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1
Kesoretskikh, Ivan, and Sergey Zotov. Landscape vulnerability: concept and assessment. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1045820.
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The monograph presents a methodology for assessing the vulnerability of landscapes to external influences. A comparative analysis of the concepts of "stability", "sensitivity", "vulnerability" in relation to natural complexes. An overview of existing methods for assessing the vulnerability of natural complexes is presented. The author's method of assessing the vulnerability of landscapes to anthropogenic impacts is described. The methodology is based on: selection and justification of criteria for assessing the vulnerability of landscapes; preparation of a parametric matrix and gradation of assessment criteria in accordance with the developed vulnerability classes; calculation of weighting factors of vulnerability assessment parameters; selection of optimal territorial operational unit for landscape vulnerability assessment. The method is implemented in the GIS environment "Assessment of vulnerability of landscapes of the Kaliningrad region to anthropogenic impacts", created by the authors using modern geoinformation products. The specificity of spatial differentiation of different landscapes in terms of vulnerability to anthropogenic impacts at the regional and local levels is revealed. It is stated that the use of the methodology for assessing the vulnerability of landscapes to anthropogenic impacts and its integration into the system of nature management will ensure a balanced account of geoecological features and environmental priorities in territorial planning.
It is of interest to specialists in the field of rational nature management, environmental protection, spatial planning.
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Tucci, Marco P. The Rational Expectation Hypothesis, Time-Varying Parameters and Adaptive Control. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2874-8.
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3
Bilingual selection of syntactic knowledge: Extending the principles and parameters approach. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1999.
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4
Steglich, Christian Erich Gerhard. The framing of decision situations: Automatic goal selection and rational goal pursuit. [S.l: s.n.], 2003.
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5
Hire with your head: A rational way to make a gut decision. New York: Wiley, 1998.
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Vellakkal, Sukumar. Adverse selection and private health insurance coverage in India: A rational behaviour model of insurance agents under asymmetric information. New Delhi: Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, 2009.
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7
Globale Partnerwahl: Soziale Ungleichheit als Motor transnationaler Heiratsentscheidungen. Wiesbaden: VS, Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2011.
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8
Mischenko, Aleksandr, and Anastasiya Ivanova. Optimization models for managing limited resources in logistics. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1082948.
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In the proposed monograph, optimization models for managing limited resources in logical systems are considered. Such systems are primarily used by industrial enterprises, transport companies and trade organizations, including those that carry out wholesale activities. As a rule, the efficiency of these objects largely depends on how rational use of limited resources such as: consumer camera business, labor, vehicles, etc. In this paper, various approaches to managing such resources are considered both for deterministic models and for the situation when a number of model parameters are not specified exactly, that is, for stochastic models. In this case, it is proposed to evaluate the stability of models to the occurrence of various types of risk events, both by the structure of the solution and by the functionality. It is addressed to senior students, postgraduates and masters studying in the specialty "Management" and "Logistics", as well as specialists in the field of logistics systems modeling.
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Okolelova, Tamara, and Syergyey YEngashyev. Scientific basis of feeding and keeping poultry. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02037-1.
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The book covers the basic principles of nutrient rationing for poultry. The data on the needs of all types of poultry, taking into account age, in nutrients, minerals and biologically active substances are given. The characteristic of the main feed means and rational norms of their inclusion in the compound feed for poultry are given. Modern data on the role of vitamins, macro- and microelements, enzyme preparations, probiotics, prebiotics, phytobiotics, organic acids, antioxidants, fat emulsifiers and other sources of biologically active substances in poultry nutrition are presented. Attention is paid to the main technological parameters of poultry keeping. The nutritional factors that reduce immunity, as well as the causes of the main diseases associated with the quality of feed, with violations in the rationing of nutrient, mineral and biologically active substances, the technology of feeding and keeping poultry, are described, methods of their prevention are given. Criteria for the adequacy of nutrition and maintenance of a bird to its genetic potential are stated.
The book is intended for specialists and managers of poultry farms, enterprises of the feed industry, researchers, graduate students and students.
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Evstaf'ev, Andrey, Mihail Izvarin, and Aleksandr Maznev. Dynamics of electric rolling stock. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1013692.
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The textbook describes the physical foundations, theory, principles of selection and calculation of the main parameters of spring suspension schemes, discusses the issues of fitting crews into curves, vertical dynamics of the traction drive, the use of coupling weight and vibrations of electric rolling stock.
It is intended for the training of certified specialists in the direction of "Railway rolling stock".
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Evstaf'ev, Andrey, and Aleksandr Maznev. Design and dynamics of electric rolling stock. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1014666.
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The physical foundations, theory, principles of selection and calculation of the main parameters of spring suspension schemes are presented, the issues of fitting crews into curves, the dynamics of traction drive, the use of coupling weight and vibrations of electric rolling stock, and the design features of modern locomotives are considered.
For students and teachers, as well as anyone interested in this topic.
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Apostolidi, Eftychia, Stephanos Dritsos, Christos Giarlelis, José Jara, Fatih Sutcu, Toru Takeuchi, and Joe White. Seismic Isolation and Response Control. Edited by Andreas Lampropoulos. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed019.
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<p>The seismic resilience of new and existing structures is a key priority for the protection of human lives and the reduction of economic losses in earthquake prone areas. The modern seismic codes have focused on the upgrade of the structural performance of the new and existing structures. However, in many cases it is preferrable to mitigate the effects of the earthquakes by reducing the induced loads in the structures using seismic isolation and response control devices. The limited expertise in the selection and design of the appropriate system for new and existing structures is the main challenge for an extensive use of seismic isolation and response control systems in practice.</p> <p>This document aims to provide a practical guide by presenting a collection of the most commonly used seismic isolation and response control systems and a critical evaluation of the main characteristics of these systems. Comparisons of the key parameters of the design processes for new buildings with seismic isolation are presented, while the application of seismic isolation systems and response control systems for the retrofitting of existing structures is also examined, followed by various case studies from Greece, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, and Turkey.</p>
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Fridman, Yuriy, and Aleksandr Korzhenevich. Learning to solve problems in physics: preparing for the Unified State Exam. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/995926.
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If you are holding this textbook in your hands, it means that you understand the need to solve problems when studying a physics course at school. Indeed, it is difficult to overestimate the effect that the solution of problems in the study of physics gives. The textbook contains about 800 problems for the high school physics course. The tasks are based on the examination materials of various universities, including the Republic of Crimea, data from the magazines "Kvant", "Physics at School", information received from correspondence physics and mathematics schools of the Moscow State University named after M. V. Lomonosov, National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University). We also used the problem books that were released in various years to help those entering universities. The number of problems and their selection are not random and allow, according to the compilers, to demonstrate the types of problems that are often found in the high school physics course, the most rational methods, general approaches and ideas for solving them, and also help to acquire certain skills in solving problems. Can be useful for use in secondary schools when working with students for whom physics is of interest, optional, if you prepare for the entrance exams for physics, a specialized school with advanced study of physics, as well as anyone who wants to learn how to solve problems in physics.
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Cunha, Burke A. Third-generation cephalosporins: A rational basis for selection. Health Communications Press, 1985.
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15
1937-, Azar Isaac, ed. Muscle relaxants: Side effects and a rational approach to selection. New York: Dekker, 1987.
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16
Shyam-Sunder, Chattergee, Wildi Eckhart, and Wink Michael, eds. Trends in medicinal plant research: screening, biotechnology and rational phytotherapy. Dossenheim: Romneya, 2001.
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17
The Rational Expectation Hypothesis, Time-Varying Parameters and Adaptive Control: A Promising Combination? (Advances in Computational Economics). Springer, 2005.
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18
Brooker, Paul, and Margaret Hayward. Rational Leadership. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825395.001.0001.
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This book shows how a business version of rational leadership develops business corporations (and inspires people with confidence) by using the appropriate rational methods. The book presents classic examples of leaders using these corporation-developing methods to establish or enhance an iconic corporation. The main examples are Sloan (General Motors), Ohno (Toyota), Kroc (McDonalds), Walton (Walmart), Grove (Intel), and Whitman (eBay). These examples cover a wide range of different times, from the 1920s to the 2000s, and different industries, from fast-food and the automobile to microprocessors and e-commerce. In addition to being ‘best practice’ examples, they present a ‘leader’s-eye view’ through autobiographical writings, which are supplemented and corroborated by biographical and historical sources. (There are other supplementary examples that include Bezos of Amazon, Sandberg of Facebook, Jobs of Apple, Armani of Armani fashion, and Roddick of The Body Shop.) There is a comparative aspect, too, as the examples also describe the variation in leaders’ selection or emphasising of particular methods, which vary according to the circumstances or a leader’s personal preferences. The conclusion suggests that the book’s approach should also be applied to versions of military leadership and the political leaders of contemporary democracies. The book has been prepared as both an academic monograph and a graduate text, but will also appeal to general readers who are interested in leadership and/or business.
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Boddice, Rob. Sympathetic Selection: Eugenics. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040580.003.0006.
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Chapter 5 returns to the blueprint for the evolution of sympathy in Darwin’s Descent, picking up at the point where Darwin introduces a paradoxical prediction of degeneration, caused by the same force that inspired social cohesion and moral progress. This chapter analyses the birth of the eugenics movement as a department of statistics, arising directly from a concern for the common good of civilised society – the central tenet of highly evolved sympathy. Unlike most studies of eugenics, this chapter focuses largely on the period before 1900, when the parameters of eugenic thought were being hashed out. It particularly focuses on the problem of degeneration as seen through the eyes of Francis Galton and Karl Pearson, who pointed to the need for social-policy interventions in breeding.
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Azar, Isaac. Muscle Relaxants: Side Effects and a Rational Approach to Selection (Clinical Pharmacology Series, Vol 7). Marcel Dekker, 1987.
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21
Kemp, Darrell J. Habitat selection and territoriality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797500.003.0006.
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Insects dominate virtually all terrestrial and freshwater habitats on earth. This chapter reviews insect habitat selection, focusing on the occupation and defence of mating sites. First the adaptive basis of mating systems, sex roles, and behaviors in regard to habitat are established, then site occupation and defence in territorial species is explored. Resource-holding potential and resource value are discussed for how they determine aggressive motivation, as well as how contestants seek to gauge such parameters, with particular attention to the role of convention, drawing upon exemplar studies in damselflies and butterflies that have provided a narrative between theory and empiricism. Conventional and/or plastic behaviors are also discussed in terms of the presence and certainty of contestant roles, encompassing phenomena, such as residency confusion, nasty neighbours and interloper effects. The chapter concludes by discussing future avenues, foremost among which is the opportunity to synthesize empirical data across taxa.
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Okasha, Samir. Risk, Rational Choice, and Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815082.003.0009.
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Decision-theoretic ideas arise in two areas of biology: risk-sensitive foraging, and the theory of evolution in variable environments. The former concerns the actual behavioural choices that organisms make, the latter the ‘choices’ made by natural selection. A natural suggestion is that both sorts of choices can be modelled in terms of expected utility maximization, the standard theory of rational decision in the face of risk. However, this is only true under particular model assumptions; it does not hold in situations involving a combination of aggregate and idiosyncratic risk. Mixed strategies further complicate the relation between rational and biologically optimal risk preferences. This implies a limit on the validity of the organism-as-rational-agent heuristic as a tool for understanding evolved behaviour.
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Zugänge zur Rationalität der Zukunft. Metzler, 2002.
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24
Adverse selection and private health insurance coverage in India: A rational behaviour model of insurance agents under asymmetric information. New Delhi: Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, 2009.
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25
Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Evolution and Selection of Quantitative Traits. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.001.0001.
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Quantitative traits—be they morphological or physiological characters, aspects of behavior, or genome-level features such as the amount of RNA or protein expression for a specific gene—usually show considerable variation within and among populations. Quantitative genetics, also referred to as the genetics of complex traits, is the study of such characters and is based on mathematical models of evolution in which many genes influence the trait and in which non-genetic factors may also be important. Evolution and Selection of Quantitative Traits presents a holistic treatment of the subject, showing the interplay between theory and data with extensive discussions on statistical issues relating to the estimation of the biologically relevant parameters for these models. Quantitative genetics is viewed as the bridge between complex mathematical models of trait evolution and real-world data, and the authors have clearly framed their treatment as such. This is the second volume in a planned trilogy that summarizes the modern field of quantitative genetics, informed by empirical observations from wide-ranging fields (agriculture, evolution, ecology, and human biology) as well as population genetics, statistical theory, mathematical modeling, genetics, and genomics. Whilst volume 1 (1998) dealt with the genetics of such traits, the main focus of volume 2 is on their evolution, with a special emphasis on detecting selection (ranging from the use of genomic and historical data through to ecological field data) and examining its consequences. This extensive work of reference is suitable for graduate level students as well as professional researchers (both empiricists and theoreticians) in the fields of evolutionary biology, genetics, and genomics. It will also be of particular relevance and use to plant and animal breeders, human geneticists, and statisticians.
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Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Associative Effects: Competition, Social Interactions, Group and Kin Selection. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0022.
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The phenotypes of those individuals with which an focal individual interacts often influences the trait value in the focal individual. Maternal effects is a classic example of this phenomena, as is fitness. If these traits are heritable, then the selection response depends on both the change in the direct effects influencing a target trait and the associative effects contributed by interacting individuals. In such a setting, the breeder's equation no longer holds, as the problem is now a multiple trait one. This chapter examines the theory of response under models with both direct and associative effects, which can lead to a reversed response (a trait selected to increase instead decreases). The evolution of behavioral traits, including the evolution of altruism, is best handled using this approach. Further, kin and group selection follow as special cases of the gerenal model under multilevel selection. This chapter also examines how mixed models can be used estimate model parameters.
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Bangladesh. Ministry of Water Resources., Bangladesh Pāni Unnaẏana Borḍa, and Surface Water Modelling Centre (Bangladesh), eds. Command area development of Meghna-Dhonagoda Irrigation Project & Pabna Irrigation & Rural Development Project: Mathematical model study for evaluation and selection of design parameters for irrigation and drainage systems : final report. Dhaka: Surface Water Modelling Centre, 1999.
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Haskoning Koninklijk Ingenieurs- en Architectenbureau (Nijmegen, Netherlands) and Commission of the European Communities. Directorate-General Environment, Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection., eds. Technical & economic study on the reduction, based on best available technology, of industrial emissions (water, air & solid wastes) from the pulp industry: Selection of most suitable parameters to determine limit values for emissions to air and water. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1994.
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29
Saracino, Rebecca, Melissa Masterson, and Barry Rosenfeld. The Impact of Depression on Health Care Decisions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801900.003.0016.
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This chapter examines how depression affects health care decisions, with particular emphasis on patient autonomy, capacity, and competence for decision-making. It first considers the ethical boundaries and psycho-legal criteria for assessing decision-making capacity in the context of medical treatment decisions, attending to issues of autonomy and beneficence as well as the debate over whether paternalistic approaches have a place in our health care system. It then discusses the parameters that help define the debate over paternalism, along with the clinical challenges that accompany the assessment and implementation of these alternative approaches to health care decision-making. The chapter also reviews research exploring the impact of depressive symptoms on decision-making capacity and treatment refusal more specifically. It cites the doctrine of informed consent, the goal of which is to promote patient autonomy and rational decision-making. The chapter concludes with recommendations for a comprehensive approach to decision-making capacity assessment and directions for future research.
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Ospanova, S. M. ENERGY-SAVING TECHNOLOGIES MANUFACTURING OF METAL STRUCTURES WITH CORE ELEMENTS. RS Global S. z O.O., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal/047.
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The monograph analyzes various welded metal structures. The design of reinforcing cages of round, hot-rolled, cold-rolled, cold-flattened steel of periodic profile has been studied. During the welding process, the possibility of splashes has been established that affects the strength of the welded joint, and is associated with large energy losses. This phenomenon is accepted as an indicator of the quality of the welding process. The process of heating by contact welding of crossed round rods is described. It was found that the higher the current, the relatively later the limiting state sets in, the shorter the welding duration and the less the possibility of overheating the nearcontact region. Issues of rational technology of resistance welding of reinforced concrete reinforcement have been developed. The parameters of the mode of electric contact welding of crossing round rods are determined. The publication may be of interest to a wide range of readers interested in the problem of studying energy-saving technologies for the manufacture of metal structures with rod elements, including researchers, teachers and students of higher educational institutions in the field of energy conservation.
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Cheng, Russell. Non-Standard Problems: Some Examples. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198505044.003.0002.
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This chapter provides motivation for the rest of the book by giving a selection of simple examples showing how non-standard behaviour can occur. The well-known maximum likelihood estimator is used throughout this book to estimate an unknown vector of parameters. Its behaviour is standard if the log-likelihood is a concave quadratic function with the maximum in the neighbourhood of the true parameter value, but is otherwise non-standard. Examples of non-standard situations given in this chapter include the true parameter value not being an internal point of the parameter space, but being on a fixed boundary that may not even be finite, or where the mathematical form of the log-likelihood is different with non-estimable indeterminate parameters, or where the true model is an embedded model. Other examples given include where the log-likelihood is unbounded at a finite parameter point, is discontinuous, or is no longer quadratic.
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Clark, Caroline, Jeffrey Cole, Christine Winter, and Geoffrey Grammer. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.003.0005.
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Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often fail to resolve with psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, or integrative medicine treatments. Given these limitations, there is a continued push to discover treatment methods utilizing novel mechanisms of action. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) offers a non-invasive and safe method of brain stimulation that modulates neuronal activity in a focal area to achieve excitation or inhibition, and may have utility for patients suffering from PTSD, although, to date, evidence of efficacy is limited. The TMS treatment can be varied to suit the needs of the patient by altering the selection of the specific treatment parameters, such as pulse frequency or stimulation intensity. The weight of evidence to date supports treatment of either the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex or the medical prefrontal cortex. Coupling treatment with script based exposure therapies may also assist with potentiation of the extinction response. Ultimately, stimulation parameters may be related to secondary downstream effects, and thus current targets may indirectly reverse the underlying neuronal pathophysiology. Given that PTSD is a complex illness with a poorly understood pathophysiology, it often exists with other psychiatric comorbidities or TBI. As such, TMS could be an effective part of a comprehensive treatment program.
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Congleton, Roger D., Bernard Grofman, and Stefan Voigt, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Public Choice, Volume 1. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190469733.001.0001.
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The two volume Oxford Handbook of Public Choice provides a comprehensive overview of the Public Choice literature. Volume 1 covers rational choice models of elections, interest groups, rent seeking, and public choice contributions to normative political economy. It begins with introductory chapters on rational choice politics, the founding of public choice, and the evaluation and selection of constitutions. The chapters were all written for this handbook by scholars who are well known for their contributions to research in the areas discussed.
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Huffaker, Ray, Marco Bittelli, and Rodolfo Rosa. Empirically Detecting Causality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782933.003.0008.
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Phenomenological models mathematically describe relationships among empirically observed phenomena without attempting to explain underlying mechanisms. Within the context of NLTS, phenomenological modeling goes beyond phase space reconstruction to extract equations governing real-world system dynamics from a single or multiple observed time series. Phenomenological models provide several benefits. They can be used to characterize the dynamics of variable interactions; for example, whether an incremental increase in one variable drives a marginal increase/decrease in the growth rate of another, and whether these dynamic interactions follow systematic patterns over time. They provide an analytical framework for data driven science still searching for credible theoretical explanation. They set a descriptive standard for how the real world operates so that theory is not misdirected in explaining fanciful behavior. The success of phenomenological modeling depends critically on selection of governing parameters. Model dimensionality, and the time delays used to synthesize dynamic variables, are guided by statistical tests run for phase space reconstruction. Other regression and numerical integration parameters can be set on a trial and error basis within ranges providing numerical stability and successful reproduction of empirically-detected dynamics. We illustrate phenomenological modeling with solutions of the Lorenz model so that we can recognize the dynamics that need to be reproduced.
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Brooker, Paul, and Margaret Hayward. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825395.003.0009.
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The Conclusion points out that the preceding seven chapters’ examples and case studies have revealed some expected, and some unexpected conclusions. The six main cases revealed some expected uniformity in the leaders’ selection of rational methods. There was less uniformity, however, in the choice of the methods they emphasized, whether due to their personal preferences or to the circumstances they were facing. Two unexpected findings were the addition of a seventh appropriate rational method—learning—and the prevalence of dual-leadership teams. The conclusion goes on to suggest that this book’s theory and approach should be applied to versions of military leadership and to the political leadership of contemporary democracies.
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Harms, Mackenzie, Victoria Kennel, and Roni Reiter-Palmon. Team Creativity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190222093.003.0004.
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Creative cognition is a critical aspect of creative problem solving for both teams and individuals, but the cognitive processes underlying creativity have received more attention at the individual than the team level. This chapter focuses on early- and late-stage cognitive processes that have currently received less attention in the team creativity literature: problem construction and idea evaluation and selection. Problem construction aims to clarify problem ambiguity through restating and redefining a problem and identifying goals and parameters for consideration prior to solution generation. Idea evaluation and selection occurs after idea generation and refers to the evaluation of ideas with respect to specific standards, goals, or ideals, and the selection of ideas for pursuit in implementation. Additional research for team problem construction and team idea evaluation and selection is proposed.
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Allen, Michael P., and Dominic J. Tildesley. Advanced Monte Carlo methods. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803195.003.0009.
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This chapter describes the ways in which the Monte Carlo importance sampling method may be adapted to improve the calculation of ensemble averages, particularly those associated with free energy differences. These approaches include umbrella sampling, non-Boltzmann sampling, the Wang–Landau method, and nested sampling. In addition, a range of special techniques have been developed to accelerate the simulation of flexible molecules, such as polymers. These approaches are illustrated with scientific examples and program code. The chapter also explains the analysis of such simulations using techniques such as weighted histograms, and acceptance ratio calculations. Practical advice on selection of methods, parameters, and the direction in which to make comparisons, are given. Monte Carlo methods for modelling phase equilibria and chemical reactions at equilibrium are described.
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de Bie, Robertus M. A., and Susanne E. M. Ten Holter. Advanced Treatment for Dystonia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607555.003.0019.
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Deep-brain stimulation is a last resort for the management of dystonia or dystonic movement disorders when oral or injectable therapies do not provide adequate relief to allow an acceptable quality of life. The underlying pathogenesis of dystonia is less well understood than in Parkinson’s disease, in which deep-brain stimulation is generally expected to provide effective and long-lasting benefit. Furthermore, it is likely that dystonia represents a number of different basal ganglia pathologies. The response of dystonia to deep-brain stimulation is typically delayed for up to weeks or months following a change in stimulation parameters. All of these factors make it more difficult to predict outcomes in dystonia following deep-brain stimulation, thus making patient selection all the more important.
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Danquah, Michael, Abdul Malik Iddrisu, Ernest Owusu Boakye, and Solomon Owusu. Do gender wage differences within households influence women’s empowerment and welfare? Evidence from Ghana. 40th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/978-5.
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Using household data from the latest wave of the Ghana Living Standards Survey, this paper utilizes machine learning techniques to examine the effect of gender wage differences within households on women’s empowerment and welfare in Ghana. The structural parameters of the post-double selection LASSO estimations show that a reduction in household gender wage gap significantly enhances women’s empowerment. Also, a decline in household gender wage gap results meaningfully in improving household welfare. Particularly, the increasing effect on women’s welfare resulting from decreases in household gender wage differences is much higher than for the household welfare. The findings showcase the need to vigorously adopt policies that both increase the quantity and quality of jobs for women and address gender barriers that inhibit women from accessing these jobs opportunities in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Okasha, Samir. Final Thoughts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815082.003.0010.
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This brings us to the end of the journey. The discussion has ranged quite widely, so it is worth stepping back to re-capitulate the main points and to extract some general morals.Part I focused on a mode of thinking in evolutionary biology that we called ‘agential’. This involves using notions such as interests, goals, and strategies in evolutionary analysis. Agential thinking has a number of manifestations. One is the use of intentional idioms (‘wants, knows’), usually in an extended or metaphorical sense, to describe adaptive behaviour. Another is the analogical transfer of concepts from rational choice theory to evolutionary biology. There are two types of agential thinking, which need to be sharply distinguished. Type 1 treats an evolved entity, paradigmatically an individual organism, as akin to an agent with a goal towards which its phenotypic traits, including its behaviour, conduce. Type 2 treats ‘mother nature’, a personification of natural selection, as akin to a rational agent choosing between alternatives in accordance with a goal, such as maximal fitness. The former is a way of thinking about adaptation (the product), the latter about selection (the process)....
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Tuite, Cl´ıodhna, Michael O’Neill, and Anthony Brabazon. Economic and Financial Modeling with Genetic Programming. Edited by Shu-Heng Chen, Mak Kaboudan, and Ye-Rong Du. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199844371.013.10.
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This chapter focuses on genetic programming (GP), a stochastic optimization and model induction technique. An advantage of GP is that the modeler need not select the exact parameters to be used in the model beforehand. Rather, GP can effectively search a complex model space defined by a set of building blocks specified by the modeler. This flexibility has allowed GP to be used for many applications. The chapter reviews some of the most significant developments using GP: forecasting, stock selection, derivative pricing and trading, bankruptcy and credit risk assessment, and agent-based and economic modeling. Conclusions reached by studies investigating similar problems do not always agree; however, GP has proved useful across a wide range of problem areas. Recent and future work is increasingly concerned with adapting genetic programming to more dynamic environments and ensuring that solutions generalize robustly to out-of-sample data, to further improve model performance.
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Palmeri, Thomas J., Jeffrey D. Schall, and Gordon D. Logan. Neurocognitive Modeling of Perceptual Decision Making. Edited by Jerome R. Busemeyer, Zheng Wang, James T. Townsend, and Ami Eidels. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199957996.013.15.
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Mathematical psychology and systems neuroscience have converged on stochastic accumulator models to explain decision making. We examined saccade decisions in monkeys while neurophysiological recordings were made within their frontal eye field. Accumulator models were tested on how well they fit response probabilities and distributions of response times to make saccades. We connected these models with neurophysiology. To test the hypothesis that visually responsive neurons represented perceptual evidence driving accumulation, we replaced perceptual processing time and drift rate parameters with recorded neurophysiology from those neurons. To test the hypothesis that movement related neurons instantiated the accumulator, we compared measures of neural dynamics with predicted measures of accumulator dynamics. Thus, neurophysiology both provides a constraint on model assumptions and data for model selection. We highlight a gated accumulator model that accounts for saccade behavior during visual search, predicts neurophysiology during search, and provides insights into the locus of cognitive control over decisions.
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Malen, Donald E. Fundamentals of Automobile Body Structure Design. 2nd ed. SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/9781468601756.
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This book provides readers with a solid understanding of the principles of automobile body structural design, illustrating the effect of changing design parameters on the behavior of automobile body structural elements. Emphasizing simple models of the behavior of body structural systems rather than complex mathematical models, the book looks at the best way to shape a structural element to achieve a desired function, why structures behave in certain ways, and how to improve performance. This second edition of Fundamentals of Automobile Body Structure Design contains many new sections including: the treatment of crashworthiness conditions of static roof crush and the small overlap rigid barrier torsion stiffness requirements material selection illustrations of body architecture Each chapter now includes a clear flow down of requirements following the systems engineering methodology. Illustrations have been updated and expanded and a fresh modern format has been adapted enhancing the readability of the book.
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Collins, Robin. The Argument from Physical Constants. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190842215.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter will explicate a new teleological argument for theism, one based on the intelligibility of the universe and the science-friendly character of the laws of nature. Specifically, it begins by presenting some of the preliminary evidence that the fundamental parameters of physics fall in a relatively small range that maximizes our ability to make scientific discoveries. This is called as the “fine-tuning for scientific discovery.” It then shows how this fine-tuning provides potentially powerful new evidence for theism. Unlike the much discussed anthropic fine-tuning (or fine-tuning for life), this kind of fine-tuning cannot be explained by the multiverse hypothesis since it does not encounter an observer-selection effect. Further, it avoids some other objections commonly raised against the anthropic fine-tuning argument, such as the so-called normalizability problem. Consequently, this new fine-tuning argument has the potential of providing an outstanding supplement to the standard anthropic fine-tuning argument for theism.
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Hain, Richard D. W., and Satbir Singh Jassal. Adjuvants. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745457.003.0007.
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An adjuvant is not analgesic but is capable of relieving pain in certain specific pain situations. Selection of an appropriate adjuvant is a key element of a rational and evidence-based approach to management of pain in children. It depends on the diagnosis of the type of pain, considered in this chapter in relation to the selection of a suitable adjuvant, based on recognizing the nature of the pain to be treated. Adjuvants for specific types of pain, including neuropathic pain, bone pain, muscle spasm, and cerebral irritation, and pain syndromes are discussed in detail, with information provided on symptoms and management.
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Levi, Marcel, and Marcus J. Schultz. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0270.
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Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a syndrome characterized by systemic intravascular activation of coagulation, leading to widespread deposition of fibrin in the circulation. In patients with DIC, a variety of altered coagulation parameters may be detectable, such as thrombocytopenia, prolonged global coagulation times, reduced levels of coagulation inhibitors, or high levels of fibrin split products. There is not a single test, however, that is sufficiently accurate to establish or reject a diagnosis of DIC. Nevertheless, a combination of widely available tests may be helpful in making the diagnosis of DIC and can also be helpful in guiding the selection of DIC patients that require specific, often expensive, interventions in the coagulation system. Recent knowledge on important pathogenetic mechanisms that may lead to DIC has resulted in novel preventive and therapeutic approaches to patients with DIC. Strategies aimed at the inhibition of coagulation activation may theoretically be justified and have been found beneficial in experimental and clinical studies. These strategies comprise inhibition of tissue factor-mediated activation of coagulation or restoration of physiological anticoagulant pathways.
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Vyse, Stuart. The Uses of Delusion. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190079857.001.0001.
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Although reason and rationality are valuable assets in almost all contexts, in some cases people are better off putting reason aside. In a number of very important situations, people benefit by not seeing the world as it is and by not behaving like logic-driven machines. Sometimes they know they aren’t making sense, and yet they are compelled to act against reason; in other cases, their delusions are so much a part of normal human experience that they are unaware of them. As intelligent as they are, much of what has helped humans succeed as a species is not prodigious brain power but something much more basic. The Uses of Delusion is about aspects of human nature that are not altogether rational but, nonetheless, help humans achieve social and personal goals. This book presents a lively, accessible exploration, fleshing out how delusional thinking plays a role in personal achievement, love and relationships, illness and loss, and personality and behavior. The Uses of Delusion draws on the work of William James and Daniel Kahneman, as well as Joan Didion, who wrote about her compelling belief that her husband, though deceased, would soon return to her. The book is grounded in current views of rational and irrational behavior and illustrates how natural selection has provided humans with a number of beneficial delusions that help them get to the next day.
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Grundmann, Stefan, and Philipp Hacker, eds. Theories of Choice. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198863175.001.0001.
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Choice is a key concept of our time. It is a foundational mechanism for every legal order in societies that are, politically, constituted as democracies and, economically, built on the market mechanism. Thus, choice can be understood as an atomic structure that grounds core societal processes. In recent years, however, the debate over the right way to theorise choice—for example, as a rational or a behavioural type of decision making—has intensified. This collection therefore provides an in-depth discussion of the promises and perils of specific types of theories of choice. It shows how the selection of a specific theory of choice can make a difference for concrete legal questions, in particularly in the regulation of the digital economy or in choosing between market, firm, or network. In its first part, the volume provides an accessible overview of the current debates about rational versus behavioural approaches to theories of choice. The remainder of the book structures the vast landscape of theories of choice along three main types: individual, collective, and organisational decision making. As theories of choice proliferate and become ever more sophisticated, however, the process of choosing an adequate theory of choice becomes increasingly intricate, too. This volume addresses this selection problem for the various legal arenas in which individual, organisational, and collective decisions matter. By drawing on economic, technological, political, and legal points of view, the volume shows which theories of choice are at the disposal of the legally relevant decision maker, and how they can be implemented for the solution of concrete legal problems.
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Neri, Giovanni, Luigi Boccuto, and Roger E. Stevenson, eds. Overgrowth Syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190944896.001.0001.
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This book provides comprehensive details on a number of well-defined genetic disorders and a selection of less well-defined entities that include somatic overgrowth as a major manifestation. In addition to overgrowth, these syndromes each have their own distinguishing characteristics that benefit the clinician in making a specific diagnosis. In most cases, the causative genes are known, giving a means of laboratory confirmation of the diagnoses. A major distinction from other hereditary syndromes is a predisposition of patients with the overgrowth syndromes to develop neoplasms during childhood. In some cases, the overgrowth seems to be limited, even to the extent that some growth parameters may return to the normal range by adulthood. In other cases, the overgrowth is notable throughout life. In recent years, both the generalized and the segmental overgrowth syndromes have begun to yield their secrets to molecular technologies. These studies have provided clinicians a way to confirm the specific diagnosis so they can provide appropriate counseling and anticipatory management. In the case of segmental overgrowth disorders, they have also established their mosaic nature, which explains the sporadic occurrence and marked phenotype variability.
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Essington, Timothy E. Introduction to Quantitative Ecology. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192843470.001.0001.
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Modern practice of ecology, conservation, and resource management demands unprecedented levels of quantitative proficiency in mathematical modeling and statistics. This text provides foundational training in the concepts and methods of mathematical and statistical modeling used in ecology, for readers with all levels of quantitative proficiency and confidence. The first chapter presents a generalized approach to develop ecological models and introduces the “describe, explain, and interpret” framework for linking the model world to the real world. Detailed treatment of population models illustrates the myriad ways in which one can develop a model, shows how modeling choices are informed by the ecological question at hand, and emphasizes the epistemology of quantitative techniques. The second part of the book illustrates how to estimate parameters of models from data, and how to use mathematical models combined with statistics to test hypotheses. The third part of the book is devoted to an in-depth development of technical skills to implement models in two common platforms: spreadsheets and the R programming language. The book concludes by demonstrating a quantitative approach to addressing a question that spans density-dependent versus density-independent population models, fitting models to data, evaluating the strength for density dependence using model selection, and evaluating the types of dynamic behaviors that the population might exhibit.