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Academic literature on the topic 'Rational Reasoning'

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Published: 4 June 2021
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Journal articles on the topic "Rational Reasoning"

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Pauer-Studer, Herlinde. "RATIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND REASONING." Economics and Philosophy 30, no. 3 (September 22, 2014): 513–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267114000315.

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This critical note concerns John Broome's book Rationality through Reasoning (2013). Broome claims that rationality amounts to satisfying rational requirements as opposed to responding correctly to reasons. My critique focuses on two issues. First, I try to show that Broome's account of rational requirements, in particular his answer to the so-called ‘symmetry-problem’, presupposes that responding correctly to reasons is part of rationality. Secondly, in discussing Broome's account of reasoning I criticize his claim that first-order reasoning involves no appeal to reasons and, hence, no normative thoughts on behalf of the reasoner.
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Board, The Editorial. "Rationality: Reasoning, Intuition, Rational Sciences." Balkan Journal of Philosophy 7, no. 1 (2015): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/bjp2015711.

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Evans, Jonathan St B. T. "Rational Analysis of Illogical Reasoning." Contemporary Psychology 44, no. 6 (December 1999): 461–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/002095.

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Smith III, John P. "Competent Reasoning With Rational Numbers." Cognition and Instruction 13, no. 1 (March 1995): 3–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s1532690xci1301_1.

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ALEXY, ROBERT. "Rights, Legal Reasoning and Rational Discourse." Ratio Juris 5, no. 2 (July 1992): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9337.1992.tb00121.x.

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Lee, Wooram. "Reasoning, rational requirements, and occurrent attitudes." European Journal of Philosophy 26, no. 4 (March 23, 2018): 1343–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejop.12342.

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Chung, Kevin C. "First Impression Followed by Rational Reasoning." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 135, no. 3 (March 2015): 931–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/prs.0000000000001050.

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Giordano, Laura, and Daniele Theseider Dupré. "Defeasible Reasoning in 𝒮ℛ𝒪ℰℒ: from Rational Entailment to Rational Closure." Fundamenta Informaticae 161, no. 1-2 (July 2, 2018): 135–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-2018-1698.

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Oaksford, Mike, and Nick Chater. "New Paradigms in the Psychology of Reasoning." Annual Review of Psychology 71, no. 1 (January 4, 2020): 305–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-051132.

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The psychology of verbal reasoning initially compared performance with classical logic. In the last 25 years, a new paradigm has arisen, which focuses on knowledge-rich reasoning for communication and persuasion and is typically modeled using Bayesian probability theory rather than logic. This paradigm provides a new perspective on argumentation, explaining the rational persuasiveness of arguments that are logical fallacies. It also helps explain how and why people stray from logic when given deductive reasoning tasks. What appear to be erroneous responses, when compared against logic, often turn out to be rationally justified when seen in the richer rational framework of the new paradigm. Moreover, the same approach extends naturally to inductive reasoning tasks, in which people extrapolate beyond the data they are given and logic does not readily apply. We outline links between social and individual reasoning and set recent developments in the psychology of reasoning in the wider context of Bayesian cognitive science.
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Evans, Jonathan St B. T. "Does rational analysis stand up to rational analysis?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32, no. 1 (February 2009): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x09000338.

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AbstractI agree with Oaksford & Chater (O&C) that human beings resemble Bayesian reasoners much more closely than ones engaging standard logic. However, I have many problems with their “rational analysis” framework, which appears to be rooted in normative rather than ecological rationality. The authors also overstate everyday rationality and neglect to account for much relevant psychological work on reasoning.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rational Reasoning"

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Rajaratnam, David Computer Science &amp Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Logical approximation and compilation for resource-bounded reasoning." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Computer Science & Engineering, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41296.

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Providing a logical characterisation of rational agent reasoning has been a long standing challenge in artificial intelligence (AI) research. It is a challenge that is not only of interest for the construction of AI agents, but is of equal importance in the modelling of agent behaviour. The goal of this thesis is to contribute to the formalisation of agent reasoning by showing that the computational limitations of agents is a vital component of modelling rational behaviour. To achieve this aim, both motivational and formal aspects of resource-bounded agents are examined. It is a central argument of this thesis that accounting for computational limitations is critical to the success of agent reasoning, yet has received only limited attention from the broader research community. Consequently, an important contribution of this thesis is in its advancing of motivational arguments in support of the need to account for computational limitations in agent reasoning research. As a natural progression from the motivational arguments, the majority of this thesis is devoted to an examination of propositional approximate logics. These logics represent a step towards the development of resource-bounded agents, but are also applicable to other areas of automated reasoning. This thesis makes a number of contributions in mapping the space of approximate logics. In particular, it draws a connection between approximate logics and knowledge compilation, by developing an approximate knowledge compilation method based on Cadoli and Schaerf??s S-3 family of approximate logics. This method allows for the incremental compilation of a knowledge base, thus reducing the need for a costly recompilation process. Furthermore, each approximate compilation has well-defined logical properties due to its correspondence to a particular S-3 logic. Important contributions are also made in the examination of approximate logics for clausal reasoning. Clausal reasoning is of particular interest due to the efficiency of modern clausal satisfiability solvers and the related research into problem hardness. In particular, Finger's Logics of Limited Bivalence are shown to be applicable to clausal reasoning. This is subsequently shown to logically characterise the behaviour of the well-known DPLL algorithm for determining boolean satisfiability, when subjected to restricted branching.
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Schmidt, Martina, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Education. "Putting rational constraints on divergent thought : the development of scientific reasoning." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Education, 1999, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/103.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate how students in Grade Five and Six generate explanation for scientific phenomena and how they evaluate the quality of these explanations. In part, this was done by analyzing the in-class explanations that the students gave in response to questions stemming from two topics in the 1996 Alberta program of studies for Grade Five Science. In addition, the students shared their own perceptions of the sources of their questions and ideas and the methods by which they evaluated them. Analysis of in-class discussions and activities occurred on an ongoing basis between January and June 1998. In addition, five students who vary in their ability to generate and evaluate scientific ideas were selected for more in-depth interviewing outside of class time. These students were interviewed once during each of the main units of study. Their interviews focused on the manner in which their thoughts and ideas had progressed during previous class discusiions and activities, how they evaluated these ideas, the manner in which they were able to generate new ideas, and their continued evaluation of these ideas. This involved reflection stimulate by requests to summarize their findings as well as on-the-spot reflection as the students continued to evaluate and develop their ideas. Attention was paid to possible effects that the metacognitive activity encouraged during class discussions and during the interviews may have had on methods that the students used to construct meaning. Each of the students who participated in individual interviews pertaining to specific content areas also participated in a narrative interview that focused on their general interests and habits. The individual interviews and class discussions were fully transcribed, analyzed and compared to generate broad themes which were then able to guide further analysis of student work.
xiii, 539 leaves ; 29 cm.
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Schmidt, Martina. "Putting rational constraints on divergent thought, the development of scientific reasoning." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0017/MQ49145.pdf.

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Lamm, Millard, and David K. Pugalee. "Elementary Students’ Construction of Proportional Reasoning Problems: Using Writing to Generalize Conceptual Understanding in Mathematics." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-80517.

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This study engaged fourth and fifth graders in solving a set of proportional tasks with focused discussion and concept development by the teacher. In order to understand the students’ ability to generalize the concept, they were asked to write problems that reflected the underlying concepts in the tasks and lessons. A qualitative analysis of the student generated problems show that the majority of the students were able to generalize the concepts. The analysis allowed for a discussion of problems solving approaches and a rich description of how students applied multiplicative reasoning in composing mathematics problems. These results are couched in a discussion of how the students solved the proportional reasoning tasks.
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Jelihovschi, Ana Paula Gomes. "Look before you leap: the effects of cognitive impulsiveness and reasoning process on rational decision making." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/18251.

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Submitted by Ana Paula Jelihovschi (anapgj@gmail.com) on 2017-04-06T23:50:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Ana Paula Jelihovschi.pdf: 735331 bytes, checksum: d5037818c52a08c937e7a7b8c3199e0c (MD5)
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Impulsivity may lead to several unfortunate consequences and maladaptive behaviors for clinical and non-clinical people. Although many studies discuss the negative impact of it, few of them emphasize the relationship between cognitive impulsiveness and decision making in non-clinical subjects. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of cognitive impulsiveness on decision making and explore the strategies used by participants to solve problems. For this purpose, we apply two measures of impulsivity: the self-report Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and the performance based Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT).This is the first study that compares self-report impulsiveness based on BIS-11 and performance-based reflectivity measured by CRT. Moreover, due to the fact that we apply the instruments on pen and paper, it is possible to evaluate participants’ reasoning processes employed to answer CRT questions. These reasoning processes are related to the role of Executive Functions for decision making and its relationship with impulsiveness. In practical terms, we observed participants’ strategies by analyzing their calculation expressions and data organization to answer CRT questions in the paper sheet. The sample consists of 191 non-clinical adults, professionals, and undergraduate students from the fields of business, management, and accounting. Results show that cognitive impulsiveness may negatively affect performance. Moreover, there is no difference in strategies used by impulsive and non-impulsive people during a decision making, and who calculate in the paper sheet perform better. Finally, people who inhibit their immediate answers also perform better during a decision making.
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Nobel, Johan. "Decision-making in the inductive mode : The role of human behavior." Thesis, KTH, Entreprenörskap och Innovation, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-134385.

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Economists have convulsively maintained the assumption that humans are able to arrive at decisions by perfect deductive rationality, despite the fact empirical evidences are showing otherwise. The contradicting evidences have resulted in a personal view that instead of finding a unified theory about decision-making, a sound approach would be to study how humans in fact are reasoning in specific contexts. The context of interest for this paper is where it could be assumed humans’ persistence of acting rational is determined by the perceived burden of the problem. In this work, the inductive way of arriving at decisions plays an important role, and the paper will present a way of describing this process in a consistent way. The process will be denoted as the actual level of behavioral change, and represent the core property of this paper. Applying the presented theory is most appropriate for situations where it could be assumed the burden of a problem, expressed as a prevalence rate, will drive the behavioral change. The line of reasoning in this paper will therefore be applied to the important arena of fighting the spread of HIV.
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Armstrong, Barbara Ellen. "The use of rational number reasoning in area comparison tasks by elementary and junior high school students." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184910.

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether fourth-, sixth-, and eighth-grade students used rational number reasoning to solve comparison of area tasks, and whether the tendency to use such reasoning increased with grade level. The areas to be compared were not similar and therefore, could not directly be compared in a straightforward manner. The most viable solution involved comparing the part-whole relationships inherent in the tasks. Rational numbers in the form of fractional terms could be used to express the part-whole relationships. The use of fractional terms provided a means for students to express the areas to be compared in an abstract manner and thus free themselves from the perceptual aspects of the tasks. The study examined how students solve unique problems in a familiar context where rational number knowledge could be applied. It also noted the effect of introducing fraction symbols into the tasks after students had indicated how they would solve the problems without any reference to fractions. Data were gathered through individual task-based interviews which consisted of 21 tasks, conducted with 36 elementary and junior high school students (12 students each in the fourth, sixth, and eighth grades). Each interview was video and audio taped to provide a record of the students' behavioral and verbal responses. The student responses were analyzed to determine the strategies the students used to solve the comparison of area tasks. The student responses were classified into 11 categories of strategies. There were four Part-Whole Categories, one Part-Whole/Direct Comparison Combination category and six Direct Comparison categories. The results of the study indicate that the development of rational number instruction should include: learning sequences which take students beyond the learning of a set of fraction concepts and skills, attention to the interaction of learning and the visual aspects of instructional models, and the careful inclusion of different types of fractions and other rational number task variables. This study supports the current national developments in curriculum and evaluation standards for mathematics instruction which stress the ability of students to problem solve, communicate, and reason.
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Johansson, Linnea. "The United States involvement in Yemen : A case study with rational and humanitarian reasoning of the involvement, influence and its objective." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-100622.

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The purpose of this study is to examine why the US is involved in Yemen’s civil war and what factors are contributing to its involvement, particularly if the US involvement in Yemen is based on self-interest or humanitarian motives. As a qualitive desk study, this research uses rational choice theory and the humanitarian intervention framework as its analytical framework.The research results highlight that the US objectives are first and foremost following an “America first” approach, with specific economic and political benefits, such as maintaining a good bilateral relationship with Saudi Arabia, arms sales and the purchase of oil which are clearly prioritized over humanitarian aspects to protect the civilians in Yemen.
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Johnson, Gwendolyn Joy. "Proportionality in Middle-School Mathematics Textbooks." Scholar Commons, 2010. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1670.

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Some scholars have criticized the treatment of proportionality in middle-school textbooks, but these criticisms seem to be based on informal knowledge of the content of textbooks rather than on a detailed curriculum analysis. Thus, a curriculum analysis related to proportionality was needed. To investigate the treatment of proportionality in current middle-school textbooks, nine such books were analyzed. Sixth-, seventh-, and eighth-grade textbooks from three series were used: ConnectedMathematics2 (CMP), Glencoe's Math Connects, and the University of Chicago School Mathematics Project (UCSMP). Lessons with a focus on proportionality were selected from four content areas: algebra, data analysis/probability, geometry/measurement, and rational numbers. Within each lesson, tasks (activities, examples, and exercises) related to proportionality were coded along five dimensions: content area, problem type, solution strategy, presence or absence of a visual representation, and whether the task contained material regarding the characteristics of proportionality. For activities and exercises, the level of cognitive demand was also noted. Results indicate that proportionality is more of a focus in sixth and seventh-grade textbooks than in eighth-grade textbooks. The CMP and UCSMP series focused on algebra in eighth grade rather than proportionality. In all of the sixth-grade textbooks, and some of the seventh- and eighth-grade books, proportionality was presented primarily through the rational number content area. Two problem types described in the research literature, ratio comparison and missing value, were extensively found. However, qualitative proportional problems were virtually absent from the textbooks in this study. Other problem types (alternate form and function rule), not described in the literature, were also found. Differences were found between the solution strategies suggested in the three textbook series. Formal proportions are used earlier and more frequently in the Math Connects series than in the other two. In the CMP series, students are more likely to use manipulatives. The Mathematical Task Framework (Stein, Smith, Henningsen, & Silver, 2000) was used to measure the level of cognitive demand. The level of cognitive demand differed among textbook series with the CMP series having the highest level of cognitive demand and the Math Connects series having the lowest.
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Pensel, Maximilian [Verfasser], Anni-Yasmin [Akademischer Betreuer] Turhan, and Piero Andrea [Gutachter] Bonatti. "A Lightweight Defeasible Description Logic in Depth : Quantification in Rational Reasoning and Beyond / Maximilian Pensel ; Gutachter: Piero Andrea Bonatti ; Betreuer: Anni-Yasmin Turhan." Dresden : Technische Universität Dresden, 2019. http://d-nb.info/122720213X/34.

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Books on the topic "Rational Reasoning"

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Rational thinking. Nottingham: Belvoir Vale Publishing, 2009.

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Keene, G. B. The foundations of rational argument. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press, 1992.

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Warner, Martin. Philosophical finesse: Studies in the art of rational persuasion. Oxford: Clarendon, 1989.

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Eichhorn, Christian. Rational Reasoning with Finite Conditional Knowledge Bases. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-04824-0.

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Who is rational?: Studies of individual differences in reasoning. Mahwah, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1999.

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progresso, Modi del. Rational changes in science: Essays on scientific reasoning. Boston: D. Reidel, 1987.

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The rational infant: Learning in infancy. New York, N.Y: W.H. Freeman, 1989.

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Brewer, Scott. Semantics, pragmatics, and the rational integrity of legal analogy. [Toronto, Ont.]: Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 1995.

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Why think?: Evolution and the rational mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

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Slote, Michael A. Beyond optimizing: A study of rational choice. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rational Reasoning"

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Sugden, Robert. "Inductive Reasoning in Repeated Games." In Rational Interaction, 201–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09664-2_13.

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Rescher, Nicholas. "Rational Choice and Value Complementarity." In Value Reasoning, 25–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54139-6_3.

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Rescher, Nicholas. "Rational Choice and Merit Complementarity." In Value Reasoning, 81–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54139-6_7.

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Mikitiuk, Artur, and Miroslaw Truszczyński. "Skeptical rational extensions." In Logic Programming and Nonmonotonic Reasoning, 259–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-59487-6_19.

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de Jonge, Jan. "Neuroscience and Moral Reasoning." In Rethinking Rational Choice Theory, 186–98. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230355545_15.

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Weydert, Emil. "Rational Default Quantifier Logic." In Qualitative and Quantitative Practical Reasoning, 589–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0035651.

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Duc, Ho Ngoc. "Reasoning about rational, but not logically omniscient agents (extended abstract)." In Practical Reasoning, 110. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-61313-7_66.

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Hitchcock, David. "Some Principles of Rational Mutual Inquiry." In On Reasoning and Argument, 313–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53562-3_19.

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Grosholz, Emily Rolfe. "Rethinking Ampliative Reasoning." In Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics, 39–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46690-3_3.

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Arfini, Selene. "Reasoning ad Ignorantiam." In Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics, 67–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14362-6_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Rational Reasoning"

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Gupta, Anshul, and Sven Schewe. "Quantitative Verification in Rational Environments." In 2014 21st International Symposium on Temporal Representation and Reasoning (TIME). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/time.2014.9.

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Casini, Giovanni, Thomas Meyer, and Ivan Varzinczak. "Rational Defeasible Belief Change." In 17th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2020}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2020/22.

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We present a formal framework for modelling belief change within a nonmonotonic reasoning system. Belief change and non-monotonic reasoning are two areas that are formally closely related, with recent attention being paid towards the analysis of belief change within a non-monotonic environment. In this paper we consider the classical AGM belief change operators, contraction and revision, applied to a defeasible setting in the style of Kraus, Lehmann, and Magidor. The investigation leads us to the consideration of the problem of iterated change, generalising the classical work of Darwiche and Pearl. We characterise a family of operators for iterated revision, followed by an analogous characterisation of operators for iterated contraction. We start considering belief change operators aimed at preserving logical consistency, and then characterise analogous operators aimed at the preservation of coherence—an important notion within the field of logic-based ontologies.
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Jamroga, Wojciech, and Nils Bulling. "A framework for reasoning about rational agents." In the 6th international joint conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1329125.1329232.

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Char, B. W. "Automatic reasoning about numerical stability of rational expressions." In the ACM-SIGSAM 1989 international symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/74540.74569.

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Heuvelink, Annerieke, Michel C. A. Klein, and Jan Treur. "An Agent Memory Model Enabling Rational and Biased Reasoning." In 2008 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wiiat.2008.274.

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Wałęga, Przemysław A., Bernardo Cuenca Grau, Mark Kaminski, and Egor V. Kostylev. "DatalogMTL over the Integer Timeline." In 17th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2020}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2020/79.

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We study DatalogMTL—an extension of Datalog with metric temporal operators—under integer semantics, where the temporal domain of both interpretations and temporal operators consists of integer time points only. This is in contrast to the standard semantics, which is defined over the rational timeline. DatalogMTL under integer semantics is an interesting KR language: on the one hand, one can often assume the integer timeline in applications; on the other hand, it captures prominent temporal extensions of Datalog such as Datalog1S. We show that the choice of integer semantics leads to more favourable computational properties. We first show that reasoning over integers is at most as hard as reasoning over rationals for DatalogMTL and its natural fragments. Then, we investigate fragments of DatalogMTL where adopting the integer semantics makes reasoning easier. In particular, we show that complexity drops from P-hard to NC1-complete for the propositional fragment (where all object variables are grounded), and from TC0-hard to ACC0 for the linear fragment where the past diamond operator is the only metric operator allowed in rule bodies. Thus, reasoning in such fragments is both tractable and highly parallelisable, which suggests their appropriateness for data-intensive applications.
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D'Agostino, Marcello, and Sanjay Modgil. "A Fully Rational Account of Structured Argumentation Under Resource Bounds." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/255.

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ASPIC+ is an established general framework for argumentation and non-monotonic reasoning. However, ASPIC+ does not satisfy the non-contamination rationality postulates, and moreover, tacitly assumes unbounded resources when demonstrating satisfaction of the consistency postulates. In this paper we present a new version of ASPIC+ – Dialectial ASPIC+ – that is fully rational under resource bounds.
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Huang, Xiaowei, and Ji Ruan. "ATL Strategic Reasoning Meets Correlated Equilibrium." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/153.

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This paper is motivated by analysing a Google self-driving car accident, i.e., the car hit a bus, with the framework and the tools of strategic reasoning by model checking. First of all, we find that existing ATL model checking may find a solution to the accident with {\it irrational} joint strategy of the bus and the car. This leads to a restriction of treating both the bus and the car as rational agents, by which their joint strategy is an equilibrium of certain solution concepts. Second, we find that a randomly-selected joint strategy from the set of equilibria may result in the collision of the two agents, i.e., the accident. Based on these, we suggest taking Correlated Equilibrium (CE) as agents' joint stratgey and optimising over the utilitarian value which is the expected sum of the agents' total rewards. The language ATL is extended with two new modalities to express the existence of an CE and a unique CE, respectively. We implement the extension into a software model checker and use the tool to analyse the examples in the paper. We also study the complexity of the model checking problems.
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9

Wałęga, Przemysław A., Bernardo Cuenca Grau, Mark Kaminski, and Egor V. Kostylev. "Tractable Fragments of Datalog with Metric Temporal Operators." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/266.

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We study the data complexity of reasoning for several fragments of MTL - an extension of Datalog with metric temporal operators over the rational numbers. Reasoning in the full MTL language is PSPACE-complete, which handicaps its application in practice. To achieve tractability we first study the core fragment, which disallows conjunction in rule bodies, and show that reasoning remains PSPACE-hard. Intractability prompts us to also limit the kinds of temporal operators allowed in rules, and we propose a practical core fragment for which reasoning becomes TC0-complete. Finally, we show that this fragment can be extended by allowing linear conjunctions in rule bodies, where at most one atom can be intensional (IDB); we show that the resulting fragment is NL-complete, and hence no harder than plain linear Datalog.
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10

Wen, Ying, Yaodong Yang, and Jun Wang. "Modelling Bounded Rationality in Multi-Agent Interactions by Generalized Recursive Reasoning." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/58.

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Though limited in real-world decision making, most multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) models assume perfectly rational agents -- a property hardly met due to individual's cognitive limitation and/or the tractability of the decision problem. In this paper, we introduce generalized recursive reasoning (GR2) as a novel framework to model agents with different \emph{hierarchical} levels of rationality; our framework enables agents to exhibit varying levels of ``thinking'' ability thereby allowing higher-level agents to best respond to various less sophisticated learners. We contribute both theoretically and empirically. On the theory side, we devise the hierarchical framework of GR2 through probabilistic graphical models and prove the existence of a perfect Bayesian equilibrium. Within the GR2, we propose a practical actor-critic solver, and demonstrate its convergent property to a stationary point in two-player games through Lyapunov analysis. On the empirical side, we validate our findings on a variety of MARL benchmarks. Precisely, we first illustrate the hierarchical thinking process on the Keynes Beauty Contest, and then demonstrate significant improvements compared to state-of-the-art opponent modeling baselines on the normal-form games and the cooperative navigation benchmark.
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