putida for the enhanced production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates: a rational approach for strain and bioprocess engineering / Ignacio Andrés Poblete Castro ; Betreuer: Christoph Wittmann." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1175823147/34.
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Ohuegbe, Chyke Ihechikara. "Measurement of supraspinatus tendon strain ration with sonoelastography : an exploratory study." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2014. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/measurement-of-supraspinatus-tendon-strain-ration-with-sonoelastography(61297ead-9fad-48b8-840a-d74880c2a37b).html.
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Purpose - The aim of this study was to measure the strain ratio of supraspinatus tendon, and assess the accuracy of sonoelastography when compared with grey-scale ultrasound in the diagnosis of supraspinatus tendinopathy in patients with shoulder pain. The findings were compared with clinical diagnosis and strain ratio results. Materials and Methods - The study was undertaken in three phases. In phase 1, 284 asymptomatic supraspinatus tendons of healthy volunteers were assessed by grey-scale ultrasound and sonoelastography to obtain baseline results which included strain ratio. In phase 2, 204 consecutive patients clinically diagnosed with supraspinatus tendinopathy, results of sonoelastography (index test) were compared with grey-scale ultrasound and clinical diagnosis (reference test). Strain ratio is proposed as a new reference standard and was used to test the accuracy of diagnosis. Supraspinatus tendons abnormalities detectable by grey-scale ultrasound were defined as swelling, hypoechoic or hyperechoic intratendinous lesions, while supraspinatus pathological alterations detectable by sonoelastography were defined as intratendinous tissue softening shown as experimentally proven colour changes and strain ratio values below cut-off value of 4.0 (p ≤ 0.0001). In phase 3, intra-observer and inter-observer variability evaluation was done to assess the supraspinatus tendons of healthy volunteers. Results - The overall mean strain ratio value in healthy supraspinatus tendons was 5.6 (± 1.24 SD). In healthy supraspinatus tendons, 9.9% showed evidence of softening suggesting subclinical tendinopathy which was not evident on grey-scale ultrasound. The correlation (kappa) between sonoelastography and grey-scale ultrasound in healthy volunteers was 0.42 showing moderate agreement (p < 0.001). In patients with tendinopathy, the mean strain ratio value was smaller and measured 3.59 (± 5.16 SD) with a significant statistical difference from those without tendinopathy (p = 0.001). When clinical diagnosis was used as the reference standard, sonoelastography showed better accuracy than grey-scale ultrasound {65% (CI: 59 - 70%) compared to 59% (CI: 59 - 70%)}, sensitivity {75% (CI: 60 - 86% compared to 65% (CI: 50 – 78%)} and specificity {63% (CI: 59 - 66%) compared to 57% (CI: 54 – 61%)} (p < 0.001). When strain ratio was used as the reference standard, sonoelastography also showed better accuracy than grey-scale ultrasound {92% (CI: 88 - 94%) compared to 68% (CI: 62 - 72%)}, sensitivity {98% (CI: 92 - 100%) compared to 73% (CI: 58 – 84%)} and specificity {88% (CI: 85 - 90%) compared to 67% (CI: 63 – 69%)} (p < 0.001). There was a statistically good agreement in the symptomatic group between sonoelastography and strain ratio (k = 0.84; p < 0.0005). The kappa measure of agreement between grey-scale ultrasound and sonoelastography was fair with a value of k = 0.35 (p < 0.0005). There was significant statistical difference in the mean score for the asymptomatic and symptomatic groups (p = 0.001). The kappa values for the intra-observer agreement showed very good level of agreement within each observer. Comparison of the inter-rater agreements between the two groups showed good and reproducible kappa values of 0.715 (Group 1) and 0.750 (Group 2). Conclusion - Sonoelastography has been shown to be a valuable imaging modality in the detection of intratendinous tendinopathy. It improved the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of detection of tendinopathy when compared with grey-scale ultrasound. Strain ratio colour grading is proposed as new reference standard for supraspinatus tendinopathy.
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Braz, NÃdia de Melo. "Fiber levels on growth ration and its effect on performance of two strains of laying in the phase of posture." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5925.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior- The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of neutral detergent fiber(NDF)levelsinthedietoftwodifferentlayinghensstrainsonthe7 th tothe17 th weekof ageonthemetabolismofdietaryenergy,developmentofdigestiveandreproductivesystems andthesubsequenteffectsonsexualmaturity,performanceandeggqualityinlayingphase.A totalof1,296pulletswereusedanddistributedinacompletelyrandomizeddesignin2x3 factorial arrangement (two strains X 3 NDF levels) with four replicates of 54 birds per treatment.Twolayinghensstrains,lightandsemiâheavyâweightwereevaluatedandNDF levelsof14.5;16.5and18.5%weretested.Attheendofthegrowthphase,thebirdswere transferredtothelayinghouse,keptatthesameexperimentaldesign,whiteachexperimental parcelconsistedof14birds.Therewasnosignificantinteractionbetweenfactors(NDFlevels xstrain)onthevariablesinallphases.Inthegrowthphase,itwasobservedthattheincreasing the level of NDF in the diet did not affect the feed intake and organ weights of the reproductivesystem,however,decreasedweightgainandaverageweightofbirdsattheend ofphasegrowth,increasedfeedconversion,reducedofmetabolizableenergyofthedietary andincreasetherelativeweightoftheintestines. Inthelayingperiod,itwasobservedthat increasinglevelsofNDFreceivedbythebirdsinthegrowthphasedidnotaffectsignificantly thevariablesofperformance,theconstituentsandqualityoftheeggs.Duringthegrowthof thebrownbirdsitwasobservedthattheyhadhigherfeedintake,greaterweightgainandfinal bodyweights,feedconversion,increasedrelativeweightofgizzard,increasedweightofthe contents of the gizzard and intestines, reduced relative liver weight and ovarian than light birds.Inthelayingperiod,birdswereprecocious,hadlowerweightandeggmass,lowerfeed conversion, eggs with a higher proportion of yolk, reduced proportion of albumen, higher specificgravityandlowerHaughunits.Weconcludethat,inspiteoflineage,theincreased levelofNDFinthedietsofferedtothechickensduring7 th tothe17 th weeksofageuntilthe levelof18.5%mayinfluencethemetabolizableenergyofthedietary andthedevelopment andperformanceofbroilers,resultinginraisingpulletsweighedlessattheendofthegrowth phase,andtheseeffectsdonotinfluenceageatsexualmaturity,performanceandqualityof eggsfromthebirdsattheproductionstage.
A presente pesquisa teve como objetivos avaliar os efeitos dos nÃveis de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) das raÃÃes oferecidas para as frangas na fase de 7 a 17 semanas de idade sobre o desempenho, metabolizaÃÃo da energia da raÃÃo, desenvolvimento dos sistemas digestÃrio e reprodutor de duas linhagens de poedeiras comerciais, bem como os efeitos subseqÃentes na maturidade sexual, no desempenho e na qualidade dos ovos na fase de postura. Inicialmente 1.296 aves foram distribuÃdas em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 (trÃs nÃveis de FDN x duas linhagens), com quatro repetiÃÃes de 54 aves. Foram testados os nÃveis de 14,5, 16,5, 18,5% de FDN para aves de uma linhagem de poedeiras leve e uma semipesada. Ao final da fase de crescimento, as aves foram transferidas para o galpÃo de postura, mantendo-se o mesmo delineamento experimental, sendo cada parcela experimental composta por 14 aves. NÃo houve interaÃÃo significativa entre os fatores (nÃveis de FDN x linhagem) sobre as variÃveis avaliadas em todas as fases experimentais. Na fase de crescimento, observou-se que o aumento do nÃvel de FDN na raÃÃo nÃo influenciou significativamente o consumo de raÃÃo e o peso relativo dos ÃrgÃos do sistema reprodutor, entretanto, promoveu reduÃÃo no ganho de peso e peso mÃdio das aves ao final da fase de crescimento, piora na conversÃo alimentar, reduÃÃo na metabolizaÃÃo da energia da raÃÃo e aumento do peso relativo dos intestinos. Na fase de postura, observou-se que os nÃveis crescentes de FDN recebido pelas aves na fase de crescimento nÃo influenciaram significativamente as variÃveis de desempenho e os constituintes e a qualidade dos ovos. Em relaÃÃo Ãs linhagens, observou-se que na fase de crescimento as aves semipesadas apresentaram maior consumo de raÃÃo, maior ganho de peso e peso mÃdio final, melhor conversÃo alimentar, maior peso relativo da moela, maior peso dos conteÃdos da moela e dos intestinos, menor peso relativo do fÃgado e do ovÃrio que as aves leves. Na fase de postura, as aves leves foram mais precoces, apresentaram menor peso e massa de ovos, pior conversÃo alimentar, ovos com maior proporÃÃo de gema, menores proporÃÃo de albÃmen, maiores valores de densidade especÃfica e menores valores de unidades Haugh. Conclui-se que, independente da linhagem, o aumento do nÃvel de FDN nas raÃÃes oferecidas para as frangas na fase de 7 a 17 semanas de idade atà 18,5% pode influenciar na metabolizaÃÃo da energia da raÃÃo e no desenvolvimento e desempenho das aves, resultando na obtenÃÃo de frangas menos pesadas ao final da fase de crescimento, sendo que esses efeitos nÃo influenciam na maturidade sexual, no desempenho e na qualidade dos ovos dessas aves na fase de produÃÃo.
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Yi, Chi-Chih, and 依智麒. "A Study on the Decision-making Process of the Cross-Strait Agreement on the Trade in Services--A Perspective of Bureaucratic Rational Choice Theory." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/x8wyr4.
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博士中國文化大學
中山與中國大陸研究所博士班
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Generally speaking, decision-making is included motivation and process.Motivation is the decision makers contexts where and the process is the actual execution of the decision-makers of situation. This paper focuses on Taiwan's "Cross-Strait Agreement on Trade in Services' decision-making process", in order to" bureaucratic rational choice decision model "for the study of ways to analyze the variables in the decision-making process and describe future decision-makers in the direction of Taiwan. In the other way, Research found that the overall system enviroment has changed: First, ideoloical polar opposites into Amalgamation; Second, the system simply constructed become complex; Third, the interests of clear and single development to fuzzy staggered. living in this new system, the administrator of bureaucratic have to change which can not use about the older rational choice model at the new world. In the future, the governmemt decision of bureaucratic should apply to the rational decision-making ideology, system and the interests, to develop more policy with people’s expectations.
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Mohnert, Jan. "Politické perspektivy udržitelnosti sociálního státu v České republice." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-322026.
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The problem of the sustainability of the welfare state became over several last years one of the most important political, medial and social topics in the Czech republic. Recent experience from countries of southern Europe are showing, that large welfare states are in their current size economically unsustainable, because they significantly participate on creating public budget's deficits and on the growth of government debt. In this master's thesis I deal with exploring the possibility, that political parties in the Czech republic conduct a reduction of the Czech welfare state's size. The thesis draws on the economic theory of democracy developed by Joseph Schumpeter and Anthony Downs and the argumentation builds on its assumption that political parties are rational actors motivated purely by gaining votes and winning elections. Based on this assumption, I develop an economic model of partisan decision-making and conclude conditions, that allow political parties to decide rationally in accordance with their assumed motivation to conduct the reduction of the welfare state. The fulfillment of these conditions is consequently being empirically analyzed for the specific case of the Czech republic. The results of my analysis show, that none of these conditions is fulfilled in the Czech republic - by...
Books on the topic "Rational Strain"
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Ekblom, Paul. Evolutionary Approaches to Rational Choice. Edited by Wim Bernasco, Jean-Louis van Gelder, and Henk Elffers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199338801.013.2.
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This chapter seeks to enrich and extend thinking about the rational choice perspective to offender decision making and its pivotal application in situational crime prevention by taking an evolutionary approach, which is still uncommon in crime science and criminology. The chapter introduces basic concepts of evolution, covering the brain and behavior, levels and types of explanation, the strained relationship with social science, and the evidencing of evolutionary processes. The focus then shifts to rationality, covering decision making; the wider suite of processes needed to understand rationality in action; and specific discussions of cooperation, humans’ wider “sociocognitive niche,” and development. Although evolutionary issues are addressed throughout, the penultimate section discusses how rationality in the broadest sense has unfolded over evolutionary history and the significant connection between maximization of utility in contemporary rational choice and maximization/optimization of fitness in evolution. The conclusion raises practical, empirical, and theoretical questions for crime science.
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Rosenberg, Anat. The Rise of Mass Advertising. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192858917.001.0001.
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Abstract This book is a first cultural legal history of advertising in Britain, tracing the rise of mass advertising circa 1840–1914 and its legal shaping. The emergence of this new system disrupted the perceived foundations of modernity. The idea that culture was organized by identifiable fields of knowledge, experience, and authority came under strain as advertisers claimed to share values with the era’s most prominent fields, including news, art, science, and religiously inflected morality. While cultural boundaries grew blurry, the assumption that the world was becoming progressively disenchanted, itself closely related to concepts of boundaries, was undermined as enchanted experiences multiplied with the transformation of everyday environments by advertising. Non-rational ontologies and a play of mystery became apparent, involving possibilities for metamorphoses, magical efficacy, animated environments, affective connections between humans and things, imaginary worlds and fantasies that informed mundane lifed. These disrupted assumptions that the capitalist economy was a victory of reason. The Rise of Mass Advertising examines how contemporaries came to terms with the disruptive impact by mobilizing legal processes, powers, and concepts. Law was implicated in performing boundary work that preserved the modern sense of field distinctions. Advertising’s cultural meanings and its organization were shaped dialectically vis-à-vis other fields in a process that mainstreamed and legitimized it with legal means, but also construed it as an inferior simulation of the values of a progressive modernity, exhibiting epistemological shortfalls and aesthetic compromises that marked it apart from adjacent fields. The dual treatment meanwhile disavowed the central role of enchantment, in what amounted to a normative enterprise of disenchantment. One of the ironies of this enterprise was that it ultimately drove professional advertisers to embrace enchantment as their peculiar expertise.
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Kenny, Paul D. The Puzzle of Populism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807872.003.0001.
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This chapter sets out the puzzle at the center of the book: what explains the success of populist campaigners in India, Asia, and beyond? It summarizes the existing literature on populist success both in Latin America and Western Europe and argues that these explanations do a poor job of explaining Indian and Asian cases in particular. Populists win elections when the institutionalized ties between non-populist parties and voters decay. However, because different kinds of party systems experience distinct stresses and strains, we need different models of populist success based on the prevailing party–voter linkage system in place in any given country. The chapter then sets out the rationale for concentrating on explaining populist success in patronage-based party systems, which are common not only to Asia, but also to Latin America and Eastern Europe.
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Steward, Gary L. Justifying Revolution. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197565353.001.0001.
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This work explores the patriot clergymen’s arguments for the legitimacy of political resistance to the British in the early stages of the American Revolution. It reconstructs the historical and theological background of the colonial clergymen, showing the continued impact that Stuart absolutism and Reformed resistance theory had on their political theology. As a corrective to previous scholarship, this work argues that the American clergymen’s rationale for political resistance in the eighteenth century developed in general continuity with a broad strand of Protestant thought in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The arguments of Jonathan Mayhew and John Witherspoon are highlighted, along with a wide range of Whig clergyman on both sides of the Atlantic. The agreement that many British clergymen had with their colonial counterparts challenges the view that the American Revolution emerged from distinctly American modes of thought.
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Devereux, Andrew W. The Other Side of Empire. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501740121.001.0001.
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Via rigorous study of the legal arguments that Spain developed to justify its acts of war and conquest, this book illuminates Spain's expansionary ventures in the Mediterranean in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. The book proposes and explores an important yet hitherto unstudied connection between the different rationales that Spanish jurists and theologians developed in the Mediterranean and in the Americas. It describes the ways in which Spaniards conceived of these two theatres of imperial ambition as complementary parts of a whole. At precisely the moment that Spain was establishing its first colonies in the Caribbean, the Crown directed a series of Old World conquests that encompassed the Kingdom of Naples, Navarre, and a string of presidios along the coast of North Africa. Projected conquests in the eastern Mediterranean never took place, but the Crown seriously contemplated assaults on Egypt, Greece, Turkey, and Palestine. The book elucidates the relationship between the legal doctrines on which Spain based its expansionary claims in the Old World and the New. It vastly expands our understanding of the ways in which Spaniards, at the dawn of the early modern era, thought about religious and ethnic difference, and how this informed political thought on just war and empire. While focusing on imperial projects in the Mediterranean, the book simultaneously presents a novel contextual background for understanding the origins of European colonialism in the Americas.
Book chapters on the topic "Rational Strain"
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Dryden, Windy, and Michael Neenan. "Whose Brain Should Take the Strain?" In Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy, 165–67. Third edition. | London ; New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: 100 key points: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003132493-64.
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Meyer zum Gottesberge, A. M., V. Balz, and H. Felix. "Mpv 3 7 Mouse Strain - A Model for the Relationship between the Kidney and the Inner Ear." In Rational Pharmacotherapy of the Inner Ear, 84–90. Basel: KARGER, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000059244.
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Statnik, Eugene S., Fatih Uzun, Alexei I. Salimon, and Alexander M. Korsunsky. "New Approach for Fast Residual Strain Estimation Through Rational 2D Diffraction Pattern Processing." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 282–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39575-9_29.
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Roshchina, S., A. Gribanov, M. Lukin, D. Chibrikin, and Mei Shunqi. "Investigation of the Stress–Strain State of Wooden Beams with Rational Reinforcement with Composite Materials." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 475–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85236-8_42.
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Katz, Sheldon. "Rational curves on the quintic threefold." In Enumerative Geometry and String Theory, 125–34. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/stml/032/09.
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D’Appollonio, Giuseppe. "Boundary States In Rational Cft." In Progress in String, Field and Particle Theory, 381–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0211-0_19.
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Curti, Henning. "Das Modell rationalen kriminellen Verhaltens: Resümee." In Abschreckung durch Strafe, 177–79. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitätsverlag, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-91513-9_7.
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Gephart, Werner. "Die non-rationalen Strukturen des Verbrechens." In Strafe und Verbrechen, 63–106. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-11530-4_4.
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Curti, Henning. "Das Modell rationalen kriminellen Verhaltens: Allgemeine empirische Probleme." In Abschreckung durch Strafe, 77–95. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitätsverlag, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-91513-9_4.
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Curti, Henning. "Empirische Untersuchungen des Modells rationalen kriminellen Verhaltens: Eine Übersicht." In Abschreckung durch Strafe, 59–76. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitätsverlag, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-91513-9_3.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Rational Strain"
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Simmonds, Gordon R., Z. Joe Zhou, and Alan T. Samchek. "A Rational Design and Operating Strategy for Pipelines Traversing Unstable Slopes." In 1996 1st International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1996-1944.
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A common challenge for pipeline designers is the placement and safe operation of pipelines within unstable slopes. Consequently, special design and operation procedures must be created to maintain the integrity of the pipeline through its operating life. Nova Gas Transmission Limited (NGTL) has developed a methodology to monitor pipeline integrity in slow moving (creeping) unstable slopes. This methodology uses Pipeline-Soil Interaction models to produce parameters that are in turn placed in Pipeline Integrity Assessment Techniques such as finite element analysis. For slope movements, pipeline integrity is based on pipeline strain criteria that are established from regulated codes or NGTL’s risk-based criteria. The result is that pipe strain can be estimated over time given a particular soil type and predicted ground movement. The ability to predict when a pipeline is reaching a critical strain allows NGTL to effectively quantify the risk and associated cost for various remedial measures based on a given operating life (life-cycle cost). These remedial measures can take the form of strain relieving outages, re-routing of the pipeline, directional drilling, or conventional geotechnical remedial practices (dewatering, slope grading, buttressing, etc.). Two case studies are presented detailing this present state-of-practice methodology at NGTL.
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Carino, Claudio, Fabio Carli, Carlo Cinquini, and Mauro Gobbi. "Pipe Self-Reinforcing Outlets: Nonlinear Analysis Towards Rational Design." In ASME 1995 Design Engineering Technical Conferences collocated with the ASME 1995 15th International Computers in Engineering Conference and the ASME 1995 9th Annual Engineering Database Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1995-0120.
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Abstract A class of self-reinforcing outlets addressed to a wide variety of plants and pipelines is analyzed in this paper in order to examine computer simulation in comparison with bursting tests commonly adopted in industry. Based on a specific pre-processor for mesh generation, finite element analysis is performed on a workstation by a software package suitably accounting for both geometrical and material nonlinearities. Besides stress distribution visualization, high-resolution post-processor capability allows to predict, with sufficient accuracy, plastic strain trend in critical area. This may provide, on the one hand, a powerful tool in view of anticipating proof testing results and, on the other hand, a useful guideline for design purposes in view of a more rational material usage and joint configuration, paying particular attention to the overall structural reliability and performance.
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Otani, Akihito, Tadahiro Shibutani, Masaki Morishita, Izumi Nakamura, Tomoyoshi Watakabe, and Masaki Shiratori. "Seismic Qualification of Piping System by Detailed Inelastic Response Analysis: Part 2 — A Guideline for Piping Seismic Inelastic Response Analysis." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65190.
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A Code Case in the framework of JSME Nuclear Codes and Standards is currently being developed to incorporate seismic design evaluation of piping by detailed elastic-plastic response analysis and strain-based fatigue criteria as an alternative design rule to the current rule, in order to provide a more rational seismic design evaluation. The Code Case provides two strain-based criteria; one is a limit to maximum amplitude of equivalent strain amplitude derived from detailed analysis and the other is a limit to the fatigue usage factor also based on the equivalent strain amplitude. A guideline for piping seismic analysis based on inelastic response analysis is also being developed as a mandatory appendix for the code case. The guideline provides the methodology to obtain the elastic and plastic strains in seismic response and contains descriptions for analysis code, FE modeling including material property definition, time history analysis method, damping, seismic input condition and verification and validation method. This paper introduces the outlines of them.
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Nguyen, Ngoc, Olav Fyrileiv, and Chor Yew Chia. "A Numerical Model for Submarine Pipelines With Concrete Coating." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-62440.
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This paper presents a numerical model that is used to estimate the structural response of a submarine pipeline with concrete weight coating subjected to loadings commonly encountered in pipeline installation and operation phases. Findings from parametric studies performed with the numerical model are used to widen the applicable range of the simplified concrete crushing criterion in DNV-OS-F101 (2013) and formulate a rational approach for the design of pipeline concrete weight coating under typical installation and operation conditions. The rational design approach will allow for potential selection from a wider range of installation vessels and relaxation of the installation weather window criterion. The design method also provides insights into the strain concentration in the field joint at different strain levels, which is used to assess the field joint welding integrity for pipeline in free spans and in high strain conditions. The numerical model considers nonlinearities in steel and concrete material stress and strain, as well as complex adhesive behaviour of the anti-corrosion coating. Good agreement is obtained between the numerical results and existing experimental data for all the sections along the pipeline model where comparisons are made on moment–strain global behaviour, sliding from the concrete coating, hot spot strain near the field joint and concrete strain. The numerical program is performed within the scope of Phase 1 of the joint industry project called “Design of concrete coating for submarine pipelines”. Laboratory tests to check and improve the numerical model are planned for Phase 2.
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Nose, Takahisa, Takao Nakamura, and Takanori Kitada. "Study on the Influence of Strain Rate on Crack Initiation and Growth in Simulated Reactor Coolant Environment of Type 316 Stainless Steel." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84490.
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In order to conduct effective and rational maintenance activity of components in nuclear power plants, it is proposed to manage fatigue degradation based on crack size corresponding to an extent of cumulative fatigue damage. The purpose of this study focuses on the influence of strain rate in simulated reactor coolant environment for fatigue crack initiation and growth. 3-dimensional replica observations were conducted for environmental fatigue test specimens in different strain rates. Crack initiation and growth were observed in the experiments. It is clarified that low strain rate influences crack propagation and coalescence and increases crack growth rate that finally decrease fatigue life.
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Sukekawa, Masayuki, Nobuhiro Isobe, Hiroshi Shibamoto, Yoshihiko Tanaka, and Naoto Kasahara. "A Rational Identification of Creep Design Area Using Negligible Creep Curves." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93544.
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For extension of non-creep design area and simplification of design procedures, a rational identification method of creep design area by negligible creep (NC) curves was studied. NC curves of six kinds of austenite stainless and ferrite steels for fast reactors were determined based on domestic material data. NC curves provide the relation between temperature and time that does not induce damageable creep strain under the constant stress 1.5Sm (Sm: design stress intensity). In existing Japanese design guides, non-creep design area is severely restricted by constant upper temperature limit for austenite stainless steel and ferrite steel. In the case of 316FR steel and SUS410J3, which are candidate materials of Japanese commercialized fast reactors and have excellent material property, this limit can be extended by NC curve concept considering the duration of high temperature operation. NC curves under secondary stress considering stress relaxation were also studied. However, rationalization effect was insufficient whereas evaluation process was too complex. Therefore, at the present stage, NC curves at constant stress level 1.5Sm were adopted to identify creep design area. The concept of NC curve was introduced into the interim structural design guide for commercialized fast reactors in Japan to simplify the creep design of fast reactor systems. Utilizing these curves, non-creep design becomes possible for components operated at comparatively lower temperature in normal condition.
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Barsch, Aiko, Frederik Walter, Marcus Persicke, Stephanie Kaspar-Schoenefeld, Heiko Neuweger, Nikolas Kessler, and Jörn Kalinowski. "Increasing arginine production in Corynebacterium glutamicum by rational strain design in combination with metabolomics and proteomics." In The 1st International Electronic Conference on Metabolomics. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecm-1-b001.
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Sato, Masakazu, Hiroki Kikuchi, and Naoto Kasahara. "Study on Mechanism of Stress-Strain Redistribution by Elastic-Plastic-Creep Deformation." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57552.
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Design of structures subjected to elevated temperature is substantial, especially at structural discontinuities where strain concentration induced by stress-strain redistribution causes a reduction of creep fatigue strength. In the design of those structures, it is needed to consider elastic-plastic-creep deformation. Methods to estimate elastic-plastic-creep deformation are categorized into inelastic FEM analyses and simple methods based on elastic FEM analyses. The latter methods provide the advantages of shorter calculation time and uniqueness of results. Stress Redistribution Locus (SRL) was proposed as one of the simplified methods. Previous analyses indicate that SRL depends on neither constitutive equations nor magnitude of loads. By clarifying the mechanism of stress-strain redistribution, and determining a condition where the SRL coincide, this method can be utilized as a rational analysis for inelastic structural design. The objective of this study is to clarify the mechanism which determines SRL in elastic-plastic-creep deformation. Firstly, elastic-plastic analyses were achieved in a pipe model. Considering an analogy based on the theoretical solution of a two bars model, the pipe model with fixed elastic core ratio was analyzed. In consequence, it was clarified that stress-strain redistribution by elastic-plastic deformation depends on the area of the elastic cores. Secondly, elastic-creep analyses and elastic-plastic-creep analyses were performed in the same model, and it was revealed that the elastic core is the main factor on stress-strain redistribution induced by elastic-plastic-creep deformation.
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Otani, Akihito, Izumi Nakamura, Tomoyoshi Watakabe, Masaki Morishita, Tadahiro Shibutani, and Masaki Shiratori. "Applicability of Seismic Fatigue Evaluation by JSME Code Case, NC-CC-008." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93123.
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Abstract A Code Case, JSME S NC1, NC-CC-008, in the framework of JSME Nuclear Codes and Standards has been published. New seismic evaluation methodology for piping by utilizing advanced elastic-plastic response analysis method and strain-based fatigue criteria has been incorporated into the code case. It can achieve more rational seismic design than the current rule. This paper demonstrates validity and applicability of fatigue evaluation method proposed in the code case. Experimental results of a shaking table test for a piping model is used for comparing the evaluation by the current rule with one by the code case. As a result, it is confirmed that the code case can provide a rational and conservative result in the fatigue evaluation of piping. Moreover, cycle counting in the fatigue evaluation was examined for further progress of the code case.
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Nguyen, Ngoc, Olav Fyrileiv, and Chor Yew Chia. "Improving the Installation Criterion for Concrete Coated Pipelines." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-78512.
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Current design practice limits the concrete strain to approximately 0.2% in a simplified design criterion. In most standard cases, this has proved to be safe and adequate. However, in recent years, the pipeline industry is extending into more remote, harsher environments and larger diameter pipelines. The use of the simplified design criterion has, in some circumstances, resulted in too strict installation requirements which limit the number of relevant installation vessels. This paper presents some findings on the concrete strain for submarine pipelines with concrete weight coating (CWC) derived from the numerical program performed within the scope of Phase 1 of the joint industry project “Design of concrete coating for submarine pipelines”. Non-linearities in the concrete weight coating, anti-corrosion coating (ACC) and steel material properties, as well as large deformation and the sequence of load application were included in the numerical model. The results from the numerical analyses have been well validated against existing experimental data, and the numerical model was subsequently used in an extensive parametric study, where the behaviour of concrete coated pipelines was investigated for monotonic and reversed bending with nominal strain up to 0.4%. These numerical results can be used to widen the applicable range of the simplified concrete crushing criterion in DNVGL-ST-F101 (2017), and to formulate a rational approach for the design of pipeline concrete weight coating under typical installation and operation conditions. The rational design approach will allow for a wider range of installation vessels to select from for installation of the pipeline, and relaxation of the installation weather window criterion.
Reports on the topic "Rational Strain"
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Olson, R. J., and J. F. Kiefner. L51545 Guidelines for Pipeline Strain Monitoring by Conventional Means. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011755.
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The objective of this report was to assemble strain monitoring information for conventional monitoring methods relevant to pipelines into a single document. The presentation includes a discussion of the basic conventional monitoring techniques, limiting strain criteria and possible intervention responses, practical strain monitoring instrumentation deployment considerations, and a generic plan for conducting pipeline monitoring. The integration of the information presented herein in a strain monitoring program will enhance the reliability and usefulness of strain data that is collected, and it will provide consistent, rational criteria for intervention decisions.
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Gelb, Jr., Jack, Yoram Weisman, Brian Ladman, and Rosie Meir. Identification of Avian Infectious Brochitis Virus Variant Serotypes and Subtypes by PCR Product Cycle Sequencing for the Rational Selection of Effective Vaccines. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586470.bard.
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Objectives 1. Determine the serotypic identities of 40 recent IBV isolates from commercial chickens raised in the USA and Israel. 2. Sequence all IBV field isolates using PCR product cycle sequencing and analyze their S 1 sequence to detennine their homology to other strains in the Genbank and EMBL databases. 3. Select vaccinal strains with the highest S 1 sequence homology to the field isolates and perform challenge of immunity studies in chickens in laboratory trials to detennine level of protection afforded by the vaccines. Background Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a common, economically important disease of the chicken. IB occurs as a respiratory form, associated with airsacculitis, condemnation, and mortality of meat-type broilers, a reproductive form responsible for egg production losses in layers and breeders, and a renal form causing high mortality in broilers and pullets. The causative agent is avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Replication of the virus' RNA genome is error-prone and mutations commonly result. A major target for mutation is the gene encoding the spike (S) envelope protein used by the virus to attach and infect the host cell. Mutations in the S gene result in antigenic changes that can lead to the emergence of variant serotypes. The S gene is able to tolerate numerous mutations without compromising the virus' ability to replicate and cause disease. An end result of the virus' "flexibility" is that many strains of IBV are capable of existing in nature. Once formed, new mutant strains, often referred to as variants, are soon subjected to immunological selection so that only the most antigenically novel variants survive in poultry populations. Many novel antigenic variant serotypes and genotypes have been isolated from commercial poultry flocks. Identification of the field isolates of IBV responsible for outbreaks is critical for selecting the appropriate strain(s) for vaccination. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of the Sl subunit of the envelope spike glycoprotein gene has been a common method used to identify field strains, replacing other time-consuming or less precise tests. Two PCR approaches have been used for identification, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and direct automated cycle sequence analysis of a diagnostically relevant hypervariab1e region were compared in our BARD research. Vaccination for IB, although practiced routinely in commercial flocks, is often not protective. Field isolates responsible for outbreaks may be unrelated to the strain(s) used in the vaccination program. However, vaccines may provide varying degrees of cross- protection vs. unrelated field strains so vaccination studies should be performed. Conclusions RFLP and S1 sequence analysis methods were successfully performed using the field isolates from the USA and Israel. Importantly, the S1 sequence analysis method enabled a direct comparison of the genotypes of the field strains by aligning them to sequences in public databases e.g. GenBank. Novel S1 gene sequences were identified in both USA and Israel IBVs but greater diversity was observed in the field isolates from the USA. One novel genotype, characterized in this project, Israel/720/99, is currently being considered for development as an inactivated vaccine. Vaccination with IBV strains in the US (Massachusetts, Arkansas, Delaware 072) or in Israel (Massachusetts, Holland strain) provided higher degrees of cross-protection vs. homologous than heterologous strain challenge. In many cases however, vaccination with two strains (only studies with US strains) produced reasonable cross-protection against heterologous field isolate challenge. Implications S1 sequence analysis provides numerical similarity values and phylogenetic information that can be useful, although by no means conclusive, in developing vaccine control strategies. Identification of many novel S1 genotypes of IBV in the USA is evidence that commercial flocks will be challenged today and in the future with strains unrelated to vaccines. In Israel, monitoring flocks for novel IBV field isolates should continue given the identification of Israel/720/99, and perhaps others in the future. Strains selected for vaccination of commercial flocks should induce cross- protection against unrelated genotypes. Using diverse genotypes for vaccination may result in immunity against unrelated field strains.
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Shen, Gianetto, and Tyson. L52342 Development of Procedure for Low-Constraint Toughness Testing Using a Single-Specimen Technique. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010687.
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Pipelines from remote frontier regions are increasingly required to have adequate resistance to large deformations such as that caused by ground movement. In response to this, �strain-based design"� has been developed to enable assessment of imperfections at applied strains beyond yield. In addition, it is proposed to take advantage of the increased apparent toughness of pipe under low constraint, such as girth weld imperfections under axial tension, compared with the high-constraint toughness measured in conventional tests such as ASTM E1290 [1]. Application of low-constraint testing has been dvantageously applied in assessment of toughness for offshore pipeline projects. Also in the pipeline industry, demands on new pipeline projects include low design temperatures as well as high strain capacity. At the same time, increased strength is specified, which increases the level of required toughness. These factors make it increasingly important to assure weldment toughness, in particular to ensure that the failure mode remains ductile. It is well known that brittle cleavage is especially sensitive to constraint, and the availability of a toughness test that would reproduce field conditions would enable more rational development and acceptance of candidate welds and, in particular, enable more appropriate testing of weld heat-affected zones. This work was performed for specific application to surface circumferential cracks in pipe under strain-based design, for which the best constraint matching has been found to occur for clamped single-edge tension (SE(T)) specimens with H/W=10. For this geometry, a test procedure similar to that of ASTM E1820-06 for single-edge bend (SE(B)) and compact tension (C(T)) specimens was developed for J-resistance tests using a single-specimen technique. All the equations used in the procedure, including those for evaluation of J-integrals from the area under load/plastic crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) curves, and evaluation of crack length from unloading compliance including rotation correction, were developed using finite element analysis (FEA) with a range of crack depths, focusing on a/W= 0.2 to 0.5 which is of most practical interest. The present procedure is compared with that of E1820 for SE(B) testing regarding evaluation of J-integral with crack growth correction, crack length evaluation, and correction of compliance for rotation.
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Wang, Wu, and Liu. L52335 Weld Strength Mismatch Requirements. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010399.
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To establish rational approaches to weld strength requirements. Such requirements are correlated to the expected construction and service conditions throughout the pipeline's service life. No single strength requirement is good for all conditions. �Over-specifying"� the strength requirement may not be necessary and can be counterproductive. On the other hand, �under-specifying"� the strength requirement may lead to inadequate safety and integrity. This work includes: Initial feasibility study of weld strength requirement for a particular pipe grade and application, Evaluation of the impact of weld strength on weld performance measures, such as the tensile strain capacity of the girth welds, Playing �what-if"� scenarios and developing trade-off strategies among various parameters governing the girth weld integrity for certain performance requirement. For instance high degree of overmatching may be used to compensate for large high-low misalignment.
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Oliynyk, Kateryna, and Matteo Ciantia. Application of a finite deformation multiplicative plasticity model with non-local hardening to the simulation of CPTu tests in a structured soil. University of Dundee, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001230.
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In this paper an isotropic hardening elastoplastic constitutive model for structured soils is applied to the simulation of a standard CPTu test in a saturated soft structured clay. To allow for the extreme deformations experienced by the soil during the penetration process, the model is formulated in a fully geometric non-linear setting, based on: i) the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into an elastic and a plastic part; and, ii) on the existence of a free energy function to define the elastic behaviour of the soil. The model is equipped with two bonding-related internal variables which provide a macroscopic description of the effects of clay structure. Suitable hardening laws are employed to describe the structure degradation associated to plastic deformations. The strain-softening associated to bond degradation usually leads to strain localization and consequent formation of shear bands, whose thickness is dependent on the characteristics of the microstructure (e.g, the average grain size). Standard local constitutive models are incapable of correctly capturing this phenomenon due to the lack of an internal length scale. To overcome this limitation, the model is framed using a non-local approach by adopting volume averaged values for the internal state variables. The size of the neighbourhood over which the averaging is performed (characteristic length) is a material constant related to the microstructure which controls the shear band thickness. This extension of the model has proven effective in regularizing the pathological mesh dependence of classical finite element solutions in the post-localization regime. The results of numerical simulations, conducted for different soil permeabilities and bond strengths, show that the model captures the development of plastic deformations induced by the advancement of the cone tip; the destructuration of the clay associated with such plastic deformations; the space and time evolution of pore water pressure as the cone tip advances. The possibility of modelling the CPTu tests in a rational and computationally efficient way opens a promising new perspective for their interpretation in geotechnical site investigations.
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McClure, Michael A., Yitzhak Spiegel, David M. Bird, R. Salomon, and R. H. C. Curtis. Functional Analysis of Root-Knot Nematode Surface Coat Proteins to Develop Rational Targets for Plantibodies. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575284.bard.
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The goal of this research was to provide a better understanding of the interface between root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., and their host in order to develop rational targets for plantibodies and other novel methods of nematode control directed against the nematode surface coat (SC). Specific objectives were: 1. To produce additional monoclonal SC antibodies for use in Objectives 2, 3, and 4 and as candidates for development of plantibodies. 2. To determine the production and distribution of SC proteins during the infection process. 3. To use biochemical and immunological methods to perturbate the root-knot nematode SC in order to identify SC components that will serve as targets for rationally designed plantibodies. 4. To develop SC-mutant nematodes as additional tools for defining the role of the SC during infection. The external cuticular layer of nematodes is the epicuticle. In many nematodes, it is covered by a fuzzy material termed "surface coat" (SC). Since the SC is the outermost layer, it may playa role in the interaction between the nematode and its surroundings during all life stages in soil and during pathogenesis. The SC is composed mainly of proteins, carbohydrates (which can be part of glycoproteins), and lipids. SC proteins and glycoproteins have been labeled and extracted from preparasitic second-stage juveniles and adult females of Meloidogyne and specific antibodies have been raised against surface antigens. Antibodies can be used to gain more information about surface function and to isolate genes encoding for surface antigens. Characterization of surface antigens and their roles in different life-stages may be an important step towards the development of alternative control. Nevertheless, the role of the plant- parasitic nematode's surface in plant-nematode interaction is still not understood. Carbohydrates or carbohydrate-recognition domains (CROs) on the nematode surface may interact with CROs or carbohydrate molecules, on root surfaces or exudates, or be active after the nematode has penetrated into the root. Surface antigens undoubtedly play an important role in interactions with microorganisms that adhere to the nematodes. Polyclonal (PC) and monoclonal (MC) antibodies raised against Meloidogyne javanica, M. incognita and other plant-parasitic nematodes, were used to characterize the surface coat and secreted-excreted products of M. javanica and M. incognita. Some of the MC and PC antibodies raised against M. incognita showed cross-reactivity with the surface coat of M. javanica. Further characterization, in planta, of the epitopes recognized by the antibodies, showed that they were present in the parasitic juvenile stages and that the surface coat is shed during root penetration by the nematode and its migration between root cells. At the molecular level, we have followed two lines of experimentation. The first has been to identify genes encoding surface coat (SC) molecules, and we have isolated and characterized a small family of mucin genes from M. incognita. Our second approach has been to study host genes that respond to the nematode, and in particular, to the SC. Our previous work has identified a large suite of genes expressed in Lycopersicon esculentum giant cells, including the partial cDNA clone DB#131, which encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase. Isolation and predicted translation of the mature cDNA revealed a frame shift mutation in the translated region of nematode sensitive plants. By using primers homologous to conserved region of DB#131 we have identified the orthologues from three (nematode-resistant) Lycopersicon peruvianum strains and found that these plants lacked the mutation.
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Stephens, Olson, and Rosenfeld. L51620 Pipeline Monitoring--Limit State Criteria. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010607.
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With the growing emphasis on extending the useful operation of existing pipelines and reducing the operating costs, the pipeline industry is sensitive to keeping pipelines in service and having a rational basis for doing so. When pipelines undergo fault displacement, mining subsidence, thaw settlement, or landslide induced soil loading, monitoring of pipeline strains and/or displacements must protect their integrity. Currently, there is little information available to indicate when remedial action is necessary for such a pipeline. This report focuses on assisting pipe-monitoring programs by providing data and criteria for monitoring intervention. The objective of the work reported herein was to compile data and define criteria for monitoring intervention for local buckling, denting, and tensile failure, based upon data and experience from the pipeline industry. It was established that three separate quantities might be defined for each loading condition; a limit state criterion, a damage state criterion, and an intervention criterion.
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Ramírez, David A., Cecilia Silva-Díaz, Johan Ninanya, Mariella Carbajal, Javier Rinza, Suresh K. Kakraliya, Marcel Gatto, and Jan Kreuze. Potato zero-tillage and mulching is promising in achieving agronomic gain in Asia. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.6.0072.
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Review question / Objective: The objective of this review is to analyze the effect of zero-tillage and organic mulching (with emphasis on rice-straw) on several Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) related to productivity, resources-use efficiency, and soil health, as well as, C footprint, and weed control for growing potatoes in rice-based systems in Asia. Can zero-tillage and organic mulching increase agronomic gain in potatoes crop in Asia? Rationale: Potato cultivation under zero-tillage and mulching (PZTM) between rice or rice-other crops projects a sustainable intensification of rice-based systems reducing mechanical soil disturbance with a concomitant increase of soil organic matter. However, collection, analysis, and synthesis of experiences in Asia, where this technology was mainly reported, is missing in the scientific literature. This effort, presented in this review, is crucial as a starting point for establishing if PTZM experiences have improved indicators related to productivity, resource use efficiency and soil health, and C footprint and weed management to achieve Agronomic Gain.
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Weinberg, Zwi G., Adegbola Adesogan, Itzhak Mizrahi, Shlomo Sela, Kwnag Jeong, and Diwakar Vyas. effect of selected lactic acid bacteria on the microbial composition and on the survival of pathogens in the rumen in context with their probiotic effects on ruminants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598162.bard.
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This research project was performed in context of the apparent probiotic effect of selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) silage inoculants on the performance of ruminants (improved feed intake, faster live-weight gain, higher milk yields and improved feed efficiency). The overall objective was to find out how LAB affect ruminant performance. The project included several “chapters” as follows: 1. The effect of LAB silage inoculants on the survival of detrimental bacteria in rumen fluid, in vitro study (Weinberg et al., The Volcani Center). An in vitro model was developed to study the interaction between selected LAB and an E. coli strain tagged with green fluorescence protein (GFP) in buffered RF. Results indicated that both LAB inoculants and E. coli survived in the RF for several days; both LAB inoculants and LAB-treated silages did not affect survival of E. coli in rumen fluid in vitro. The effect of feeding baled wheat silages treated with or without three selected LAB silage inoculants on the performance of high-lactating cows (Weinberg et al., The Volcani Center). Treatments included control (no additive), Lacobacillusbuchneri40788 (LB), Lactobacillus plantarumMTD1 40027 (LP) and Pediococcuspentosaceus30168 (PP), each applied at 10⁶ cfu/g FM. The silages were included in the TMR of 32 high milking Holstein cows in a controlled feeding experiment. All baled silages were of good quality. The LB silage had the numerically highest acetic acid and were the most stable upon aerobic exposure. The cows fed the LB silages had the highest daily milk yields, percent milk fat and protein. The microbiome of baled wheat silages and changes during ensiling of wheat and corn (Sela et al., The Volcani Center). Bacterial community of the baled silages was dominated mainly of two genera in total, dominated by Lactobacillus and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_12 with 300 other genera at very low abundance. Fungal community was composed mainly of two genera in total, dominated by Candida and Monascuswith 20 other genera at very low abundance. In addition, changes in the microbiome during ensiling of wheat and corn with and without addition of L. plantarumMTD1 was studied in mini-silos. Overall 236 bacterial genera were identified in the fresh corn but after 3 months Lactobacillus outnumbered all other species by acquiring 95% of relative abundance. The wheat silage samples are still under analysis. The effect of applying LAB inoculants at ensiling on survival of E. coli O157:H7 in alfalfa and corn silages(Adesogan et al., University of Florida). E. coli (10⁵ cfu/g) was applied to fresh alfalfa and corn at ensiling with or without L. plantarumor L. buchneri. The pathogen was added again after about 3 moths at the beginning of an aerobic exposure period. The inoculants resulted in faster decrease in pH as compared with the control (no additives) or E. coli alone and therefore, the pathogen was eliminated faster from these silages. After aerobic exposure the pathogen was not detected in the LAB treated silages, whereas it was still present in the E. coli alone samples. 5. The effect of feeding corn silage treated with or without L. buchnerion shedding of E. coli O157:H7 by dairy cows (Adesogan et al., UFL). BARD Report - Project 4704 Page 2 of 12 Five hundred cows from the dairy herd of the University of Florida were screened for E. coli shedding, out of which 14 low and 13 high shedders were selected. These cows were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) which was inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 for 21 days. The TMR included corn silage treated with or without L. buchneri. The inoculated silages were more stable upon aerobic exposure than the control silages; the silage inoculant had no significant effect on any milk or cow blood parameters. However, the silage inoculant tended to reduce shedding of E. coli regardless of high or low shedders (p = 0.06). 6. The effect of feeding baled wheat silages treated with or without three selected LAB silage inoculants on the rumen microbiome (Mizrahi et al., BGU). Rumen fluid was sampled throughout the feeding experiment in which inoculated wheat silages were included in the rations. Microbial DNA was subsequently purified from each sample and the 16S rRNA was sequenced, thus obtaining an overview of the microbiome and its dynamic changes for each experimental treatment. We observed an increase in OTU richness in the group which received the baled silage inoculated with Lactobacillus Plantarum(LP). In contrast the group fed Lactobacillus buchneri(LB) inoculated silage resulted in a significant decrease in richness. Lower OTU richness was recently associated in lactating cows with higher performance (Ben Shabatet al., 2016). No significant clustering could be observed between the different inoculation treatments and the control in non metric multi-dimentional scaling, suggesting that the effect of the treatments is not the result of an overall modulation of the microbiome composition but possibly the result of more discrete interactions. Significant phylum level changes in composition also indicates that no broad changes in taxa identity and composition occurred under any treatment A more discrete modulation could be observed in the fold change of several taxonomic groups (genus level analysis), unique to each treatment, before and after the treatment. Of particular interest is the LB treated group, in which several taxa significantly decreased in abundance. BARD Report - Project 4704 Page 3 of 12
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THE CONTINUOUS STRENGTH METHOD – REVIEW AND OUTLOOK. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2020.p.k11.
Full textAbstract:
The Continuous Strength Method (CSM) is a deformation-based approach to the design of structures that enables a continuous, rational and accurate allowance for material nonlinearity. Central to the method is the application of strain limits to define the resistance of a structural member or system.The method can be applied to structures formed using different materials and manufacturing processes and can be used for steel-concrete composite design and in fire scenarios. The design method enables enhancements in structural efficiency and, unlike traditional approaches, allows the assessment of both strength and ductility demands (particularly relevant for high strength steel) at the ultimate limit state. For hand calculations, a set of straightforward CSM design equations have been developed. Recognising the increasing importance and use of advanced analysis, recent research, summarised herein, has focused on integration of the CSM strain limits into a framework of design by second order inelastic analysis, where the benefits of the method become even more substantial. This paper provides a review of the background and recent developments, including incorporation into design standards.