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Journal articles on the topic 'Rat'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Santos, Iwldson Guilherme da Silva, José Francisco de Oliveira Júnior, Isnaldo Isaac Barbosa, Luis Felipe Francisco Ferreira da Silva, William Max de Oliveira Romão, Vitória Rejane Marques dos Santos, Kelvy Rosalvo Alencar Cardoso, and Caroline Cristina da Silva de Andrade. "Rede neural artificial aplicada aos casos notificados de dengue cases em Maceió – Alagoas." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 14 (October 31, 2022): e406111436382. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i14.36382.

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A dengue é um dos graves problemas de saúde pública mundial. O Nordeste do Brasil (NEB) possui um clima e ambiente urbano ideal para a proliferação do mosquito Aedes (aegypti e albopictus), vetor da doença. O Estado de Alagoas, principalmente a sua capital, tem epidemias da doença de forma frequente. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a aplicação de Rede Neural Artificial (RNA) nos casos notificados de dengue (CND) nas regiões administrativas (RA) de Maceió. As RAs são divididas em: RA1, RA2, RA3, RA4, RA5, RA6, RA7 e RA8. Os CND foram submetidos a RNA não linear autorregressiva (NAR) – (RNA-NAR). O período de estudo foi de 2011 a 2020. Os resultados obtidos de CND se destacaram em anos específicos (2012, 2013, 2017, 2018 e 2020), por outro lado houve superestimativas das previsões via RNA. Em algumas RAs houve subnotificações e, por isso interferiu nos resultados das previsões. A RNA-NAR foi validada, visto que a maioria das previsões apresentou correlação positiva e com resposta aos dados observados, exceto as RAs com subnotificações. O uso da RNA é adequado no alerta e previsão da donça, onde tal instrumento pode ser usado em ações preventivas de controle da doença.
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2

Rančić, Ivan, and Hatidža Beriša. "Hibridni rat - mit ili stvarnost (rekonceptualizacija hibridnog rata)." Vojno delo 70, no. 4 (2018): 255–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojdelo1805255r.

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3

Tang, Y., Z. Chen, D. Ambrose, J. Liu, J. B. Gibbs, J. Chernoff, and J. Field. "Kinase-deficient Pak1 mutants inhibit Ras transformation of Rat-1 fibroblasts." Molecular and Cellular Biology 17, no. 8 (August 1997): 4454–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.17.8.4454.

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Among the mechanisms by which the Ras oncogene induces cellular transformation, Ras activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK or ERK) cascade and a related cascade leading to activation of Jun kinase (JNK or SAPK). JNK is additionally regulated by the Ras-related G proteins Rac and Cdc42. Ras also regulates the actin cytoskeleton through an incompletely elucidated Rac-dependent mechanism. A candidate for the physiological effector for both JNK and actin regulation by Rac and Cdc42 is the serine/threonine kinase Pak (p65pak). We show here that expression of a catalytically inactive mutant Pak, Pak1(R299), inhibits Ras transformation of Rat-1 fibroblasts but not of NIH 3T3 cells. Typically, 90 to 95% fewer transformed colonies were observed in cotransfection assays with Rat-1 cells. Pak1(R299) did not inhibit transformation by the Raf oncogene, indicating that inhibition was specific for Ras. Furthermore, Rat-1 cell lines expressing Pak1(R299) were highly resistant to Ras transformation, while cells expressing wild-type Pak1 were efficiently transformed by Ras. Pak1(L83,L86,R299), a mutant that fails to bind either Rac or Cdc42, also inhibited Ras transformation. Rac and Ras activation of JNK was inhibited by Pak1(R299) but not by Pak1(L83,L86,R299). Ras activation of ERK was inhibited by both Pak1(R299) and Pak1(L83,L86,R299), while neither mutant inhibited Raf activation of ERK. These results suggest that Pak1 interacts with components essential for Ras transformation and that inhibition can be uncoupled from JNK but not ERK signaling.
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4

Tang, Yi, Jong Yu, and Jeffrey Field. "Signals from the Ras, Rac, and Rho GTPases Converge on the Pak Protein Kinase in Rat-1 Fibroblasts." Molecular and Cellular Biology 19, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 1881–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.19.3.1881.

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ABSTRACT Ras plays a key role in regulating cellular proliferation, differentiation, and transformation. Raf is the major effector of Ras in the Ras > Raf > Mek > extracellular signal-activated kinase (ERK) cascade. A second effector is phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase (PI 3-kinase), which, in turn, activates the small G protein Rac. Rac also has multiple effectors, one of which is the serine threonine kinase Pak (p65Pak). Here we show that Ras, but not Raf, activates Pak1 in cotransfection assays of Rat-1 cells but not NIH 3T3 cells. We tested agents that activate or block specific components downstream of Ras and demonstrate a Ras > PI 3-kinase > Rac/Cdc42 > Pak signal. Although these studies suggest that the signal from Ras through PI 3-kinase is sufficient to activate Pak, additional studies suggested that other effectors contribute to Pak activation. RasV12S35 and RasV12G37, two effector mutant proteins which fail to activate PI 3-kinase, did not activate Pak when tested alone but activated Pak when they were cotransfected. Similarly, RacV12H40, an effector mutant that does not bind Pak, and Rho both cooperated with Raf to activate Pak. A dominant negative Rho mutant also inhibited Ras activation of Pak. All combinations of Rac/Raf and Ras/Raf and Rho/Raf effector mutants that transform cells cooperatively stimulated ERK. Cooperation was Pak dependent, since all combinations were inhibited by kinase-deficient Pak mutants in both transformation assays and ERK activation assays. These data suggest that other Ras effectors can collaborate with PI 3-kinase and with each other to activate Pak. Furthermore, the strong correlation between Pak activation and cooperative transformation suggests that Pak activation is necessary, although not sufficient, for cooperative transformation of Rat-1 fibroblasts by Ras, Rac, and Rho.
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5

Ishikawa, F., F. Takaku, M. Nagao, and T. Sugimura. "Rat c-raf oncogene activation by a rearrangement that produces a fused protein." Molecular and Cellular Biology 7, no. 3 (March 1987): 1226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.7.3.1226-1232.1987.

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In a previous study, activated rat c-raf was detected by an NIH 3T3 cell transfection assay, and a rearrangement was demonstrated in the 5' half of the sequence of the gene. In the present study, the cDNAs of normal and activated rat c-raf were analyzed. Results showed that the activated c-raf gene is transcribed to produce a fused mRNA, in which the 5' half of the sequence is replaced by an unknown rat sequence. This mRNA codes a fused c-raf protein. The normal and activated c-raf cDNAs were each connected to the long terminal repeat of Rous sarcoma virus and transfected into NIH 3T3 cells. Only the activated form had transforming activity. We conclude that the rearrangement is responsible for the activation of c-raf.
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6

Ishikawa, F., F. Takaku, M. Nagao, and T. Sugimura. "Rat c-raf oncogene activation by a rearrangement that produces a fused protein." Molecular and Cellular Biology 7, no. 3 (March 1987): 1226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.7.3.1226.

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In a previous study, activated rat c-raf was detected by an NIH 3T3 cell transfection assay, and a rearrangement was demonstrated in the 5' half of the sequence of the gene. In the present study, the cDNAs of normal and activated rat c-raf were analyzed. Results showed that the activated c-raf gene is transcribed to produce a fused mRNA, in which the 5' half of the sequence is replaced by an unknown rat sequence. This mRNA codes a fused c-raf protein. The normal and activated c-raf cDNAs were each connected to the long terminal repeat of Rous sarcoma virus and transfected into NIH 3T3 cells. Only the activated form had transforming activity. We conclude that the rearrangement is responsible for the activation of c-raf.
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7

Ismedsyah, Lavinur, and Melva Simatupang. "Potential of Uwi (Dioscorea alata L.) as Antiosteoporosis in Histopathological Appearance of Rat Bone (Rattus novergicus)." ENDLESS: International Journal of Future Studies 5, no. 2 (June 19, 2022): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/endlessjournal.v5i2.70.

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Estrogen deficiency can be overcome by hormone replacement therapy, but it causes various unwanted effects in the long term. Phytoestrogens meet the criteria for having estrogen-like activity. Sweet potato root (Dioscorea alata L.) as a phytoestrogen was used in this study to anticipate bone loss (osteoporosis) in postmenopausal women. This study aims to determine the potential of uwi in bone density in rats by looking at the decrease in the number of osteoclasts. Laboratory experimental research method with a research design using RAL (Rak Complete) with five treatments and six replications. The results showed that the average number of osteoclasts from the negative control group was 4.67; the positive control of 2.83; by offering uwi extract at a dose of 600 milligrams/200 grams. Rat BB 2.16; presented Uwi extract dose of 800 milligrams/200 grams of rat B.B. as much as 2.83; presented Uwi extract at a dose of 1000 milligrams/200 grams Rat BB 1.0; and 2.5 . false group. This study concludes that Uwi is likely to maintain bone density in rats with osteoporosis by decreasing the number of osteoclasts.
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Amila, Hadita, Nurul Afifah, Ramaidhani Ramaidhani, and Fitriani Fitriani. "Pembasmi Obligat Hama Tikus Dari Ampas Teh Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Tingkat Mortalitas Rattus norvegicus." Elkawnie 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/ekw.v5i2.4792.

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Rat as one of the important pests that attackcrops in Indonesia. This pest attacks food crops in all phases of growth so that it can cause a considerable decrease in crop yields. So it is necessary to eradicate rat pests by using politicians from tea pulp. The purpose of this study was to determine how the influence of political use on rat growth and mortality. The design used is RAL which consists of 5 treatments, namely 0 ml/L, 3 ml/L, 6 ml/L, 9 ml/L, and 12 ml/L. The parameters observed were: mortality, weight, and appetite for mice. Data analysis using ANOVA at 5% significance level and continued with DMRT. The results showed that there was an influence of obligat rat pest use on body weight, appetite, and mortality of mice, obligat rat pest who effectively increased mortality reduced rat body weight, rat appetite and rat mortality in the treatment of 12 ml/L.
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9

Bassetto, Edson Luis, João Francisco Escobedo, and Alexandre Dal Pai. "ESTIMATIVA DA FRAÇÃO DIFUSA DA IRRADIAÇÃO GLOBAL COM TÉCNICAS DE APRENDIZAGEM DE MÁQUINAS." Revista Brasileira de Energia Solar 9, no. 2 (February 13, 2023): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.59627/rbens.2018v9i2.242.

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Foram desenvolvidos modelos de estimativa da fração difusa (Kd) em função da fração transmitida da irradiação global (Kt) na partição horária sendo: Modelo Estatístico (ME); Redes Neurais Artificias com Função de Base Radial (RBF); e Sistema Adaptativo de Inferência Neuro Fuzzy (ANFIS). O modelo estatístico utiliza como referência somente Kt e as técnicas uma combinação de seis (06) variáveis astronômicas, geográficas e meteorológicas. Os modelos utilizam uma base de sete anos (2000-2006) de medidas realizadas na Estação de Radiometria Solar de Botucatu/SP na partição horária, sendo parte para treinamento e outra para validação dividida em Ano típico (AT) e atípico (AAT). A equação do modelo estatístico gerada por regressão polinomial de 4ª ordem, apresenta coeficiente de determinação R2 = 0.80 e na comparação dos valores medidos e estimados na validação, um coeficiente de correlação para ano típico (AT) rAT=0.90 e para o ano atípico (AAT) de rAAT=0.89, erro quadrático médio rRMSEAT = 30.55% e rRMSEAAT = 27.97%. No desempenho das técnicas RBF e ANFIS, os modelos mostraram-se satisfatórios a partir da segunda combinação sendo para RBF2 um coeficiente rAT=0.91 e rAAT=0.90 e erro de rRMSEAT = 29.63% e rRMSEAAT = 26.93% e para ANFIS2 um rAT=0.93 e rAAT=0.93 com erro rRMSEAT = 25.13% e rRMSEAAT = 22.76%. Para sexta combinação, a rede RBF6 um coeficiente de rAT=0.92 e rAAT=0.92 e erro de rRMSEAT = 26.48% e rRMSEAAT = 24.69% e para ANFIS6 um coeficiente rAT=0.95 e rAAT=0.94 e erro de rRMSEAT = 22.63% e rRMSEAAT = 21.19%. Os indicadores mostram que as técnicas de aprendizagem de máquinas comparadas com modelo estatístico apresentaram um desempenho melhor com redução nos indicadores na ordem de 16% para rede RBF6 e 34% para rede ANFIS6 do erro quadrático médio para duas bases de validação (AT e AAT) em relação ao modelo ME.
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10

Hsia, Kai, Chih-Hsun Lin, Hsin-Yu Lee, Wei-Min Chen, Chao-Ling Yao, Chien-Chin Chen, Hsu Ma, Shyh-Jen Wang, and Jen-Her Lu. "Sphingosine-1-phosphate in Endothelial Cell Recellularization Improves Patency and Endothelialization of Decellularized Vascular Grafts In Vivo." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 7 (April 2, 2019): 1641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071641.

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Background: S1P has been shown to improve the endothelialization of decellularized vascular grafts in vitro. Here, we evaluated the potential of tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) constructed by ECs and S1P on decellularized vascular scaffolds in a rat model. Methods: Rat aorta was decellularized mainly by 0.1% SDS and characterized by histology. Rat ECs, were seeded onto decellularized scaffolds, and the viability of the ECs was evaluated by biochemical assays. Then, we investigated the in vivo patency rate and endothelialization for five groups of decellularized vascular grafts (each n = 6) in a rat abdominal aorta model for 14 days. The five groups included (1) rat allogenic aorta (RAA); (2) decellularized RAA (DRAA); (3) DRAA with S1P (DRAA/S1P); (4) DRAA with EC recellularization (DRAA/EC); and (5) DRAA with S1P and EC recellularization (DRAA/EC/S1P). Results: In vitro, ECs were identified by the uptake of Dil-Ac-LDL. S1P enhanced the expression of syndecan-1 on ECs and supported the proliferation of ECs on decellularized vascular grafts. In vivo, RAA and DRAA/EC/S1P both had 100% patency without thrombus formation within 14 days. Better endothelialization, more wall structure maintenance and less inflammation were noted in the DRAA/EC/S1P group. In contrast, there was thrombus formation in the DRAA, DRAA/S1P and DRAA/EC groups. Conclusion: S1P could inhibit thrombus formation to improve the patency rate of EC-covered decellularized vascular grafts in vivo and may play an important role in the construction of TEVGs.
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11

Kerins, JL, SE Koske, J. Kazmierczak, C. Austin, K. Gowdy, and A. Dibernardo. "Éclosion du virus Séoul chez les rats et les propriétaires de rat –États-Unis et Canada, 2017." Relevé des maladies transmissibles au Canada 44, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v44i02a07f.

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12

Surh, C. D., and J. Sprent. "Long-term xenogeneic chimeras. Full differentiation of rat T and B cells in SCID mice." Journal of Immunology 147, no. 7 (October 1, 1991): 2148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.147.7.2148.

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Abstract To test whether T and B cell differentiation can proceed across species barriers, rat fetal liver (FL) cells were used to reconstitute SCID mice. Provided that the hosts were conditioned with light irradiation, i.v. injection of FL cells caused near-complete repopulation with rat-derived lymphohematopoietic cells, including myeloid and erythroid cells, Ia+ cells of the macrophage/dendritic cell lineages, and mature T and B cells. In keeping with the known hypersensitivity of SCID cells to irradiation, host hematopoietic cells in the chimeras were almost undetectable, even with hosts exposed to as low as 250 rad. In the case of T cells, the distribution of immature and mature cells in the thymus of rat FL----SCID chimeras closely resembled the normal rat thymus in terms of architecture and expression of CD4, CD8, and alpha beta-TCR molecules. Thymopoiesis was followed by the appearance of large numbers of typical rat CD4+ and CD8+ cells in spleen and lymph nodes. These organs also contained substantial numbers of rat B (mu+) cells. The data thus indicate that the xenogeneic environment of SCID mice is fully capable of sustained de novo differentiation of rat T and B cells.
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13

Gacinovic, Radoslav. "GRAĐANSKI RAT KAO OBLIK UGROŽAVANJA KAPACITETA SISTEMA BEZBEDNOSTI DRŽAVE." Srpska politička misao 68, no. 2/2020 (August 3, 2020): 165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22182/spm.6822020.7.

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Ovaj rad je pokušaj autora da sa političko-pravnog aspekta analizira suštinu, oblike i karakteristike građanskih ratova. Takođe, ovaj rad upozorava da građanski ratovi najdirektnije ugrožavaju kapacitet sistema bezbednosti moderne države. Kao vrsta unutrašnjeg oružanog sukoba, građanski rat ne podleže pravilima međunarodnog ratnog prava, tako da strane koje ga vode ne uživaju status strana u sukobu u smislu ovog prava. Za takve sukobe međunarodno pravo rezerviše samo minimum pravnih pravila koja će biti primenjivana. Razlog je što se ovakav rat vodi unutar države koja, ostvaruje personalnu suprematiju (vrhovni nadzor, vrhovna vlast) nad pobunjenicima, te stoga građanski rat ulazi u krug njene unutrašnje nadležnosti koja isključuje pravo drugim državama da se u njega mešaju. Drugim reči¬ma, legalna vlast takve države je ovlašćena da pribegne oružju kako bi zaštitila postojeći status quo, dok se pobunjenici u svim pravnim sistemima smatraju krivično odgovornim za primenu oružanog nasi¬lja protiv legalne vlasti. Dakle, građanski rat (civil war) je oružani sukob većih razmera koji se vodi unutar jedne države između njenih državljana (građana). Građanski ratovi se nikada ne završavaju kompromisom, tj. oni traju dok jedna od zaraćenih strana ne pobedi ili dok se silom od strane neke moćne države – država ili OUN silom nametne mir.
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Markešić, Ivan. "Izet Beridan: Porodica i rat." Drustvena istrazivanja 29, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5559/di.29.1.10.

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15

Minekawa, Ryoko, Masahiro Sakata, Yoko Okamoto, Masami Hayashi, Aki Isobe, Takashi Takeda, Toshiya Yamamoto, et al. "Involvement of RelA-Associated Inhibitor in Regulation of Trophoblast Differentiation via Interaction with Transcriptional Factor Specificity Protein-1." Endocrinology 148, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 5803–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-0142.

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Glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1), one of the key functional indicators of placental differentiation, has an important role in placental glucose transport. We previously showed that the protein levels of GLUT1 and nuclear transcription factor specificity protein-1 (Sp1) in rat choriocarcinoma cells (Rcho-1 cells) decreased during the differentiation of these cells to giant cells. We also showed that Sp1 was involved in the regulation of GLUT1 gene expression during this process. RelA-associated inhibitor (RAI) is an inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB that was identified by a yeast two-hybrid screen and is preferably expressed in human placenta and heart. RAI was also found to interact with Sp1 and exert an inhibitory effect against the DNA-binding activity of Sp1. We first show here that RAI mRNA expression increased as gestation proceeded and that RAI was localized mainly in the syncytiotrophoblast throughout pregnancy. The chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity assay in Rcho-1 cells revealed that cotransfection of RAI expression vector resulted in decreased activity of the rat GLUT1 promoter but not in that of a mutated rat GLUT1 promoter lacking the Sp1 binding site. Furthermore, the protein level of RAI increased during differentiation. In addition, transfection of RAI expression vector promoted the morphological differentiation of Rcho-1 cells, and RAI knockdown using RAI-specific small interfering RNA reveals inhibitory effects on the morphological differentiation, as assessed by photomicroscopy. Taken together, these findings suggest that RAI may be involved in the regulation of trophoblast differentiation via interaction with Sp1.
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GUERRE-MILLO, Michèle, Giulia BALDINI, Harvey F. LODISH, Marcelle LAVAU, and Samuel W. CUSHMAN. "Rab 3D in rat adipose cells and its overexpression in genetic obesity (Zucker fatty rat)." Biochemical Journal 321, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3210089.

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Members of the Rab 3 subfamily of low-molecular-mass GTP-binding proteins have been functionally implicated in regulated exocytosis. The aim of the present study was to examine the subcellular distribution of a member of this family, Rab 3D, in rat adipose cells, given the hypothesis that this protein might be involved in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 exocytosis. We show that Rab 3D immunoreactivity is associated predominantly with the high-density microsomal fraction, where the signal intensity is 3-and 7-fold greater than that in plasma membranes and low-density microsomes respectively. Rab 3D does not co-localize with GLUT4 on immuno-isolated intracellular vesicles and, unlike GLUT4, it is not redistributed in response to insulin. Thus, if Rab 3D plays a role in GLUT4 trafficking, it relies on mechanisms independent of relocation. We observed that Rab 3D is overexpressed in adipose cells of obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats, in a tissue- and isoform-specific manner. The pathophysiological significance of this defect remains elusive. This could form the molecular basis for altered adipose secretory function in obesity.
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Conrad, K. E., J. M. Oberwetter, R. Vaillancourt, G. L. Johnson, and A. Gutierrez-Hartmann. "Identification of the functional components of the Ras signaling pathway regulating pituitary cell-specific gene expression." Molecular and Cellular Biology 14, no. 3 (March 1994): 1553–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.14.3.1553-1565.1994.

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Ras, a small GTP-binding protein, is required for functional receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Ultimately, Ras alters the activity of specific nuclear transcription factors and regulates novel patterns of gene expression. Using a rat prolactin promoter construct in transient transfection experiments, we show that both oncogenic Ras and activated forms of Raf-1 kinase selectively stimulated the cellular rat prolactin promoter in GH4 rat pituitary cells. We also show that the Ras signal is completely blocked by an expression vector encoding a dominant-negative Raf kinase. Additionally, using a molecular genetic approach, we determined that inhibitory forms of p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase and an Ets-2 transcription factor interfere with both the Ras and the Raf activation of the rat prolactin promoter. These findings define a functional requirement for these signaling constituents in the activation of the prolactin gene, a cell-specific gene which marks the lactotroph pituitary cell type. Further, this analysis allowed us to order the components in the Ras signaling pathway as it impinges on regulation of prolactin gene transcription as Ras-->Raf kinase-->mitogen-activated protein kinase-->Ets. In contrast, we show that intact c-Jun expression inhibited the Ras-induced activation of the prolactin promoter, defining it as a negative regulator of this pathway, whereas c-Jun was able to enhance the Ras activation of an AP-1-driven promoter in GH4 cells. These data show that c-Jun is not the nuclear mediator of the Ras signal for the highly specialized, pituitary cell-specific prolactin cellular promoter. Thus, we have defined a model system which provides an ideal paradigm for studying Ras/Raf signaling pathways and their effects on neuroendocrine cell-specific gene regulation.
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Conrad, K. E., J. M. Oberwetter, R. Vaillancourt, G. L. Johnson, and A. Gutierrez-Hartmann. "Identification of the functional components of the Ras signaling pathway regulating pituitary cell-specific gene expression." Molecular and Cellular Biology 14, no. 3 (March 1994): 1553–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.14.3.1553.

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Ras, a small GTP-binding protein, is required for functional receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Ultimately, Ras alters the activity of specific nuclear transcription factors and regulates novel patterns of gene expression. Using a rat prolactin promoter construct in transient transfection experiments, we show that both oncogenic Ras and activated forms of Raf-1 kinase selectively stimulated the cellular rat prolactin promoter in GH4 rat pituitary cells. We also show that the Ras signal is completely blocked by an expression vector encoding a dominant-negative Raf kinase. Additionally, using a molecular genetic approach, we determined that inhibitory forms of p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase and an Ets-2 transcription factor interfere with both the Ras and the Raf activation of the rat prolactin promoter. These findings define a functional requirement for these signaling constituents in the activation of the prolactin gene, a cell-specific gene which marks the lactotroph pituitary cell type. Further, this analysis allowed us to order the components in the Ras signaling pathway as it impinges on regulation of prolactin gene transcription as Ras-->Raf kinase-->mitogen-activated protein kinase-->Ets. In contrast, we show that intact c-Jun expression inhibited the Ras-induced activation of the prolactin promoter, defining it as a negative regulator of this pathway, whereas c-Jun was able to enhance the Ras activation of an AP-1-driven promoter in GH4 cells. These data show that c-Jun is not the nuclear mediator of the Ras signal for the highly specialized, pituitary cell-specific prolactin cellular promoter. Thus, we have defined a model system which provides an ideal paradigm for studying Ras/Raf signaling pathways and their effects on neuroendocrine cell-specific gene regulation.
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19

Karaula, Željko. "Daruvar u Prvom svjetskom ratu (1914. – 1918.)." Zbornik Janković 5, no. 5-6 (August 17, 2022): 78–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.47325/zj.5.4.

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Rad na osnovi proučavanja arhivskih izvora i sekundarne literature pokazuje kako su stanovnici trgovišta Daruvar i daruvarskog područja krenuli u Prvi svjetski rat i kako je izgledao život na bojišnici i pozadini. Osim toga, u radu se ukazuje na to koliko je rat utjecao na stanovništvo daruvarskog kraja te na koji su način podnosili njegove posljedice. S godinama koje su prolazile stanje je bilo sve teže, a stanovništvo iznureno i siromašno.
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20

Russell, M., S. Winitz, and G. L. Johnson. "Acetylcholine muscarinic m1 receptor regulation of cyclic AMP synthesis controls growth factor stimulation of Raf activity." Molecular and Cellular Biology 14, no. 4 (April 1994): 2343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.14.4.2343-2351.1994.

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Acetylcholine muscarinic m2 receptors (m2R) couple to heterotrimeric Gi proteins and activate the Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in Rat 1a cells. In contrast to the m2R, stimulation of the acetylcholine muscarinic m1 receptor (m1R) does not activate the Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase regulatory pathway in Rat 1a cells but rather causes a pronounced inhibition of epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor activation of Raf. In Rat 1a cells, m1R stimulation of phospholipase C beta and the marked rise in intracellular calcium stimulated cyclic AMP (cAMP) synthesis, resulting in the activation of protein kinase A. Stimulation of protein kinase A inhibited Raf activation in response to growth factors. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor stimulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity was not affected by either m1R stimulation or protein kinase A activation in response to forskolin-stimulated cAMP synthesis. GTP loading of Ras in response to growth factors was unaffected by protein kinase A activation but was partially inhibited by carbachol stimulation of the m1R. Therefore, protein kinase A action at the Ras/Raf activation interface selectively inhibited only one branch of the signal transduction network initiated by tyrosine kinases. Specific adenylyl cyclases responding to different signals, including calcium, with enhanced cAMP synthesis will regulate Raf activation in response to Ras.GTP. Taken together, the data indicate that G protein-coupled receptors can positively and negatively regulate the responsiveness of tyrosine kinase-stimulated mitogenic response pathways.
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Russell, M., S. Winitz, and G. L. Johnson. "Acetylcholine muscarinic m1 receptor regulation of cyclic AMP synthesis controls growth factor stimulation of Raf activity." Molecular and Cellular Biology 14, no. 4 (April 1994): 2343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.14.4.2343.

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Acetylcholine muscarinic m2 receptors (m2R) couple to heterotrimeric Gi proteins and activate the Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in Rat 1a cells. In contrast to the m2R, stimulation of the acetylcholine muscarinic m1 receptor (m1R) does not activate the Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase regulatory pathway in Rat 1a cells but rather causes a pronounced inhibition of epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor activation of Raf. In Rat 1a cells, m1R stimulation of phospholipase C beta and the marked rise in intracellular calcium stimulated cyclic AMP (cAMP) synthesis, resulting in the activation of protein kinase A. Stimulation of protein kinase A inhibited Raf activation in response to growth factors. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor stimulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity was not affected by either m1R stimulation or protein kinase A activation in response to forskolin-stimulated cAMP synthesis. GTP loading of Ras in response to growth factors was unaffected by protein kinase A activation but was partially inhibited by carbachol stimulation of the m1R. Therefore, protein kinase A action at the Ras/Raf activation interface selectively inhibited only one branch of the signal transduction network initiated by tyrosine kinases. Specific adenylyl cyclases responding to different signals, including calcium, with enhanced cAMP synthesis will regulate Raf activation in response to Ras.GTP. Taken together, the data indicate that G protein-coupled receptors can positively and negatively regulate the responsiveness of tyrosine kinase-stimulated mitogenic response pathways.
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22

Nava, Michael. "Rat." Harrington Gay Men's Fiction Quarterly 1, no. 1 (February 4, 1999): 113–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j152v01n01_08.

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23

Staton, Patricia. "Rat." Iowa Review 35, no. 1 (April 2005): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.5969.

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24

Holland, Brian, Karthik Nagarajan, and Alan D. George. "RAT." ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems 1, no. 4 (January 2009): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1462586.1462591.

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25

Carton, Iris, Diane Hermans, and Jan Eggermont. "Hypotonicity induces membrane protrusions and actin remodeling via activation of small GTPases Rac and Cdc42 in Rat-1 fibroblasts." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 285, no. 4 (October 2003): C935—C944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00069.2003.

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An important consequence of cell swelling is the reorganization of the F-actin cytoskeleton in different cell types. We demonstrate in this study by means of rhodamine-phalloidin labeling and fluorescence microscopy that a drastic reorganization of F-actin occurs in swollen Rat-1 fibroblasts: stress fibers disappear and F-actin patches are formed in peripheral extensions at the cell border. Moreover, we demonstrate that activation of both Rac and Cdc42, members of the family of small Rho GTPases, forms the link between the hypotonic stimulation and F-actin reorganization. Indeed, inhibition of the small GTPases RhoA, Rac, and Cdc42 (by Clostridium difficile toxin B) prevents the hypotonicity-induced reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, whereas inhibition of RhoA alone (by C. limosum C3 exoenzyme) does not preclude this rearrangement. Second, a direct activation and translocation toward the actin patches underneath the plasma membrane is observed for endogenous Rac and Cdc42 (but not for RhoA) during cell swelling. Finally, transfection of Rat-1 fibroblasts with constitutively active RhoA, dominant negative Rac, or dominant negative Cdc42 abolishes the swelling-induced actin reorganization. Interestingly, application of cRGD, a competitor peptide for fibronectin-integrin association, induces identical membrane protrusions and changes in the F-actin cytoskeleton that are also inhibited by C. difficile toxin B and dominant negative Rac or Cdc42. Moreover, cRGD also induces a redistribution of endogenous Rac and Cdc42 to the newly formed submembranous F-actin patches. We therefore conclude that hypotonicity and cRGD remodel the F-actin cytoskeleton in Rat-1 fibroblasts in a Rac/Cdc42-dependent way.
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Faure, M., and H. R. Bourne. "Differential effects on cAMP on the MAP kinase cascade: evidence for a cAMP-insensitive step that can bypass Raf-1." Molecular Biology of the Cell 6, no. 8 (August 1995): 1025–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.6.8.1025.

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Because cAMP exerts opposite effects on cell proliferation in different cell types, we undertook to study its effect on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in three cell lines (Rat-1, Swiss-3T3, and COS-7) chosen for their different mitogenic responses to cAMP. We measured the effect of cAMP on MAPK, MEK, and Raf-1 activities after stimulation by agonists acting through a tyrosine kinase receptor (epidermal growth factor) or a G protein-coupled receptor (lysophosphatidic acid). In Rat-1 cells we found that cAMP strongly inhibited all three activities (MAPK, MEK, and Raf-1), in good agreement with its effect on cell proliferation in these cells. In Swiss-3T3 and COS-7 cells, on the contrary, cAMP did not inhibit epidermal growth factor- and lysophosphatidic acid-induced stimulation of MAPK and MEK activities, and even stimulated MAPK activity slightly on its own. Again these results are in good agreement with the proliferative effect of cAMP in Swiss-3T3 cells. Raf-1 activity on the hand, was inhibited by cAMP in Swiss-3T3 and COS-7 as it was in Rat-1 cells. This result indicates that signaling pathways in Swiss-3T3 and COS-7 cells can activate MEK and MAPK in a Raf-1-independent and cAMP-insensitive manner. Our results add to growing evidence for the existence of Ras- and/or Raf-1-independent pathways leading to MEK and MAPK activation.
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L.I, Bon. "Rat Hippocampus – Development and Morphological Organization." Journal of Surgical Case Reports and Images 5, no. 2 (May 27, 2022): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-1897/106.

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This article describes the formation of the rat hippocampus and its morphofunctional organization. The above information on the development and morphological organization of the rat hippocampus provides a basis for further study of this section of the cerebral cortex in health and in various pathologies and allows extrapolating the obtained experimental data to humans in those aspects that are not associated with the second signaling system, unique to humans.
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Prasad, Garrepally. "Ameliorate Inflammatory Hyperalgesia in the Rat." Journal of Clinical and Medical Case Reports and Reviews 1, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.59468/2837-469x/005.

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Background: Proteins insulated from the latex (LP) of Calotropis procera (family Apocynaceae) have been shown to meliorate seditious hyperalgesia in the rat model of Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA) convinced monoarthritis. The ideal of the present study was to estimate the effect of LP on inflammation indicator and time of functional recovery in arthritic rats. Methods: Monoarthritis was convinced byintra-articular injection of FCA and common periphery, motility, stair climbing capability and rearward flexion pain scores were recorded before converting arthritis and later at different time intervals till common functions recovered (day 16). The area under wind (AUC) for increase in common periphery was calculated. The rats were offered and the towel situations of reduced glutathione and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were measured. Histological analysis of the joint was also carried out. The effect of LP (5 and 25 mg/ kg) and diclofenac (5 mg/ kg) given on alternate days was estimated on the parameters mentioned. Results: LP produced a cure-dependent reduction in AUC for increase in common periphery and the time needed to attain the normal common functions as compared to the arthritic controls. Treatment with LP regularized the situations of oxidative stress labels and saved towel armature. The protection swung by LP was similar to that with diclofenac. Conclusion: The present study shows that by inhibiting inflammation, LP bit of latex ofC. procera ameliorates functional limitations in arthritic rats.
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Erhardt, P., J. Troppmair, U. R. Rapp, and G. M. Cooper. "Differential regulation of Raf-1 and B-Raf and Ras-dependent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by cyclic AMP in PC12 cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 15, no. 10 (October 1995): 5524–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.15.10.5524.

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Growth factor stimulation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway in fibroblasts is inhibited by cyclic AMP (cAMP) as a result of inhibition of Raf-1. In contrast, cAMP inhibits neither nerve growth factor-induced MAP kinase activation nor differentiation in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. Instead, in PC12 cells cAMP activates MAP kinase. Since one of the major differences between the Ras/Raf/MAP kinase cascades of these cell types is the expression of B-Raf in PC12 cells, we compared the effects of cAMP on Raf-1 and B-Raf. In PC12 cells maintained in serum-containing medium, B-Raf was refractory to inhibition by cAMP, whereas Raf-1 was effectively inhibited. In contrast, both B-Raf and Raf-1 were inhibited by cAMP in serum-starved PC12 cells. The effect of cAMP is thus dependent upon growth conditions, with B-Raf being resistant to cAMP inhibition in the presence of serum. These results were extended by studies of Rat-1 fibroblasts into which B-Raf had been introduced by transfection. As in PC12 cells, B-Raf was resistant to inhibition by cAMP in the presence of serum, whereas Raf-1 was effectively inhibited. In addition, the expression of B-Raf rendered Rat-1 cells resistant to the inhibitory effects of cAMP on both growth factor-induced activation of MAP kinase and mitogenesis. These results indicate that Raf-1 and B-Raf are differentially sensitive to inhibition by cAMP and that B-Raf expression can contribute to cell type-specific differences in the regulation of the MAP kinase pathway. In contrast to the situation in PC12 cells, cAMP by itself did not stimulate MAP kinase in B-Raf-expressing Rat-1 cells. The activation of MAP kinase by cAMP in PC12 cells was inhibited by the expression of a dominant negative Ras mutant, indicating that cAMP acts on a target upstream of Ras. Thus, it appears that a signaling component upstream of Ras is also require for cAMP stimulation of MAP kinase in PC12 cells.
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30

Ohta, Takeshi, Tomohiko Sasase, Takayuki Gotoh, Masami Shinohara, Phanthila Sirichaiyakul, Suhattaya Furuta, Rumpar Techasakulsin, Taiichiro Kamiya, Chikako Yoshida, and Takahisa Yamada. "Non-Obese Type 2 Diabetic Rat Models-GK Rat and SDT Rat." Open Journal of Animal Sciences 08, no. 04 (2018): 396–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2018.84030.

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31

Tkalčević, Anja, Iva Matić, and Josipa Šegota. "Trgovinski rat između Sjedinjenih Američkih Država i Kine." Obnovljeni život 76, no. 3 (July 7, 2021): 385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.31337/oz.76.3.7.

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Rad donosi pregled nedavnih protekcionističkih mjera Sjedinjenih Američkih Država (SAD) prema Kini te daje uvid u dvogodišnji trgovinski rat između te dvije države. Analiziraju se postupci i posljedice na svjetsko gospodarstvo. Osim direktnih posljedica na Kinu i SAD, promatra se i neizravan utjecaj na druge zemlje. Promatra se svjetski trend nametanja trgovinskih mjera, njihove prednosti i nedostatci te etičke nedoumice povezane s međunarodnom trgovinskom razmjenom.
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32

Klau, Evlyn Paula, Tagu Dodu, and Ni Nengah Suryani. "Pengaruh Penggunaan Ampas Tahu sebagai Pengganti Konsentrat Komersial terhadap Performa dan Income Over Feed Cost pada Ternak Babi." Jurnal Peternakan Lahan Kering 5, no. 3 (September 19, 2023): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.57089/jplk.v5i3.1267.

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Penggunaan ampas tahu sebagai pengganti konsentrat komersial bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek penggunaannya terhadap performa dan income over feed cost (IOFC) pada ternak babi. Ternak babi yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah dua belas ekor ternak babi betina keturunan landrace yang berumur 8–12 minggu dan berat badan awal 10-45 kilogram dengan rataan 29,54 kilogram (KV 34,35%). Metode yang diterapkan yaitu rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan empat jenis perlakuan dan tiga ulangan pada setiap perlakuan, yang terdiri dari Raa: ransum tanpa ampas tahu, Rab: ampas tahu menggantikan 20% konsentrat komersial, Rac: ampas tahu menggantikan 30% konsentrat komersial dan Rad: ampas tahu menggantikan 40% konsentrat komersial. Penggunaan ampas tahu sebagai pengganti konsentrat komersial berpengaruh tidak nyata (P>0,05). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan ampas tahu sebagai pengganti sebagian (40%) konsentrat komersial dapat memberikan efek yang sama terhadap konsumsi ransum, pertambahan berat badan, konversi ransum dan IOFC pada ternak babi penelitian. Ampas tahu dapat menggantikan 40% konsentrat komersial.
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33

Jelisavac Trosic, Sanja. "TRGOVINSKI RAT IZMEĐU SJEDINJENIH AMERIČKIH DRŽAVA I KINE I URUŠAVANJE SVETSKE TRGOVINSKE ORGANIZACIJE." Nacionalni interes 38, no. 2/2020 (November 24, 2020): 145–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22182/ni.3822020.8.

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Rad je podstaknut trgovinskim ratom SAD i Kine i, kao jedna od posledica tog rata, urušavanjem multilateralnog trgovinskog sistema otelotvorenog u Svetskoj trgovinskoj organizaciji (STO). Opšta hipoteza je da je trgovinski rat prisilio STO da započne reformu. Posebne hipoteze su: 1. da se trgovinski rat SAD sa Kinom rasplamsao zbog neadekvatnosti STO da reši trgovinske tenzije 2. da je Trampova administracija svojim potezima dovela do blokiranja rada Apelacionog tela; 3. da je blokada Apelacionog tela, uz već prisutni zastoj Doha runde, iznudila zvanične predloge za reformom ove organizacije. Cilj rada je da se, primenom kritičko-analitičkog metoda, ispitaju trgovinski potezi SAD, analiziraju mere, dokumenti i statistički podaci i utvrdi uzročno-posledična veza trgovinskog rata i početka reforme STO. Rad započinje sa merama Trampove administracije u okviru politike „Amerika prvo“, zatim ukazuje na slabosti u radu STO, a potom na porast carina, protekcionizma i paralizu rada STO, i na kraju je analiza predloga tri države za reformu STO. U radu se došlo do zaključka da je trgovinski rat, osim svojih razarajućih posledica po stabilnost i predvidljivost trgovanja, doveo i do konačnog suočavanja sa problemima funkcionisanja STO i do početka procesa reformi.
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SHUMIYA, Seigo, and Sumi NAGASE. "Albumin-Deficient Rat: Nagase Analbuminemia Rat(NAR)." Proceedings of The Japanese Association of Animal Models for Human Diseases 7 (1991): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1538/expanim1985.7.7.

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35

Kim, J. G., and C. J. Abeyounis. "Monoclonal Rat Antibodies to Rat Carcinoembryonic Antigen." Immunological Investigations 17, no. 1 (January 1988): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08820138809055717.

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36

Mitrovic, Miroslav, and Nenad Peric. "RAT I MEDIJI – POVEZANOST, USLOVLJENOST I EVOLUCIJA FENOMENA." Nacionalni interes 40, no. 2/2021 (August 16, 2021): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.22182/ni.4022021.4.

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U radu je, sa osloncem na analizu literature, sintetizovan pregled razvoja fizionomije uticaja medija na stanovništvo u pogledu odnosa prema oružanim sukobima, konkretnije ratovanju. Praćenje uzajamne veze medija i rata radu oslanja se na nekoliko ključnih momenta u istoriji oba fenomena, započinje sa Francuskom revolucijom a završava sa Prvim zalivskim ratom. Rad prikazuje sadržajne, organizacione i narmativne promene, sa osvrtima na ključne političke i sociološke fenomene koji su uticali na evoluciju medija u odnosu na rat. Rad se sadržajno i analitički zaustavlja na početku devedesetih godina prošlog veka, kao prekretnici savremenih evolutivnih procesa kako rata, tako i medija. Rad teži da doprinese razumevanju uslovljenosti medija i ratovanja, kao i identifikaciji određenih univerzalnih aspekata koji su rezultat istorijkog razvoja oba pojma, posebno sa aspekta aktuelnih dešavanja u savremenom društvu.
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Dinoto, Achmad, Akarat Suksomcheep, Satoshi Ishizuka, Hanae Kimura, Satoshi Hanada, Yoichi Kamagata, Kozo Asano, Fusao Tomita, and Atsushi Yokota. "Modulation of Rat Cecal Microbiota by Administration of Raffinose and Encapsulated Bifidobacterium breve." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 1 (January 2006): 784–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.1.784-792.2006.

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ABSTRACT To investigate the effects of administration of raffinose and encapsulated Bifidobacterium breve JCM 1192T cells on the rat cecal microbiota, in a preclinical synbiotic study groups of male WKAH/Hkm Slc rats were fed for 3 weeks with four different test diets: basal diet (group BD), basal diet supplemented with raffinose (group RAF), basal diet supplemented with encapsulated B. breve (group CB), and basal diet supplemented with both raffinose and encapsulated B. breve (group RCB). The bacterial populations in cecal samples were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). B. breve cells were detected only in the RCB group and accounted for about 6.3% of the total cells as determined by FISH analysis. B. breve was also detected only in the RCB group by T-RFLP analysis. This was in contrast to the CB group, in which no B. breve signals were detected by either FISH or T-RFLP. Increases in the sizes of the populations of Bifidobacterium animalis, a Bifidobacterium indigenous to the rat, were observed in the RAF and RCB groups. Principal-component analysis of T-RFLP results revealed significant alterations in the bacterial populations of rats in the RAF and RCB groups; the population in the CB group was similar to that in the control group (group BD). To the best of our knowledge, these results provide the first clear picture of the changes in the rat cecal microbiota in response to synbiotic administration.
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38

Feser, W., RS Kerdar H. Blode, and R. Reimann. "Formation of DNA-adducts by selected sex steroids in rat liver." Human & Experimental Toxicology 15, no. 7 (July 1996): 556–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719601500702.

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1 We are reporting investigations into the potential of the steroid hormones chlormadinone acetate (CMA), cyproterone acetate (CPA), ethinylestradiol (EE2) gestodene (GEST), megestrol acetate (MGA), norethis terone acetate (NET-Ac), estradiol (E 2), and progester one (P) to form DNA-adducts in rat liver in vivo. 2 Compound-related DNA-adduct spots were detected in male and female rat liver following CMA, CPA, and MGA using the 32P-postlabeling-technique. Substance- specific DNA-adducts were also observed in male rats after administration of E2. The other compounds showed no DNA-adduct formation. After treatment with CMA, CPA or MGA, the relative adduct labeling (RAL) differed sex- and substance-specifically.
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39

Mashimo, Tomoji, Birger Voigt, Takashi Kuramoto, and Tadao Serikawa. "Rat Phenome Project: The untapped potential of existing rat strains." Journal of Applied Physiology 98, no. 1 (January 2005): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01006.2004.

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The National Bio Resource Project for the Rat in Japan collects, preserves, and distributes rat strains. More than 250 inbred strains have been deposited thus far into the National Bio Resource Project for the Rat and are maintained as specific pathogen-free rats or cryopreserved embryos. We are now comprehensively characterizing deposited strains as part of the Rat Phenome Project to reevaluate their value as models of human diseases. Phenotypic data are being collected for 7 categories and 109 parameters: functional observational battery (neurobehavior), behavior studies, blood pressure, biochemical blood tests, hematology, urology, and anatomy. Furthermore, genotypes are being determined for 370 simple sequence-length polymorphism markers distributed through the whole rat genome. Here, we report these large-scale, high-throughput screening data that have already been collected for 54 rat strains. This comprehensive, original phenotypic data can be systematically viewed by “strain ranking” for each parameter. This allows investigators to explore the relationship between several rat strains, to identify new rat models, and to select the most suitable strains for specific experiments. The discovery of several potential models for human diseases, such as hypertension, hypotension, renal diseases, hyperlipemia, hematological disorders, and neurological disorders, illustrates the potential of many existing rat strains. All deposited strains and obtained data are freely available for any interested researcher worldwide at http://www.anim.med.kyoto-u.ac.jp/nbr .
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40

Clark, Matthew C., Dan McElheny, John Wojcik, Josh Kurutz, Marsha R. Rosner, and Shohei Koide. "NMR Assignment of Rat Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein." Journal of Biomolecular NMR 36, S1 (February 2, 2006): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10858-005-4424-y.

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41

Genzini, Tercio, Huda Maria Noujaim, Leonardo Toledo Mota, Luiz Estevam Ianhez, Rodrigo Azevedo de Oliveira, Erica Takako Muramoto Shiroma, Fernando Towata, and Marcelo Perosa de Miranda. "Renal autotransplantation to treat renal artery aneurysm: case report." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 132, no. 5 (2014): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2014.1325678.

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CONTEXT: Renal artery aneurysm (RAA) is uncommon and usually asymptomatic, but complications like rupture or thromboembolism of the aneurysm can occur, with consequent renal infarction. Most of the clinical findings are found incidentally through imaging examinations, in investigating other diseases. Renal autotransplantation (RAT) is an alternative treatment for complex RAA, with satisfactory results described in the literature.CASE REPORT: The patient was a 48-year-old man with a history of systemic arterial hypertension, thrombocytopenia and advanced hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. He complained of right lumbar pain, which was investigated through imaging examinations (computed tomography and angiotomography). These revealed right RAA of 2.5 cm in diameter. Evaluation by the vascular surgery team found that this was untreatable using endovascular methods. The treatment performed was open right nephrectomy with kidney preservation in solution, followed by aneurysmectomy, suturing of the injured artery and kidney reimplantation in the right iliac fossa with anastomosis of the iliac vessels and ureter. The durations of the surgery and kidney ischemia were 385 and 140 minutes, respectively. The patient was discharged on the 20th postoperative day, with creatinine concentration of 1.4 mg/dL, urea 41 mg/dL, urine volume 1400 mL/24 h and ascites treated with diuretics.CONCLUSION: RAT is indicated basically in three situations: extracorporeal reconstruction of complex aneurysms of the renal pedicle, extensive ureteral injury, and conservative kidney cancer surgery in patients with a single kidney. This study presents a case of a patient with advanced liver disease and RAA that was untreatable using endovascular methods and was successfully treated using RAT.
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42

Barua, A. B., D. B. Gunning, and J. A. Olson. "Metabolism in vivo of all-trans-[11-3H]retinoic acid after an oral dose in rats. Characterization of retinoyl β-glucuronide in the blood and other tissues." Biochemical Journal 277, no. 2 (July 15, 1991): 527–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2770527.

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Soon after [11-3H]retinoic acid (RA) (1.1 x 10(8) d.p.m.) was administered orally to rats either as a large dose (115 micrograms = 0.38 mumol/rat) or mixed with unlabelled RA as a huge dose (22 mg = 73.33 mumol/rat), retinoyl beta-glucuronide (RAG) was identified and characterized as a significant metabolite in the serum and small intestine. Of the administered dose, 70% remained unchanged as retinoic acid in the stomach up to 1 h. Significant amounts of 5,6-epoxyretinoic acid, 4-hydroxyretinoic acid, esters of retinoic acid and several polar retinoids, including 4-oxoretinoic acid, were also detected in the stomach. No significant difference was observed in the nature of the retinoids found after a large or a huge dose; however, the ratio of RAG/RA was higher after a huge dose than after a large dose. Thus RAG, which is biologically active in vivo and in vitro, is formed quickly in significant amounts in tissues after a dose of RA.
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43

McTigue, D. M., C. H. Chen, R. C. Rogers, and R. L. Stephens. "Intracisternal rat pancreatic polypeptide stimulates gastric emptying in the rat." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 269, no. 1 (July 1, 1995): R167—R172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1995.269.1.r167.

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Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) has been shown to alter gastrointestinal functions, including increased gastric acid secretion and motility following brain stem injections of PP. The present study investigated the effect of an intracisternal injection of PP on the rate of gastric emptying. Additionally, the efficacy of the rat and bovine forms of the peptide was compared. Rats anesthetized with ether received an intracisternal injection of rat PP, bovine PP, or vehicle and, upon regaining consciousness, were fed a liquid test "meal." Intracisternal rat PP produced a marked enhancement in gastric emptying compared with control animals. Bovine PP, at doses equimolar to or three times greater than the effective rat PP dose, produced no change in gastric emptying. Pretreatment with systemic atropine prior to central injection of rat PP eliminated the stimulation of emptying, suggesting that PP acts through a cholinergic mechanism. When equimolar doses of rat or bovine PP were microinjected directly into the dorsal vagal complex, the region containing PP receptors, both were capable of stimulating antral motility. The response to bovine PP, however, was delayed and reduced compared with that seen following rat PP. The results suggest that rat PP strongly stimulates gastric emptying in rats and that bovine PP, depending on the route of administration, is either ineffectual or a weaker agonist for central PP receptors.
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44

Ranjan, Brajesh, S. M. Dawar Husain S. M. Dawar Husain, and S. M. Yunus S. M. Yunus. "Neurohistopathologicaleffectsofmercury on Hippocampus of Adult Albimo Rat." Global Journal For Research Analysis 3, no. 7 (June 15, 2012): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778160/july2014/84.

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45

Kenjereš, S., and R. Roovers. "Modulation of flow, heat, and mass transfer in turbulent double-diffusive convection." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2766, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2766/1/012006.

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Abstract The present study addresses numerical simulations of the double-diffusive convection in a turbulent regime. The characteristic concentration and temperature Prandtl numbers (PrC = 700 and PrT = 7) correspond to the typical seawater properties. Here, we applied the Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) approach, with relatively simple subgrid turbulence closures of momentum, concentration, and temperature for the unresolved scales. The wall-resolved LES approach proved to work well on significantly coarser numerical mesh than used in recent Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) studies of Yang et al. (2016) in the intermediate range of working parameters, 107 ≤ RaC ≤ 109, 0 ≤ RaT ≤ 106, which covers the quasi-Rayleigh-Bénard, fingering, and damping flow regimes. A good agreement between concentration and temperature Nusselt numbers is obtained. The instantaneous Nusselt numbers distribution revealed a significant impact of the imposed strong thermal stratification (RaT = 106) in comparison to the neutral case (RaT = 0).
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46

Posa, Anikó, Renáta Szabó, Krisztina Kupai, Anikó Magyariné Berkó, Médea Veszelka, Gergő Szűcs, Denise Börzsei, et al. "Cardioprotective Effect of Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator Raloxifene Are Mediated by Heme Oxygenase in Estrogen-Deficient Rat." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2176749.

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Estrogens and raloxifene (RAL) have beneficial effects on certain cardiovascular indices in postmenopausal women characterized by estrogen deficiency. Heme oxygenase (HO) activity is increased by 17β-estradiol (E2) and RAL in estrogen-deficient rat resulting in vasorelaxation mediated by carbon monoxide. We determined the expressions of HO in cardiac and aortic tissues after ovariectomy (OVX) and subsequent RAL or E2treatment. We investigated the effects of pharmacological inhibition of HO enzyme on the arginine vasopressin- (AVP-) induced blood pressure in vivo, the epinephrine- and phentolamine-induced electrocardiogram ST segment changes in vivo, and the myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme activity. When compared with intact females, OVX decreased the HO-1 and HO-2 expression, aggravated the electrocardiogram signs of heart ischemia and the blood pressure response to AVP, and increased the cardiac MPO. E2and RAL are largely protected against these negative impacts induced by OVX. The pharmacological inhibition of HO in E2- or RAL-treated OVX animals, however, restored the cardiovascular status close to that observed in nontreated OVX animals. The decreased expression of HO enzymes and the changes in blood pressure ischemia susceptibility and inflammatory state in OVX rat can be reverted by the administration of E2or RAL partly through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles.
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47

Balcı, Hakan, Bahar Akyüz, and Süleyman Sırrı Bilge. "İzole Sıçan Mesane Detrusor Kasında Omeprazolün Etkisi ve Bu Etkide Rac-1 Yolağının Rolü." Yüksek İhtisas Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 4, no. 2 (2023): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.51261/yiu.2023.1327718.

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Introduction: The urinary retention problem reported in some patients using omeprazole and other proton pump inhibitors suggests that this drug has this effect by relaxing the bladder smooth muscle. Studies with omeprazole and other proton pump inhibitors show that these drugs cause relaxation in various tissue and organ smooth muscles, which also supports our hypothesis. However, there is no study in the literature about the possible effect and mechanism of action of omeprazole on bladder smooth muscle. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible effect and mechanism of action of omeprazole in isolated rat bladder detrusor muscle. Materials and Methods: In the presence of omeprazole (10-4, 5x10-4, 10-3 M), contraction responses induced by acetylcholine (10-6-10-3 M) and electrical field stimulation (2-64 Hz) were measured. Rac-1 pathway inhibitor NSC23799 (10-4 M) was used to investigate the mechanism of action of omeprazole. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey-Kramer post-hoc test were used for statistical analysis. Results: Omeprazole (10-4, 5x10-4, 10-3 M) dose-dependently inhibited maximal contraction responses induced by acetylcholine and electrical field stimulation. When omeprazole (5x10-4 M) was applied in combination with NSC23766, it caused a significant increase in ACh and EFS-induced responses compared to the NSC23766 alone group. Conclusion: These results show that omeoprazole inhibits contractions in isolated rat detrusor muscle through blockade of Rac-1 pathway. Keywords: Detrusor Muscle, Omeprazole, Rac-1 Pathway, Rat
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48

Blair Zajdel, M. E., M. D. Barker, S. C. Dixon, and G. E. Blair. "The use of monoclonal antibodies to study the proteins specified by the transforming region of human adenoviruses." Biochemical Journal 225, no. 3 (February 1, 1985): 649–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2250649.

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Monoclonal antibodies against two of the proteins specified by one of the transforming genes (early region 1B) of human adenovirus type 2 have been produced and characterized. Two clones (RA1 and PA6), generated by fusion of mouse myeloma NSO cells with splenocytes from rats immunized with whole-cell lysates of an adenovirus-transformed rat cell line (F19), secreted antibodies against a 58 kDa protein. Another clone (DC1) produced antibodies against the same protein, and resulted from fusion of immune rat splenocytes with the rat myeloma Y3. Ag.1.2.3. Immunoprecipitation studies showed that all three antibodies recognized [35S]-methionine-labelled 58 kDa protein, and phosphorylated derivatives of the 58 kDa protein labelled with [32P]orthophosphate present in infected human cells. One clone (EC3) produced antibody against a 19 kDa protein also encoded by early region 1B, but not sharing sequence homology with 58 kDa. The identity of the 19 kDa protein recognized by the EC3 antibody was established by immunoprecipitation from lysates of labelled-infected cells and from products of cell-free translation directed by mRNA isolated from adenovirus 2-infected cells. Indirect immunofluorescent-antibody staining of infected human cells using the RA1 and EC3 antibodies revealed a nuclear location of the 58 kDa protein and a mainly cytoplasmic location of the 19 kDa protein.
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Davis, B. H., D. Coll, and D. W. A. Beno. "Retinoic acid suppresses the response to platelet-derived growth factor in human hepatic Ito-cell-like myofibroblasts: a post-receptor mechanism independent of raf/fos/jun/egr activation." Biochemical Journal 294, no. 3 (September 15, 1993): 785–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2940785.

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Activated Ito-cell-like myofibroblasts proliferate in vivo during human liver injury and subsequent fibrogenesis. To examine the associated regulatory mechanisms, human liver myofibroblasts were characterized after culture purification from mixed liver-cell isolates obtained from perfused normal human livers. The cells resembled rat Ito-cell-derived myofibroblasts expressing desmin and alpha-smooth-muscle actin filaments as well as the interstitial collagens type I and III. [3H]Thymidine incorporation was inducible with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and was suppressible with retinoic acid (RAc) in a concentration-dependent fashion. RAc suppression did not alter PDGF alpha- or beta-receptor abundance or activation. In addition, RAc functioned via a pathway distal or independent of cytoplasmic raf activation (i.e. phosphorylation, kinase function and perinuclear translocation) and nuclear fos, jun and egr expression, as these steps were similarly unaffected by RAc treatment. Since normal Ito cells contain abundant amounts of vitamin A which is lost during activation, these data suggest that retinoids could contribute to the maintenance of the quiescent non-proliferative state by suppressing mitogenesis at a post-cytokine receptor step distal from or independent of fos/jun/egr [e.g. via changes in activator protein-1 (AP-1) binding].
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50

Kerpel, Erick de. "Rat king." Estudios: filosofía, historia, letras 14, no. 116 (2016): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.5347/01856383.0116.000267602.

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