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Journal articles on the topic 'Rate of return'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Okechukwu, Izunobi Anthony, Nzotta Samuel Mbadike, Ugwuanyim Geoffrey, and Benedict Anayochukwu Ozurumba. "Effects of Exchange Rate, Interest Rate, and Inflation on Stock Market Returns Volatility in Nigeria." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 5, no. 6 (2019): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.56.1005.

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This study employed GARCH (1.1) techniques to evaluate the existence of high stock market returns volatility, and the impact of the exchange rate, interest rate and inflation on stock market returns in Nigeria, using monthly series data from 1995 – 2014. Excessive volatility hinders the stock market from playing its role of Mobilizing, financial resources from surplus units to deficit units and may cause a financial crisis. The research finding shows that interest rate has a negative relationship with stock market returns, while the inflation rate and exchange rate have a positive relationship with stock market returns. The conclusion therefore is, there is high and persistent volatility in the Nigerian stock market returns. Exchange rate, interest rate, and inflation significantly impact stock market return volatility in Nigeria. The study recommends that regulatory authorities should take proactive steps to minimize stock market return in order to restore confidence in the market.

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2

Valach, Josef. "Internal Rate of Return or Modified Internal Rate of Return." Český finanční a účetní časopis 2013, no. 3 (October 1, 2013): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.cfuc.375.

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3

Cornelius, Frederick J. "Calculating Returns: Different Rate of Return Formulae = Different Results." CFA Digest 32, no. 2 (May 2002): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2469/dig.v32.n2.1079.

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4

Ze-To, Samuel Y. M. "Expected Stock Returns and Option-Implied Rate of Return." Journal of Mathematical Finance 02, no. 04 (2012): 169–279. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmf.2012.24030.

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5

Mariam Mathews, Merry. "Mathematics of Finance: Internal Rate of Return (IRR)." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12, no. 12 (December 5, 2023): 863–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr231209195431.

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6

Poudel, Min Raj. "Survey on Rate of Return on Investment in Education." Interdisciplinary Research in Education 7, no. 1 (September 5, 2022): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ire.v7i1.47505.

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The rate of return to education is the sum of discounted benefits and costs. It shows the relatively profitable sector for a secure investment. The main objective of this study is to review and analyze the volume of the rate of return to education. The literature review, survey design was used, and the materials were collected using purposive sampling. The analysis concludes that the rate of return on education can be analyzed based on the additional year of schooling, sex, levels of education, occupations, geographical regions, countries, and sectors. Different studies conducted in different countries reveal that the size of the rate of return differs according to the categories mentioned above. It means that overall returns to education seem highly heterogeneous. Likewise, most studies show that the private rate of returns for females is higher than that of males; the tertiary level's returns are higher than the other levels, and the urban sector's returns are higher than that of the rural sector.

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7

Burnham, Laurie. "High Rate of Return." Scientific American 259, no. 6 (December 1988): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1288-22b.

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8

Shultz, Harris S. "Internal Rate of Return." Mathematics Teacher 98, no. 8 (April 2005): 531–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.98.8.0531.

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The Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (NCTM 2000, pp. 65–66) states, “School mathematics experiences at all levels should include opportunities to learn about mathematics by working on problems arising in contexts outside of mathematics. These connections can be to other subject areas and disciplines as well as to students' daily lives.” In this article we shall see that the discipline of finance can provide rich real–life applications of mathematics.

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9

Zhang, Guangfeng, Qiong Zhang, and Muhammad Tariq Majeed. "Exchange Rate Determination and Forecasting: Can the Microstructure Approach Rescue Us from the Exchange Rate Disparity?" ISRN Economics 2013 (December 18, 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/724259.

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Using two measures of private information and high-frequency transaction data from the leading interdealer electronic broking system Reuters D2000-2, we examine the association between exchange rate return and contemporaneous order flow and the predictability power of lagged order flow on the future exchange rate return. Our empirical analysis demonstrates that at high frequency (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 min) there exists strong positive association between exchange rate returns and contemporaneous order flow. However, the results indicate weak predictability of order flow on the future exchange rate return.

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Roenganan, Sorrawee, Masnita Misran, and Nattakorn Phewchean. "A Study of Life Internal Rate of Return." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON MATHEMATICS 20 (April 2, 2021): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23206.2021.20.13.

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Life insurance, not included as a part of the legal obligation in some countries, is one of the investment approaches that might not stand high in the public favor for some people since this is a type of investments that the investor cannot know beforehand the exact return, and the returns completely depend on uncertainty of the policy specification in some circumstances. Similar to the other kinds of investment, investors in life insurance products have been seeking a tool for investment evaluation. However, currently there are no accurate tools that can provide the value of the investment in a life insurance product sensitive to the uncertainty. Internal rate of return is the basic tool that buyers or bankers may apply in order to find the rate of return of this type of investment. The investment decision tool is one of the most important keys that investors have utilized upon making their decisions on investments. Therefore, in this research, we propose a new mathematical model with applications for investment decision, being an extension of the internal rate of return by taking into account the life probability, considering different types of life insurance policies, and other factors specified on life insurance investments such as the premium, the death benefit, the maturity value, the sum insured, the lapse rate, the surrender value, the annuity certain, and the lapse rate with different genders and ages. This newly proposed model is named as the "Life Internal Rate of Return" or Life-IRR model. By using the sample data for both males and females aged 30 years old with expected benefit of 100,000 baht for different types of life insurance policies which are endowment plan, whole life plan and retirement plan, the results show that, for males, the highest life rate of returns is that obtained from the retirement plan (3.633692%), and the lowest life internal rates of returns is that obtained from the endowment plan (2.384443%), while the whole life plan offers moderate life rate of returns of 2.427941%. For females, the highest life rate of returns is that obtained from the retirement plan (3.335189%), and the lowest life internal rates of returns is that obtained from the whole life plan (2.104658%), while the endowment plan offers moderate life rate of returns of 2.308062%. The sensitivity analyses of the life internal rates of return perform the natural characteristics of life insurance.

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11

WONG, HOCK TSEN. "REAL EXCHANGE RATE RETURNS AND REAL STOCK PRICE RETURNS IN THE STOCK MARKET OF MALAYSIA." Singapore Economic Review 64, no. 05 (December 12, 2016): 1319–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590816500387.

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This study examines the relationships between real exchange rate returns and real stock price returns in the stock market of Malaysia. The Kwiatkowski, Phillips, Schmidt and Shin (KPSS) and Dickey and Fuller (DF) unit root test statistics show that all the variables examined are found to be stationary in the first differences. The constant conditional correlation (CCC)-multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (MGARCH) model shows that real exchange rate return of Malaysian ringgit against the United States dollar (RM/USD) and real stock price return of Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (KLCI) are found to be negative and significantly correlated. However, there is insignificant correlation between real exchange rate return of Malaysian ringgit against Japanese Yen (RM/¥) and real stock price return of KLCI. Moreover, the CCC-MGARCH models show that real exchange rate returns and real stock price returns of some stocks are found to be significantly correlated. The KPSS unit root test statistics show that the time invariant conditional variances of real exchange rate returns and real stock price returns are mostly found to be stationary in the levels. There is no evidence of Granger causality between the time invariant conditional variances of real exchange rate returns and real stock price return of KLCI but some evidence of Granger causality between the time invariant conditional variances of real exchange rate returns and real stock price returns. There is a link between the exchange rate market and the stock market in Malaysia but not every real stock price return is significantly linked with real exchange rate return.

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12

Suharyanto, Suharyanto, and Achmad Zaki. "THE EFFECT OF INFLATION, INTEREST RATE, AND EXCHANGE RATE ON STOCK RETURNS IN FOOD & BEVERAGES COMPANIES." Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen 19, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 616–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jam.2021.019.03.14.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of technical information on stock returns partially. Risk and return are interrelated. The greater the return, the greater the risk obtained. However, if these risks are managed, the risks that will occur can be controlled properly. Several things need to be considered in making investment decisions, namely, by analyzing fundamental information and technical information, including inflation, exchange rates, interest rates, and their effect on stock returns. The method used in this study uses quantitative methods. This study indicates that inflation has a significant negative effect on stock returns, interest rates have no effect on stock returns, and the exchange rate has a significant negative effect on stock returns. Further researchers are expected to pay attention to the influence of other factors that can affect price movements and company stock returns.

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13

Trajadi, Evita Nurmadeas. "Effect of Exchange Rate, Interest Rate and Return On Asset on Stock Return." Indikator: Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen dan Bisnis 6, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/indikator.v6i3.15457.

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This research aims to analyze the influence of exchange rate, interest rate, and Return On Asset (ROA) on stock return. Population in this research is Banking companies that listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange. Population in this research is 111 companies. The sample used is 32 companies. The sampling method used Purposive Sampling Method (non-probability). The method of data collection used is archive data collection techniques (documents). The data analysis method used is descriptive statistical analysis techniques, data panel regression & hypothesis test. This study proves that exchange rate has a negative impact on stock return. Interest rate has a negative impact on stock return. Return on Asset (ROA) has no effect on stock return.

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14

Adi, Agya Atabani, Amadi W. Kingsley, and David Vincent Hassan. "Comparative Analysis of Naira/US Dollar Exchange Rate Volatility using GARCH Variant Modeling." Journal of Finance and Accounting Research 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 18–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/jfar.0301.02.

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This paper employed variant GARCH models to examined official, interbank and Bureau de change returns volatilities. Using monthly exchange rate of Naira/USD from January 2004 to September 2020 (2004:1-2020:9), the returns were not normally distributed and stationary at level. Ljung-Box Q statistic and Ljung-Box Q2 statistics of power transformed using power 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 for conditional heteroscedasticity for lags of 6, 12 and 20 indicated present of conditional heteroscedascity in all returns. The study found exchange rate volatility in Official, interbank and Bureau de change exchange rate returns were persistent. However, Bureau de change return was more persistent while official exchange rate return was the least persistent. Also, leverage effect exist in all the three exchange rate returns and asymmetric model were the best model for estimating exchange rate return while IGARCH was the worst model to estimate exchange rate return in Nigeria. There is need to incorporate news impact when developing exchange rate policy by monetary authority in Nigeria.

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15

Jaya, Ketut Asmara. "PENGARUH LOAN TO DEPOSITE RATIO, RETURN ON ASSETS, CAPITAL ADEQUACY RATIO, EXCHANGE RATE DAN INTEREST RATE TERHADAP RETURN SAHAM." Jurnal Akuntansi 19, no. 3 (March 3, 2017): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/ja.v19i3.84.

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Pertumbuhan pasar modal pada akhir tahun 2010 menunjukkan kinerja yang luar biasa dengan meningkatnya kembali nilai saham dengan dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor, baik faktor internal ataupun faktor eksternal dari setiap perusahaan. Studi ini menganalisis untuk pinjaman deposit rasio (LDR), pengembalian asset (ROA), rasio kecukupan modal (CAR), nilai tukar dan suku bunga yang berdampak pada keuntungan saham di perusahaan perbankan. Studi panel ini menggunakan data LM test statistik yang menunjukkan perhitungan metode random effect adalah cara yang lebih tepat digunakan untuk mengestimasi model dalam penelitian ini. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa variabel ROA memberikan pengaruh positif dan signifikan dalam return saham. Sedangkan variabel LDR, CAR dan Kurs tidak ada pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap return saham, dan hanya kecenderungan jika LDR, CAR dan Kurs meningkat maka return saham dapat meningkat pula Suku bunga variabel tidak memberikan pengaruh positif dan pengaruh signifikan karena tidak memiliki hubungan dengan return saham.Growth of Capital market in late 2010 showed outstanding performance with rising of stock return which is influenced by various factors, both internal factors and external factors of each company it self. This study analyzes the Loan To Deposite Ratio (LDR), Return On Assets (ROA), Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Exchange Rate and Interest Rate impact on stock returns in corporate banking. This study uses panel data with LM Test statistical calculation it is shown that Random Effect method is more precise to be used in this study. The result of the study shown that ROA variable gives positive and significant influence in stock return. While LDR, variables CAR and exchange rate of no influence and significantly to return stock, and only tendency if LDR, CAR and exchange rate increase then return shares can be increased as well. The Interest Rate variable did not give positive and significant influence because of not having relationship with stock return.

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16

Yu, Han. "Research on Stock Return Rate." Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 2, no. 1 (July 15, 2021): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fbem.v2i1.28.

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There is a certain relationship among stock return rate, market return rate and risk-free interest rate, which is worth discussing, and it is helpful for us to analyze stocks and evaluate their prices. I have found that the market return rate and risk-free rate have correlation through multiple regression, and other stock's return rate can affect the target stock to some extent. The stock return rate is positively related to the market interest rate and inversely related to the risk-free interest rate.

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17

Mieila, Mihai. "Modified Internal Rate of Return." International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management 6, no. 4 (October 2017): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsem.2017100104.

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The evaluation of the efficiency of investments relies on a system of measures based on actuarial techniques that consider the time value of money. One of the common measures used is the Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Commonly, by applying of the efficiency evaluation criteria, result consistent outcomes. In this paper, the author tries to highlight that, based on its theoretical assumptions and practical drawbacks, considering of this measure in evaluation of the investments decisions may lead to erroneous decision. Despite the fact that the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) has never had a favorable academic press, the surveys outline that financial managers seem just to enjoy this measure. The aim of this paper is to summarize the drawbacks of this indicator and to offer a presentation of the Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR), as a solution to express a project performance by using of a percentage measure concomitant to discard the unrealistic assumption of reinvestment of cash flow stream just at the value of the IRR, allowing a straightforward calculation.

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18

Howe, Keith M. "Perpetuity Rate of Return Analysis." Financial Management 18, no. 4 (1989): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3665787.

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19

Taylor, D. F. P. "Accounting rate of return revisited." Investment Analysts Journal 23, no. 40 (June 1994): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10293523.1994.11082338.

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20

Quisenberry, Amanda J., Sarah E. Snider, and Warren K. Bickel. "The return of rate dependence." Behavior Analysis: Research and Practice 16, no. 4 (November 2016): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bar0000042.

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21

Zambrzycka, Anna, and Edward W. Piotrowski. "The matrix rate of return." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 382, no. 1 (August 2007): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2007.02.028.

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22

Howe, Keith M. "PERPETUITY RATE OF RETURN ANALYSIS." Engineering Economist 36, no. 3 (January 1991): 248–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00137919108903048.

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23

Kidokoro, Yukihiro. "Rate of return regulation and rate base valuation." Regional Science and Urban Economics 28, no. 5 (September 1998): 629–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-0462(98)00015-5.

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24

Jordà, Òscar, Katharina Knoll, Dmitry Kuvshinov, Moritz Schularick, and Alan M. Taylor. "The Rate of Return on Everything, 1870–2015*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 134, no. 3 (April 9, 2019): 1225–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjz012.

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Abstract What is the aggregate real rate of return in the economy? Is it higher than the growth rate of the economy and, if so, by how much? Is there a tendency for returns to fall in the long run? Which particular assets have the highest long-run returns? We answer these questions on the basis of a new and comprehensive data set for all major asset classes, including housing. The annual data on total returns for equity, housing, bonds, and bills cover 16 advanced economies from 1870 to 2015, and our new evidence reveals many new findings and puzzles.

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25

T., Lakshmanasamy. "Relationship Between Exchange Rate and Stock Market Volatilities in India." International Journal of Finance Research 2, no. 4 (November 8, 2021): 244–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.47747/ijfr.v2i4.443.

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With increasing globalisation and integration of national stock exchanges, for the global investor, the portfolio risk increases not only from the local stock market volatility but also in the exchange rate risk. This paper examines the exchange rate volatility effect on volatility in stock market return from India’s perspective for the period January 2010 to December 2015, applying ARCH and GARCH estimation. The daily data of the BSE SENSEX returns, exchange rates of US dollar/rupee, British pound/rupee, Euros/rupee are used. It is estimated that the Euro/rupee exchange rate volatility has a significant positive effect on the BSE SENSEX return volatility, while the effect of the US dollar/rupee and British pound/rupee exchange rate the volatilities are insignificantly negative. The larger GARCH parameter over the ARCH term indicates that the own lagged values of the stock return cause more volatility in stock returns than the innovations. There exists a highly persistent effect of shocks to the BSE SENSEX return and the volatility effect wanes only slowly

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Eni, Yuli, and Rudy Aryanto. "Analysis of Factors that Affect the Movement of Gold’s Price as Investment Alternatives in Indonesia." Advanced Science Letters 21, no. 4 (April 1, 2015): 878–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2015.5912.

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This study examined the dominant factors that affecting the price of gold. The factors examined are London Gold price returns, the return rate of USD—INR, JCI return, inflation rate, and the return of the EURO—USD currency, which individually or simultaneously can affect the price of gold. The purpose of this study was to investigate how influence the factors that are considered to affect the fluctuation of gold prices and gold prices predicted for the next period which can be used by investors to seek alternative investment to be made. The results will provide information to investors about gold price forecast both long-term and short-term. This study uses secondary data taken from several websites. Further data have been obtained, processed using the method of Multiple Linear Regression Model and the ECM with GARCH models, using e-views 8 and SPSS 22. As for the results obtained from the processing of the data is simultaneously the influence of variable returns no London Gold price, return rate USD—CAD, JCI return, inflation rate, and the return of the EURO currency—USD, with the return of gold in Indonesia. Individually, the variable returns the London Gold price and exchange rate USD—CAD who have an influence on the return of gold prices in Indonesia.

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27

Handoyo, Sigit, Dalia Ayu Fitri Hidayat, Drajat Armono, and Wirawan Hardinto. "The Effect of Financial Ratio and Exchange Rate on Stock Return." International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research 07, no. 05 (2023): 88–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.51505/ijebmr.2023.7506.

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This study aims to test whether there is a relationship between financial ratios and the exchange rate on stock returns. Data taken from IDX is a transportation sub-sector company during 2017- 2019. Analysis was performed using multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that financial ratios such as Return on Assets and Debt to Equity Ratio have a positive impact on stock returns. The Exchange Rate variable has a negative impact on Stock Return. Meanwhile, the Current Ratio and Price Earnings Ratio do not contribute to an increase or decrease in Stock Returns. The implications of this study indicate that this research can be used as a reference that profitability can be used as a guide for investors in investing their funds. In addition, the current ratio cannot be used as a reference that a company with a high current ratio will also have a high stock return

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28

French, Nick. "Property investment: gearing and the equity rate of return." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 37, no. 3 (April 10, 2019): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-02-2019-0011.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to comment upon the relatively straightforward but often misunderstood role of gearing (or leverage) on the potential equity return of a property investment. Design/methodology/approach This education briefing is an explanation of the upside and downside risk of borrowing (at different levels) to successful investment. Findings The use of gearing can greatly enhance equity returns but at an increased risk. Practical implications The process of borrowing at a bank rate below the return rate on an investment project can increase the equity return of the project as long as all incomes and discount rate remain at appropriate levels. Originality/value This is a review of existing models.

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29

Hikmawati, Ningsih, Adi Wiratno, Suyanto ., and Darmansyah . "Pengaruh Return On Assets, Return On Equity, Debt To Equity Ratio, Inflasi, Dan Suku Bunga Terhadap Return Saham Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Di Bursa Efek Indonesia (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Secondary Sectors Periode 2010-2015)." Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi Kesatuan 6, no. 1 (July 26, 2018): 063–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37641/jiakes.v6i1.64.

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This study is aimed to ascertain and analyse the influence of return on assets, return on equity, debt to equit ratio, inflation, and interest rate, both partiall and simultaneously on the stock returns in manufacturing companies of secondary sectors listed in the Indonesian Stock Exchange. This research uses quantitative methods and EVIEWS panel 8 to analyse the regression. The population are manufacturing companies of secondary sector listed in the Indonesian Stock Exchange consisted of basic and chemical sectors, miscellaneous industry, and consumer goods sector in the period of 2010-2015. The sampling method used is pusposive sampling with the final number of 40 companies. The research required secondary data. The results show that return on assets has no negative effect on stock return, mean while, return on equity and interest rate have positive effect on stock return. Return on assets, return on equity, debt to equity ratio, inflation and interest rate all simultaneously have effect on stock returns.

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Hendrawan, Riko, and Avi Avitianti. "LTV, Macro Economics and ROE to Stock Return in Real Estate and Property Companies Listed on LQ 45 Period 2009 – 2017." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.38 (December 3, 2018): 852. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.38.27559.

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The purpose of this research is to exemine the effect of Loan to Value (LTV), exchange rate, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Interest Rate and Return on Equity (ROE) to return of property stock that entered at LQ 45 in Indonesia Stock Exchange period 2009 - 2017. Using selected 5 Real Estate and Property Companies as research samples. Panel Data Regression Tehniques were use for this research. The result of this research is LTV partially has no significant effect on stock return, partial exchange rate has no significant effect on stock return, GDP partially significant effect of stock return interest rate partially does not have significant influence retun share, ROE partially significant effect of stock return and there is simultaneously significant influence between LTV, exchange rate, GDP, interest rate and ROE to stock return.

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Mohanty, Sunil K., Roar Aadland, Sjur Westgaard, Stein Frydenberg, Hilde Lillienskiold, and Cecilie Kristensen. "Modelling Stock Returns and Risk Management in the Shipping Industry." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14040171.

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We estimate the impact of macroeconomic risk factors on shipping stock returns, using a quantile regression (QR) model. We regress the excess return of a portfolio for the container, dry bulk, chemical/gas, oil tanker, and diversified shipping sectors on the world market portfolio excess return, volatility index, and changes in the oil price, exchange rate, and interest rate. The sensitivities of stock returns to the risk factors differ across quantiles and shipping segments and are found to be significant for the volatility index, world market portfolio return, exchange rate, and changes in long-term interest rate with variation over quantiles. This provides evidence of asymmetric and heterogeneous dependence between stock returns and certain macroeconomic risk variables. The results of the study also suggest that standard OLS regression is inadequate to uncover the risk-return relation.

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Tangtipongkul, Kaewkwan. "Rates of Return to Schooling in Thailand." Asian Development Review 32, no. 2 (September 2015): 38–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00051.

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Using 2007–2010 data from Thailand's National Labor Force Survey, this paper examines the rates of return to schooling. The Mincer-type rate of return to investment in schooling was estimated. The rates of return to schooling for work experience are significantly positive, but at a decreasing rate. Region of residence and variation in gross provincial product per capita are significant factors in determining the private rate of return. The rates of return to schooling by type of industry reveal higher earnings in mining, utilities, construction, manufacturing, and services than in agriculture. The private and social returns on vocational secondary education attainment are greater than on general secondary education. Finally, the private returns on university attainment for women exceed men by about 1.5 percentage points.

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33

Huang, Yin-Yin, I.-Fei Chen, Chien-Liang Chiu, and Ruey-Chyn Tsaur. "Adjustable Security Proportions in the Fuzzy Portfolio Selection under Guaranteed Return Rates." Mathematics 9, no. 23 (November 25, 2021): 3026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9233026.

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Based on the concept of high returns as the preference to low returns, this study discusses the adjustable security proportion for excess investment and shortage investment based on the selected guaranteed return rates in a fuzzy environment, in which the return rates for selected securities are characterized by fuzzy variables. We suppose some securities are for excess investment because their return rates are higher than the guaranteed return rates, and the other securities whose return rates are lower than the guaranteed return rates are considered for shortage investment. Then, we solve the proposed expected fuzzy returns by the concept of possibility theory, where fuzzy returns are quantified by possibilistic mean and risks are measured by possibilistic variance, and then we use linear programming model to maximize the expected value of a portfolio’s return under investment risk constraints. Finally, we illustrate two numerical examples to show that the expected return rate under a lower guaranteed return rate is better than a higher guaranteed return rates in different levels of investment risks. In shortage investments, the investment proportion for the selected securities are almost zero under higher investment risks, whereas the portfolio is constructed from those securities in excess investments.

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34

Bussa, Robert G., Charles M. Linke, and J. Kenton Zumwalt. "Rate of Return - Rate Base Issues in Utility Regulation." Engineering Economist 32, no. 3 (January 1987): 231–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00137918708902965.

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Dang, Ngoc Hung, Thi Viet Ha Hoang, and Manh Dung Tran. "The Relationship Between Accounting Information in the Financial Statements and the Stock Returns of Listed Firms in Vietnam Stock Exchange." International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 10 (August 28, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n10p1.

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This study is conducted to analyse the relationship between accounting information in the financial statements and the stock returns of listed firms in Vietnam Stock Market. Using OLS, FEM, REM, GLS, and GMM regression models, the study examines the relationship of earnings, volatility in the rate of return, size, levering ratios and growth rates to the stock returns of 274 firms in the period from 2012 to 2016. Findings from the study show that the rate of return, the change in the rate of return, gearing ratio and growth rate are positively correlated to the stock returns, while the size of firm by assets is negatively related to stock returns. Based on the research’s results, the authors also provide some recommendations for investors, firm management and policy makers.

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Vurur, Necmiye Serap. "The Relationship of BIST Sector Indices with Exchange Rate Volatility." Journal of corporate governance, insurance and risk management 8, no. 1 (May 13, 2021): 56–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.51410/jcgirm.8.1.4.

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Through globalization, the increased integration in financial markets has made the relationship between exchange rate and stocks important. The study aims to model the exchange rate volatility using daily data for the period 04.01.2010-15.10.2020 and investigate the causality relationship between sector returns and exchange rate return volatility. In order to model the volatility of the exchange rate return series, the GARCH model was used to reveal the possible asymmetry feature in the series. As a result of the model applications, GARCH (2,2) was determined as the most suitable model to measure volatility modelling. Then, the Granger causality test was used to see whether there is a relationship between BIST sector return indices and exchange rate return volatility. As a result of the study, one notes that there is a uni-directional causality from the exchange rate return volatility series to the service, technology, and industrial sector indices. There is a bi-directional causality relationship between the financial sector index and the exchange rate return volatility series. It is noteworthy that the causality relationship between the BIST100 index and the exchange rate is towards the volatility of the exchange rate return series from the BIST 100 index, unlike the sector indices. According to this result, it is seen that the changes in the dollar exchange rate affect the decisions of the investors who will invest in the relevant index. The results show that in the case of Turkey, mostly traditional theories are valid.

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Gregory, Stephen D., Anton T. Ibbotson, William D. Riley, Marie Nevoux, Rasmus B. Lauridsen, Ian C. Russell, J. Robert Britton, Phillipa K. Gillingham, Olivia M. Simmons, and Etienne Rivot. "Atlantic salmon return rate increases with smolt length." ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, no. 6 (April 23, 2019): 1702–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz066.

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Abstract Recent declines in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar populations are generally attributed to factors in their marine life-phase. However, it is postulated that factors affecting their freshwater life-phase might impact their marine survival, such as the influence of body size. While larger smolts are widely hypothesized to have higher marine survival rates, empirical support remains scant, in part due to inadequate data and ambiguous statistical analyses. Here, we test the influence of smolt body size on marine return rates, a proxy for marine survival, using a 12-year dataset of 3688 smolts tagged with passive integrated transponders in the River Frome, Southern England. State-space models describe the probability of smolts surviving their marine phase to return as 1 sea-winter (1SW) or multi-sea-winter adults as a function of their length, while accounting for imperfect detection and missing data. Models predicted that larger smolts had higher return rates; the most parsimonious model included the effect of length on 1SW return rate. This prediction is concerning, as freshwater juvenile salmon are decreasing in size on the River Frome, and elsewhere. Thus, to maximize adult returns, restoration efforts should focus on freshwater life-stages, and maximize both the number and the size of emigrating smolts.

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Kipp, Martin, and Christian Koziol. "Which is the Correct Discount Rate? Arithmetic Versus Geometric Mean." Credit and Capital Markets – Kredit und Kapital: Volume 53, Issue 3 53, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 355–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/ccm.53.3.355.

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The paper revisits the two major concepts for average historical returns, i. e., the arithmetic mean and the geometric mean, in order to clarify which approach must be used for which application. Conducting a rigorous derivation with a geometric Brownian motion, we can explain that the appropriate discount rate refers to the mean discrete return and, therefore, to the arithmetic mean rather than the often wrongly applied geometric mean. Likewise, the prominent CAPM relationship between the expected asset return and the expected market return is only valid for the arithmetic mean rather than the geometric mean. Using historical data for the German stock index, we illustrate that an inconsistent application can cause severe deviations from the meaningful ex-ante expected performance of an asset, the true discount rate, the true CAPM risk-adjusted return, and the intended performance scenarios of packaged retail and insurance-based investment products (PRIIPs) within the key information documents (KIDs).

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Parks, Bill. "Rate of return- the poison apple?" Business Horizons 36, no. 3 (May 1993): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-6813(05)80149-1.

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Hartman, Joseph C., and Ingrid C. Schafrick. "THE RELEVANT INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN." Engineering Economist 49, no. 2 (January 2004): 139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00137910490453419.

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Nezlobin, Alexander, Madhav V. Rajan, and Stefan Reichelstein. "Dynamics of Rate-of-Return Regulation." Management Science 58, no. 5 (May 2012): 980–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1110.1464.

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Azar, Samih Antoine. "The minimum required rate of return." Applied Financial Economics Letters 4, no. 2 (March 2008): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17446540701564362.

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Lasserre, Pierre, and Pierre Ouellette. "Rate-of-return regulated cost function." Economics Letters 25, no. 4 (January 1987): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(87)90082-6.

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Smead, Richard G. "FERC's rate-of-return approach flawed." Natural Gas 13, no. 9 (January 9, 2007): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410130906.

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Smead, Richard G. "Rate of return to continue important." Natural Gas 14, no. 8 (January 9, 2007): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410140806.

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46

Heathcote, C. R., and J. Hüsler. "On estimating the rate of return." Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 10, no. 1 (March 1991): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6687(91)90021-o.

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47

Dudesy, Ready Prima. "Causality Test Inflation and Stock Return in Indonesia Stock Exchange." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Publik 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22212/jekp.v9i1.961.

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Investors can see the inflation rate as one of the basic investment decisions. The inflation rate has affected stock returns in overseas studies with diverse directions. Further research is important to provide an overview of the effect of Indonesia's inflation rate and stock returns that are useful for analyst to predict macroeconomic conditions as well as investment decisions. This study aims to identify the relationships between inflation and stock return in Indonesia’s Stock Exchange and identify the effect of inflationary shock to stock returns in Indonesia’s Stock Exchange. The research method used in this study are Vector Autoregression and Granger causality/Wald exogeneity block test. The result showed that Indonesia's inflation rate did not significantly affect stock returns, but when the analysis proceeded more specifically into sectoral stock returns, it was seen that Indonesia's inflation rate has significantly affected the stock returns of Basic Industry sector and Infrastructure sector. Inflation rate shocks was responded negatively by the sectors. Further findings were the causality relationship between the inflation rate of Indonesia and the stock return of Basic sector. The return of Jakarta Composite Index affected the inflation rate of Indonesia. Specific sectors that have influenced inflation rate were Agriculture sector, Basic Industry sector and Financial sector.

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Hidayat, La Rahmad, Djoko Setyadi, and Musdalifah Azis. "Pengaruh Inflasi dan Suku Bunga dan Nilai Tukar Rupiah serta Jumlah Uang Beredar terhadap Return Saham." FORUM EKONOMI 19, no. 2 (January 10, 2018): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.29264/jfor.v19i2.2121.

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This research is to examine the effect of inflation, interest rate, exchange rate and money supply on stock returns LQ 45 listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The object of this research is the return - shares out of the category LQ 45 years of research by 2010-2015. Its Sampling using purposive sampling and get the 24 stocks that meet the criteria of 45 stocks LQ 45 as a sample. Thus, the number of samples studied was 144 shares for 6 years. The method used is multiple linear regression analyzes that examine whether or not a significant variable - the independent variable on the dependent variable. Based on the results known that R indicates that there is an ideal relationship of Inflation, Interest Rate, Exchange Rate and Money Supply toward to Return shares in LQ 45. R square indicates that the variable inflation rates, interest rates, the value of exchange rate and the money supply can explain the variable return shares at LQ 45 index. Based on F test indicates the same that the variable inflation rate, interest rate, exchange rate and money supply have a significant influence on shares returns in LQ 45 listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange. The results of T test showed that the rate of inflation significant and negative effect on shares returns and interest rates positive and significant effect on shares returns while exchange Rate and the money supply no significant effect on shares returns in LQ 45 Listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange.Keywords: stock return, Inflation, Interest Rate, Exchange Rate, Money Supply.

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Schmidt-Pokrzywniak, Andrea, and Andreas Stang. "Study of return rate and return time of undeliverable postal letters." European Journal of Epidemiology 25, no. 7 (May 22, 2010): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-010-9463-3.

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Hu, Xiaojian, Shuai Feng, Jiqiong Liu, Aifeng Yang, Guanxiong Wang, and Hui Xu. "Return Mode Selection and Pricing Strategy for a Dual-Channel Retailer." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2020 (August 1, 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5261486.

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With the rapid development of e-commerce and the economy, an increasing number of retailers are adopting a dual-channel retail strategy (DCRS), which allows customers to return unsatisfactory products, provided that their complaints are reasonable, and receive a full refund. This paper studies the pricing strategies of an integrated dual-channel retailer (DCR) when it provides return policies to customers, including original channel return, fixed cross-channel return, and relaxed cross-channel return. The relationship between the DCR’s system performance and channel pricing is impacted by customer channel preferences, and the return rates of different channels are discussed. The results show that the greater the difference in customer preferences between channels is, the greater the profitability of the DCR will be. A fixed cross-channel return model should be selected when the return rate in the online channel is higher or the cross-channel return rate is lower; otherwise, the original channel return model should be selected. When the return rate of a certain channel is high, the retailer should increase the price in that channel and reduce the pricing of its competing channel to compensate for the loss caused by the returns and transfer sales between channels. A selective return policy can not only improve the flexibility of business operations and enhance competitive advantage but also provide convenient customer returns and enhance consumers’ sense of security.

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