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Graczyk, Robert, and Igal Sason. "On Two-Stage Guessing." Information 12, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12040159.
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Stationary memoryless sources produce two correlated random sequences Xn and Yn. A guesser seeks to recover Xn in two stages, by first guessing Yn and then Xn. The contributions of this work are twofold: (1) We characterize the least achievable exponential growth rate (in n) of any positive ρ-th moment of the total number of guesses when Yn is obtained by applying a deterministic function f component-wise to Xn. We prove that, depending on f, the least exponential growth rate in the two-stage setup is lower than when guessing Xn directly. We further propose a simple Huffman code-based construction of a function f that is a viable candidate for the minimization of the least exponential growth rate in the two-stage guessing setup. (2) We characterize the least achievable exponential growth rate of the ρ-th moment of the total number of guesses required to recover Xn when Stage 1 need not end with a correct guess of Yn and without assumptions on the stationary memoryless sources producing Xn and Yn.
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Larsson, Anders O., Michael Hultström, Robert Frithiof, Ulf Nyman, Miklos Lipcsey, and Mats B. Eriksson. "Differential Bias for Creatinine- and Cystatin C- Derived Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Critical COVID-19." Biomedicines 10, no. 11 (October 26, 2022): 2708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10112708.
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COVID-19 is a systemic disease, frequently affecting kidney function. Dexamethasone is standard treatment in severe COVID-19 cases, and is considered to increase plasma levels of cystatin C. However, this has not been studied in COVID-19. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a clinically important indicator of renal function, but often estimated using equations (eGFR) based on filtered metabolites. This study focuses on sources of bias for eGFRs (mL/min) using a creatinine-based equation (eGFRLMR) and a cystatin C-based equation (eGFRCAPA) in intensive-care-treated patients with COVID-19. This study was performed on 351 patients aged 18 years old or above with severe COVID-19 infections, admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) in Uppsala University Hospital, a tertiary care hospital in Uppsala, Sweden, between 14 March 2020 and 10 March 2021. Dexamethasone treatment (6 mg for up to 10 days) was introduced 22 June 2020 (n = 232). Values are presented as medians (IQR). eGFRCAPA in dexamethasone-treated patients was 69 (37), and 74 (46) in patients not given dexamethasone (p = 0.01). eGFRLMR was not affected by dexamethasone. eGFRLMR in females was 94 (20), and 75 (38) in males (p = 0.00001). Age and maximal CRP correlated negatively to eGFRCAPA and eGFRLMR, whereas both eGFR equations correlated positively to BMI. In ICU patients with COVID-19, dexamethasone treatment was associated with reduced eGFRCAPA. This finding may be explained by corticosteroid-induced increases in plasma cystatin C. This observation is important from a clinical perspective since adequate interpretation of laboratory results is crucial.
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Shahid, Hinna, Rajani Sebastian, Donna Tippett, Sadhvi Saxena, Amy Wright, Taylor Hanayik, Bonnie Breining, et al. "Regional Brain Dysfunction Associated with Semantic Errors in Comprehension." Seminars in Speech and Language 39, no. 01 (January 22, 2018): 079–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1608858.
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AbstractHere we illustrate how investigation of individuals acutely after stroke, before structure/function reorganization through recovery or rehabilitation, can be helpful in answering questions about the role of specific brain regions in language functions. Although there is converging evidence from a variety of sources that the left posterior-superior temporal gyrus plays some role in spoken word comprehension, its precise role in this function has not been established. We hypothesized that this region is essential for distinguishing between semantically related words, because it is critical for linking the spoken word to the complete semantic representation. We tested this hypothesis in 127 individuals with 48 hours of acute ischemic stroke, before the opportunity for reorganization or recovery. We identified tissue dysfunction (acute infarct and/or hypoperfusion) in gray and white matter parcels of the left hemisphere, and we evaluated the association between rate of semantic errors in a word-picture verification tasks and extent of tissue dysfunction in each region. We found that after correcting for lesion volume and multiple comparisons, the rate of semantic errors correlated with the extent of tissue dysfunction in left posterior-superior temporal gyrus and retrolenticular white matter.
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Tamir (Averbuch), Ran, and Neri Merhav. "Trade-offs between Error Exponents and Excess-Rate Exponents of Typical Slepian–Wolf Codes." Entropy 23, no. 3 (February 24, 2021): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23030265.
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Typical random codes (TRCs) in a communication scenario of source coding with side information in the decoder is the main subject of this work. We study the semi-deterministic code ensemble, which is a certain variant of the ordinary random binning code ensemble. In this code ensemble, the relatively small type classes of the source are deterministically partitioned into the available bins in a one-to-one manner. As a consequence, the error probability decreases dramatically. The random binning error exponent and the error exponent of the TRCs are derived and proved to be equal to one another in a few important special cases. We show that the performance under optimal decoding can be attained also by certain universal decoders, e.g., the stochastic likelihood decoder with an empirical entropy metric. Moreover, we discuss the trade-offs between the error exponent and the excess-rate exponent for the typical random semi-deterministic code and characterize its optimal rate function. We show that for any pair of correlated information sources, both error and excess-rate probabilities exponential vanish when the blocklength tends to infinity.
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Tahon, Koen, Mike Wijnants, Erik De Schutter, and Reinoud Maex. "Current source density correlates of cerebellar Golgi and Purkinje cell responses to tactile input." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 3 (March 2011): 1327–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00317.2010.
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The overall circuitry of the cerebellar cortex has been known for over a century, but the function of many synaptic connections remains poorly characterized in vivo. We used a one-dimensional multielectrode probe to estimate the current source density (CSD) of Crus IIa in response to perioral tactile stimuli in anesthetized rats and to correlate current sinks and sources to changes in the spike rate of corecorded Golgi and Purkinje cells. The punctate stimuli evoked two distinct early waves of excitation (at <10 and ∼20 ms) associated with current sinks in the granular layer. The second wave was putatively of corticopontine origin, and its associated sink was located higher in the granular layer than the first trigeminal sink. The distinctive patterns of granular-layer sinks correlated with the spike responses of corecorded Golgi cells. In general, Golgi cell spike responses could be linearly reconstructed from the CSD profile. A dip in simple-spike activity of coregistered Purkinje cells correlated with a current source deep in the molecular layer, probably generated by basket cell synapses, interspersed between sparse early sinks presumably generated by synapses from granule cells. The late (>30 ms) enhancement of simple-spike activity in Purkinje cells was characterized by the absence of simultaneous sinks in the granular layer and by the suppression of corecorded Golgi cell activity, pointing at inhibition of Golgi cells by Purkinje axon collaterals as a likely mechanism of late Purkinje cell excitation.
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Kuruoglu, Ercan E., and Jia Wang. "Rate-distortion function for α-stable sources." AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 70, no. 7 (July 2016): 974–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2016.04.011.
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Isern, Jordi. "White dwarfs as advanced physics laboratories. The axion case." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 15, S357 (October 2019): 138–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921320000873.
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AbstractThe shape of the luminosity function of white dwarfs (WDLF) is sensitive to the characteristic cooling time and, therefore, it can be used to test the existence of additional sources or sinks of energy such as those predicted by alternative physical theories. However, because of the degeneracy between the physical properties of white dwarfs and the properties of the Galaxy, the star formation history (SFH) and the IMF, it is almost always possible to explain any anomaly as an artifact introduced by the star formation rate. To circumvent this problem there are at least two possibilities, the analysis of the WDLF in populations with different stories, like disc and halo, and the search of effects not correlated with the SFH. These procedures are illustrated with the case of axions.
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Gibson, Jerry. "Rate Distortion Functions and Rate Distortion Function Lower Bounds for Real-World Sources." Entropy 19, no. 11 (November 11, 2017): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e19110604.
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Ahlswede, R., and N. Cai. "A counterexample in rate-distortion theory for correlated sources." Applied Mathematics Letters 12, no. 7 (October 1999): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0893-9659(99)00093-2.
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Miranda-Villagómez, Erika, Libia Iris Trejo-Téllez, Fernando Carlos Gómez-Merino, Manuel Sandoval-Villa, Prometeo Sánchez-García, and Miguel Ángel Aguilar-Méndez. "Nanophosphorus Fertilizer Stimulates Growth and Photosynthetic Activity and Improves P Status in Rice." Journal of Nanomaterials 2019 (November 18, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5368027.
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The efficiency of nanoparticles covered with type A gel and loaded with KH2PO4, as a source of P, was evaluated on growth, phosphorus concentration and accumulation, and photosynthesis-related parameters in rice plants (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica) cv. Morelos A-2010, under greenhouse conditions. Plants were treated for 14 days with P concentrations equivalent to 50 and 100% of those established in the Yoshida nutrient solution. Sources of P were KH2PO4, nano-KH2PO4, and nano-KH2PO4 with trypsin; control treatments were distilled water and nanoparticles with type A gel. The solutions were renewed every 7 d. Rice plants exhibited differential P absorption in function of the P source tested. P supplied by KH2PO4 had a higher uptake rate than P supplied by nano-KH2PO4, alone or with trypsin. Nevertheless, nano-KH2PO4 promoted higher physiological efficiency for P in both roots and shoots, which consequently induced higher biomass accumulation in these organs. P concentration in shoots, as well as P accumulation in shoots and roots, were positively correlated with the photosynthetic rate. Also, nano-KH2PO4 increased instant water use efficiency in rice plants.
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Anekonda, Thimmappa S., Richard S. Criddle, Lee D. Hansen, and Mike Bacca. "Selection for biomass production based on respiration parameters in eucalypts: effects of origin and growth climates on growth rates." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 9 (September 1, 1996): 1556–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-175.
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Seventeen Eucalyptus species and 30 rapid-growing Eucalyptuscamaldulensis trees (referred to as plus trees), growing in a plantation were studied to examine relationships among measured plant growth and respiratory parameters, geographical origins, and growth climate. The respiratory parameters measured at two different temperatures by isothermal calorimetry were metabolic heat rate, rate of CO2 production, and the ratio of heat rate to CO2 rate. Metabolic heat rate was also measured as a continuous function of temperature by differential scanning calorimetry in the range of 10 to 40 °C. Tree growth was measured as rates of height and stem volume growth. The values of respiratory and growth variables of Eucalyptus species are significantly correlated with latitude and altitude of origin of their seed sources. The maximum metabolic heat rate, the temperature of the maximum heat rate, the temperature coefficients of metabolic rate, and the temperatures at which the slopes of Arrhenius plots change are all genetically determined parameters that vary both within and among species. Measurement of growth rate–respiration rate–temperature relationships guide understanding of why relative growth rates of Eucalyptus species and individual genotypes differ with climate, making it possible to identify genotypes best suited for rapid growth in different climates. The temperature dependence of respiration rates is an important factor determining relative growth rates of eucalypts in different climates. To achieve optimum biomass production the temperature dependence of individual plants must be matched to growth climate.
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Jones, Olivia C., Michael J. Sharp, Megan Reiter, Alec S. Hirschauer, M. Meixner, and Sundar Srinivasan. "The young stellar population of the metal-poor galaxy NGC 6822." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 490, no. 1 (September 19, 2019): 832–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2560.
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ABSTRACT We present a comprehensive study of massive young stellar objects (YSOs) in the metal-poor galaxy NGC 6822 using IRAC and MIPS data obtained from the Spitzer Space Telescope. We find over 500 new YSO candidates in seven massive star formation regions; these sources were selected using six colour–magnitude cuts. Via spectral energy distribution fitting to the data with YSO radiative transfer models we refine this list, identifying 105 high-confidence and 88 medium-confidence YSO candidates. For these sources, we constrain their evolutionary state and estimate their physical properties. The majority of our YSO candidates are massive protostars with an accreting envelope in the initial stages of formation. We fit the mass distribution of the Stage I YSOs with a Kroupa initial mass function and determine a global star formation rate of 0.039 $\mathrm{M}_{\odot } \, \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$. This is higher than star formation rate estimates based on integrated UV fluxes. The new YSO candidates are preferentially located in clusters which correspond to seven active high-mass star-formation regions which are strongly correlated with the 8 and 24 μm emission from PAHs and warm dust. This analysis reveals an embedded high-mass star formation region, Spitzer I, which hosts the highest number of massive YSO candidates in NGC 6822. The properties of Spitzer I suggest it is younger and more active than the other prominent H ii and star-formation regions in the galaxy.
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Kipnis, Alon, Andrea J. Goldsmith, Yonina C. Eldar, and Tsachy Weissman. "Distortion Rate Function of Sub-Nyquist Sampled Gaussian Sources." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 62, no. 1 (January 2016): 401–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2015.2485271.
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El-Mashade, Mohamed Bakry. "Inhomogeneous Analysis of Novel Model of CFAR Approaches to Detect Two-Degrees of Freedom Partially-Correlated χ2-Targets." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 20 (March 16, 2021): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23204.2021.20.5.
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Reliable and high performance radar systems have ubiquitous demand. The operation of such systems is affected by the presence of natural and artificial noise sources. One of the basic radar concepts is to decide whether the target is present or not. Meanwhile, the general objective of all radar detection schemes is to ensure that false alarms don't fluctuate randomly. Thus, to cope with an inhomogeneous changing clutter environment, it is beneficial to be able to detect both high- and low-fidelity targets while maintaining the rate of false alarm fixed. This calls for an adaptive thresholding strategy that vary the detection threshold as a function of the sensed environment, and most modern radars implement this approach automatically. The feature of constant false alarm rate (CFAR) activates the threshold in such a way that it becomes adaptive to the local clutter environment. Many alternatives have been proposed to achieve such demanded property. Owing to the diversity of the radar search environment (target multiplicity & clutter edges), there exists no universal CFAR procedure. This prompts the necessity to investigate the composite architecture as a novel strategy. The goal of this paper is to analyze the fusion of CA, OS, and TM processors in post-detection integration of M-pulses. The primary and outlying targets are assumed to obey χ 2 -distribution with two-degrees of freedom in their fluctuation. Closed-form expression is derived for the detection performance. Our simulation results show robust behavior of the new model in the absence as well as in the presence of outlying targets. In addition, a significant improvement of the detection performance of novel strategy over the individual CFAR detectors is noticed. Moreover, the outweighing, over Neyman-Pearson (N-P) detector, of the fusion model, in ideal background, is evidently demonstrated. This ability to obtain improved performance compared to existing models is the major contribution of this work.
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Zeng, Yan, Man Guo, Xia Fang, Fangyuan Teng, Xiaozhen Tan, Xinyue Li, Mei Wang, Yang Long, and Yong Xu. "Gut Microbiota-Derived Trimethylamine N-Oxide and Kidney Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Advances in Nutrition 12, no. 4 (March 5, 2021): 1286–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmab010.
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ABSTRACT Elevated circulating trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) concentrations have been observed in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We aimed to systematically estimate and quantify the association between TMAO concentrations and kidney function. The PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched from 1995 to 1 June, 2020, for clinical studies on circulating TMAO concentrations and kidney function indicators. We used R software to conduct meta-analyses of the extracted data. A cumulative meta-analysis was applied to test whether health status affected the pooled effect value. Meta-regression and subgroup analyses were performed to identify possible sources of heterogeneity. Ultimately, we included a total of 32 eligible clinical studies involving 42,062 participants. In meta-analyses of continuous-outcome variables, advanced CKD was associated with a 67.9 μmol/L (95% CI: 52.7, 83.2; P < 0.01) increase in TMAO concentration, and subjects with high concentrations of TMAO had a 12.9 mL/(min·1.73 m2) (95% CI: −16.6, −9.14; P < 0.01) decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). In meta-analyses of the correlations, TMAO was strongly inversely correlated with GFR [Fisher's z-transformed correlation coefficient (ZCOR): −0.45; 95% CI: −0.58, −0.32; P < 0.01] and positively associated with the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR; ZCOR: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.08, 0.43; P < 0.01), serum creatinine (sCr; ZCOR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.28, 0.58; P < 0.01), urine albumin excretion rate (UAER; ZCOR: 0.06; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.09; P < 0.01), blood urea (ZCOR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.29, 0.72; P < 0.01), blood uric acid (ZCOR: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.38; P < 0.01), and serum cystatin C (CysC; ZCOR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.44, 0.51; P < 0.01). This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to reveal a negative association between circulating TMAO concentrations and kidney function.
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Qu, Yunke, Jie Tang, Zhaoyang Li, Zihao Zhou, Jingjing Wang, Sining Wang, and Yidan Cao. "Soil Enzyme Activity and Microbial Metabolic Function Diversity in Soda Saline–Alkali Rice Paddy Fields of Northeast China." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (December 3, 2020): 10095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310095.
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Western Jilin province has the most serious area of soda salinization in Northeast China, which affects and restricts the sustainable development of agriculture. The effects of physico-chemical properties of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil on soil microbial diversity and enzyme activities (polyphenol oxidase, catalase, invertase, amylase) were evaluated in typical soda saline-alkali paddy field. Community-level physiological profile (CLPP) based on Biolog-ECO plates was used to assess the functional diversity of soil microorganisms. Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and pH were negative correlated with the microbial activity (AWCD), soil enzyme activities (amylase, sucrose, and catalase, except for polyphenol oxidase) in rice rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil (P < 0.05). The indexes of microbial diversity in rice rhizosphere soil were significantly higher than that of non-rhizosphere soil. The utilization of amino acids by rice rhizosphere microorganisms was relatively high, while non-rhizosphere soil had relatively high utilization of carboxylic acid, phenolic acid, and amine. Among the selected physico-chemical properties, soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil water content (SWC) had the greatest influence on the variation of microbial diversity indexes and enzyme activities in rhizosphere soil. ESP and pH showed a significant positive correlation with carbon source utilization, especially for amine (AM) and phenolic acid (PA) carbon source utilization (P < 0.05) by means of RDA, and the utilization rate of AM and PA carbon sources by rice rhizosphere and non-root soil microorganisms was P1 < P2 < P3.
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Vogel, P. H. A. "On the rate distortion function of sources with incomplete statistics." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 38, no. 1 (1992): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/18.108257.
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Shin, Hye-Won, Christine M. Rose-Gottron, Dan M. Cooper, Robert L. Newcomb, and Steven C. George. "Airway diffusing capacity of nitric oxide and steroid therapy in asthma." Journal of Applied Physiology 96, no. 1 (January 2004): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00575.2003.
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Exhaled nitric oxide (NO) concentration is a noninvasive index for monitoring lung inflammation in diseases such as asthma. The plateau concentration at constant flow is highly dependent on the exhalation flow rate and the use of corticosteroids and cannot distinguish airway and alveolar sources. In subjects with steroid-naive asthma ( n = 8) or steroid-treated asthma ( n = 12) and in healthy controls ( n = 24), we measured flow-independent NO exchange parameters that partition exhaled NO into airway and alveolar regions and correlated these with symptoms and lung function. The mean (±SD) maximum airway flux (pl/s) and airway tissue concentration [parts/billion (ppb)] of NO were lower in steroid-treated asthmatic subjects compared with steroid-naive asthmatic subjects (1,195 ± 836 pl/s and 143 ± 66 ppb compared with 2,693 ± 1,687 pl/s and 438 ± 312 ppb, respectively). In contrast, the airway diffusing capacity for NO (pl·s-1·ppb-1) was elevated in both asthmatic groups compared with healthy controls, independent of steroid therapy (11.8 ± 11.7, 8.71 ± 5.74, and 3.13 ± 1.57 pl·s-1·ppb-1 for steroid treated, steroid naive, and healthy controls, respectively). In addition, the airway diffusing capacity was inversely correlated with both forced expired volume in 1 s and forced vital capacity (%predicted), whereas the airway tissue concentration was positively correlated with forced vital capacity. Consistent with previously reported results from Silkoff et al. (Silkoff PE, Sylvester JT, Zamel N, and Permutt S, Am J Respir Crit Med 161: 1218-1228, 2000) that used an alternate technique, we conclude that the airway diffusing capacity for NO is elevated in asthma independent of steroid therapy and may reflect clinically relevant changes in airways.
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Fadaka, Adewale Oluwaseun, Nicole Remaliah Samantha Sibuyi, Darius Riziki Martin, Ashwil Klein, Abram Madiehe, and Mervin Meyer. "Development of Effective Therapeutic Molecule from Natural Sources against Coronavirus Protease." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 17 (August 30, 2021): 9431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179431.
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The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) is one of the molecular targets for drug design. Effective vaccines have been identified as a long-term solution but the rate at which they are being administered is slow in several countries, and mutations of SARS-CoV-2 could render them less effective. Moreover, remdesivir seems to work only with some types of COVID-19 patients. Hence, the continuous investigation of new treatments for this disease is pivotal. This study investigated the inhibitory role of natural products against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro as repurposable agents in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Through in silico approach, selected flavonoids were docked into the active site of Mpro. The free energies of the ligands complexed with Mpro were computationally estimated using the molecular mechanics-generalized Born surface area (MM/GBSA) method. In addition, the inhibition process of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro with these ligands was simulated at 100 ns in order to uncover the dynamic behavior and complex stability. The docking results showed that the selected flavonoids exhibited good poses in the binding domain of Mpro. The amino acid residues involved in the binding of the selected ligands correlated well with the residues involved with the mechanism-based inhibitor (N3) and the docking score of Quercetin-3-O-Neohesperidoside (−16.8 Kcal/mol) ranked efficiently with this inhibitor (−16.5 Kcal/mol). In addition, single-structure MM/GBSA rescoring method showed that Quercetin-3-O-Neohesperidoside (−87.60 Kcal/mol) is more energetically favored than N3 (−80.88 Kcal/mol) and other ligands (Myricetin 3-Rutinoside (−87.50 Kcal/mol), Quercetin 3-Rhamnoside (−80.17 Kcal/mol), Rutin (−58.98 Kcal/mol), and Myricitrin (−49.22 Kcal/mol). The molecular dynamics simulation (MDs) pinpointed the stability of these complexes over the course of 100 ns with reduced RMSD and RMSF. Based on the docking results and energy calculation, together with the RMSD of 1.98 ± 0.19 Å and RMSF of 1.00 ± 0.51 Å, Quercetin-3-O-Neohesperidoside is a better inhibitor of Mpro compared to N3 and other selected ligands and can be repurposed as a drug candidate for the treatment of COVID-19. In addition, this study demonstrated that in silico docking, free energy calculations, and MDs, respectively, are applicable to estimating the interaction, energetics, and dynamic behavior of molecular targets by natural products and can be used to direct the development of novel target function modulators.
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Wolfe, L. B. "On calculating Sakrison's rate distortion function for classes of parameterized sources." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 41, no. 4 (July 1995): 1160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/18.391262.
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Moreno-Bote, Rubén, and Néstor Parga. "Response of Integrate-and-Fire Neurons to Noisy Inputs Filtered by Synapses with Arbitrary Timescales: Firing Rate and Correlations." Neural Computation 22, no. 6 (June 2010): 1528–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.2010.06-09-1036.
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Delivery of neurotransmitter produces on a synapse a current that flows through the membrane and gets transmitted into the soma of the neuron, where it is integrated. The decay time of the current depends on the synaptic receptor's type and ranges from a few (e.g., AMPA receptors) to a few hundred milliseconds (e.g., NMDA receptors). The role of the variety of synaptic timescales, several of them coexisting in the same neuron, is at present not understood. A prime question to answer is which is the effect of temporal filtering at different timescales of the incoming spike trains on the neuron's response. Here, based on our previous work on linear synaptic filtering, we build a general theory for the stationary firing response of integrate-and-fire (IF) neurons receiving stochastic inputs filtered by one, two, or multiple synaptic channels, each characterized by an arbitrary timescale. The formalism applies to arbitrary IF model neurons and arbitrary forms of input noise (i.e., not required to be gaussian or to have small amplitude), as well as to any form of synaptic filtering (linear or nonlinear). The theory determines with exact analytical expressions the firing rate of an IF neuron for long synaptic time constants using the adiabatic approach. The correlated spiking (cross-correlations function) of two neurons receiving common as well as independent sources of noise is also described. The theory is illustrated using leaky, quadratic, and noise-thresholded IF neurons. Although the adiabatic approach is exact when at least one of the synaptic timescales is long, it provides a good prediction of the firing rate even when the timescales of the synapses are comparable to that of the leak of the neuron; it is not required that the synaptic time constants are longer than the mean interspike intervals or that the noise has small variance. The distribution of the potential for general IF neurons is also characterized. Our results provide powerful analytical tools that can allow a quantitative description of the dynamics of neuronal networks with realistic synaptic dynamics.
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Farsijan, Samaneh, Megan Marron, Iva Miljkovic, Mary Baugh, Stephen Kritchevsky, and Anne Newman. "Plasma Metabolites Associated with Muscle Fat Infiltration in Community-Dwelling Older Adults from the Health ABC Study." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa040_022.
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Abstract Objectives Age-related increase in muscle fat depots, i.e., myosteatosis, is a contributing factor to muscular dysfunction in older adults leading to frailty and disability. Myosteatosis is a complex condition that is associated with aging and diverse pathologies, including cancer and diabetes. We have previously shown that the relationship between muscle fat deposition and reduced physical function is moderated by muscle area and it is only observed in individuals with high muscle area. A further characterization of the metabolic phenotype associated with myoseatosis may shed light on the underlying biological mechanisms involved in its pathophysiology. Thus, we sought to further explore the heterogeneity of myosteatosis using a semi-targeted metabolomics approach to determine the plasma metabolites associated with myosteatosis in community-dwelling older men. Methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 314 African-American men (age: 69–79 years) from the Health ABC study at baseline. Mid-thigh inter-muscular fat (IMF) area by CT and 350 plasma metabolites by liquid-chromatography/mass spectrometry were measured. Partial correlation analysis was performed to determine metabolites associated with IMF. Results 161 metabolites were correlated with IMF (P < 0.05). After adjustment for age, weight, physical activity, medications and smoking, 36 metabolites remained significant with a false discovery rate of ≤0.25 to correct for multiple comparisons. Majority of IMF-associated metabolites were lipids/lipid-like molecules (26/36), followed by organic acids, including amino acids (5/36). Among these metabolites, only glutamine (from organic-acids) and mevalonic acid, (from fatty acids) were negatively correlated with IMF, while the remaining 34 metabolites were positively correlated. Notably, metabolic profiles of participants were distinctly different across different levels of myosteatosis, categorized by quartiles of IMF. Conclusions Dysregulated lipid and amino acid metabolism was a metabolomic hallmark of myosteatosis in this cohort of older men. Further exploration of metabolic heterogeneity of myosteatosis may help better understand the significance of fat infiltration on muscle health in aging. Funding Sources NIH/National Institute of Aging & NIA T32-AG0001810.
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Smith, Marianne R., Alexandra B. Nelson, and Sascha du Lac. "Regulation of Firing Response Gain by Calcium-Dependent Mechanisms in Vestibular Nucleus Neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 87, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 2031–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00821.2001.
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Behavioral reflexes can be modified by experience via mechanisms that are largely unknown. Within the circuitry for the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR), neurons in the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) show adaptive changes in firing rate responses that are correlated with VOR gain (the ratio of evoked eye velocity to input head velocity). Although changes in synaptic strength are typically assumed to underlie gain changes in the VOR, modulation of intrinsic ion channels that dictate firing could also play a role. Little is known, however, about how ion channel function or regulation contributes to firing responses in MVN neurons. This study examined contributions of calcium-dependent currents to firing responses in MVN neurons recorded with whole cell patch electrodes in rodent brain stem slices. Firing responses were remarkably linear over a wide range of firing rates and showed modest spike frequency adaptation. Firing response gain, the ratio of evoked firing rate to input current, was reduced by increasing extracellular calcium and increased either by lowering extracellular calcium or with antagonists to SK- and BK-type calcium-dependent potassium channels and N- and T-type calcium channels. Blockade of SK channels occluded gain increases via N-type calcium channels, while blocking BK channels occluded gain increases via presumed T-type calcium channels, indicating specific coupling of potassium channels and their calcium sources. Selective inhibition of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II and broad-spectrum inhibition of phosphatases modulated gain via BK-dependent pathways, indicating that firing responses are tightly regulated. Modulation of firing response gain by phosphorylation provides an attractive mechanism for adaptive control of VOR gain.
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Strilchuk, L. M., O. O. Zimba, and I. B. Zhakun. "DECREASE IN SERUM BILIRUBIN AS AN UNFAVORABLE MARKER OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS." Eastern Ukrainian Medical Journal 8, no. 3 (2020): 268–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/eumj.2020;8(3):268-275.
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Serum bilirubin, the end product of heme metabolism, is a routine biochemical parameter. Bilirubin is not a liver function parameter exclusively: its concentration correlates with ischemic heart disease (IHD) risk, estimated glomerular filtration rate, retinopathy or neuropathy in diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis etc. The aim of this paper was to estimate the clinical value of bilirubin analysis according to literature data and own clinical observations in patients with IHD and acute and chronic rheumatologic diseases. Materials and methods. We conducted a literature overview in Pubmed database and domestic sources and also analyzed the standard examinaions of 515 patients: 353 patients with coronary heart disease (acute forms, coronary bypass grafting – 98; acute myocardial infarction, pharmacotherapy – 75; unstable angina pectoris – 101; stable angina pectoris – 79) and 162 rheumatologic patients (haemorrhagic vasculitis – 71; rheumatic fever – 57; chronic rheumatic heart disease with valvular defects – 34). Control group consisted of 22 patients with gastroduodenal zone diseases without helicobacter (esophagitis, gastritis, peptic ulcer). Results and discussion. It was revealed that in case of diseases with oxidative stress in their pathogenesis (acute forms of coronary heart disease, haemorrhagic vasculitis, rheumatic fever) bilirubin level was lower than in case of non-oxidative disorders (non-infectious esophagitis, gastritis, ulcer). Increase of inflammation potency was accompanied by bilirubin decrease. Correlation analysis showed that both bilirubin increase and decrease were unfavourable. Conclusions. Bilirubin concentration correlated with parameters of cytolysis, intoxication, anemia, inflammation, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, heart structure. Bilirubin decrease associated with the increase of stenosis of coronary arteries (left, left circumflex and anterior interventricular) in a logarithmic way. Hypobilirubinemia (< 9.6 mkmol/L) significantly more often accompanied diseases with oxidative stress in pathogenesis, acute forms and more active systemic inflammation. Keywords total bilirubin, hypobilirubinemia, coronary heart disease, haemorrhagic vasculitis, rheumatic fever, chronic rheumatic heart disease.
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Kallay, M. C., R. W. Hyde, and R. J. Smith. "Assessment of rebreathing O2 consumption in humans with normal and diseased lungs." Journal of Applied Physiology 68, no. 4 (April 1, 1990): 1443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.68.4.1443.
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We investigated sources of error in estimating steady-state O2 consumption (VO2ss) by calculating O2 uptake from an anesthesia bag containing O2, He, and N2 during 10-20 s of rebreathing (VO2rb). In 11 normal resting subjects, VO2rb calculated with end-tidal sampling overestimated VO2ss by 16 +/- 15% (SD) (P less than 0.003). This error was proportional to the increase in pulse rate during rebreathing, so that pulse-corrected VO2rb slightly underestimated VO2ss by 2.1 +/- 12.2% (P = 0.66) in the six subjects who rebreathed 28% O2 in the rebreathing bag but significantly underestimated VO2ss by 7.5 +/- 6.7% (P less than 0.04) in the six subjects who rebreathed 21% O2 in the rebreathing bag. During exercise, VO2rb underestimated VO2ss by 4 +/- 12% (P less than 0.001) and by 7 +/- 6% at O2 consumptions greater than 2,000 ml/min if O2 in the rebreathing bag was kept above 20% throughout rebreathing. We found that VO2rb calculated with end-tidal gas concentrations underestimated VO2ss by 1-43% in patients with moderate-to-severe obstructive lung disease, with even greater errors when mixed expired samples were used. The magnitude of the discrepancy correlated poorly with abnormalities in standard pulmonary function tests. Based on these data, VO2rb closely approximates VO2ss in normal subjects, provided hypoxia during rebreathing is avoided and cardiac acceleration from rebreathing is taken into account during resting measurement.
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Ribeiro, Jean Alex Matos, Acson Gustavo da Silva Oliveira, Luciana Di Thommazo-Luporini, Clara Italiano Monteiro, Gabriela Nagai Ocamoto, Aparecida Maria Catai, Audrey Borghi-Silva, Shane A. Phillips, and Thiago Luiz Russo. "Underlying mechanisms of oxygen uptake kinetics in chronic post-stroke individuals: A correlational, cross-sectional pilot study." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 9, 2020): e0241872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241872.
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Post-stroke individuals presented deleterious changes in skeletal muscle and in the cardiovascular system, which are related to reduced oxygen uptake (V˙O2) and take longer to produce energy from oxygen-dependent sources at the onset of exercise (mean response time, MTRON) and during post-exercise recovery (MRTOFF). However, to the best of our knowledge, no previous study has investigated the potential mechanisms related to V˙O2 kinetics response (MRTON and MRTOFF) in post-stroke populations. The main objective of this study was to determine whether the MTRON and MRTOFF are related to: 1) body composition; 2) arterial compliance; 3) endothelial function; and 4) hematological and inflammatory profiles in chronic post-stroke individuals. Data on oxygen uptake (V˙O2) were collected using a portable metabolic system (Oxycon Mobile®) during the six-minute walk test (6MWT). The time to achieve 63% of V˙O2 during a steady state (MTRON) and recovery (MRTOFF) were analyzed by the monoexponential model and corrected by a work rate (wMRTON and wMRTOFF) during 6MWT. Correlation analyses were made using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (rs) and the bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrap method was used to estimate the 95% confidence intervals. Twenty-four post-stroke participants who were physically inactive took part in the study. The wMRTOFF was correlated with the following: skeletal muscle mass (rs = -0.46), skeletal muscle mass index (rs = -0.45), augmentation index (rs = 0.44), augmentation index normalized to a heart rate of 75 bpm (rs = 0.64), reflection magnitude (rs = 0.43), erythrocyte (rs = -0.61), hemoglobin (rs = -0.54), hematocrit (rs = -0.52) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (rs = 0.58), all p < 0.05. A greater amount of oxygen uptake during post-walking recovery is partially related to lower skeletal muscle mass, greater arterial stiffness, reduced number of erythrocytes and higher systemic inflammation in post-stroke individuals.
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Stavrou, Photios A., Themistoklis Charalambous, and Charalambos D. Charalambous. "Finite-Time Nonanticipative Rate Distortion Function for Time-Varying Scalar-Valued Gauss-Markov Sources." IEEE Control Systems Letters 2, no. 1 (January 2018): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcsys.2017.2778186.
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Gyorgy, A., T. Linder, and K. Zeger. "On the rate-distortion function of random vectors and stationary sources with mixed distributions." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 45, no. 6 (1999): 2110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/18.782151.
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Watanabe, Shun. "The Rate-Distortion Function for Product of Two Sources With Side-Information at Decoders." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 59, no. 9 (September 2013): 5678–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2013.2266654.
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Derpich, Milan S., and Jan Ostergaard. "Improved Upper Bounds to the Causal Quadratic Rate-Distortion Function for Gaussian Stationary Sources." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 58, no. 5 (May 2012): 3131–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2012.2184669.
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Arbizu, Shirley, Susanne Talcott, Steven Riechman, and Giuliana Noratto. "Dark Sweet Cherry (DSC) Juice Consumption for Obesity-Related Inflammation and Cognitive Function in Obese Adults: A Human Clinical Pilot Trial." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab049_003.
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Abstract Objectives To assess the effects of DSC juice on biomarkers of obesity-related metabolic disorders, inflammation, and cognitive performance. Methods Eligible participants (>18, body-mass index (BMI) = 30–40 kg/m2, no history of chronic disease and/or medication/antibiotics), were assigned to cherry or placebo groups following a single-blind randomized design after a 2-week run-in period. Participants were asked to drink 200 mL cherry juice supplemented with 3 g DSC powder (n = 11) or placebo drink (n = 10) twice a day for 30 days. Wellness check, anthropometric measurements, cognitive function/psychological assessments, and fasting blood samples were collected at study days 1 and 30. Results Baseline data showed no differences in anthropometric measurements between experimental groups. Results from blood markers of liver and metabolic disorders showed no difference between end point and baseline values for both cherry and placebo groups. However, median (25%, 75% interquartile) values for erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) at day 30 (ESR = 6 (4, 13), ROS = 29 (13, 53) showed improvement compared to day 1 (ESR = 7 (2, 16), ROS = 33 (21, 65)) in cherry group, while in placebo group values showed less or no improvement (ESR = 12 (8, 24), ROS = 30 (20, 72) at day 30), vs (ESR = 10 (7, 18), ROS = 37 (29, 75) at day 1). These results suggest an anti-inflammatory cherry juice action and may be correlated with a trend for improvement in all of the cognitive tasks and physiological assessments in cherry group. The trail making tests (A and B), which assess executive functioning, improved (P = 0.0273 and P = 0.0342, respectively) as well as the Digit Span Forward task (DSF) (P = 0.0137), which examines short-term memory storage and executive control processes. The Digit Symbol Substitution test (DSST) used to assess processing speed, sustained attention and working memory showed improvement for cherry group, although non-significant (P = 0.0527). Conclusions These preliminary findings suggest that consumption of DSC juice rich in anthocyanins and other phytochemicals over 4 weeks may improve cognitive function in obese participants with possible link to lowered inflammation. Funding Sources This work was supported by the Northwest Cherry Growers.
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Benammar, Meryem, and Abdellatif Zaidi. "Rate-Distortion Function for a Heegard-Berger Problem With Two Sources and Degraded Reconstruction Sets." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 62, no. 9 (September 2016): 5080–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2016.2586919.
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Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, Jesús, Marta Zárraga-Rodríguez, Fernando Villar-Rosety, and Xabier Insausti. "Rate-Distortion Function Upper Bounds for Gaussian Vectors and Their Applications in Coding AR Sources." Entropy 20, no. 6 (May 23, 2018): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20060399.
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Venkataramanan, Ramji, and S. Sandeep Pradhan. "On Computing the Feedback Capacity of Channels and the Feed-Forward Rate-Distortion Function of Sources." IEEE Transactions on Communications 58, no. 7 (July 2010): 1889–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2010.07.090115.
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Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, Jesús, Marta Zárraga-Rodríguez, and Xabier Insausti. "Upper Bounds for the Rate Distortion Function of Finite-Length Data Blocks of Gaussian WSS Sources." Entropy 19, no. 10 (October 19, 2017): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e19100554.
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Todoriko, L. D., and Ya I. Toderika. "The role of melatonin in the formation of tuberculotic inflammation, forecast regarding the influence on the effectiveness of treatment in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic (literature review)." Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases, HIV Infection, no. 4 (December 5, 2022): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30978/tb2022-4-36.
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Objective — to study the role of melatonin in the formation of tuberculous inflammation and the prospects of its influence on increasing the effectiveness of treatment in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, by conducting an analysis of information from available sources of literature on the selected topic.
Materials and methods. The research was carried out for the period from December 2021 to September 2022. Access to various full-text and abstract databases was used as the main source of research.
Results and discussion. A large number of studies carried out so far prove the connection between the influence of melatonin and tuberculosis inflammation, since tuberculosis infection can be associated with seasonal changes in the immune system, and these processes are correlated and accompanied by fluctuations in the level of melatonin. Th1-type specific cellular immunity is responsible for protective immunity in tuberculosis, while the Th2-type response underlies the progressive nature of inflammation. T-lymphocytes and macrophages have been shown to have receptors for melatonin, and they are also target cells for its immunomodulatory function. Melatonin has been shown to regulate gene expression of several immunomodulatory cytokines, including TNF-α, transforming growth factor-β, and macrophage stem cell factor.Thus, the conducted narrowly differentiated analysis based on available literature sources allows us to predict that melatonin can stimulate the Th1 immune response in TB and may have an immunoprotective effect on the Th1-type subtype of the delayed-type immune response during the acute phase of mycobacterial inflammation.
Conclusions. The analysis of the tuberculosis situation in Bukovina indicates a tendency towards an increase in the incidence rate in 2021 compared to 2020. The same dynamics are maintained in the first half of 2022. At the same time, no significant changes in the mortality rate were found. The above analysis of the main indicators of epidemiology indicates the sufficient importance of the problem of tuberculosis for the coming years, and therefore, the search for methods of increasing the effectiveness of the treatment of this pathology, especially under the conditions of multiple and extended drug resistance, is an important task of modern phthisiology. The analysis of the available data base accumulated to date on the role of melatonin in the pathophysiology of the formation of an inflammatory reaction in the lungs and its influence on the clinical course and effectiveness of anti-tuberculosis therapy is a promising scientific direction of research. The appointment of melatonin along with traditional methods of treatment of tuberculosis can have a positive effect on increasing the effectiveness of anti-tuberculosis therapy in patients with the pulmonary form of tuberculosis.
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Ghanbarnia, Kaveh, W. G. Dilantha Fernando, and Gary Crow. "Developing Rainfall- and Temperature-Based Models to Describe Infection of Canola Under Field Conditions Caused by Pycnidiospores of Leptosphaeria maculans." Phytopathology® 99, no. 7 (July 2009): 879–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-99-7-0879.
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Blackleg, also known as Phoma stem canker, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans (Phoma lingam), is one of the most serious diseases of canola worldwide. In this study, the mean disease severity (Ds) and incidence (Di) of canola cv. Westar plants infected at the cotyledon, three-leaf, and six-leaf stages by pycnidiospores of L. maculans were monitored in the greenhouse after infection of the plants under field conditions in two successive years and associated with meteorological data during infection time. Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that total rainfall per week (R) was significantly correlated to Ds on plants infected at the cotyledon, three-leaf, and six-leaf stages, and average maximum temperature per week (Tmax) only showed significant correlation with plants infected at the cotyledon and six-leaf stages. These results also indicated that there is correlation between Di and R for plants infected at all three growth stages. A nonlinear model was developed to evaluate the combined effects of R and Tmax on Ds. The best model comprised monomolecular function and β probability density function for plants infected at the above three growth stages. Parameters, including maximum potential for Ds at a given rainfall (dmax), rate of changes with respect to rainfall (k), constant of integration (B), maximum potential for Ds with respect to Tmax (e), rate of increase with increasing Tmax to optimum (n), and rate of decrease as Tmax increased and passed the optimum Tmax (p), were estimated for plants infected at the above three growth stages. The effect of plant growth stage was characterized by differences in the upper limit parameter a. This parameter was greater for the plants infected at the cotyledon stage than for plants infected at the other two stages. The estimate of parameter k was the same for the plants infected at the cotyledon and three-leaf stages. This parameter was much lower for the plants infected at the six-leaf stage compared with two other stages. The logistic model could describe the disease incidence with respect to R slightly better than the other two models in the plants infected at all three growth stages. Based on the model, upper-limit estimate (dmax) was ≈100, 94.4, and 88.8% in the plants infected at cotyledon, three-leaf, and six-leaf stages, respectively. Di increased until rainfall reached ≈18, 10, and 13 mm/week and became constant in the plants at cotyledon, three-leaf, and six-leaf stages, respectively. Effects of plant growth stage on the rate of change with respect to R (parameter k) were lower in the plants infected at cotyledon than at the other two stages. The accuracy of the nonlinear models suggests that they could be used to develop a comprehensive model to evaluate epidemics of blackleg based on pycnidiospores as sources of inoculum. However, additional years of data collection should improve model fit and evaluation of introduced models and contribute to the development of a more robust predictive model.
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Montenegro, Julia, Márcia Klein, Carla Prado, and Maria Inês Barreto Silva. "Bone Mineral Metabolism and Muscle Alterations in Non-dialysis Dependent Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab033_038.
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Abstract Objectives Abnormal bone mineral density (BMD) is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and related with higher risk of disease progression, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. The aim of this study was to assess BMD, its change overtime and association with body composition and biochemical parameters of mineraly metabolism. Methods This was a longitudinal study of patients with NDD-CKD (stages 3–5) undergoing interdisciplinary treatment at an outpatient Nephrology Clinic and instructed to follow a low protein diet. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was performed to estimate body composition and BMD (T-score). Mineral metabolism parameters included parathormone (PTH), calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D. Glomerular filtration rate was estimated (eGFR) by the CKD-EPI equation. Osteopenia was defined as T-score < -1.0. Baseline and follow-up comparisons between groups with and without osteopenia were performed by two-way ANOVA. Correlations were adjusted by sex, age and eGFR. Results Forty-five patients (56% males) aged 64.4 ± 9.9 y and eGFR 31.4 ± 10.9 ml/min completed a follow-up of ∼3 years (2.7 ± 1.3). As expected, a reduction in renal function was observed (median = −1.10 ml/min; 95% CI: −8.8 to 0.64, P < 0.05). BMD and appendicular skeletal muscle (ASM) decreased: 1.06 ± 0.15 vs. 1.05 ± 0.03g/cm2 (P = 0.03) and 20.3 ± 4.6 vs. 18.9 ± 0.8kg (P = 0.01), respectively. Prevalence of osteopenia was 42.2% with no significant change overtime. Patients with osteopenia presented with higher (P < 0.0001) change in ASM (median: −1.58kg; 95% CI: −3.8 to 0.66 vs. −0.83; −4.0 to 2.4) and in LST (−1.08 kg; −5.0 to 2.8 vs. 0.88; −4.6 to 6.3), compared with patients without osteopenia. Changes in eGFR and mineral metabolism parameters were similar between groups. T-score change was negatively correlated with change in LST (r = 0.66; P = 0.04) and PTH (r = −0.70; P = 0,03), and with baseline LST (r = −0.35; P = 0.04) independent of age, sex and eGFR. Body fat increased (22.7 kg ± 8.1 vs. 23.8 kg ± 8.7; P = 0.04) during follow up, but it was not significantly correlated with T-score. Conclusions Prevalence of osteopenia was high in patients with NDD-CKD, and BMD decreased after 3 years, which was associated with a reduction in LST and increase in PTH, independent of eGFR, age, and sex. LST should be monitored in NDD-CKD to prevent risk for abnormal BMD. Funding Sources FAPERJ
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Fuglsig, Andreas Jonas, and Jan Østergaard. "Zero-Delay Multiple Descriptions of Stationary Scalar Gauss-Markov Sources." Entropy 21, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 1185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21121185.
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In this paper, we introduce the zero-delay multiple-description problem, where an encoder constructs two descriptions and the decoders receive a subset of these descriptions. The encoder and decoders are causal and operate under the restriction of zero delay, which implies that at each time instance, the encoder must generate codewords that can be decoded by the decoders using only the current and past codewords. For the case of discrete-time stationary scalar Gauss—Markov sources and quadratic distortion constraints, we present information-theoretic lower bounds on the average sum-rate in terms of the directed and mutual information rate between the source and the decoder reproductions. Furthermore, we show that the optimum test channel is in this case Gaussian, and it can be realized by a feedback coding scheme that utilizes prediction and correlated Gaussian noises. Operational achievable results are considered in the high-rate scenario using a simple differential pulse code modulation scheme with staggered quantizers. Using this scheme, we achieve operational rates within 0.415 bits / sample / description of the theoretical lower bounds for varying description rates.
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Günlü, Onur, Rafael F. Schaefer, Holger Boche, and Harold Vincent Poor. "Private Key and Decoder Side Information for Secure and Private Source Coding." Entropy 24, no. 12 (November 24, 2022): 1716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24121716.
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We extend the problem of secure source coding by considering a remote source whose noisy measurements are correlated random variables used for secure source reconstruction. The main additions to the problem are as follows: (1) all terminals noncausally observe a noisy measurement of the remote source; (2) a private key is available to all legitimate terminals; (3) the public communication link between the encoder and decoder is rate-limited; and (4) the secrecy leakage to the eavesdropper is measured with respect to the encoder input, whereas the privacy leakage is measured with respect to the remote source. Exact rate regions are characterized for a lossy source coding problem with a private key, remote source, and decoder side information under security, privacy, communication, and distortion constraints. By replacing the distortion constraint with a reliability constraint, we obtain the exact rate region for the lossless case as well. Furthermore, the lossy rate region for scalar discrete-time Gaussian sources and measurement channels is established. An achievable lossy rate region that can be numerically computed is also provided for binary-input multiple additive discrete-time Gaussian noise measurement channels.
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Parrenin, F., L. Bazin, E. Capron, A. Landais, B. Lemieux-Dudon, and V. Masson-Delmotte. "IceChrono1: a probabilistic model to compute a common and optimal chronology for several ice cores." Geoscientific Model Development 8, no. 5 (May 21, 2015): 1473–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1473-2015.
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Abstract. Polar ice cores provide exceptional archives of past environmental conditions. The dating of ice cores and the estimation of the age-scale uncertainty are essential to interpret the climate and environmental records that they contain. It is, however, a complex problem which involves different methods. Here, we present IceChrono1, a new probabilistic model integrating various sources of chronological information to produce a common and optimized chronology for several ice cores, as well as its uncertainty. IceChrono1 is based on the inversion of three quantities: the surface accumulation rate, the lock-in depth (LID) of air bubbles and the thinning function. The chronological information integrated into the model are models of the sedimentation process (accumulation of snow, densification of snow into ice and air trapping, ice flow), ice- and air-dated horizons, ice and air depth intervals with known durations, Δdepth observations (depth shift between synchronous events recorded in the ice and in the air) and finally air and ice stratigraphic links in between ice cores. The optimization is formulated as a least squares problem, implying that all densities of probabilities are assumed to be Gaussian. It is numerically solved using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm and a numerical evaluation of the model's Jacobian. IceChrono follows an approach similar to that of the Datice model which was recently used to produce the AICC2012 (Antarctic ice core chronology) for four Antarctic ice cores and one Greenland ice core. IceChrono1 provides improvements and simplifications with respect to Datice from the mathematical, numerical and programming point of views. The capabilities of IceChrono1 are demonstrated on a case study similar to the AICC2012 dating experiment. We find results similar to those of Datice, within a few centuries, which is a confirmation of both IceChrono1 and Datice codes. We also test new functionalities with respect to the original version of Datice: observations as ice intervals with known durations, correlated observations, observations as air intervals with known durations and observations as mixed ice–air stratigraphic links. IceChrono1 is freely available under the General Public License v3 open source license.
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Iarmoliuk, Ie, V. Tsymbaliuk, L. Staino, O. Savchuk, and M. Diatel. "Effect of transplantation of cell suspension from embryonic nervous tissue and bone marrow on postischemic cerebral angiogenesis and restoration of limb motor function in rats with experimental ischemic stroke." Cell and Organ Transplantology 3, no. 2 (November 30, 2015): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22494/cot.v3i2.16.
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Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. Dispite the progress of medical knowledge and technologies, the rate of permanent neurological impairment in patients after stroke remains high and effective strategy of restorative treatment is still at the stage of experimental development. Restoration of nervous system functions after stroke implies the activation of endogenous reparative processes, such as angiogenesis, using sources of regenerative medicine, including cell and tissue transplantation. Development of optimal and safe methods of neurotransplantation for stroke is one of the priorities of experimental research in this field.Purpose: to study the effect of post-stroke angiogenesis, stimulated by transplantation of cell suspension from embryonic nervous tissue (TCS-ENT) and bone marrow (TCS-BM), on restoration of motor functions in rats with experimental stroke.Materials and methods. 160 adult (3-4 months old) outbred albino rats weighing between 280-320 g were divided into groups and subgroups depending on the experimental procedure: with isolated middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), intracerebral allotransplantation of cell suspension from embryonic nervous tissue (MCAO + TCS-ENT),intracerebral autotransplantation of cell suspension from bone marrow (MCAO + TCS-BM) or phosphate-buffered 0.9 % saline infusion (MCAO + PBS) on the 2nd day after MCAO. MCAO was conducted using the modified method of intraluminal monofilament occlusion with blocking of collaterals. Volume of infarction zone was estimated using TTC staining on 7th and 14th day (n = 5 from each group on each day), number of vessels in periinfarct zone was calculated by immunohistochemical staining for CD34 on 7th, 14th and 28th day (n = 6 from each group on each day) after MCAO. Motor deficit was assessed by ledged tapered beam-walking test on 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day after MCAO (n = 18 from each group on each day).Results.TCS-BM caused the increase in the number of vessels in the periinfarct zone in dynamics, most prominent on 28th day, and decrease in the volume of infarction zone in comparison with other experimental groups, starting on 7th day after MCAO. TCS-ENT and TCS-BM resulted in regression of motor deficit, starting from 3rd and till 28th day after MCAO. The degree of limb motor asymmetry in rats negatively correlated with the number of vessels in periinfarct zone.Conclusion. Transplantation of cell suspension from embryonic nervous tissue and bone marrow promotes the regression of motor impairments in experimental animals due to angiogenic effect, which is more prominent in case of TCS-BM.
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Diez, F. J., L. P. Bernal, and G. M. Faeth. "Self-Preserving Mixing Properties of Steady Round Buoyant Turbulent Plumes in Uniform Crossflows." Journal of Heat Transfer 128, no. 10 (July 7, 2006): 1001–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2345424.
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The self-preserving mixing properties of steady round buoyant turbulent plumes in uniform crossflows were investigated experimentally. The experiments involved salt water sources injected into fresh water crossflows within the windowed test section of a water channel. Mean and fluctuating concentrations of source fluid were measured over cross sections of the flow using planar-laser-induced fluorescence which involved seeding the source fluid with Rhodamine 6G dye and adding small concentrations of ethanol to the crossflowing fluid in order to match the refractive indices of the source flow and the crossflow. The self-preserving penetration properties of the flow were correlated successfully based on the scaling analysis of Diez, Bernal, and Faeth (2003, ASME J. Heat Transfer, 125, pp. 1046–1057) whereas the self-preserving structure properties of the flow were correlated successfully based on the scaling analysis of Fischer et al. (1979, Mixing in Inland and Coastal Waters, Academic Press, New York, pp. 315–389); both approaches involved assumptions of no-slip convection in the cross stream (horizontal) direction (parallel to the crossflow) and a self-preserving line thermal having a conserved source specific buoyancy flux per unit length that moves in the streamwise (vertical) direction (parallel to the direction of both the initial source flow and the gravity vector). The resulting self-preserving structure consisted of two counter-rotating vortices having their axes nearly aligned with the crossflow direction that move away from the source in the streamwise (vertical) direction due to the action of buoyancy. Present measurements extended up to 202 and 620 source diameters from the source in the streamwise and cross stream directions, respectively. The onset of self-preserving behavior required that the axes of the counter-rotating vortex system be nearly aligned with the crossflow direction. This alignment, in turn, was a strong function of the source/crossflow velocity ratio, uo∕v∞. The net result was that the onset of self-preserving behavior was observed at streamwise distances of 10–20 source diameters from the source for uo∕v∞=4 (the smallest value of uo∕v∞ considered), increasing to streamwise distances of 160–170 source diameters from the source for uo∕v∞=100 (the largest value of uo∕v∞ considered). Finally, the counter-rotating vortex system was responsible for substantial increases in the rate of mixing of the source fluid with the ambient fluid compared to axisymmetric round buoyant turbulent plumes in still environments, e.g., transverse dimensions in the presence of the self-preserving counter-rotating vortex system were 2–3 times larger than the transverse dimensions of self-preserving axisymmetric plumes at similar streamwise distances from the source.
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Liang, Xiang Yan, Zhen Hua Tang, Ya Dan Luo, and Tuan Fa Qin. "A Novel Distribution Parameter Fitting Algorithm of Correlation Noise Model for Distributed Video Coding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 599-601 (August 2014): 1360–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.599-601.1360.
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In order to improve the accuracy of correlated noise (CN) model for distributed video coding (DVC), this paper proposes a novel distribution parameter fitting algorithm based on the minimum Euclidean distance. The presented method can obtain the final fitted distribution parameter by using the minimum Euclidean distance to compare the Laplace probability density function (PDF) with the PDF computed utilizing the actual residual frame data. Experiment results show that the proposed distribution parameter fitting algorithm can improve the rate-distortion (R-D) performance of DVC significantly.
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Song, Hyungchan, and Jong Won Shin. "Residual Echo Suppression Considering Harmonic Distortion and Temporal Correlation." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (July 30, 2020): 5291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155291.
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In acoustic echo cancellation, a certain level of residual echo resides in the output of the linear echo canceller because of the nonlinearity of the power amplifier, loudspeaker, and acoustic transfer function in addition to the estimation error of the linear echo canceller. The residual echo in the current frame is correlated not only to the linear echo estimates for the harmonically-related frequency bins in the current frame, but also with linear echo estimates, residual echo estimates, and microphone signals in adjacent frames. In this paper, we propose a residual echo suppression scheme considering harmonic distortion and temporal correlation in the short-time Fourier transform domain. To exploit residual echo estimates and microphone signals in past frames without the adverse effect of the near-end speech and noise, we adopt a double-talk detector which is tuned to have a low false rejection rate of double-talks. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperformed the conventional approach in terms of the echo return loss enhancement during single-talk periods and the perceptual evaluation of speech quality scores during double-talk periods.
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Aiyer, Aditya K., Kandaswamy Subramanian, and Pallavi Bhat. "Passive scalar mixing and decay at finite correlation times in the Batchelor regime." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 824 (July 11, 2017): 785–817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.364.
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An elegant model for passive scalar mixing and decay was given by Kraichnan (Phys. Fluids, vol. 11, 1968, pp. 945–953) assuming the velocity to be delta correlated in time. For realistic random flows this assumption becomes invalid. We generalize the Kraichnan model to include the effects of a finite correlation time, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}$, using renewing flows. The generalized evolution equation for the three-dimensional (3-D) passive scalar spectrum $\hat{M}(k,t)$ or its correlation function $M(r,t)$, gives the Kraichnan equation when $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}\rightarrow 0$, and extends it to the next order in $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}$. It involves third- and fourth-order derivatives of $M$ or $\hat{M}$ (in the high $k$ limit). For small-$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}$ (or small Kubo number), it can be recast using the Landau–Lifshitz approach to one with at most second derivatives of $\hat{M}$. We present both a scaling solution to this equation neglecting diffusion and a more exact solution including diffusive effects. To leading order in $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}$, we first show that the steady state 1-D passive scalar spectrum, preserves the Batchelor (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 5, 1959, pp. 113–133) form, $E_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}}(k)\propto k^{-1}$, in the viscous–convective limit, independent of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}$. This result can also be obtained in a general manner using Lagrangian methods. Interestingly, in the absence of sources, when passive scalar fluctuations decay, we show that the spectrum in the Batchelor regime at late times is of the form $E_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}}(k)\propto k^{1/2}$ and also independent of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}$. More generally, finite $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}$ does not qualitatively change the shape of the spectrum during decay. The decay rate is however reduced for finite $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}$. We also present results from high resolution ($1024^{3}$) direct numerical simulations of passive scalar mixing and decay. We find reasonable agreement with predictions of the Batchelor spectrum during steady state. The scalar spectrum during decay is however dependent on initial conditions. It agrees qualitatively with analytic predictions when power is dominantly in wavenumbers corresponding to the Batchelor regime, but is shallower when box-scale fluctuations dominate during decay.
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Zhao, Shuang, Hong Zheng, Yawei Du, Runlei Zhang, Peilin Chen, Rong Ren, and Shengxian Wu. "The Clinical Efficacy of Ginkgo biloba Leaf Preparation on Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (December 9, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4265219.
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Background. Ginkgo biloba leaf preparations (GLPs) are widely used in ischemic stroke, and uncertainty remains regarding their clinical efficacy. To evaluate systematically the clinical efficacy and safety of GLPs in the treatment of ischemic stroke, we examine evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods. We examine studies published prior to November 2021 that were found from searching the following sources: PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), WANFANG DATA, Chongqing VIP (CQVIP) databases, and Chinese Biomedical Literature (CBM). We evaluated the quality of the included references according to the Cochrane Manual of Systematic Evaluation and Meta-analysis (MA) performed using RevMan 5.2 software. Results. We included a total of 13 RCTs with clinical therapeutic effects, the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Barthel Index (BI), hemorheology index, and adverse reaction index as evaluation criteria. There were 631 cases in the observation group and 629 cases in the control group. MA results showed the following: NIHSS WMD = −3.89, 95% CI: [−4.22, −3.56], I2 = 19%, P < 0.00001. This index is often used with nerve injury and can also be used to judge the recovery of nerve function. A lower score means less nerve damage and a better chance of recovery. The BI results were WMD = 11.30, 95% CI: [9.83, 12.77], I2 = 7%, P < 0.00001. This index was used to assess patients’ ability to take care of themselves, with a higher score indicating a stronger ability to live independently. Clinical effective rate results were WMD = 3.79, 95% CI: [2.49, 5.78], I2 = 0%, P < 0.00001, and this measure can be used to evaluate the effect of treatment clearly and objectively. Hemorheological index results show that plasma viscosity has WMD = −0.16, 95% CI: [−0.20, −0.12], I2 = 40%, P < 0.00001 and fibrinogen (FIB) has WMD = −1.13, 95% CI: [−1.23, −1.04], I2 = 0%, P < 0.00001. Plasma viscosity is mainly related to the amount of fibrinogen, and fibrinogen degradation is an important function of the fibrinolytic system. The imbalance of the fibrinolytic system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cerebral infarction. Fibrinogen is a risk factor of ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Studies have shown that the infarct size of patients with secondary cerebral infarction after CEREBRAL infarction is correlated with their FIB level. In addition, FIB elevation is also one of the risk factors for early infarction after thrombolysis. Therefore, FIB can be used as a detection index for the prevention of cerebral infarction recurrence adverse reactions. Our MA results for FIB show WMD = 0.81, 95% CI: [0.38, 1.73], I2 = 0%, P = 0.58, and RR < 1. Conclusion. The existing clinical evidence shows that GLP has a good therapeutic effect on patients with ischemic stroke and can improve their hemorheology indices. In addition, GLP is shown to be relatively safe.
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Chen, Shi Rong, Chung Yung Wu, Yi Liang Ou, and Yen Liang Yeh. "Hot Deformation Resistance of an AA5083 Alloy under High Strain Rate." Key Engineering Materials 626 (August 2014): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.626.553.
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Axisymmetric compression tests using Gleeble 3800 simulator were carried out to investigate hot deformation behaviors of an AA5083 alloy under high strain rate conditions. Sharp temperature rise and load cell ringing characterized by severely vibrational load responses were encountered at strain rates higher than 20 s-1 and sample buckling occurred at low temperatures. The load cell ringing was corrected using a moving average method with a two-way filtering operation to correct phase distortion. Isothermal flow curves were obtained by fitting the instantaneous temperatures into a binomial function, while buckling was correlated with sample height and Young’s modulus. After the corrections, hyperbolic sine equation was successfully used to extend from the hot tensile data having strain rates lower than 3 s-1 to 100 s-1. Quantitative analyses were accordingly made over the effects of temperature, strain rate and work hardening behavior on the flow curves. The previous constitutive equation in form of temperature, strain and strain rate was modified to predict the hot deformation resistance of the AA5083 alloy at temperatures of 250-450oC under the high strain rate operations.
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Cacace, Anthony T., William A. McClelland, Jordan Weiner, and Dennis J. McFarland. "Individual Differences and the Reliability of 2F1-F2 Distortion-Product Otoacoustic Emissions." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 39, no. 6 (December 1996): 1138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3906.1138.
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Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) measured from the ear canal can be a sensitive tool to detect changes in cochlear function over time. However, if multiplemeasurement procedures are to be useful clinically, testing needs to be reliable and sources of variability within individuals should be known. Herein, the influence of time-of-day (TOD), stimulus frequency, stimulus sound pressure level (SPL), and gender were evaluated on 2f1-f2 DPOAE amplitude in 16 adult volunteers with normal hearing. The effects of oral temperature and resting-pulse rate were also assessed. This study demonstrated a TOD main effect, with a period approximating one cycle-per-day. The magnitude of this effect averaged less than one dB and was not dependent on stimulus (frequency or SPL) or participant variables (gender, oral temperature, or resting-pulse rate), nor was it synchronized to a particular point-in-time. Stimulus level and gender effects on DPOAEs across frequency were also observed. Using generalizability theory (GT), DP iso-level/frequency profiles (DPILFPs) were found to be reliable measures within-subjects over a contiguous 24-hour time period. Significant and reliable between-subject differences were also documented. This study demonstrates the influence of stimulus and participant variables, quantifies the within-subject reliability over a 24-hour time period, and confirms that significant and reliable between-subject differences exist on DPOAEs across frequency, SPL, and gender.
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Park, Jaehyung, Nancy N. Kariuki, and Deborah J. Myers. "In-Situ X-Ray Scattering Study of Iridium Oxide Catalyst for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Water Electrolyzer during Ink Sonication and Drying Process." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 39 (October 9, 2022): 1420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02391420mtgabs.
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Polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs) offer greenhouse gas emission-free hydrogen production for fuel cell vehicles and other industrial uses when using renewable energy sources [1]. Unsupported iridium oxide (IrO2) is the most active stable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst utilized in the anode of the PEMWE [2]. The atomic and microstructure of IrO2 catalysts and electrodes and interactions between and ionomer and catalyst can affect the ultimate performance of the PEMWE anode. These properties and phenomena may be controlled by the interactions of the ionomer in the catalyst-ionomer ink, by the effect of ink solvent composition on those interactions, and by the ink mixing and coating procedures. The microstructure evolution of the IrO2 catalyst during ink processing has not yet been identified. This presentation will describe relationships between ink formulation, electrode morphology, and performance for the IrO2-based PEMWE anodes. Moreover, the results of the evolution of the catalyst layer during the ink drying process as a function of solvent removal rate and solvent identity will be discussed. This study uses the in-situ technique of ultra-small angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) combined with small angle X-ray scattering to determine particle size distributions and the extent of IrO2 agglomeration in the inks and electrodes during the ink mixing/settling and drying processing. The effects of ionomer concentration, catalyst concentration, and solvent composition on the microstructure of the catalyst inks and electrode are correlated with the PEMWE performance and operando diagnostic data. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office under the H2NEW Consortium. This work was authored in Argonne National Laboratory, a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science laboratory operated for DOE by UChicago Argonne, LLC under contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357. This research used the resources of the Advanced Photon Source (APS), a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility operated for the DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. References [1] M. Carmo, D. L. Fritz, J. Mergel, D. Stolten, A Comprehensive Review on PEM Water Electrolysis, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2013, 38, 4901−4934. [2] H. Yu, N. Danilovic, Y. Wang, W. Willis, A. Poozhikunnath, L. Bonville, C. Capuano, K. Ayers, R. Maric, Nano-size IrOx catalyst of high activity and stability in PEM water electrolyzer with ultra-low iridium loading, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 2018, 239, 133-146.