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Wang, Jingyan, and Nihar B. Shah. "Ranking and Rating Rankings and Ratings." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 09 (April 3, 2020): 13704–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i09.7126.
Cardinal scores collected from people are well known to suffer from miscalibrations. A popular approach to address this issue is to assume simplistic models of miscalibration (such as linear biases) to de-bias the scores. This approach, however, often fares poorly because people's miscalibrations are typically far more complex and not well understood. It is widely believed that in the absence of simplifying assumptions on the miscalibration, the only useful information in practice from the cardinal scores is the induced ranking. In this paper we address the fundamental question of whether this widespread folklore belief is actually true. We consider cardinal scores with arbitrary (or even adversarially chosen) miscalibrations that is only required to be consistent with the induced ranking. We design rating-based estimators and prove that despite making no assumptions on the ratings, they strictly and uniformly outperform all possible estimators that rely on only the ranking. These estimators can be used as a plug-in to show the superiority of cardinal scores over ordinal rankings for a variety of applications, including A/B testing and ranking. This work thus provides novel fundamental insights in the eternal debate between cardinal and ordinal data: It ranks the approach of using ratings higher than that of using rankings, and rates both approaches in terms of their estimation errors.
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Livingston, Miles, Andy Naranjo, and Lei Zhou. "Split bond ratings and rating migration." Journal of Banking & Finance 32, no. 8 (August 2008): 1613–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2007.11.019.
Dijkers, Marcel, and Adam Stein. "Article 15: Comparing Verbal Rating Scale and Numeric Rating Scale Ratings of Pain." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 88, no. 10 (October 2007): e4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2007.08.022.
Daines, Robert M., Ian D. Gow, and David F. Larcker. "Rating the ratings: How good are commercial governance ratings?☆." Journal of Financial Economics 98, no. 3 (December 2010): 439–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2010.06.005.
Ruddy, John A. "An Analysis of Bank Financial Strength Ratings and Credit Rating Data." Risks 9, no. 9 (August 26, 2021): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks9090155.
In this study, data from two credit rating agencies are analyzed to consider how different Bank Financial Strength Ratings and Credit Ratings from two rating agencies compare. To my knowledge, prior research has not analyzed Bank Financial Strength Ratings from different rating agencies, nor has it compared Bank Financial Strength Ratings to general credit ratings. These facts make this research unique. Univariate analyses are utilized to show relationships in the ratings data, along with parametric and non-parametric tests to make statistical inferences about the ratings data. There are five findings. First, ratings from different rating agencies are highly correlated. Second, different types of ratings from the same rating agency are highly correlated. Third, bank financial strength ratings are more conservative than credit ratings. Fourth, bank financial strength ratings declined in rating more quickly at the start of the financial crisis. Fifth, bank financial strength ratings from the Kroll Bond Rating Agency were more conservative than ratings from Moody’s Investors Service. The research findings and results are important for investors who consider ratings agency data to determine the risk of banking institutions. The results are also important to businesses that rely on bank credit rating data and policy makers who regulate banking institutions.
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Myšková, Kateřina, and David Hampel. "Rating calibration." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 2 (2012): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260020223.
In this work we deal with the question of whether the evaluation of selected rating agencies is equivalent in some sense or not and whether it is possible to find a relationship between assessments. The fact that rating agencies affect not only financial market participants (by publication of companies or states ratings) is undeniable. On the one hand, these agencies are criticized for the rating changes, which have influence for example credit conditions for rated entity. On the other hand, ratings have a growing number of users for which ratings have become one of the few clues in today’s complicated conditions powered by global financial crisis.For this purpose we use the calibration problem techniques, because calibration finds a relationship between two measurements, in our case between two independent assessments of rating agencies. Due to the nature of the data we assume that the relationship can be described by linear or quadratic function. So we use estimates derived for the one-dimensional linear calibration model with quadratic calibration function. This all we illustrate by the real ratings. The situation is complicated by the ordinal type data of the examined variables. Among other things, we discuss relations between ratings coming from particular rating agencies and evolution of this relation over time.
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Roch, Sylvia G., and Kimberly L. Braddock. "Do Employees Prefer to Receive Ratings? The Role of Justice Perceptions and Justice-Related Factors." Journal of Personnel Psychology 19, no. 3 (July 2020): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000243.
Abstract. We empirically investigated whether employees would rather not receive performance ratings, as often claimed by those advocating the elimination of ratings. We also investigated whether rating preference is colored by perceived justice/injustice and whether factors antithetical to positive reactions to ratings – politics, low previous performance rating, and lack of a perceived link between ratings and outcomes – relate to employee rating preference. A survey of working adults indicated that most would rather receive ratings than not. The results also suggest that justice perceptions have a stronger influence on rating preference than injustice perceptions and that the perceived rating–outcome link has an especially robust relationship with rating preference.
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Peterson, Lindsay, John Bowblis, and Kathryn Hyer. "NH Compare’s Health Deficiency 5-Star Rating: Do We Learn Different Things From Survey and Complaint Deficiencies?" Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.129.
Abstract The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) publishes a 5-star rating system for nursing homes (NH). Currently, the 5-star rating for health deficiencies weights deficiencies from annual recertification surveys and complaints equally. Complaint deficiencies may contain different information than survey deficiencies because complaint deficiencies originate with consumers and complaint inspections are less predictable than surveys. The objective of this study is to construct separate 5-star ratings for survey and complaint deficiencies, and to compare them to CMS’ 5-star rating for health deficiencies. Using CASPER and ASPEN Complaints/Incident Tracking System for all NHs in 2017 (N=15,373), we calculated the 5-star rating for health deficiencies as reported by CMS, and then decompose CMS’ rating into separate 5-star ratings for survey and complaint deficiencies. The overall distributions of the CMS’ deficiency rating and survey deficiency rating are similar. The distribution of the complaint deficiency rating is different from CMS’ deficiency rating. Using complaint deficiencies, more NHs have 5-stars (26.5% vs. 10.5%) and fewer facilities have 4-stars (11.2% vs. 23.3%). Comparing the ratings for each facility relative to CMS’ rating, 35.3% of NHs have a different survey deficiency rating while 54.4% have a different complaint deficiency rating. A 5-star rating based on survey and complaint deficiencies results in different ratings for NHs, indicating that complaint deficiency ratings contain different information from survey deficiency ratings. CMS should publish separate ratings based on survey and complaint deficiencies to provide different information.
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Bartels, Bernhard. "Why rating agencies disagree on sovereign ratings." Empirical Economics 57, no. 5 (June 25, 2018): 1677–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00181-018-1503-y.
Bae, Kee-Hong, Jun-Koo Kang, and Jin Wang. "Does Increased Competition Affect Credit Ratings? A Reexamination of the Effect of Fitch’s Market Share on Credit Ratings in the Corporate Bond Market." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 50, no. 5 (October 2015): 1011–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109015000472.
AbstractWe examine two competing views regarding the impact of competition among credit rating agencies on rating quality: the view that rating agencies do not sacrifice their reputation by inflating firm ratings, and the view that competition among rating agencies arising from the conflict of interest inherent in an “issuer pay” model creates pressure to inflate ratings. Using Fitch’s market share as a measure of competition among rating agencies and controlling for the endogeneity problem caused by unobservable industry effects, we find no relation between Fitch’s market share and ratings, suggesting that competition does not lead to rating inflation.
V posledních letech dochází ke zvyšování zájmu firem o řízení svých podnikatelských rizik. V řízení rizik vidí nástroj, který jim může pomoct dosáhnout svých cílů bez ohrožení zájmů svých akcionářů. Tato práce se zabývá speciálním produktem - úvěrovým ratigem, který představuje komplexní nástroj vyjadřující úvěrové riziko hodnocených subjektů. V práci je popsáno měření úvěrového rizika a vývoj trhu ratingu od jeho počátků po dnešek. Dále je rating popsán z hlediska jeho charakteru, nabídky a poptávky. V souvislosti s novým doporučením Basilejského výboru pro bankovní dohled, známým jako Basel II se práce věnuje ratingu jako regulatornímu nástroji. První ze tří pilířů tohoto konceptu - minimální kapitálové požadavky, je velice zajímavý pro ratingové agentury, protože doporučuje bankám postupujícím podle tzv. standardizovaného přístupu používat rating při měření úvěrového rizika. Poslední část práce se věnuje významu Basel II pro ratingové agentury a některým cyklickým aspektům ratingu.
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Wieser, Michael Florian. "Transparency in project bond ratings: assessment of rating methodologies and development of a proven rating simulator." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/11695.
A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Finance from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics The EU promotes the use of project bonds to develop a solid source for funding infrastructure projects. During an internship with the financial advisory team at UniCredit, the project finance rating methodologies of the major rating agencies were analyzed and a rating simulator was built to gain insights into the main rating drivers.
The resulting rating simulator is not able to fully forecast a rating but provides guidance for structuring future projects. After analyzing two case studies, it appears that S&P uses the most comprehensive, Moody’s the most transparent and Fitch the most flexible methodology to rate project finance bonds.
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Grün, Bettina, Paul Hofmarcher, Kurt Hornik, Christoph Leitner, and Stefan Pichler. "Deriving Consensus Ratings of the Big Three Rating Agencies." Institute for Statistics and Mathematics, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2010. http://epub.wu.ac.at/728/1/document.pdf.
This paper introduces a model framework for dynamic credit rating processes. Our framework aggregates ordinal rating information stemming from a variety of rating sources. The dynamic of the consensus rating captures systematic as well as idiosyncratic changes. In addition, our framework allows to validate the different rating sources by analyzing the mean/variance structure of the rating errors. In an empirical study for the iTraxx Europe companies rated by the big three external rating agencies we use Bayesian techniques to estimate the consensus ratings for these companies. The advantages are illustrated by comparing our dynamic rating model to a benchmark model. (author´s abstract) Series: Research Report Series / Department of Statistics and Mathematics
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Grün, Bettina, Paul Hofmarcher, Kurt Hornik, Christoph Leitner, and Stefan Pichler. "Deriving Consensus Ratings of the Big Three Rating Agencies." Incisive Financial Publishing, 2013. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4052/1/consensus_Rev3.pdf.
This paper introduces a model framework for dynamic credit rating processes. Our framework aggregates ordinal rating information stemming from a variety of rating sources. The dynamic of the consensus rating captures systematic as well as idiosyncratic changes. In addition, our framework allows to validate the different rating sources by analyzing the mean/variance structure of the rating deviations.
In an empirical study for the iTraxx Europe companies rated by the big three external rating agencies we use Bayesian techniques to estimate the consensus ratings for these companies.
The advantages are illustrated by comparing our dynamic rating model to a naive benchmark model. (authors' abstract)
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Karas, Vladimír. "Rating." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2006. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-316.
Charakteristika ratingu. Dělení a druhy ratingu (rating emise × rating emitenta; dlouhodobý rating × krátkodobý rating; mezinárodní rating × lokální rating). Obecné požadavky kladené na rating. Proces tvorby ratingu. Vyžádaný rating. Nevyžádaný rating. Ratingový proces na bázi volně přístupných informací. Uplatňované ratingové systémy. Ratingová kriteria. Využití a interpretace ratingové známky. Funkce ratingu. Rating v souvislosti s BASEL II. Rating v souvislosti s hospodářskými krizemi.
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Németh, Márian. "Rating zemi." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-883.
Sovereign rating has become a topic of major concern for the international financial community over the last two decades. This paper models ratings as combination of two factors ? hard and soft factors. Economical factors are the hard factors whit there statistical background. The political factors are the soft ones. It is very disturbing that the soft factors are playing a major roll in the rating agencies analysis. I found out that there isn?t any problems with the economical factors in the sovereign rating process, but in the case of political factors there are some major problems. Questionnaires and subjective answers in them may cause a falls sovereign rating process result. The cooperation between the regulative organs and the rating agencies may result in the future the losing of creditability for the sovereign country rating. Another concern is the lack of competition on the rating market with only two global rating agencies occupying 80 % of the entire market. These fakts are calling for a change in the sovereign rating markets.
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Búry, Jan. "Význam investičního ratingu a mezinárodních ratingových agentur pro stabilitu mezinárodních finančních trhů." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75407.
Credit rating agencies judge the creditworthiness of the debtors and debt obligations and the relative probability of their default. Credit rating plays a very important role in the financial markets. It influences the behavior of all participants (investors, debtors and regulators) of the market transactions. The first part of the thesis deals with definition and function of the credit rating. The main controversial points in the activity of the credit rating agencies will be discussed, as well as how the industry is regulated. In the second part it is claimed that the opinions of the credit rating agencies on sovereign bonds (sovereign rating) contribute to the overheating of the economies or to the deeper recession due to procyclicity of the rating. The actual credit rating of the country will be compared with a rating based on a theoretical model designed with publicly available economic data.
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Migliozzi, Glenn T., and David Saponaro. "Bond rating agencies and the effects of a rating change." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32124.
Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 1986. MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND DEWEY. Bibliography: leaves 80-81. by Glenn T. Migliozzi and David Saponaro. M.S.
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Favarato, Giulia <1989>. "Rating tradizionale e rating etico a confronto. Il caso italiano." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/4299.
In questo elaborato si illustra un argomento molto discusso in questi tempi: la sostenibilità ambientale, sociale e governativa. Si può parlare di eticità o sostenibilità in modo indistinto. Nella letteratura i due termini sono utilizzati come sinonimi. Sebbene siano state avanzate molte critiche a questo argomento, poiché la teoria classica afferma che il fine ultimo dell’impresa è creare profitto, tuttavia oggi si ritiene necessario, per il buon andamento dell’impresa, integrare le politiche aziendali con l’eticità. Tutte le società quotate hanno al loro interno una politica sostenibile, che va dalla trasparenza della politica dei dividendi nei confronti della clientela (per esempio Eni) al ricliclo dei rifiuti. Queste politiche, chiamate anche ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance), sono descritte nei siti internet delle varie società. Ogni società quotata ha nella propria home page la voce “sostenibilità”.
Proprio grazie all’importanza che ogni impresa dà a questo tema, è sembrato interessante svilupparlo per comprendere ogni suo aspetto. Nel presente lavoro di tesi, si è trattato di Corporate Social Reponsibility, in ambito aziendale, e del corrispondente Socially Responsible Investment, in ambito finanziario. Dopo aver trattato questi due “strumenti” legati alla sostenibilità, si è introdotto un terzo “strumento” utile alla nostra analisi: il rating tradizionale e il rating etico.
La domanda che ci siamo posti all’inizio dello studio è stata: “C’è un legame tra rating tradizionale e rating etico?” Secondo alcuni studi, l’impresa altamente sostenibile riesce ad avere vita più lunga e un costo del debito minore, poiché ritenuta più affidabile. In questo studio si è utilizzato il rating tradizionale come proxy del costo del debito per vedere se esiste una qualche connessione. Si è divisa la ricerca in due ambiti: a livello della singola società e a livello settoriale. A livello societario il rating etico è risultato essere non significativo, mentre a livello settoriale si è ottenuta una significatività.
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Zimmerli, Laurent. "Rating autonomous systems." Zurich : ETH, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Computer Engineering and Networks Laboratory (TIK), 2008. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=dipl&nr=424.
Langohr, Herwig M., and Patricia T. Langohr, eds. The Rating Agencies and their Credit Ratings. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119208785.
Levich, Richard M., Giovanni Majnoni, and Carmen M. Reinhart, eds. Ratings, Rating Agencies and the Global Financial System. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0999-8.
M, Levich Richard, Majnoni Giovanni, and Reinhart Carmen M, eds. Ratings, rating agencies and the global financial system. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.
Kammerer, Stephan C. "Rating." In Rating von Volkswirtschaften mit künstlich-neuronalen Netzen, 5–65. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitätsverlag, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-08904-9_2.
Weik, Martin H. "rating." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1415. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_15505.
Haiss, Peter R., and Herbert Tempsch. "Bonitätsmanagement als Serviceleistung." In Rating Advisory, 117–47. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-91296-1_10.
Dimitrakopoulos, Dimitrios, and Roland Spahr. "Ablauf des Ratingverfahrens bei internationalen Ratingagenturen." In Rating Advisory, 151–62. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-91296-1_11.
Sparling, E. Isaac, and Shilad Sen. "Rating." In the fifth ACM conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2043932.2043961.
Ochi, Masanao, Yutaka Matsuo, Makoto Okabe, and Rikio Onai. "Rating Prediction by Correcting User Rating Bias." In 2012 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Joint Conferences on Web Intelligence (WI) and Intelligent Agent Technologies (IAT). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wi-iat.2012.186.
Emery, Keith, Allan Anderberg, Mark Campanelli, Paul Ciszek, Charles Mack, Tom Moriarty, Carl Osterwald, Larry Ottoson, Steve Rummel, and Rafell Williams. "Rating photovoltaics." In 2013 IEEE 39th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc.2013.6744086.
Jung, Eunjin, and Mohamed Gouda. "Rating Certificates." In 15th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccn.2006.286318.
Kørner, Alex, J. Bent-Hansen, L. Lauritzen, and P. Bech. "RATING OF DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS: OBJECTIVE VERSUS SUBJECTIVE RATING." In IX World Congress of Psychiatry. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814440912_0053.
Borgholt, Lasse, Peter Simonsen, and Dirk Hovy. "The Rating Game: Sentiment Rating Reproducibility from Text." In Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/d15-1301.
Suchomel, Charles. "Automatic Rating Technique (ART) for measured flying quality ratings." In 21st Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1996-3377.
Morise, Hiroki, Satoshi Oyama, and Masahito Kurihara. "Collaborative filtering and rating aggregation based on multicriteria rating." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bigdata.2017.8258477.
Völker, S., M. Kleinkes, and B. Wördenweber. "Headlamp Rating System." In SAE 2003 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-0927.
Pantola, Alexis Velarde, Susan Pancho-Festin, and Florante Salvador. "Rating the raters." In the 3rd international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1854099.1854116.
The rise of the accountability movement in education has resulted in the proliferation of school report cards, school ratings and rankings, and other kinds of performance reporting for public consumption and policy use. To understand the strengths and limitations of school rating systems and the role they play in shaping public perceptions and school improvement practices, this paper situates rating systems within the broader field of comparative organizational assessments and neo-institutional theory; describes school rankings and rating systems in use by states and consumer-oriented enterprises; and details four aspects of school ratings (measurement, transformation, integration, and presentation) that affect their use and interpretation.
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Armendariz, Rafael A., and Mark D. Bowman. Bridge Load Rating. Purdue University, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284316650.
Bearden, Ronald M., M. Wagner, and R. Simon. Developing Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales for the Machinist's Mate Rating. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada195403.
Benmelech, Efraim, and Jennifer Dlugosz. The Credit Rating Crisis. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15045.
Research, IFF. Food Hygiene Rating Scheme Audit of Display and Business Survey 2021. Food Standards Agency, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.snt199.
Under the Food Hygiene Rating Scheme (FHRS), places where food is supplied, sold or consumed are given a rating ranging from 0 to 5, with 5 indicating ‘very good’ food hygiene and 0 indicating ‘urgent improvement necessary’. In Northern Ireland and Wales, businesses are legally required to display their food hygiene rating sticker in a prominent place like the front door, entrance or window of the business. Businesses in England do not have to display their rating at their premises but are encouraged to do so. Across England, Northern Ireland and Wales, food hygiene ratings are also available to search on the FSA website. The Food Standards Agency (FSA) has conducted research into the Display of Food Hygiene Ratings in England, Northern Ireland and Wales since 2011, although the research was paused in 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, the FSA commissioned IFF Research to update the research with the following aims: Provide a representative estimate of the display of food hygiene ratings by food businesses Explore the reasons and drivers for display and non-display Explore business awareness and attitudes towards the scheme Fieldwork in November and December 2021 comprised 1,522 covert audits of food businesses in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland and 1,500 telephone interviews of food businesses.
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Fowler, Kimberly M., and Emily M. Rauch. Sustainable Building Rating Systems Summary. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/926974.
Moranville, April, and Donald H. Hewitt. Rating Training Continuum: Baseline Data. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada257078.
Bergendahl, Timothy J., Ronald J. Bottomly, Roberta J. Medlock, W. O. Sibert, and Dana N. Stigdon. Rating Maintenance Phase Program Document. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada385601.
