Journal articles: 'Rating actions'

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Bonsall, Samuel B., Jeremiah R. Green, and Karl A. Muller. "Are Credit Ratings More Rigorous for Widely Covered Firms?" Accounting Review 93, no. 6 (February 1, 2018): 61–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-52044.

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ABSTRACT We study how business press coverage can discipline credit rating agency actions. Because of their greater prominence and visibility to market participants, more widely covered firms can pose greater reputational costs for rating agencies. Consistent with rating agencies limiting such risk, we find that ratings for more widely covered firms are more timely and accurate, downgraded earlier and systematically lower in the year prior to default, and better predictors of default and non-default. We also find that the recent tightening of credit rating standards is largely explained by growing business press coverage of public debt issuers. Additionally, we find that credit rating agencies take explicit actions to improve their ratings by assigning better educated and more experienced analysts to widely covered firms. Moreover, we document that missed defaults of more visible firms create greater negative economic consequences for rating agencies, and that rating improvements following the financial crisis were greater for more visible firms. Data Availability: All data are publicly available from the sources identified in the text.

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Hvattum, Lars Magnus, and Garry A. Gelade. "Comparing bottom-up and top-down ratings for individual soccer players." International Journal of Computer Science in Sport 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijcss-2021-0002.

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Abstract Correctly assessing the contributions of an individual player in a team sport is challenging. However, an ability to better evaluate each player can translate into improved team performance, through better recruitment or team selection decisions. Two main ideas have emerged for using data to evaluate players: Top-down ratings observe the performance of the team as a whole and then distribute credit for this performance onto the players involved. Bottom-up ratings assign a value to each action performed, and then evaluate a player based on the sum of values for actions performed by that player. This paper compares a variant of plus-minus ratings, which is a top-down rating, and a bottom-up rating based on valuing actions by estimating probabilities. The reliability of ratings is measured by whether similar ratings are produced when using different data sets, while the validity of ratings is evaluated through the quality of match outcome forecasts generated when the ratings are used as predictor variables. The results indicate that the plus-minus ratings perform better than the bottom-up ratings with respect to the reliability and validity measures chosen and that plus-minus ratings have certain advantages that may be difficult to replicate in bottom-up ratings.

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Korkmaz, Elif, Ersin Firat Akgül, and Seçil Sigalı. "Determinants of Credit Rating Actions: Evidence from International Maritime Companies." Business and Management Horizons 5, no. 2 (December 12, 2017): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/bmh.v5i2.12283.

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This study aims to analyze the relevant factors in determining credit rating agency (CRA) rating actions for international maritime companies. The public disclosures regarding the credit rating actions within annual reports and the credit rating agencies’ websites are analyzed by applying a content analysis for the period 2000-2017. The results of the content analysis indicate that the factor of “market conditions” has been disclosed as the main credit rating action determinant by the CRAs. This finding is in line with the argument that due to the high costs of obtaining the new and confidential information, CRAs tend to rely solely on the market risk in most rating actions, rather than company-specific risk. Moreover, we determine that, after the 2008 financial crisis, CRA disclosures on company specific factors decrease dramatically. Furthermore, opacity prevails in observations regarding company-specific factors as “financial profile” and “corporate business profile”.

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Ross, Marc L. "The Impact of Sovereign Rating Actions on Bank Ratings in Emerging Markets." CFA Digest 43, no. 1 (February 2013): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2469/dig.v43.n1.54.

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Williams, Gwion, Rasha Alsakka, and Owain ap Gwilym. "The impact of sovereign rating actions on bank ratings in emerging markets." Journal of Banking & Finance 37, no. 2 (February 2013): 563–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2012.09.021.

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Cavazos, David E., and Matthew Rutherford. "Examining the association between government-sponsored product ratings and firm political participation." Journal of Strategy and Management 10, no. 2 (May 15, 2017): 134–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsma-01-2016-0005.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to apply firm aspiration theory to explore how firms respond to government product ratings. Design/methodology/approach Longitudinal examination of nine automobile manufacturers during National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration crash tests in the USA. Findings Firms take specific external actions to influence the political mechanisms that support ranking schemes when product ratings are below those of rivals and when previously highly rated products decline. In addition, firms receiving rankings above those of their competitors are found to be less likely to take such action, even when their overall ratings declined. Similarly, firms seeing improvements in previously low-rated products will take fewer actions aimed at influencing the political mechanisms that support rating schemes. Originality/value The primary contribution of this research is in establishing when firm product ratings will result in actions to influence external ratings criteria. Previous research has shown that firms respond to organizational ratings by taking action aimed at improving subsequent performance. The current research builds on such work by applying aspiration theory in an effort to predict and explain when and why certain ratings will attract firm attention to the external mechanisms that support such ratings.

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Niedziółka, Paweł. "The Country Ceiling and Sovereign Rating Relationship Exemplified by the Case of Poland." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica 3, no. 354 (July 8, 2021): 4–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.354.01.

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The aim of the article is to answer the question whether the ratings of entities registered in Poland are limited by the sovereign rating of the country. The author theorises that the sovereign rating of Poland does not constitute the upper limit for ratings granted by the Big Three (Fitch Ratings, Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s) to Polish financial and non‑financial entities. The databases of three leading rating agencies were queried, selecting all (52) long‑term foreign ratings assigned to entities registered in Poland. The analysis indicates that currently no confirmation can be found of the use of the country ceiling principle, according to which the rating of any entity registered in a given country cannot be higher than its sovereign rating, by rating agencies (7.7% of rated entities in Poland is given higher rating than the sovereign one). This is at the same time a higher percentage than the average for all Big Three ratings, amounting to approx. 3%. The country ceiling is an upper, potential sovereign rating bound, resulting from the T&C risk. In the case of entities registered in Poland, however, their rating is a maximum of one notch higher than the sovereign rating, which in turn is in line with the policy that Standard & Poor’s officially announced as the only agency among the Big Three (the rating of an entity registered in a given jurisdiction can be up to four notches higher than the sovereign rating). The analysis of ratings assigned to Polish entities also indicates that a rating above the sovereign rating awarded by a given credit rating agency does not translate into similar actions of other agencies. This paper analyses the relationships between the concepts of country risk, T&C risk and sovereign risk. Another original contribution is establishing how the country ceiling principle used by rating agencies works in practice and verifying the scope of application of this principle in the Polish economic reality.

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Barta, Zsófia, and Alison Johnston. "Rating Politics? Partisan Discrimination in Credit Ratings in Developed Economies." Comparative Political Studies 51, no. 5 (June 15, 2017): 587–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414017710263.

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How does government partisanship influence sovereign credit ratings of developed countries? Given the convergence of fiscal and monetary outcomes between left and right governments in the past decades, credit rating agencies (CRAs) should in principle not discriminate according to ideology. However, we hypothesize that CRAs might lower ratings for left governments as a strategy to limit negative policy and market surprises as they strive to keep ratings stable over the medium term. A panel analysis of Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s, and Fitch’s rating actions for 23 Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) countries from 1995 to 2014 shows that left executives and the electoral victory of nonincumbent left executives are associated with significantly higher probabilities of negative rating changes. We find no evidence of similar systematic partisan bias in spreads on government bonds, but spreads do adjust to partisan-biased downgrades. This suggests that CRAs may introduce partisan discrimination into sovereign credit markets.

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Johnson, Richard. "Rating Agency Actions Around the Investment-Grade Boundary." Journal of Fixed Income 13, no. 4 (March 31, 2004): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jfi.2004.391025.

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Ory, Jean-Noël, and Philippe Raimbourg. "European Rating Actions, Investor Reaction, and Bond Spread Volatility." Economic Notes 44, no. 2 (May 14, 2015): 333–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecno.12038.

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Baber, Graeme. "The role and responsibility of credit rating agencies in promoting soundness and integrity." Journal of Money Laundering Control 17, no. 1 (January 7, 2014): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-09-2013-0031.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role and responsibility of credit rating agencies in promoting soundness and integrity, especially in the course of their business activities. Design/methodology/approach – The paper describes, and uses, the framework for the activities of credit rating agencies introduced by the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), in order to give effect to this investigation. Findings – Credit rating agencies have implemented the provisions of the Code of Conduct Fundamentals for Credit Rating Agencies of the IOSCO on the quality and integrity of the rating process, to the extent of the resources available to them. Research limitations/implications – The main source of data is the information collected by the IOSCO from nine credit rating agencies, including the main three, on the quality and integrity of their rating processes. The absence of triangulation of research methods limits the robustness of the findings. Originality/value – The paper addresses a specific aspect of the credit ratings story since the financial crisis on which there is currently little in the literature. It also focuses upon the actions of credit rating agencies, rather than on how these organisations are, or should be, regulated.

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Abad, Pilar, Rasha Alsakka, and Owain ap Gwilym. "The influence of rating levels and rating convergence on the spillover effects of sovereign credit actions." Journal of International Money and Finance 85 (July 2018): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2018.03.005.

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Mutize, Misheck, and Virimai V. Mugobo. "An analysis of Granger causality between sovereign credit rating and economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 17, no. 4 (November 9, 2020): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.17(4).2020.08.

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Interest in the relationship between credit rating and economic growth is growing as emerging economies increasingly integrate into international financial markets. Without credit ratings, developing economies would not have been able to successfully issue their sovereign bonds to support economic growth. Therefore, this paper examines a causality relationship between Standard &amp; Poor’s long-term foreign currency sovereign credit ratings and economic growth in 19 Sub-Saharan countries over the period from 2003 to 2018. The results of the Granger causality tests show a unidirectional causality from sovereign credit ratings to economic growth, not vice versa. This implies that economic growth is not significant in determining sovereign credit ratings. It can thus be concluded from these findings that sovereign credit ratings are proactive actions by rating agencies that are relevant in determining future economic growth. Thus, investors benefit from utilizing credit ratings to prevent inherent information asymmetry in fundamental economic factors. Therefore, it is important for policy makers to pay attention to sovereign credit ratings when formulating macroeconomic policies.

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Tidwell, Alan, Alan Ziobrowski, Paul Gallimore, and SeungHan Ro. "The Information Content of REIT Credit Rating Actions and Transparency." Journal of Real Estate Research 35, no. 3 (January 1, 2013): 365–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10835547.2013.12091366.

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Sinha, Atanu R., Deepali Jain, Nikhil Sheoran, Sopan Khosla, and Reshmi Sasidharan. "Surveys without Questions: A Reinforcement Learning Approach." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.3301257.

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The ‘old world’ instrument, survey, remains a tool of choice for firms to obtain ratings of satisfaction and experience that customers realize while interacting online with firms. While avenues for survey have evolved from emails and links to pop-ups while browsing, the deficiencies persist. These include - reliance on ratings of very few respondents to infer about all customers’ online interactions; failing to capture a customer’s interactions over time since the rating is a one-time snapshot; and inability to tie back customers’ ratings to specific interactions because ratings provided relate to all interactions. To overcome these deficiencies we extract proxy ratings from clickstream data, typically collected for every customer’s online interactions, by developing an approach based on Reinforcement Learning (RL). We introduce a new way to interpret values generated by the value function of RL, as proxy ratings. Our approach does not need any survey data for training. Yet, on validation against actual survey data, proxy ratings yield reasonable performance results. Additionally, we offer a new way to draw insights from values of the value function, which allow associating specific interactions to their proxy ratings. We introduce two new metrics to represent ratings - one, customer-level and the other, aggregate-level for click actions across customers. Both are defined around proportion of all pairwise, successive actions that show increase in proxy ratings. This intuitive customer-level metric enables gauging the dynamics of ratings over time and is a better predictor of purchase than customer ratings from survey. The aggregate-level metric allows pinpointing actions that help or hurt experience. In sum, proxy ratings computed unobtrusively from clickstream, for every action, for each customer, and for every session can offer interpretable and more insightful alternative to surveys.

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Gaba, David M., Steven K. Howard, Brendan Flanagan, Brian E. Smith, Kevin J. Fish, and Richard Botney. "Assessment of Clinical Performance during Simulated Crises Using Both Technical and Behavioral Ratings." Anesthesiology 89, no. 1 (July 1, 1998): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199807000-00005.

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Background Techniques are needed to assess anesthesiologists' performance when responding to critical events. Patient simulators allow presentation of similar crisis situations to different clinicians. This study evaluated ratings of performance, and the interrater variability of the ratings, made by multiple independent observers viewing videotapes of simulated crises. Methods Raters scored the videotapes of 14 different teams that were managing two scenarios: malignant hyperthermia (MH) and cardiac arrest. Technical performance and crisis management behaviors were rated. Technical ratings could range from 0.0 to 1.0 based on scenario-specific checklists of appropriate actions. Ratings of 12 crisis management behaviors were made using a five-point ordinal scale. Several statistical assessments of interrater variability were applied. Results Technical ratings were high for most teams in both scenarios (0.78 +/- 0.08 for MH, 0.83 +/- 0.06 for cardiac arrest). Ratings of crisis management behavior varied, with some teams rated as minimally acceptable or poor (28% for MH, 14% for cardiac arrest). The agreement between raters was fair to excellent, depending on the item rated and the statistical test used. Conclusions Both technical and behavioral performance can be assessed from videotapes of simulations. The behavioral rating system can be improved; one particular difficulty was aggregating a single rating for a behavior that fluctuated over time. These performance assessment tools might be useful for educational research or for tracking a resident's progress. The rating system needs more refinement before it can be used to assess clinical competence for residency graduation or board certification.

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Tatarintseva, Svetlana G., Larisa G. Baranova, and Alla A. Geyser. "THE CONTENT OF THE ORGANIZATION'S PREPARATION STAGES FOR PARTICIPATION IN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT RATING TAKING INTO ACCOUNT ESG FACTORS." Scientific Review. Series 1. Economics and Law, no. 4 (2022): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4650-2022-4-04.

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The article gives an excursion into the history of the general approach to the formation of ratings. The fact of the growing importance of rating companies in the financial and non-financial sectors of the economy, as a tool for assessing the achievements of organizations, is noted. The general structure of the stages of preparing a company for rating in the field of achieving sustainable development goals with an emphasis on non-financial ratings, taking into account ESG factors, is considered. The main rating companies were named and a comparison of a number of parameters of the Methodologies and Assessment Methods proposed by them was carried out. The main directions of the rating assessment are formulated, as well as the content of sections, groups, subgroups, target criteria, indicators. The performed analysis allows, on the one hand, to group, and, on the other hand, to detail the stages of preparation for rating, mainly for organizations of the higher education system. Particular attention is paid to the ESG section of block G- “Corporate governance”. Within this section, the main requirements for the formation of criteria and indicators of the ESG rating in the field of relations with stakeholders and non-financial reporting on sustainable development are deciphered. The composition of the information disclosed by universities in the sustainability report has been systematized. A general conclusion is made about the need for a systematic approach to the preparation, implementation and monitoring of a strategy and step-by-step actions developed by an individually developed organization in the direction of progressive movement towards the achievement of sustainable development goals with a focus on ESG. It is noted that the directions and criteria for rating, in particular, depend on the choice of a corporate governance model.

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Poleshchuk, O. M. "State of plant species rating assessments approaches in fuzzy conditions of their monitoring." Forestry Bulletin 26, no. 5 (October 2022): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/2542-1468-2022-5-128-134.

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The paper analyzes the models of rating assessment of green spaces in large cities, developed by the author. Both models are based on the formalization of the state of plant species using linguistic variables that model the evaluation actions of experts in fuzzy conditions. The first model, developed earlier by the author, allows you to find the ratings of green spaces by comparing their states with each other. Thus, the resulting rating of the state of a plant species provides information about the advantages of one species over another, but does not provide complete information about the real state of green spaces. At the same time, it is possible that all plant species from the considered population, regardless of the rating, are not resistant to harmful urban environment. The second model, developed in this article, allows you to find the ratings of plant species based on their ideal state. For this, the distance between the linguistic variables that formalize the real state of a plant species and its ideal state is determined. Since the states of green spaces are compared with the ideal state, and not among themselves, the resulting rating of one plant species does not depend on the data obtained in the evaluation of other species. The developed models allow their alternative application depending on the goals and objectives.

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Gams, A. V., D. A. Akmaykin, and A. A. Ilchenko. "OPERATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR MARINE AUTONOMOUS VESSELS." Vestnik Gosudarstvennogo universiteta morskogo i rechnogo flota imeni admirala S. O. Makarova 14, no. 2 (June 28, 2022): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21821/2309-5180-2022-14-2-248-256.

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The topic of the study is the issue of assessing the safety of the use of autonomous type vessels and suitable criteria for the mode of operation, which has a priority status, since currently a large number of prototypes of such vessels are planned to be launched. It is noted that classification societies determine the rules of classification and construction of this type of vessels. Using the method of analyzing the types and consequences of failures, which is well-established in the aerospace industry in the second half of the last century, is suggested in the paper. For this purpose, the concept of risk priority taken from the analysis of the ratings of the failures occurrence and consequences is used. All parameters for determining the priority of risk are obtained during the analysis of accidents of the various types of vessels, including those, which are without crew. The rating of the failure mode occurrence in autonomous navigation, the rating of the failure mode critical consequences and the failure mode detection rating for autonomous vessels are considered. Each of these types of rating includes ten levels. The assessment of failure levels consists of four stages. Initially, it is necessary to identify potential failure modes. Then the parameters of the risk priority concept and the type of failure are evaluated. For each operational mode of operation, namely manual control, remote or autonomous control, the risk priority concept scenario is calculated. The analysis of the calculation results is carried out and proposals are formulated and recommendations of corrective actions are given. The results obtained have shown that under the same conditions, the range of the risk level varies depending on the operating modes of an autonomous vessel. The results are presented in the table of the choice of corrective actions and given graphically for visual assessment and direction of danger. The proposed approach makes it possible to choose the most safe mode of operation for this level of risk, as well as to predict the necessary corrective actions.

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Isaia, Eleonora, Marina Damilano, and Cristina Rovera. "Rating Actions: Reliable Information or Regulatory Constraint after the Subprime Crisis?" International Review of Business Research Papers 11, no. 2 (September 2015): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21102/irbrp.2015.09.112.04.

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Tran, Vu, Rasha Alsakka, and Owain ap Gwilym. "Sovereign rating actions and the implied volatility of stock index options." International Review of Financial Analysis 34 (July 2014): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2014.05.010.

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Steiner, Manfred, and Volker G. Heinke. "Event study concerning international bond price effects of credit rating actions." International Journal of Finance & Economics 6, no. 2 (2001): 139–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.148.

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Baillon, Aurélien, and Yan Xu. "Simple bets to elicit private signals." Theoretical Economics 16, no. 3 (2021): 777–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/te4343.

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This paper introduces two simple betting mechanisms—top‐flop and threshold betting—to elicit unverifiable information from crowds. Agents are offered bets on the rating of an item about which they received a private signal versus that of a random item. We characterize conditions for the chosen bet to reveal the agents' private signal even if the underlying ratings are biased. We further provide microeconomic foundations of the ratings, which are endogenously determined by the actions of other agents in a game setting. Our mechanisms relax standard assumptions of the literature, such as common prior, and homogeneous and risk neutral agents.

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Cowhey, Maureen, Seung Jung Lee, Thomas Popeck Spiller, and Cindy M. Vojtech. "Sentiment in Bank Examination Reports and Bank Outcomes." Finance and Economics Discussion Series, no. 2022-077 (November 2022): 1–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2022.077.

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We investigate whether the bank examination process provides useful insight into bank future outcomes. We do this by conducting textual analysis on about 5,500 small to medium-sized commercial bank examination reports from 2004 to 2016. These confidential examination reports provide textual context to the components of supervisory ratings: capital adequacy, asset quality, management, earnings, and liquidity. Each component is given a categorical rating, and each bank is assigned an overall composite rating, which are used to determine the safety and soundness of banks. We find that, controlling for a variety of factors, including the ratings themselves, the sentiment supervisors express in describing most of the components predict relevant future bank outcomes. The sentiment conveyed in the asset quality, management, and earnings sections provides significant information in predicting future outcomes for problem loans, supervisory actions, and profitability, respectively, for all banks. Sentiment conveyed in the capital adequacy section appears to be predictive of future capital ratios for weak banks. These relationships suggest that bank supervisors play a meaningful role in the surveillance of the banking system.

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Boffelli, Simona, and Giovanni Urga. "Macroannouncements, bond auctions and rating actions in the European government bond spreads." Journal of International Money and Finance 53 (May 2015): 148–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2015.01.004.

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Sahibzada, Irfan Ullah. "To what extent do sovereign rating actions affect global equity market sectors?" International Review of Economics & Finance 84 (March 2023): 240–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2022.11.026.

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Moynihan, Muiris. "How to achieve a SCORS A rating using current materials and technology." Structural Engineer 100, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.56330/fokt1997.

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Kochhar, Priyanka, Namrata Mahal, Sanjay Seth, and Mandeep Singh. "Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment—A green-building rating system for catalysing climate-change mitigation/adaptation in India." F1000Research 11 (February 7, 2022): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.108826.1.

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Green-building rating systems (GBRSs) are critical for implementing climate change (CC) mitigation strategies because they can help reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the building sector. From the Indian policy perspective, the ClimateSMART Cities Assessment Framework (CSCAF) provides cities a roadmap toward mitigating CC while planning/implementing their actions and facilitates realising energy efficiency and green buildings through GBRS adoption and incentivisation. Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) is a comprehensive GBRS aligned with CSCAF and India’s climate goals, facilitating the implementation of Government of India’s relevant policies and climate-adaptation measures within a building project’s different phases. This paper examines existing institutional mechanisms for incentivising GRIHA-rated projects and provides recommendations for municipal bodies, regional developmental authorities, and state governments for strengthening resource efficiency in the built environment through GRIHA. Residential buildings are considered because their contribution to GHG emissions is the greatest among buildings. Data were collected through literature review, reviewing smart-city proposals and latest state annual action plans, Right to Information queries, and structured interviews of stakeholders. Feedback from green-building certification agencies, project proponents, and government officials revealed a need for local-level information dissemination and guidance on institutional mechanisms for incentivising green-rated projects. Further, to understand the implementation mechanisms for GRIHA-linked incentives, residential projects under some local-government agencies were documented as case studies, providing useful insights into prevalent mechanisms for availing incentives while facilitating GRIHA compliance. The information provided herein can be useful for local governments in other developing countries for guiding the building sector toward mitigating climate change.

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Azarov, Olexiy, Leonid Krupelnitsky, and Hanna Rakytyanska. "Television Rating Control in the Multichannel Environment Using Trend Fuzzy Knowledge Bases and Monitoring Results †." Data 3, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data3040057.

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The purpose of this study is to control the ratio of programs of different genres whenforming the broadcast grid in order to increase and maintain the rating of a channel. In themultichannel environment, television rating controls consist of selecting content, the ratings ofwhich are completely restored after advertising. The hybrid approach to rule set refinement basedon fuzzy relational calculus simplifies the process of expert recommendation systems construction.By analogy with the problem of the inverted pendulum control, the managerial actions aim to retainthe balance between the fuzzy demand and supply. The increase or decrease trends of the demandand supply are described by primary fuzzy relations. The rule-based solutions of fuzzy relationalequations connect significance measures of the primary fuzzy terms. Program set refinement bysolving fuzzy relational equations allows avoiding procedures of content-based selective filtering.The solution set generation corresponds to the granulation of television time, where each solutionrepresents the time slot and the granulated rating of the content. In automated media planning,generation of the weekly TV program in the form of the granular solution provides the decrease oftime needed for the programming of the channel broadcast grid.

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N., Diego Calvetti, and Miguel Luiz Ribeiro Ferreira. "Agile Methodology to Performance Measure and Identification of Impact Factors in the Labour Productivity of Industrial Workers." U.Porto Journal of Engineering 4, no. 2 (October 31, 2018): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2183-6493_004.002_0005.

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The objective of this work is to adapt and test an agile methodology based on human observation that waives the data collection based on the timing of time in activity. Aiming to evaluate the productivity and non-productivity of workers in a factory during the pipe welding process for use in the construction of industrial plants. Through human observation the data was gathered by registering punctually the activities of the welders during a week. The results obtained by the Monte Carlo simulation were validated by comparing the results obtained by the probability and statistically analysis of the complete sample. After the simulation validation the Sensibility Analysis test was conducted in order to evaluate the variables of higher impact in the performance of the welders. The average of Labour Rating Factor and Idleness Rating Factor obtained by Monte Carlo simulation were respectively, 0.5529 and 0.4549 and by the sampling chart Labour Rating Factor 0.5552 and Idleness Rating Factor 0.4448. The methodology identified 9(nine) actions in the productive state, where the welding activity presents the greatest impact on the output of the mean of the Labour Rating Factor. In addition, 8(eight) actions were considered non-productive, where displacements and human conditions activities have the greatest impact on the Idleness Rating Factor. Furthermore, the results were compared with the work of other Authors. The research results shows the feasibility for industry to use this proposal of an agile methodology for evaluating the workforce performance, spending less resource compared with traditional ones.

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Mahrenholtz, Philipp, and Akanshu Sharma. "Fire Rating of Post-Installed Anchors and Rebars." CivilEng 1, no. 3 (October 21, 2020): 216–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/civileng1030013.

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Fire safety is a critical performance aspect of construction products, and post-installed anchors and rebars are no exemption in that regard. During their service life, anchors and rebars are subjected to different kinds of load actions, so they have to be qualified and designed for critical safety performance. While the qualification guidelines for static and seismic loading have matured to conclusive requirements over the past two decades, the requirements for determining the resistance to fire are just about to consolidate. This contribution strives to provide clarity on the fire rating of post-installed anchors and rebars. For this, the current status of the regulations, as well as the underlying background, is reviewed after a brief introduction. Typical examples of fire ratings in the field of post-installed anchors and rebars are given, and recent research undertaken to close the last regulative gaps is briefly presented.

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Yin, Ebony, Adrian J. Cameron, Sally Schultz, Christine M. White, Lana Vanderlee, David Hammond, and Gary Sacks. "Public Support for Nutrition-Related Actions by Food Companies in Australia: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Findings from the 2020 International Food Policy Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5 (February 24, 2023): 4054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054054.

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Unhealthy food environments contribute to unhealthy population diets. In Australia, the government currently relies on voluntary food company actions (e.g., related to front-of-pack labelling, restricting promotion of unhealthy foods, and product formulation) as part of their efforts to improve population diets, despite evidence that such voluntary approaches are less effective than mandatory policies. This study aimed to understand public perceptions of potential food industry nutrition-related actions in Australia. An online survey was completed by 4289 Australians in 2020 as part of the International Food Policy Study. The level of public support was assessed for six different nutrition-related actions related to food labelling, food promotion, and product formulation. High levels of support were observed for all six company actions, with the highest support observed for displaying the Health Star Rating on all products (80.4%) and restricting children’s exposure to online promotion of unhealthy food (76.8%). Findings suggest the Australian public is strongly supportive of food companies taking action to improve nutrition and the healthiness of food environments. However, given the limitations of the voluntary action from food companies, mandatory policy action by the Australian government is likely to be needed to ensure company practices align with public expectations.

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Biles, Roger. "Public Policy Made by Private Enterprise: Bond Rating Agencies and Urban America." Journal of Urban History 44, no. 6 (December 15, 2015): 1098–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144215620585.

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Since World War II, and especially since the1970s, cities have increasingly relied on municipal bonds as a crucial source of income. At the same time, the bond rating agencies have exerted more influence on potential investors—a development with significant consequences for the nation’s cities. The need for elected officials to measure their actions against possible rewards and punishments imposed by the bond rating agencies allowed private businesses to shape public policies in distant places impervious to the mandates given democratically elected local governments. This paper examines the challenges faced by public officials in three cities (Philadelphia, Chicago, and Detroit) because of the power wielded by bond rating agencies.

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Ludwig, Peter H., Claudia Finkbeiner, and Markus Knierim. "Effects of the Adequacy of Learning Strategies in Self-Regulated Learning Settings: A Video-Based Microanalytical Lab Study." Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology 12, no. 3 (2013): 374–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1945-8959.12.3.374.

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So far, the quality of learning strategies has been considered primarily within the framework of the “description paradigm” by investigating the relationship between the use frequency of macrostrategies and achievement. The ADEQUA study is approaching the quality of learning strategic actions in a more finely grained fashion by rating the adequacy of discrete learning strategies at the microanalytical level. Specifically, the study scrutinizes the strategies used by secondary-level students of English as a foreign language while reading an English text in a self-regulated, cooperative learning environment. The strategies they used in overcoming comprehension difficulties were identified and rated on the basis of the students’ videotaped task performance as well as a stimulated recall procedure. In regression models, the adequacy of strategic actions is of major predictive power with considerable effect sizes for students’ achievement. The hypothesis-testing approach adopted here (i.e., to assess the adequacy of every discrete strategy used by means of highly inferential ratings), appears to be promising.

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Martyushova, Y. G., and N. M. Lykova. "Organization of Reflexive-evaluative Activity of University Students by Using the Learning Management System." Psychological-Educational Studies 10, no. 2 (2018): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psyedu.2018100211.

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The article is focusing on implementation specifics of reflection and evaluation phase of the learning process with use of learning management system. It describes implementation of preliminary, current and final types of control via combination of intramural and remote forms of study. The learning management system allows to evaluate correctness of task solutions and to utilise rating method for all types of control. This provides students with the possibility to observe their current rating and receive comments on the potential actions needed to achieve the learning objectives. Apart from that, rating capability of the learning management system supports development of students’ skills of self-reflection and self-control, creating a competitive environment and increasing learning motivation. Combination of accumulated current rating on learning management system’s tasks and results of intramural control allows to generate the final grade for the learning module.

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Benedict Ogbemudia, Imhanrenialena, Ebhotemhen Wilson, Apreala Solomon Ebiladei, Chukwu Benjamin Ibe, Moguluwa Shedrach Chinwuba, and Ilo Sylvester Okechukwu. "The Evolving Strategic CSR Practices in Africa: Exploring the Multidimensional Implications for Telecommunication Firms’ Outcomes in Nigeria." SAGE Open 12, no. 2 (April 2022): 215824402210899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221089966.

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In developing African countries, a considerable body of knowledge exists about the evolving stages of corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices from mere philanthropic actions to damage control strategy, especially in the mining sector. However, little is known about the emerging strategic CSR as a competitive strategy particularly its dimensional outcomes among diverse sectors in the region. Applying a multidimensional perspective of corporate social responsibility activities, we explored how customers’ perception of a firm’s economic, legal, ethical, and social responsibility actions influence the firm’s product rating, consumer loyalty, and firms’ strategic legitimacy among telecoms subscribers in Nigeria. A probability sampling technique was used to select 126 subscribers with a proportionate representation of the five mobile phone service providers in Nigeria. From the collected data, descriptive statistics were applied to analyze the demographic profile of the participants while the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to test the hypotheses. Contrary to expectations, the outcomes suggest that consumer perception of telecoms firms’ economic responsibilities has no significant positive influence on the firms’ product rating, consumer loyalty, and the firms’ strategic legitimacy. Conversely, the outcomes support our propositions that the consumer perception of telecoms firms’ social, legal, and ethical responsibility actions has a significant positive influence on the firms’ product rating, consumer loyalty, and firms’ strategic legitimacy. The findings suggest the need for telecoms firms to focus on social, legal, and ethical responsibility dimensions as competitive strategies.

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Baharuddin, M. I., N. K. Khamis, K. A. Abu Kassim, and M. R. A. Mansor. "Autonomous Emergency Brake (AEB) for Pedestrian for ASEAN NCAP Safety Rating Consideration: A Review." Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia 3, no. 1 (April 29, 2021): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v3i1.110.

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Road crossings are considered as an unavoidable part of walking in which the desirable route of pedestrians interacts with vehicles. This interaction may expose the pedestrians to risks or delays. Pedestrian- vehicle collisions are regarded as the most serious type of accidents since they incur high fatality rate of nearly 13 percent. This study has been carried out to fulfil two objectives. First, to identify the contributing factors to road crash, and second, to understand the implementation and effectiveness of a preventive device to reduce road crashes involving pedestrians. Collision avoidance and mitigation systems such as the AEB are intended to reduce accident risks by automatically applying the brakes prior to an accident. Understanding the human action, style and behaviour are the key elements in producing the ideal AEB Pedestrian for the future. This study sheds light on the future direction in the area of road safety by considering preventive actions to reduce the occurrence of road crashes, particularly among pedestrians.

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Kim, Sejun. "Regulating online platform on operating of consumer review and rating system." Legal Studies Institute of Chosun University 29, no. 3 (December 31, 2022): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18189/isicu.2022.29.3.3.

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No market can survive without trust. The same applies to transactions on online platforms. However, because of the nature of online platforms, the existing mechanism for establishing trust is hardly effective. As a result, online platforms use a kind of review(feedback) system to establish trust. In other words, the review and rating system is designed to function as the basis for and purpose of their trustworthiness. Therefore, their regulatory environment should also warrant systematic trust, whose existence becomes the basis for confidence in the necessity of the functions of the regulatory regime. In this paper, the principles of ISO 20488:2018 are introduced and six elements for the regulation are presented: Tramsparency and consumer information, Submission of reviews, Moderation of reviews, Publication of reviews, Consolidated Ratings, Right to reply. Consumer reviews may reduce the asymmetry of information among the market participants by providing information concerning the actions of the platform users in trading. Furthermore the review and rating system could be a means of controlling the market indirectly by performing the functions of information transmission, verification and monitoring. Therefore, for such a system to fuction properly based on reliability, the factors related to its reasonable regulation should be examined carefully.

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Babor, Thomas F., Katherine Robaina, Katherine Brown, Jonathan Noel, Mariana Cremonte, Daniela Pantani, Raquel I. Peltzer, and Ilana Pinsky. "Is the alcohol industry doing well by ‘doing good’? Findings from a content analysis of the alcohol industry’s actions to reduce harmful drinking." BMJ Open 8, no. 10 (October 2018): e024325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024325.

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ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to: (1) describe alcohol industry corporate social responsibility (CSR) actions conducted across six global geographic regions; (2) identify the benefits accruing to the industry (‘doing well’); and (3) estimate the public health impact of the actions (‘doing good’).SettingActions from six global geographic regions.ParticipantsA web-based compendium of 3551 industry actions, representing the efforts of the alcohol industry to reduce harmful alcohol use, was issued in 2012. The compendium consisted of short descriptions of each action, plus other information about the sponsorship, content and evaluation of the activities. Public health professionals (n=19) rated a sample (n=1046) of the actions using a reliable content rating procedure.Outcome measuresWHO Global strategy target area, estimated population reach, risk of harm, advertising potential, policy impact potential and other aspects of the activity.ResultsThe industry actions were conducted disproportionately in regions with high-income countries (Europe and North America), with lower proportions in Latin America, Africa and Asia. Only 27% conformed to recommended WHO target areas for global action to reduce the harmful use of alcohol. The overwhelming majority (96.8%) of industry actions lacked scientific support (p<0.01) and 11.0% had the potential for doing harm. The benefits accruing to the industry (‘doing well’) included brand marketing and the use of CSR to manage risk and achieve strategic goals.ConclusionAlcohol industry CSR activities are unlikely to reduce harmful alcohol use but they do provide commercial strategic advantage while at the same time appearing to have a public health purpose.

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Sallevelt, Bastiaan Theodoor Gerard Marie, Corlina Johanna Alida Huibers, Wilma Knol, Eugene van Puijenbroek, Toine Egberts, and Ingeborg Wilting. "Evaluation of clarity of the STOPP/START criteria for clinical applicability in prescribing for older people: a quality appraisal study." BMJ Open 10, no. 2 (February 2020): e033721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033721.

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ObjectivesAppropriate prescribing in older people continues to be challenging. Studies still report a high prevalence of inappropriate prescribing in older people. To reduce the problem of underprescribing and overprescribing in this population, explicit drug optimisation tools like Screening Tool of Older Persons’ potentially inappropriate Prescriptions/Screening Tool to Alert to Right Treatment (STOPP/START) have been developed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical applicability of STOPP/START criteria in daily patient care by assessing the clarity of singular criteria.DesignQuality appraisal study.MethodsFor each of the 114 STOPP/START criteria V.2, elements describing the action (what/howto do), condition (whento do) and explanation (whyto do) were identified. Next, the clarity of these three elements was quantified on a 7-point Likert scale using tools provided by the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) Consortium.Primary and secondary outcomesThe primary outcome measure was the clarity rating per element, categorised into high (>67.7%), moderate (33.3%–67.7%) or low (<33.3%). Secondary, factors that positively or negatively affected clarity most were identified. Additionally, the nature of the conditions was further classified into five descriptive components: disease, sign, symptom, laboratory finding and medication.ResultsSTOPP recommendations had an average clarity rating of 64%, 60% and 69% for actions, conditions and explanations, respectively. The average clarity rating in START recommendations was 60% and 57% for actions and conditions, respectively. There were no statements present to substantiate the prescription of potential omissions for the 34 START criteria.ConclusionsOur results show that the clarity of the STOPP/START criteria can be improved. For future development of explicit drug optimisation tools, such as STOPP/START, our findings identified facilitators (high clarity) and barriers (low clarity) that can be used to improve the clarity of clinical practice guidelines on a language level and therefore enhance clinical applicability.

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Watson, Fiona, Anna Taylor, Mike Rayner, Tim Lobstein, and Robin Hinks. "Priority actions for addressing the obesity epidemic in England." Public Health Nutrition 21, no. 5 (December 13, 2017): 1002–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017003500.

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AbstractObjectiveTo prioritise policy actions for government to improve the food environment and contribute to reduced obesity and related diseases.DesignCross-sectional study applying the Food Environment Policy Index (Food EPI) in two stages. First, the evidence on all relevant policies was compiled, through an Internet search of government documents, and reviewed for accuracy and completeness by government officials. Second, independent experts were brought together to identify critical gaps and prioritise actions to fill those gaps, through a two-stage rating process.SettingEngland.SubjectsA total of seventy-three independent experts from forty-one organisations were involved in the exercise.ResultsThe top priority policy actions for government identified were: (i) control the advertising of unhealthy foods to children; (ii) implement the levy on sugary drinks; (iii) reduce the sugar, fat and salt content in processed foods (leading to an energy reduction); (iv) monitor school and nursery food standards; (v) prioritise health and the environment in the 25-year Food and Farming Plan; (vi) adopt a national food action plan; (vii) monitor the food environment; (viii) apply buying standards to all public institutions; (ix) strengthen planning laws to discourage less healthy food offers; and (x) evaluate food-related programmes and policies.ConclusionsApplying the Food EPI resulted in agreement on the ten priority actions required to improve the food environment. The Food EPI has proved to be a useful tool in developing consensus for action to address the obesity epidemic among a broad group of experts in a complex legislative environment.

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Hausmanninger, Thomas. "Pragmatic Actions or Ethics Needed?" International Review of Information Ethics 1 (June 1, 2004): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/irie271.

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Do we need global ethics for the net? Is it even possible to put these into the form of a universal agreement, embodying the necessary rules and principles in an all-encompassing code of conduct? Or will any such endeavors simply shatter on the differences of cultures? Ought they be labeled as sort of attempted imperialism, more subtle perhaps in comparison with other forms of cultural imperialism—but nevertheless an attempt of such? If so, then ethical concepts need to be restricted to territorially or ethnically specific realms. In that case, the quest for Net-Ethics could perhaps be substituted by pragmatic actions: instruments of control that are simply technical and formal, devoid of moral input and moral convictions. Such a viewpoint has been offered lately in the form of a concept by the Bertelsmann Foundation, which combines rating and filtering instruments with a social lattice-work of net-supervision and transnational combinations of institutions of control. That concept indeed has its charm. It has its problems too; problems that can be made obvious from an ethical viewpoint and which counter the notion, that it is possible to supplant moral instances with pragmatic action. The text therefore reconstructs the concept in question, criticizes it and attempts to sketch an ethical approach to the problem that respects diversity and plurality.

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Ryan, M. Kathleen, Jean M. Williams, and Beverly Wimer. "Athletic Aggression: Perceived Legitimacy and Behavioral Intentions in Girls’ High School Basketball." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 12, no. 1 (March 1990): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.12.1.48.

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The present study examined the stability of athletes' legitimacy judgments and behavioral intentions over the course of a basketball season and the relationship between these factors to actual behavior. The 49 female basketball players responded to a questionnaire that was derived from Bredemeier's (1985) Continuum of Injurious Acts. The preseason legitimacy rating of aggressive actions made by first-year basketball players were significantly higher than those made by more experienced players, but by the end of the season the first-year participants' ratings had dropped to a level comparable to their more experienced teammates. Preseason legitimacy judgments were found to predict player aggression during the season. Interpretation of the findings and recommendations for future direction in this area are discussed.

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Fox, Lynn E., Mary A. Andrews, and James Andrews. "Self-Anchored Rating Scales: Creating Partnerships for Post-Aphasia Change." Perspectives on Neurophysiology and Neurogenic Speech and Language Disorders 22, no. 1 (April 2012): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/nnsld22.1.18.

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The self-anchored rating scale (SARS) is a technique used by systemic family counselors that has been applied to treating speech and language disorders, most recently aphasia. SARS aids the clinician in understanding the lived experience of the person with aphasia and members of his or her social support network. Skilled use of SARS helps people with aphasia and their families identify reasonable therapy goals and shows how their opinions and actions contribute to achieving those goals. In this article, we describe five steps in the SARS process, as well as specific counseling techniques that help the clinician involve the person with aphasia and his or her family in all aspects of the therapeutic process. Case study data illustrate outcomes for one family, showing improvement in behaviors identified as important by a client, the client's spouse, and their clinician.

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Karas, S. I., E. V. Grakova, M. V. Balakhonova, M. B. Arzhanik, and E. E. Kara-Sal. "Distance learning in cardiology: the use of multimedia clinical diagnostic tasks." Russian Journal of Cardiology 25, no. 10 (November 18, 2020): 4116. http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2020-4116.

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Aim. To create a methodological base for distance learning of cardiology healthcare professionals — multimedia clinical diagnostic tasks.Material and methods. The interdisciplinary team used text and multimedia formats for clinical diagnostic data. Web technologies provided remote access to information located on the server.Results. The report presents the experience of the practical implementation of multimedia clinical diagnostic tasks in cardiology, including the augmented reality. The variability of presenting information to students is implemented in the multimedia clinical diagnostic tasks, which is integrated with the rating system for evaluating decisions. The solution paths are determined by the actions of the students in the trigger interactive blocks and is evaluated by the rating system. Personal rating is a numerical value that integrally characterizes the decisionmaking competence of students. The conversion of the quantitative rating into the conventional form (‘pass/fail’, ‘excellent’, ‘good’, ‘passing grade’) will be provided after the trial period of the software.Conclusion. The created Web service and computer simulations can become a methodological basis for the distance learning in cardiology. This technology can be in demand in the continuing medical education.

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Спасенников, Валерий, Valeriy Spasennikov, Сергей Кондратенко, and Sergey Kondratenko. "Methods of analysis and modeling activities of operators in the process of ergonomic software development and operation of man-machine systems." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2015, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/22741.

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The methods of analysis of the microstructure of operator actions using flow charts of the labor process. Given denote elements of movements based on the three-band rating system. A method for the synthesis of fuzzy algorithms based on the evaluation standards of management for fuzzy temporal characteristics of the operator.

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Mota, Lia, Alexandre Mota, Cláudia Pezzuto, Marcius Carvalho, Marina Lavorato, Lorenzo Coiado, and Everton Oliveira. "Development of a Surface Temperature Sensor to Enhance Energy Efficiency Actions in Buildings." Sensors 18, no. 9 (September 12, 2018): 3046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18093046.

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The air temperature increase in urban centers can lead to problems such as increased energy consumption associated to air conditioning, the intensification of pollution, human discomfort and health problems. In this context, the building envelope plays an important role in urban thermal equilibrium. Energy efficiency rating systems for buildings (LEED—Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, AQUA—High Environmental Quality, PROCEL Edifica, etc.) stimulate energy efficiency actions in the built environment, considering, for example, the envelope and energy efficiency initiatives in buildings. Research carried out recently has shown that monitoring of buildings can provide important information about building performance, supporting building control strategies and enabling actions aimed at improving energy efficiency and thermal comfort. More specifically, wireless sensors are also being used to monitor buildings. This work proposes and presents the development of a surface temperature sensor that can support actions to enhance energy efficiency in the built environment, meeting the requirements proposed by the energy efficiency rating systems of buildings. This sensor must have characteristics such as low cost, the storage capacity of a large amount of data and the possibility of remote monitoring of the collected temperatures. Computer simulations and validation tests were carried out showing that the proposed sensor allows the remote monitoring (using a wireless transmission system) of the surface temperature in buildings, respecting the requirements of high storage capability and low cost.

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DiLabio, Julia, Zia Bismilla, Emer Finan, Mohammed Ayoub, Hilal Almandhari, Ahmed Moussa, Georg M. Schmölzer, Anupa Prashad, and Catharine M. Walsh. "DEVELOPMENT OF COMPETENCY ASSESSMENT TOOLS FOR NEONATAL BAG MASK VENTILATION AND INTUBATION: A DELPHI STUDY." Paediatrics & Child Health 23, suppl_1 (May 18, 2018): e48-e49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxy054.124.

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Abstract BACKGROUND As paediatric training programs shift to a competency-based education model, there is a growing need for tools with strong evidence of validity to teach and assess procedural skills. To date, there are no competency-based assessment tools for bag mask ventilation or neonatal intubation that are widely accepted in the field of paediatrics. OBJECTIVES We aimed to develop a neonatal bag mask ventilation competency assessment tool (BMVCAT) and neonatal intubation competency assessment tool (NICAT) to assess proficiency in these skills for application in both the clinical and simulation-based training environments. Delphi methodology was used to determine expert consensus regarding critical items to be included. DESIGN/METHODS Systematic literature reviews were performed to generate potential items to include in the assessment tools, consisting of two parts: a checklist of specific actions required to complete the procedures competently and global ratings reflecting overall competence on general aspects of the skill. Checklist items were grouped into 3 domains: pre-procedure, intra-procedure, and post-procedure. A Delphi panel of North American neonatal experts was established to determine expert consensus regarding critical items required to objectively assess the competence of individuals performing neonatal bag mask ventilation and intubation. Panelists completed iterative surveys to rate the importance of checklist and global rating items using a 7-point Likert scale. Responses were evaluated and items were removed after each round if the mean rating was <5.5 until consensus was achieved. RESULTS Thirty-four experts from 26 centres in Canada (N=23) and the United States (N=11) participated in the Delphi process: 18 neonatologists, 9 neonatal nurses or nurse practitioners, 4 respiratory therapists, 2 paediatricians, and 1 paediatric anesthesiologist. Systematic literature reviews generated 48 checklist items and 23 global rating items for the BMVCAT and 67 checklist items and 24 global rating items for the NICAT. The first Delphi round reduced the BMVCAT to 43 checklist items and 20 global rating items and the NICAT to 63 checklist items and 23 global rating items. The second Delphi round reduced the BMVCAT to 27 checklist items and 16 global rating items and the NICAT to 50 checklist items and 22 global rating items. The Delphi process was continued until expert consensus was achieved to generate the BMVCAT and NICAT. CONCLUSION Delphi methodology allowed for the determination of consensus regarding essential items to be included in tools designed to measure competence in performing neonatal bag mask ventilation and intubation. Further studies are planned to prospectively validate the BMVCAT and NICAT in clinical and simulated settings.

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Kamińska, Barbara, and Kamila Szymańczyk. "Professional Evaluation. Application of the PageRank Algorithm in Employee Rating." Przedsiebiorczosc i Zarzadzanie 15, no. 2 (August 15, 2014): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eam-2014-0015.

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Abstract Appraisal is a tool used by both management and employees to attain their goals. Properly carried out employee performance appraisal allows to monitor the employee's actions and provides information on the level of his or her performance. Feedback in the form of appraisal motivates the employee to work more effectively and productively. Appraisal also enables to shape the personnel policy – it allows to chart employee career paths and determine training needs of an organization. For appraisal, however, to fulfil the attributed role, it needs to be carried out in a professional manner. The aim of the article is to draw attention to the importance of employee performance appraisal in the personnel management process and to provide information on the core principles of appraisal. It describes, among others, determinants, criteria as well as selected methods and techniques of appraisal. An interesting point can be the use of the PageRank algorithm which can be a good solution for rating employees.

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BIETA, VOLKER, UDO BROLL, HELLMUTH MILDE, and WILFRIED SIEBE. "THE NEW BASEL ACCORD AND THE NATURE OF RISK: A GAME THEORETIC PERSPECTIVE." Annals of Financial Economics 04, no. 01 (June 2008): 0850003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010495208500036.

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Basel II changes risk management in banks strongly. Internal rating procedures would lead one to expect that banks are changing over to active risk control. But, if risk management is no longer a simple "game against nature", if all agents involved are active players then a shift from a non-strategic model setting (measuring event risk stochastically) to a more general strategic model setting (measuring behavioral risk adequately) comes true. Knowing that a game is any situation in which the players make strategic decisions — i.e. decisions that take into account each other's actions and responses — game theory is a useful set of tools for better understanding different risk settings. Embedded in a short history of the Basel Accord in this article we introduce some basic ideas of game theory in the context of rating procedures in accordance with Basel II. As well, some insight is given how game theory works. Here, the primary value of game theory stems from its focus on behavioral risk: risk when all agents are presumed rational, each attempting to anticipate likely actions and reactions by its rivals.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Rating actions'

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