Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'RASTA'

Hormon rasta ima ključnu ulogu u mnogim fiziološkim procesima, anabolički efekti, stimulisanje rasta dugih kostiju, regulacija transkripcije gena u ciljnim ćelijama su uglavnom posredovani preko mitogenog polipeptida, insulinu sličan faktor rasta tip 1 (insulin like growth factor 1-IGF-1). Hormon rasta indukuje proizvodnju IGF-1 u jetri, koji reaguje sa receptorima ciljnih organa indukujući rast, odnosno IGF-1 posreduje svim stimulativnim dejstvima hormona rasta na kost, hrskavicu, rast mišić a i na metabolizam masti i ugljenih hidrata. U proceni redovnosti, bezbednosti i efikasnosti terapije hormonom rasta koristi se merenje koncentracije IGF-1 u serumu. Istraživanje je urađeno kao retrospektivno-prospektivna studija, a obuhvatilo je 80 pacijenata na terapiji hormonom rasta koja se kontrolišu i leče na Odeljenju za endokrinologiju, dijabetes i bolesti metabolizma Instituta za zdravstvenu zaštitu dece i omladine Vojvodine u Novom Sadu. Istraživani uzorak je obuhvatio 80 pacijenata, od kojih 35 dece sa nedostatkom hormona rasta, 24 dece rođene male za gestacionu dob i 21 devojčicu sa Tarnerovim sindromom. Svi ispitanici su praćeni od početka primene hormona rasta i tokom prve dve godine terapije hormonom rasta. U ovom istraživanju su praćeni auksološki i laboratorijski parametri u cilju ispitivanja odgovora na terapiju hormonom rasta. Praćene su bazalne vrednosti IGF-1 i promene nivoa IGF-1 u serumu tokom terapije hormonom rasta i korišćene da bi se ispitao odgovor na terapiju hormonom rasta, praćenjem brzine rasta, promena skora standardnih devijacija - SSD za telesnu visinu i koštanog sazrevanja. Ciljevi istraživanja su bili da se utvrdi povezanost vrednosti insulinu sličnog faktora rasta tip 1, brzine rasta i koštanog sazrevanja tokom terapije hormonom rasta. Takođe je poređena brzina rasta dece sa deficitom hormona rasta, devojčica sa T arnerovim sindromom i dece rođene male za gestaciono doba na terapiji hormonom rasta. U istraživanom uzorku, dvogodišnjim praćenjem terapije hormonom rasta je postignut dobar odgovor na terapiju, među decom sa nedostatkom hormona rasta je 71,5% postiglo normalnu telesnu visinu (±2 SSDTV) posle dve godine terapije hormonom rasta, 79,2% dece rođene male za gestacionu dob i 42,9% devojčica sa Tarnerovim sindromom. Značajna zastupljenost dece prepubertetskog uzrasta na početku terapije hormonom rasta, među decom sa nedostatkom hormona rasta 77,2%, među decom rođenom malom za gestacionu dob 79,1% i među devojčicama sa Tarnerovim sindromom 90,5% što je značajno uticalo na uspešnost terapije. Tokom terapije hormonom rasta je utvrđeno povećanje brzine rasta i SSD TV kod sve tri grupe ispitanika. U sve tri grupe ispitanika je tokom terapije hormonom rasta utvrđen porast nivoa IGF-1 seruma i SSDIGF-1 i ubrzanje koštanog sazrevanja tokom terapije hormonom rasta. Za prvih šest meseci terapije nema statistički značajnih razlika među grupama u brzini rasta (p>0,05), dok je za period prve i druge godine terapije hormonom rasta utvrđeno da postoji statistički značajna razlika među grupama (p<0,05), da je brzina rasta kod devojčica za Tarnerovim sindromom statistički značajno manja i od brzine rasta kod dece sa nedostatkom hormona rasta (p <0,05), i od brzine rasta kod dece rođene male za gestacionu dob (p<0,05). Među decom sa nedostatkom hormona rasta i dece rođene male za gestacionu dob nema statistički značajne razlike u brzini rasta (p>0,5). U ovom istraživanju je praćenjem auskoloških i laboratrijskih parametara tokom dvogodišnje primene hormona rasta, konstruisano više matematičkih modela za predviđanje odgovora na terapiju hormona rasta koji su statistički veoma značajani sa visokim koeficijentom višestruke linearne korelacije. U ovom istraživanju nije dobijena statistički značajna korelacija izmedju nivoa promene IGF-1 i brzine rasta za ceo uzorak, kao ni za decu sa nedostatkom hormona rasta, decu rođenu malu za gestacionu dob i devojčice za Tarnerovim sindromom. Nije dobijena statistički značajna korelacija izmedju nivoa promene IGF-1 i ubrzanja koštanog sazrevanja za ceo uzorak i za tri grupe pacijenata.
Growth hormone plays a key role in many physiological processes. The anabolic effects, the stimulation of growth of the long bones and the regulation of gene transcription in the target cells are mediated mainly via mitogenic polypeptide and insulin-like growth factor type 1 (insulin like growth factor 1-IGF-1). Growth hormone induces the production of IGF-1 in the liver, which interacts with receptors of the target organs inducing growth, that is, IGF-1 mediates all the stimulating effects of growth hormone on bone, cartilage, muscle growth and the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates. In assessing the regularity, safety and efficacy of growth hormone therapy, measuring the concentration of IGF-1 in serum is used. The survey was conducted as a retrospective-prospective study and involved 80 patients treated with growth hormone, monitored and treated at the Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, at the Institute for Health Protection of Children and Youth of Vojvodina in Novi Sad. Investigated sample included 80 patients, of whom 35 children have growth hormone deficiency, 24 children were born small for gestational age and 21 girls with Turner syndrome. All the patients were monitored from the beginning of the administration of growth hormone and during the first two years of growth hormone therapy. In this study, auxological and laboratory parameters were monitored for the purpose of examining the response to treatment of growth hormone. The basal values of IGF-1 and changes in IGF-1 levels in serum, along with monitoring the rate of growth velocity and recent changes in standard deviation - SSD for body height and bone maturation, were monitored during growth hormone therapy and used for the evaluation of the response to growth hormone therapy. The objectives of the study were to determine the correlation of insulin-like growth factor type 1 values, the growth velocity and maturation of bone during growth hormone therapy. Also, the growth velocity in children with growth hormone deficiency was compared with the growth velocity in girls with Turner syndrome and in children born small for gestational age while treated with growth hormone. Two-year monitoring of growth hormone therapy in the study sample has show n good response to therapy. 71.5% of children with growth hormone deficiency, 79.2% of children born small for gestational age, and 42.9% of girls with Turner syndrome achieved normal body height (± 2 SSDTV) after two years of growth hormone therapy. There was a significant share of children at prepubertal age at the beginning of growth hormone therapy: 77.2% of children with growth hormone deficiency, 79.1% of children born small for gestational age and 90.5% of girls with Turner syndrome, which significantly influenced the success of the therapy. During the growth hormone therapy there was an increase of growth velocity and SSD TV in all three groups of children. An increase in levels of IGF-1 serum and SSDIGF-1 and acceleration of bone maturation were determined in all three groups of patients during growth hormone therapy. For the first six months of therapy there was no statistically significant difference between groups in growth velocity (p> 0.05), while the period of the first and second year of growth hormone therapy showed a statistically significant difference between groups (p <0.05). The growth velocity in girls with Turner syndrome was significantly lower than the growth velocity in children with growth hormone deficiency (p <0.05) and in children born small for gestational age (p <0.05). Between children with growth hormone deficiency and children born small for gestational age there was no statistically significant difference in growth velocity (p> 0.5). By monitoring auxological and laboratory parameters during the two years of application of growth hormone, several highly statistically significant mathematical models for predicting the response to treatment of growth hormone were constructed in this study with a high coefficient of multiple linear correlation. In this study, there was no statistically significant correlation between the level of change in IGF-1 and growth velocity for the entire sample, as well as for children with growth hormone deficiency, children born small for gestational age and girls for Turner syndrome. There was no statistically significant correlation between the level of change in IGF-1 and acceleration of bone maturation for the entire sample and for the three groups of patients.

Dijabetesna retinopatija je među vodećim uzročnicima stečenog slepila, kako u razvijenim zemljama, tako i zemljama u razvoju. Dijabetesna retinopatija je jedna odnajčešćih komplikacija Dijabetes Mellitus-a. U sklopu dijabetesne retinopatije jedan od najranijih razloga koji dovodi do pada vidne oštrine je dijabetični makularni edem (DME). Pad vidne oštrine kod pacijenata sa dijabetesom narušava njihov kvalitet života i umanjuje radnu sposobnost. Dosadašnji oblik lečenja laserfotokoaguacijom makule, nije dao zadovoljavajuće rezultate. U novije vreme sve više je zastupljeno farmakološko lečenje edema koje podrazumeva intrvitrealnu aplikaciju lekova iz grupe inhibitora vaskularnog endotelnog faktora rasta (VEGF inhibitori), koji dovodi do stabilizacije zidova krvnih sudova. Cilj ove studije je da se ispita efikasnost lečenja DME uz pomoć intravitrealno aplikovanih lekova iz grupe inhibitora vaskularnog endotelnog faktora rasta u odnosu na konvencionalno do sada priznato lečenje laserfotokogulacijom makule. Efikasnost lečenja je procenjivana na dva načina: anatomski, na osnovu smanjenja centralne makularne debljine izražene u μm, merene metodom optičke koherentne tomografije, i funkcionalno, na osnovu poboljšanja vidne oštrine koja je izražavana u log MAR jedinicama. U ovoj prospektivnoj, randomiziranoj kliničkoj studiji sa minimumom praćenja od 6 meseci, u eksperimentalnoj grupi tretiran je 51 pacijent,odnosno 84 oka aplikacijom bevacizumaba (anti VEGF agens) u dozi od 1,25 mg, sa ili bez dodatnog laser tretmana. Uz prosečno 2,46 inekcije postignuta je prosečna redukcija centralne makularne debljine od 139,15 μm.  Dobijene vrednosti su nakon svake aplikovane doze su značajno bolje u odnosu na početnu. Edemi sa većom centralnom makularnom debljinom su zahtevali tretman sa većim brojem inekcija. Kod većih edema je postignuta i veća redukcija centralne makularne debljine. U odnosu na vidnu oštrinu u eksperimentalnoj grupi postignuto je poboljšanje od 0,135 log MAR jedinica. Efekat lasera kao samostalne terapije u kontrolnoj grupi (50 pacijenata, 92 oka) nije bioznačajan ni u pogledu smanjenja centralne makularne debljine kao ni na osnovu poboljšnja vidne oštrine. Tretman bevacizumabom samostalno ili u kombinaciji sa laserom je efikasniji u tretmanu DME u odnosu na konvencionalni tretman laserfotokoaguacijom koji potvrđeno dovodi do stabilizacije stanja. Značaj ove studije je potvrda efikasnosti i bezbednosti jednog novog oblika lečenja koji samostalno ili u kombinaciji sa laser tretmanom predstavlja novi protokol lečenja dijabetičnog makularnog edema.
Diabetic retinopathy is among the leading causes of acquired blindness in developed countries, as well as in developing countries. Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most frequent Diabetes Mellitus complications. Within diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema (DME) is one of the earliest causes of the loss of visual acuity. Impaired vision causes decline in life quality in diabetic patients and it decreases theirworking ability. Up to this date, laser photocoagulation treatment has not givensatisfactory results. Recently, new promising treatment forms have emerged, including the intravitreal application of vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF inhibitors), which lead to stabilization of the vessel wall. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of DME treatment consisting of intravitreal  VEGF inhibitor application alone or as a part of combined treatment (intravitreal VEGF inhibitor plus laser photocoagulation) compared with conventional laser treatment alone. The effect of treatment was evaluated according to morphological parameters by measuring central macular thickness (CMT) in μm with optical coherence tomography, and according to functional parameter by visual acuity in log MAR scale. In this prospective randomized clinical trial, with minimum follow up of 6 months, in experimental group 51 patient, or 84 eyes were treated with bevacizumab (VEGF inhibitor) in 1.25 mg dosage, alone or in combination with laser. The mean reduction in was 139.15 μm, which was achieved with 2.46 doses on average. The difference between the final and initial CMT values after each dos age was tatistically significant.Edemas with high central macular thickness required high number of intravitealaplicatons and the reduction was higher. In our study, mean visual acuity improved significantly in 0.135 log MAR. In control group (50 patient, 92 eyes) treated with laserphotocolagulation alone, the effect on visual acuity and central acular thickness was not statistically significant. The treatment with bevacizumab alone or in combinedtreatment is more effective in treating DME than conventional macular laser treatment alone, from both - anatomical and functional perspective. The importance of this study is confirmation of the efficacy and safety of a new form of treatment and the introduction of a new protocol for the treatment of diabetic macular edema.

Korisni mikroorganizmi ili mikroorganizmi promotori biljnog rasta (PGPM) ispoljavaju efekat na rast i razviće biljaka azotofiksacijom, mobilizacijom hraniva (N, P, Fe) u zemljištu i produkcijom fitohormona te na taj način stimulišu rast biljaka, povećavaju prinos i štite biljke od patogena. Cilj ovih istraživanja bio je da se izvrši karakterizacija bakterija izolovanih iz rizosfere kukuruza, inokulacija semena kukuruza odabranim izolatima, ispitivanje efektivnosti primene pojedinačnih i združenih kultura izolata na mikrobiološku aktivnost u rizosfernom zemljištu, kao i na početni rast i razvoj biljke, sadržaj pojedinih hranljivih elemenata u biljnom materijalu i prinos kukuruza. Korišćeno je 50 izolata iz rizosfernog zemljišta hibrida kukuruza NS 6010 gajenog na zemljištu tipa karbonatni černozem (13 izolata roda Azotobacter, 16 izolata roda Bacillus, 15 izolata roda Pseudomonas, 6 izolata roda Streptomyces). Karakterizacija izolata obuhvatila je određivanje morfoloških, fizioloških, biohemijskih i PGP osobina. Inokulacija semena kukuruza izvršena je s osam odabranih izolata primenjenih pojedinačno i u smeši i to s tri izolata azotobaktera (Azb5, Azb8, Azb13), s dva izolata bacilusa (Bac9, Bac15 ), s dva izolata pseudomonasa (Pse1, Pse5) i s jednim izolatom aktinomiceta (Act6). U ogledima su korišćeni hibridi kukuruza NS 6010 i NS 6030 selekcionisani u Odeljenju za kukuruz Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, a efektivnost primene odabranih izolata na mikrobiološku aktivnost u rizosfernom zemljištu, kao i na biljku kukuruza, ispitana je u polukontrolisanim i poljskim uslovima. Brojnost mikroorganizama određena je metodom agarnih ploča, a dehidrogenazna aktivnost spektrofotometrijskom metodom. Uticaj izolata na klijanje semena ispitan je u laboratorijskim uslovima. Uticaj izolata na početni rastbiljaka ispitan je u fazama 3. i 5-7. lista merenjem visine i suve mase nadzemnog delabiljke. Sadržaj azota, fosfora, bakra i cinka u biljnom materijalu (nadzemni deo/list)određen je u fazi 5-7. lista kukuruza za ogled u polukontrolisanim uslovima i u fazi svilanjaza ogled u polju. Ukupan prinos zrna kukuruza po jedinici površine određen jepreračunavanjem prinosa po svakoj elementarnoj parceli. Najbolji efekat na brojnostmikroorganizama dobijen je primenom izolata A zb5, B ac15, P se1, A ct6 i smeše i zolata.Na povećanje dehidrogenazne aktivnosti najviše je uticala primena izolata Azb5, Azb8,Bac15 i Act6. Inokulacija je imala pozitivan uticaj na klijavost, visinu i suvu masunadzemnog dela biljke, sadržaj N, P, Zn i Cu u biljnom materijalu, kao i prinos kukuruza.Najbolji efekat na visinu i masu nadzemnog dela biljke u polukontrolisanim uslovimautvrđen je sa izolatima azotobaktera, Bac15 i Pse1, dok je u poljskim uslovima najvećepovećanje ovih parametara dobijeno primenom izolata Pse5 i Act6. U proseku, najboljiefekat na prinos dobijen je primenom smeše izolata. Rezultati ovih istraživanja treba daposluže kao osnova za dalja istraživanja koja će omogućiti odabir visoko kompatibilnezajednice ispitivanih hibrida kukuruza i najefektivnijih vrsta PGPM u cilju proizvodnjemikrobiološkog preparata kojim bi se ostvario veći prinos i omogućilo održavanje ipovećanje plodnosti zemljišta. 
Beneficial or plant growth promoting microorganisms (PGPM) exert effect on plant growth and development through nitrogen fixation, mobilization of nutrients (N, P, Fe) in soil and production of phytohormones and thereby stimulate plant growth, increase yield and reduce pathogen infection. The aim of this study was to perform characterization of bacteria isolated from maize rhizosphere, inoculation of maize seeds with selected isolates, testing the effectiveness of single and co-inoculation on microbial activity in rhizosphere, as well as on initial growth and development of plants, content of some nutrients in plant material and yield of maize. 50 isolates from rhizosphere of maize hybrid NS 6010 grown on calcareous chernozem soil (13 isolates of the genus Azotobacter, 16 isolates of Bacillus, 15 isolates of Pseudomonas, 6 isolates of Streptomyces) were used. Characterization of isolates included determination of morphological, physiological, biochemical and PGP traits. Inoculation of maize seeds was carried out with eight selected strains applied individually and in mixture, and that with three isolates of Azotobacter (Azb5, Azb8, Azb13), two isolates of Bacillus (Bac9, Bac15), two isolates of Pseudomonas (Pse1, Pse5) and one isolate of Streptomyces (Act6). The experimental objects were maize hybrids NS 6010 and NS 6030 developed at Maize Department, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, and the effectiveness of selected isolates on microbial activity in rhizosphere, as well as on maize plant, was tested in semi-controlled and field conditions. The number of microorganisms was determined by agar plates method, and dehydrogenase activity by spectrophotometric method. Effect of isolates on maize seed germination was tested in the laboratory. The effect of isolates on initial plant growth was tested at 3 and 5-7 leaf stages by measuring height and dry weight of above ground plant parts. The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, copper and zinc in plant material (above ground part/leaf) were determined at 5-7 leaf stage for experiment in semi-controlled conditions and at silking stage for field trial. Thetotal grain yield per unit area is determined by recalculating yield for each elementaryplot. The best effect on the number of microorganisms was obtained by applying Azb5,Bac15, Pse1, Act6 and mixtures of isolates. The largest increase in dehydrogenase activitywas achieved with isolates Azb5, Azb8, Bac15 and Act6. Inoculation had a positive impacton germination, height and dry weight of above ground part of the plant, the content ofN, P , Z n and C u i n p lant material, as well as the yield of maize. The best effect on theheight and weight of above ground part of the plant in semi-controlled conditions wasachieved with isolates of azotobacters, Bac15 and Pse1, while in field conditions thelargest increase in these parameters was obtained with isolates Pse5 and Act6. On average,the best effect on yield was obtained by using a mixture of isolates. The results of thisstudy should be the basis for further research which would allow the selection of highlycompatible community of maize hybrids and the most effective strains of PGPM and beused in the production of microbial preparations in order to achieve higher yields andfacilitate the maintenance and increase fertility of soil. 

PGP mikroorganizmi (Plant Growth Promoting) su predmet mnogobrojnih istraživanja, čiji je glavni cilj pronalaženje adekvatnog načina njihove primene u poljoprivredi, hortikulturi, šumarstvu i zaštititi životne sredine. Cilj ovih istraživanja bio je izolacija i karakterizacija mikroorganizama sa PGP svojstvima iz rizosfere engleskog ljulja, ispitivanje sposobnosti njihovog preživljavanja nakon unošenja u zemljište, kao i praćenje uticaja njihove primene na parametre prinosa i mikrobiološku aktivnost u rizosferi biljke. Karakterizacija izolata roda Pseudomonas, Bacillus i Streptomyces obuhvatila je određivanje fizioloških, biohemijskih i PGP osobina. Uticaj introdukcije odabranih izolata i gljive Trichoderma asperellum na brojnost i mikrobiološku aktivnost u rizosferi engleskog ljulja, određivan je standardnim metodama na selektivnim hranljivim podlogama, a dehidrogenazna aktivnost spektrofotometrijskom metodom. U laboratorijskim uslovima ispitivan je efekat primene izolata na klijavost, dužinu korenka i stabaoca klice semena engleskog ljulja. U toku godine, uzimana su tri otkosa i pri tome su određivani dužina nadzemnog dela i korena biljke (cm) i prinos zelene i suve materije nadzemnog dela biljke po otkosu (t/ha). Na osnovu morfoloških, fiziološko-biohemijskih, kao i PGP osobina koje su izolati pokazali, te na osnovu rezultata mnogobrojnih dosadašnjih istraživanja, može se zaključiti da izolati P1 i P9 pripadaju vrsti Pseudomonas putida, izolat P12 Pseudomonas fluorescens, izolati B1, B3 i B6 vrsti Bacillus subtilis, a izolati A1, A2, A3 rodu Streptomyces. Brojnost pojedinih sistematskih i fizioloških grupa mikroorganizama kao i enzimatska aktivnost u rizosferi engleskog ljulja, zavisila je od primenjenih inokulanata. Primena izolata Pseudomonas sp. P12 pozitivno je uticala na povećanje ukupnog broja mikroorganizama, brojnost gljiva, aminoheterotrofa i aktinomiceta. Izolat Bacillus sp. B1 uticao je na povećanje ukupnog broja mikroorganizama, brojnosti gljiva i azotobaktera. Primena izolata Streptomyces sp. A3 dovela je do povećanja broja aktinomiceta i oligonitrofila, dok je primena Trichoderma asperellum uticala pozitivno na povećanje broja aminoheterotrofa i azotobaktera. Primena izolata Pseudomonas sp. P12 i Streptomyces sp. A3 imala je najveći efekat na dehidrogenaznu aktivnost. Inokulacija je imala pozitivan uticaj na klijavost, svežu i suvu masu biljke, visinu i dužinu korena biljaka. Primena gljive Trichoderma asperellum i izolata Streptomyces sp. A3 delovala je pozitivno na klijavost, dužinu korenka i stabaoca klice. U proseku, najbolji efekat na prinos sveže i suve materije, kao i na visinu nadzemnog dela i dužinu korena biljke, imala je primena izolata Pseudomonas sp.P12 i Bacillus sp. B1.U proizvodnji krmnih trava mikroorganizmi još nisu našli značajniju praktičnu primenu iako je veći i kvalitetniji prinos jedan od ciljeva stočarske proizvodnje. Rezultati ovih istraživanja su pokazali da se primenom mikroorganizama mogu postići pozitivni efekti i u proizvodnji engleskog ljulja. Zbog toga je veoma značajno da se vrše dalja ispitivanja uzajamnog odnosa primenjenih mikroorganizama i engleskog ljulja u poljskim uslovima, kako bi se optimizirao način i vreme primene inokulanata
PGP microorganisms (Plant Growth Promoting) have been the subject of many research projects, whose main goal is to find appropriate methods of their use in agriculture, horticulture, forestry and environmental protection. The aim of this study is the isolation and characterization of microorganisms with PGP characteristics from the rhizosphere of perennial ryegrass, testing their ability to survive after entering the soil, and monitoring the impact of their application on yield parameters and microbial activity in the rhizosphere of plants. Characterization of Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Streptomyces included determination of the physiological, biochemical and PGP characteristics. Impact of the introduction of selected isolates and fungi Trichoderma asperellum on quantity and microbial activity in the rhizosphere of ryegrass was determined by using the standard method of selective media; dehydrogenase activity by the spectrophotometric method. The effects of the implementation of isolates on germination, seedling length sprouts seeds of perennial ryegrass were studied under laboratory conditions. During the year, three cuttings were taken. At each of the three cuttings, length of stem and roots of plants (cm) and yields of fresh and dry matter of the plant (t / ha) were measured.Based on morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics and PGP characteristics observed in the isolates, and based on the results of many previous studies, it can be concluded that (1) P1 and P9 isolates belong to the species Pseudomonas putida, (2)Pseudomonas fluorescens P12 isolate, isolates of B1, B3, B6, belong to the species Bacillus subtilis, and (3) A1, A2 and A3 isolates belong to the ordo Streptomyces. The quantity of systematic and physiological groups of microorganisms and enzymatic activity in the rhizosphere of ryegrass depended on the applied inoculants. Application of Pseudomonas sp. P12 had positive effects on increasing the total number of microorganisms, fungi, aminoheterotrophs and actinomycetes. Isolate Bacillus sp. B1 affected the increase of the total number of micro-organisms in the fungi and Azotobacter. Application of Streptomyces sp. isolates A3 led to an increase in the number of actinomycetes and oligonitrophyls, while the application of Trichoderma asperellum had positive impact on increasing the number aminoheterotrophs and Azotobacter. Application of Pseudomonas sp. P12 and Streptomyces sp. A3 had the greatest effect on dehydrogenase activity. Inoculation had a positive effect on germination, fresh and dry weight of plant, height and rootlength of plants. Introduction of fungus Trichoderma asperellum and Streptomyces sp. A3 isolate acted positively on germination, length of seedling of germs. On average, the best effects on the yield of fresh and dry matter, the height of the stem of the plant and the length of the root were attained by the application of Pseudomonas sp.P12 and Bacillus sp. B1 isolates. Microorganisms have not yet found significant practical use in the production of forage grasses, even though more qualitative yield has been sought in livestock production. The results of this study demonstrate that positive results in the production of perennial ryegrass can be achieved by the use of microorganisms. Therefore, it is very important to carry out further studies of the relationship between applied microorganisms and ryegrass under field conditions in order to optimize the method and time of application of inoculants.

Intrauterusna restrikcija rasta (IUGR) se odnosi na stanje u kojem fetus nije u mogućnosti da ostvari svoj genetski potencijal za rast. IUGR je ozbiljan klinički problem i nedavno je povezan sa bolestima odraslog doba kao što su hipertenzija, insulin nezavistan diabetes melitus, dislipidemije i ishemijske bolesti srca. Eritropoetin je glavni regulator proliferacije i diferencijacije eritroidnih progenitorskih ćelija zahvaljujući svojoj antiapoptotičkoj aktivnosti. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se ispita uticaj IUGR na bubrege, kao i uticaj eritropotina na bubrege sa IUGR. Eksperimentalna studija je sprovedena u gajilištu Pasterovog zavoda u Novom Sadu na 60 miševa rase NMRI. IUGR je izazivana aplikacijom deksametazona gravidnim ženkama. Po rođenju su mladunci bili podeljeni u sedam grupa. Mladuncima je u 1. i 7. danu života davan darbepoetin alfa (DA) u dozama od 1, 4 i 10μg/kg. Dve grupe su predstavljale potomke majki koje su tokom trudnoće dobile DA. Nakon 4 nedelje su uzimani uzorci bubrega i vršena je morfološka i stereološka analiza glomerula. Aplikacija deksametazona (100 μg/kg) trudnim mišicama dovodi do potomstva sa IUGR. Primena DA kod novorođenih miševa sa IUGR dovodi do bržeg porasta telesne mase u prvih 7 dana života („catch-up― rasta). Miševi rođeni sa IUGR imaju manju površinu glomerula bubrega. Primena DA nakon rođenja i u 7. danu života (4 i 10 μg/kg) kod novorođenih miševa sa IUGR dovodi do hipertrofije glomerula bubrega. IUGR nema uticaja na broj glomerula bubrega miševa. Primena DA nema uticaja na broj glomerula bubrega miševa. Miševi rođeni sa IUGR imaju manju debljinu korteksa bubrega. Primena DA (4 i 10 μg/kg) kod miševa rođenih sa IUGR dovodi do povećanja debljine korteksa bubrega. Davanje DA kod IUGR značajno povećava površinu glomerula i debljinu korteksa bubrega.
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) refers to a condition in which a foetus is not able to achieve its genetic potential for growth. IUGR is a serious clinical problem, and has recently been linked with diseases of adulthood, such as hypertension, insulin-independent diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and ischemic heart disease. Erythropoietin is the major regulator of proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitor cells, thanks to its anti-apoptotic activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of IUGR on the kidneys, and the impact of erythropoietin on the kidneys with IUGR. The experimental study was conducted in Pasteur Institute of Novi Sad on 60 mice of NMRI race. IUGR has been imposed with the application of dexamethasone to pregnant females. After birth, the pups were divided into seven groups. DA was administered to the pups on the 1st and 7th day of life (dose 1, 4 and 10 μg/kg). Two groups represented the offspring of the mothers who during pregnancy received DA. After 4 weeks, kidney samples were taken and morphological and stereological analysis of the glomeruli was performed. The application of dexamethasone (100 μg/kg) to pregnant mice leads to their offspring with IUGR. Application of DA to newborn mice with IUGR leads to faster weight gain in the first 7 days of life ("catch-up" growth). Mice born with IUGR have a reduced glomerular surface. Application of DA after birth and on the 7th day of life (4 and 10 μg/kg) in mice with IUGR leads to hypertrophy of the kidney glomeruli. IUGR has no effect on the number of kidney glomeruli. Application of DA has no effect on the number of kidney glomeruli. Mice born with IUGR have a reduced cortical thickness. Application of DA (4 and 10 μg/kg) in mice born with IUGR leads to increased thickness of the kidney cortex. Application of DA to mice with IUGR significantly increases the surface area of the kidney glomeruli and cortical thickness.

Receptor epidermalnog faktora rasta (EGFR) pripada porodici receptora protein-tirozin kinaze čija je aktivacija povezana sa proliferacijom malignih, invazijom, inhibicijom apoptoze, tumorskom angiogenezom i metastatskim širenjem stoga ima važnu ulogu u karcinogenezi i tumorskoj progresiji. Aktivirane mutacije se odvijaju oko katalitičkog tirozin kinaza domena. Biopsijski, citološki i hirurški uzorci se koriste u detekciji EGFR mutacija u momentu postavljanja dijagnoze adenokarcinoma ili karcinoma sa komponentom adenokarcinoma, najpouzdanije lančanom reakcijom polimeraze. Činjenica da primena ciljane molekularne terapije tirozin kinaza inhibitorima kod obolelih sa EGFR mutiranim adenokarcinomom pluća poboljšava prognozu bolesti, postoji rezistencija kod pojedinih tipova EGFR mutacija i povezanost histopatološkim i imunohistohemijskim karakteristikama tumora, da je bronhološki uzorak često jedini uzorak u kome je potrebno odrediti i molekularni profil tumora osnovni cilj ove disertacije bio je da se odredi učestalost i tip EGFR mutacija i povezanost sa karakteristikama adenokarcinoma. Da bi se taj cilj realizovao postavljeni su sekundarni ciljevi odnosno da se: izvrši histopatološka reklasifikacija adenokarcinoma pluća na osnovu kriterijuma koje je postavila internacionalna asocijacija za proučavanje carcinoma pluća, američko torakalno društvo i evropsko respiratorno društvo; odredi ekspresija TTF-1 u adenokarcinomu pluća i povezanost sa EGFR mutacionim statusom; odredi učestalost, tip i povezanost EGFR mutacija sa predominantnim tipom adenokarcinoma i utvrdi da li bronhoskopska biopsija može da bude reprezentativni uzorak za određivanje EGFR mutacionog statusa. Histopatološka građa adenokarcinoma pluća u hirurškim uzorcima je heterogenija u odnosu na biopsijske uzorke i ta razlika je statistički značajna (p<0,001). Acinarno predominantni tip je najzastupljeniji u hirurškim i biopsijskim uzorcima bez statistički značajne razlike u raspodeli predominantnih tipova u njima (p=0,65883). Predominantni tip u primarnom tumoru određuje predominantni tip u limfogenim metastazama. EGFR mutacije tipa insercija na egzonu 21 i L858R mutacija na egzonu 20 su detektovane kod tri od 60 (5%) bolesnika u pet od 120 uzoraka (tri hirurška i dva biopsijska uzorka), češće kod žena, starijih od 60 godina, pušača i u solidno predominantnom tipu. Ne postoji statistički značajna razlika u koncentraciji izolovane DNK između EGFR mutiranih i wt EGFR adenokarcinoma u biopsijskim (p=0,132) i hirurškim uzorcima (p=0,641). Procenat invalidnih rezultata prilikom određivanja EGFR mutacionog statusa u je veći u biopsijskim uzorcima u odnosu na hirurške uzorke. Postoji statistički značajna razlika izmeĐu broja TTF-1 pozitivnih i TTF-1 negativnih adenokarcinoma (p<0,001), ali ne i u raspodeli ovih bolesnika prema polovima (p=0,1231), prosečnoj starosti, pušačkim navikama (p=0,6488) i prosečnoj veličini tumora (p=0,21). Postoji pozitivna korelacija između TTF-1 pozitivne ekspresije i EGFR mutacionog statusa stoga TTF-1 pozitivna ekspresija može da bude prediktor pozitivnog EGFR mutacionog statusa. Bronhoskopska biopsija je reprezentativni uzorak za određivanje EGFR mutacionog statusa zato što: većina dijagnostičkih biopsijskih uzoraka ima više od 100 očuvanih tumorskih ćelija, nema razlike u raspodeli predominantnih tipova u odnosu na hirurške uzorke, EGFR mutacije se detektuju u uzorcima sa manje od 100 tumorskih ćelija i manje od 20% volumenske gustine tumorskog tkiva, razlika između koncentracije izolovane DNK u EGFR mutiranim i wt EGFR adenokarcinomima u biopsijskim i hirurškim uzorcima nije statistički značajna (p=0,132 i p=0,641).
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) belongs to the family of protein-tyrosin kinase family, whose activation is associated with the proliferation of malignant cells, invasion, inhibition of apoptosis, tumor angiogenesis and metastatic spread and thus plays an important role in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Activated mutations take place around the catalytic tyrosine kinase domain. Biopsy, cytological and surgical specimens are used for the detection of EGFR mutations at the time of diagnosis of adenocarcinoma or carcinoma with an adenocarcinoma component, most reliably using a polymerase chain reaction. The fact that the application of molecular tyrosin kinase inhibitor therapy to patients with EGFR mutated lung adenocarcinoma improves the prognosis of the disease, there is resistance in certain types of EGFR mutations and connection with histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of tumor, that the bronchoscopic specimen is often the only specimen in which it is necessary to determine the molecular profile of the tumor, the primary objective of this thesis is to determine the frequency and type of EGFR mutations and their connection with the characteristics of adenocarcinoma. In order to realize this objective, the following secondary objectives have been set: to execute histopathological reclassification of lung adenocarcinoma based on the criteria set by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society; determine the expression of TTF-1 in lung adenocarcinoma and connection with EGFR mutation status; determine the frequency, type and connection of EGFR mutations with predominant type of adenocarcinoma and confirm whether bronchoscopic biopsy may be a representative specimen for the determination of EGFR mutation status. Histopathological material of lung adenocarcinoma in surgical specimens is more heterogeneous in relation to biopsy specimens and such difference is statistically significant (p<0,001). Acinar predominant type is the most common in surgical and biopsy specimens with no statistically significant differences in the distribution of predominant type among them (p=0,65883). The predominant type in the primary tumor determines the predominant type in lymphatic metastases. EGFR mutations in the type of insertions on exon 21 and L858R mutations on exon 20 have been detected in three out of 60 (5%) of patients in five out of 120 specimens (three surgical and two biopsy samples), more often in women older than 60, smokers and in a solid predominant type. There are no statistically significant differences in the concentration of isolated DNA between EGFR mutated and wt EGFR adenocarcinoma in biopsy (p=0,132) and surgical specimens (p=0,641). The percentage of invalid results in determining the EGFR mutation status is higher in biopsy specimens compared to the surgical specimens. There is a statistically significant difference between the number of TTF-1 positive and TTF-1 negative adenocarcinoma (p<0,001), but not in the distribution of these patients according to gender (p=0,1231), average age, smoking habits (p=0,6488) and average tumor size (p-0,21). There is a positive correlation between TTF-1 positive expression and EGFR mutation status and therefore TTF-1 positive expression can be a predictor of positive EGFR mutation status. Bronchoscopic biopsy is a representative sample for the determination of EGFR mutation status because: most diagnostic biopsy specimens have more than 100 preserved tumor cells, there is no difference in the distribution of predominant types in relation to surgical specimens, EGFR mutations are detected in samples with less than 100 tumor cells and less than 20% of volume density of tumor tissue, the difference between the concentration of isolated DNA in EGFR mutated and wt EGFR adenocarcinoma in biopsy and surgical specimens is not statistically significant (p=0,132 and p=0,641).

Cilj rada je bila izrada kvalitetnog zavarenog spoja pancirnog čelika.Zavareni spoj poseduje dobre zatezne karakteristike, kao i visoku energijuudara u metal šavu i ZUT-u, visoku otpornost na propagaciju prsline umetal šavu i ZUT-u. Osnovni materijal ima najveću zateznu čvrstoću,najnižu energiju udara, najmanju žilavost loma i otpornost na propagacijuprsline. Nakon balističkih ispitivanja ustanovljeno je da ZUT i osnovnimaterijal poseduju balističku otpornost, dok metal šava ne zadovoljavastandarde. Ispitivanjem gasne hromatografije ustanovljena je niskakoličina difundovanog i zadržanog vodonika u zoni metal šava. U skladusa tim se zaključuje da su parameteri zavarivanja, kao i dodatni materijalodgovarajuće izabrani. Na osnovu ispitivanja brzine rasta zamorneprsline, određen je preostali vek oklopnih vozila koja se prave odpancirnog čelika.
The aim of this paper was to produce a high-quality welded joint of armored steel.The welded joint has good tensile properties, as well as a high impact energy inthe weld metal and HAZ, and high resistance to crack propagation in the weldmetal and HAZ. The base metal has the highest tensile strength, the lowestimpact energy and the smallest fracture toughness and crack propagationresistance. After ballistic testing, the HAZ and basic metals have been found tohave ballistic resistance, while the weld metal does not meet the standards. Gaschromatography analysis detected a low amount of diffused and retainedhydrogen in the metal seam zone. It may therefore be concluded that the weldingparameters and the additional material have been appropriately selected.Based on the study of the fatigue crack growth rate, the fatigue life of armoredvehicles was predicted.

Ekstrakcija zuba je intervencija prilikom koje se zub vadi iz svog ležišta u zubnoj alveoli. Rana koja nastaje kao posledica ove intervncije je takvog oblika da njene ivice nije moguće približiti jednu drugoj , te zarasta per secundam intentionem. Ekstrakcija zuba ima za posledicu mnogobrojne promene na tvrdim i mekim tkivima alveolarnog nastavka u periodu od nekoliko meseci do godinu dana nakon intervencije. Savremena stomatologija se i dalje intenzivno bavi proučavanjem procesa zarastanja ekstrakcione rane iz potrebe da se što bolje razumeju promene u tkivu koje nastaju po gubitku zuba da bi se mogle prevenirati i/ili usmeriti tako da se omogući kasnija lakša protetska rehabilitacija pacijenata. Mnoge studije su pokazale efikasnost faktora rasta u tokom procesa zaceljivanja tkiva.Opisan je veliki broj tehnika za pripremu autolognih krvnih preparata koji sadrže faktore rasta, ali su njihova praktična primena i efikasnost su dalje nejasni zato što svaka od ovih metoda dovodi do izrade različitog produkta sa različitom biologijom i potencijalnim indikacijama za upotrebu. Ekstrakcije mandibularnog trećeg molara spadaju u jednu od najčešćih intervencija sa kojom se u svom radu svakodnevno sreću oralni i maksilofacijalni hirurzi. Ova hirurška procedura je povezana za postoperativnim efektima koji u velikoj meri utiču na kvalitet života pacijenta kao što su bol, trizmus, edem, infekcija i alveolitis. U literaturi postoje dokazi da aplikacija nekog od autolognog krvnog preparata sa visokim sadržajem faktora rasta u određenoj meri može da poboljša proces zarastanja tkiva i da umanji neželjene propratne pojave hirurške intervencije nakon ekstrakcije mandibularnog trećeg molara. Cilj ovog rada je bio da utvrdimo da li primena autolognih krvnih preparata sa koncentrovanim faktorima rasta ubrzava stvaranje koštanog tkiva u ekstrakcionoj rani, kao i da li utiče na učestalost pojave alveolitisa i pojavu aproksimalinih parodontalnih džepova na susednim zubima nakon hirurške ekstrakcije donjeg trećeg molara. Studija je sprovedena kao prospektivna klinička studija split-mouth dizajna. U studiju je bilo uključeno 30 pacijenata kod kojih je indikovana ekstrakcija oba mandibularna treća molara i kod kojih su ovi zubi bilateralno u približno istom položaju u odnosu na drugi donji molar. Nakon hirurške ekstrakcije u jednu alveolu je aplikovan preparat koncentrovanih faktora rasta. Kontrolnu grupu u istraživanju činilo je 30 zubnih alveola u koje nije aplikovan preparat koncentrovanih faktora rasta. U eksperimentalnu grupu spadalo je 30 alveola u koje su aplikovani preparati koncentrovanih faktora rasta nakon ekstrakcije zuba. Pacijentima je prvi obavezan kontrolni pregled zakazivan za 7 dana nakon intervencije, tokom koga su uklanjane suture, a vršen je i klinički pregled rane i parodontološkom sondom je proveravana dubina parodontalnog džepa na distalnoj površini drugog molara. Druga postoperativna kontrola je zakazivana 4 nedelje nakon intervencije, a treća nakon 8 nedelja i na ovim kontrolama je merena dubina parodontalnog džepa na distalnoj površini drugog molara. Ispitanicima su napravljena tri CBCT snimka operisanih regija i to po sledećoj dinamici- prvi snimak neposredno nakon ekstrakcije zuba, drugi 4 nedelje i treći 8 nedelja po intervenciji. Svaki CBCT snimak je analiziran da bi se prikupili željeni podaci: zapremina šupljine alveole koja je ostala nakon ekstrakcije zuba i gustina novostvorenog koštanog tkiva, što su parametri na osnovu kojih procenjujemo proces zarastanja koštanog tkiva nakon intervencije. Ova metodologija je originalna , obzirom da su do sada korišćene dvodimenzionalne radiografske metode snimanja sa ciljem praćenja koštanog zarastanja nakon ekstrakcije zuba manje precizne i pouzdane. Dobijenu podaci su obrađeni odgovarajućim matematičko-statističkim postupcima. Najznačajniji rezultati istraživanja su zatim tabelarno i grafički prikazani. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata došli smo do zaključka da iako primena koncentrovanih faktora rasta dovodi do intenziviranja procesa koštanog zarastanja i smanjenja dubine parodontalnog džepa na distalnoj površini susednih zuba, ta razlika nije statistički značajna. Obzirom da ni u jednom slučaju nije došlo do pojave alveolitisa, nismo mogli zaključiti na koji način primena koncentrovanih faktora rasta utiče na učestalost ove komplikacije.
Tooth extraction is an intervention during which a tooth is removed from its socket. A wound that remains after this is of specific size and shape and it heals per secundam intentionem. Where once was a tooth, in following months and years, a large number of changes in composition of hard and soft tissues occure. Haeling of extraction wound in still in focus of contemporary dentistry, since it is imperative to understand all tissue changes in order to prevent and/or gide them and enable prosthodontic rehabilitation of the patient. Many studies confirm a benefitial effect of growth factors douring wound healing. A large number of techniques is developed to prepare autologous blood concentrates containing growth factors, like platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) , but their aplicability and efficancy are still unclear because each of these methods results in product with different biology and physical characteristics, as well as different potential indications. Third mandibular molar extraction is one of the most frequent interventions that oral and maxillofacial surgeon face in their everyday clinical practice. This procedure is usually followed by postoperative effects affecting such as pain, trismus, edema, infection and alveolitis. In contemporary literature there is enough evidence to suport beneficial role of autologous blood preparations in wound healing, and some authors even sugest that they can reduce incidence of postextraction complications afther third molar surgery. The aim of this study was to determin weather concentrated growth factors have beneficial effect on bone healing after tooth extraction, as well as their effect on the incidence of alveolitis and do they reduce pocket depth on distal side of adjacent tooth. This study was conducted as prospective clinical split-mouth designed study. 30 patients with both mandibular third molars indicated for the extraction, in similar position, were included in the study. On the same day surgical removal of both mandibular molars was performed, and in one socket PRF was placed. Patients were scheduled for a check-up and suture removals on the 7th postoperative day. During this visit, as well as after 4 and after 8 weeks, depth of distal pocket of the second molar was measured. CBCT was made on the day of surgery, 4 and 8 weeks afther surgery. On these radiographs volume of the bone defect was measured as well as density of newly formed bone tissue in the socket. This is original methodology, while previous studies used two-dimensional radiography methods in order to evaluate bone healing after tooth extractions, with less precision and liability. We processed and analyzed gained data using appropriate mathematical-statistical methods. According to our data we concluded that application of PRF in the extraction socket improves bone healing and reduces depth of pocket on the adjacent teeth, although this effects are not statistically significant. In our study, alveolitis did not occur neither in control nor in the experimental group, so we could not conclude if the application of PRF has any effect on prevention of this complication.

Doktorska disertacija odnosi se na analizu najznačajnijih kriterijumakoje posmatraju investitori prilikom ulaganja na tržišta u razvoju.Poređenjem šest evropskih berzanskih indeksa tržišta u razvoju isvetski najznačajnijeg berzanskog indeksa - S&P 500, dobijeni surezultati koji ukazuju da postoji značajnost u zavisnosti nivoa cena odkretanja na globalnom tržištu, a koja su posledica postojanjainternacionalnih investitora. Dobijeni rezultati mogu se koristitikao osnova za dalja istraživanja u oblasti od strane akademskezajednice, kao i od strane profesionalnih učesnika na finansijskimtržištima, kao pomoć prilikom donošenja njihovih investicionihodluka. Od posebnog interesa je mogućnost primene rezultata u vođenjuekonomske i finansijske politike Republike Srbije.
markets investors. Comparison of six European emerging stock market indices and world’s the most important stock exchange index - the S&P 500, established a level of emerging markets price dependence on international investors with global market overview. The results obtained can be used as a basis for further research in the field by the academic community, as well as by professional investors in financial markets, to assist in making their investment decisions. Of particular interest is the possibility of applying the results in economic and financial decision making policy of the Republic of Serbia.

Receptor humanog epidermalnog faktora rasta 2 (HER2) pripada porodici receptora protein-tirozin kinaze čija je aktivacija povezana sa proliferacijom malignih ćelija, inhibicijom apoptoze, tumorskom angiogenezom i sposobnosti invazije i metastaziranja. Povećana proteinska ekspresija HER2 receptora može nastati kao posledica amplifikacije gena i/ili transkripcijskih promena. Ekspresija HER2 receptora u humanim tumorima povezuje se sa agresivnijim ponašanjem i lošijom prognozom. Učestalost povećane proteinske ekspresije HER2 receptora u nesitnoćelijskim karcinomima pluća (NSCLC) je najviše zastupljena u adenokarcinomu u odnosu na druge histološke tipove. Identifikacija HER2 pozitivnih NSCLC omogućava određivanje grupe pacijenata koji bi bili kandidati za specifičnu terapiju. Problem predstavlja izbor metode detekcije HER2 receptora i nepostojanje utvrđenog protokola za očitavanje rezultata kao što postoji kod karcinoma dojke i želuca. Osnovni ciljevi ove doktorske disertacije su bili: da se odredi učestalost povećane proteinske ekspresije HER2 receptora u adenokarcinomu pluća; da se uporede rezultati povećane proteinske ekspresije HER2 receptora dobijene korišćenjem HER2 antitela „Hercep Test Dako“ i „Ventana anti-HER2/neu (4B5)“ antitela; da se uporedi prisustvo amplifikacije HER2 gena pomoću in situ hibridizacije (ISH) (Dual IHC HER2 kit;Ventana Medical Systems) retestiranjem uzoraka kod kojih je povećana proteinska ekspresija HER2 receptora ocenjena sa 2+ i 3+ dobijena „Hercep Test Dako“ sa prisustnom amplifikacijom HER2 gena na uzorcima koji su pomoću „Ventana anti-HER2/neu (4B5)“ ocenjeni sa 2+ i 3+; da se uporedi učestalost povećane proteinske ekspresije HER2 receptora i prisustva HER2 genske amplifikacije kod različitih histoloških podtipova adenokarcinoma pluća; da se utvrdi da li je povećana proteinska ekspresija HER2 receptora u adenokarcinomu pluća i/ili prisustvo genske amplifikacije povezano sa demografskim (starost i pol pacijenta) parametrima, pušačkim statusom, pojavom metastaza u regionalnim limfnim čvorovima i udaljenim organima, infiltracijom pleure i okolnih struktura, odnosno stadijumom bolesti. Povećana proteinska ekspresija HER2 receptora u adenokarcinomu pluća iznosi 7,4% za Hercep Test Dako i 2,7% za Ventana anti-HER2/neu (4B5) antitelo. Kod pozitivne ekspresije slažu se u 2%, dok se kod negativne ekspresije slažu u 91,9% slučajeva, što je ukupno 93,9%. Učestalost amplifikacije HER2 gena kod adenokarcinoma pluća je 17,6%, od toga je kod 2,7% slučajeva prisutna high grade amplifikacija. Postoji statistički značajna povezanost između povećane proteinske ekspresije HER2 receptora dobijene upotrebom HercepTest Dako i Ventana anti-HER2/neu (4B5) antitela i amplifikacije HER2 gena. Amplifikacija HER2 gena prisutna je kod 90,9% pacijenata sa povećanom proteinskom ekspresijom HER2 receptora koja se dobije upotrebom HercepTest Dako i kod 75% upotrebom Ventana anti-HER2/neu (4B5) antitela. Povećana proteinska ekspresija HER2 receptora dobijena pomoću HercepTest Dako i Ventana anti-HER2/neu (4B5) antitela je najčešća kod solidnog predominantnog tipa adenokarcinoma u patološkom T2a deskriptoru i IB stadijumu i acinarnog predominantnog tipa adenokarcinoma u patološkom T1b deskriptoru i IA stadijumu. Amplifikacija HER2 gena je najčešća kod solidnog a zatim kod acinarnog i papilarnog predominantnog tipa adenokarcinoma. Povećana proteinska ekspresija HER2 receptora dobijena pomoću HercepTest Dako i Ventana anti-HER2/neu (4B5) antitela i amplifikacija HER2 gena se najčešće javljaju kod muškaraca, pušača, u starosnoj dobi od 61-70 godina, tumora veličine 31-50 mm, N0 i M0 statusu bolesti, bez prisustva tumorske infiltracije pleure i okolnih struktura.
Human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) is a member of the epidermal growth factor family having tyrosine kinase activity, which is directly linked to malignant cells proliferation, apoptosis inhibition, tumor angiogenesis and ability for invasion and metastasis. Increased protein expression of HER2 receptors can be the consequence of gene amplification and/or transcription changes. Expression of HER2 receptors in human tumors is associated with more aggressive behavior and worse prognosis. Incidence of increased protein expression of HER2 receptors in non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLS) is mainly represented in adenocarcinoma, in comparison with other histological types. Identification of HER2 positive NSCLC enables determination of a group of patients who would be candidates for specific therapy. The problem occurs in choosing the method of detection of HER2 receptors and non-existence of determined protocol for reading the results, as the one ones which exist for breast and gastric carcinoma. The main objectives of this PhD dissertation were: to determine the incidence of increased protein expression of HER2 receptors in lung adenocarcinoma; to compare the results of the increased protein expression of HER2 receptors obtained by using HER2 antibodies "HercepTest Dako" and "Ventana anti-HER2/neu (4B5)" antibodies; to compare the presence of HER2 gene amplification by in situ hybridization (ISH) (Dual IHC HER2 kit: Ventana Medical Systems) by retesting the samples in which the increased protein expression of HER2 receptors was graded with 2+ and 3+, obtained by "HercepTest Dako" with present gene HER2 amplification on samples obtained by "Ventana anti-HER2/neu (4B5) and graded with 2+ and 3+; to compare the incidence of increased protein expression of HER2 receptors and presence of HER2 gene amplification in different histological subtypes of lung adenocarcinoma; to determine if the increased protein expression of HER2 receptors in lung adenocarcinoma and/or presence of gene amplification is related to demographic (age and sex of the patient) parameters, smoking status, appearance of metastases in regional lymphatic nodes, distant organs, infiltration of pleura and surrounding structures, and stage of the disease. Increased protein expression of HER2 in lung adenocarcinoma is 7.4% for HercepTest Dako and 2.7% for Ventana anti-HER2/neu (4B5) antibody. In positive expression they are correlated in 2%, while in negative expression they are correlated in 91.9% cases, which is overall 93.9%. The incidence of HER2 gene amplification in lung adenocarcinoma is 17.6%, from that in 2.7% of the cases high grade amplification is present. There is a statistically significant correlation between increased protein expression of HER2 receptors obtained by use of HercepTest Dako and Ventana anti-HER2 /neu (4B5) antibody and amplification of HER2 genes. Amplification of HER2 genes is present in 90.9% of patients with increased protein expression of HER2 receptors, which is obtained by using HercepTest Dako and in 75% patients by using Ventana anti-HER2/neu (4B5) antibody. Increased protein expression of HER2 receptors obtained by HercepTest Dako and Ventana anti-Her2/neu (4B5) antibody is most common in solid predominant type of adenocarcinoma in pathological T2a descriptor and IB stadium and acinar predominant type of adenocarcinoma in pathological T1b descriptor and IA stadium. Amplification of HER2 genes is most common in solid, and then in acinar and papillary predominant type of adenocarcinoma. Increased protein expression of HER2 receptors obtained by HercepTest Dako and Ventana anti-HER2/neu (4B5) antibody and amplification of HER2 genes most commonly occurs in men, smokers, at the age of 61-70 years, tumor size 31-50 mm, NO and MO disease status, without presence of tumor infiltration of pleura and surrounding structures.

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Extrair características da fala é uma etapa fundamental para os sistemas de reconhecimento de voz. É através dos descritores que extraímos a energia do sinal, a frequência fundamental (pitch) e a estrutura dos formantes que serão utilizados como identificadores para cada palavra pronunciada. Descritores como MFCC (Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficient), RASTA-PLP (RelAtive SpecTrAl - Perceptual Linear Predictive) e PNCC (Power Normalized Cepstral Coefficient) são muitos utilizados no estado da arte na área de reconhecimento de voz, porém, essas técnicas não conseguem apresentar bons resultados quando expostos a amostras com presença de ruído, variabilidade de locutor e fala contínua. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver um descritor para a fala que seja invariante ao ruído, ambiente e locução. Para isso, fizemos um estudo dos descritores de voz mais utilizados na literatura, identificando as vantagens e desvantagens, expondo a situações variadas. Para avaliação das técnicas, utilizamos a base NOIZEUS (Noisy Speech Corpus) e dois classificadores: HMM (Hidden Markov Models) e SVM (Support Vector Machine). Essa base tem como característica a presença de ruído variando de 0dB, 5dB, 10dB e 15dB, gravada em diversos ambientes. A utilização dos classificadores serviu para validar os descritores de voz. O descritor proposto, chamado de MINERS (Model Invariant to Noise and Environment and Robust for Speech), apresentou melhores resultados entre todos os descritores avaliados (MFCC, MFCC combinado com Wavelet Denoising, RASTAPLP e PNCC). A abordagem que obteve maior sucesso foi a utilização do MINERS com o classificador SVM.

Religion
Ph.D.
Since the early 1970’s, Rastafari has enjoyed public notoriety disproportionate to the movement’s size and humble origins in the slums of Kingston, Jamaica roughly forty years earlier. Yet, though numerous academics study Rastafari, a certain lacuna exists in contemporary scholarship in regards to the movement’s scriptural basis. By interrogating Rastafari’s recovery of the Hebrew Bible from colonial powers and Rastas’ adoption of an Israelite identity, this dissertation illuminates the biblical foundation of Rastafari ethics and symbolic registry. An analysis of the body of scholarship on Rastafari, as well as of the reggae canon, reveals the centrality of an Israelite identity for Rastas and its enabling of Rastafari resistance to racial oppression. Furthermore, the Hebrew Bible is, for Rastas, key to an intimate relationship with Jah, for it reveals their chosenness and their inherent divine nature. They both textually confirm this election and enact it through ritual practice. By interrogating the methods Rastas apply to the pages of the Bible in order to ascertain their appointment and decipher proper ritual practice, this dissertation expands scholarly conversations about Rastafari biblical hermeneutics. Centering on readings of Samson and Moses, it suggests that these two biblical actors function as moral exemplars and models of livity for Rastas. Despite the transgressive nature of Samson and Moses, Rastas adopt them as co-practitioners and paradigms of Rastafari election because when Samson and Moses are Rastas, all Rastas can claim their chosenness, strength, and relationship with Jah.
Temple University--Theses

    Razvojem testova inhibicije rasta na vrstama  roda  Myriophyllum  ispitan jepotencijal  vrsta Myriophyllum  aquaticum  (Vell.) Verd.  i  Myriophyllum spicatum  L. uekološkoj proceni rizika  od herbicida i kontrole kvaliteta sedimenta. Ispitana jeprimenljivost  kontaktnog testa toksičnosti sedimenta sa vrstom  M. aquaticum  uretrospektivnoj  proceni  rizika  sedimenta  na uzorcima iz prirode  –  na sedimentu  reka Tamiš, Krivaja i Jegrička.  Testom toksičnosti sedimenta obogaćenog atrazinom,analiziran je i potencijal kontaktnog testa u preventivnoj proceni rizika od hemikalijakoje pokazuju afinitet vezivanja za sediment. Testovima inhibicije rasta M. aquaticumi  M. spicatum  u voda-sediment sistemu ispitana je osetljivost i mogućnost primenemetode u preventivnoj proceni rizika od herbicida i regulatora rasta.    Deo rezultata dobijenih u radu uključen je u završne izveštaje internacionalnihtestova interkalibracije metoda,  a kao rezultat ovih aktivnosti usvojene su novestandardne metode na ukorenjenim akvatičnim makrofitama ISO 16191/2013 i OECD 239/2014.      Na osnovu istraživanja, zaključeno je da je kontaktni test toksičnostisedimenta  jednostavan i lak za izvođenje, kao i da je vrsta  M. aquaticum  u jedno-komponentnom sistemu (sediment)  adekvatan test model. Rastom kontrolnih biljaka, niskom varijabilnošću i visokom osetljivošću bioloških  odgovora zadovoljen je kriterijum validnosti testa. Preporučeno je korišćenje dodatne kontrole  u  slučajevima kada postoje značajna odstupanja u strukturi između  standardnog sintetičkog kontrolnog i  testiranog prirodnog sedimenta.  Kontaktnim  testom toksičnosti sedimenta obogaćenog  atrazinom  pokazano je da se ovaj test  može smatrati potencijalno dobrom metodom za proširenje ekološke procene rizika od hemikalija koje pokazuju afinitet vezivanja za sediment.    Ispitivanjem potencijala  testa  inhibicije rasta vrsta roda  Myriophyllum  u voda-sediment sistemu  utvrđeno je da su testovi  izvodljivi u praksi, da pokazuju  visoki stepen stabilnosti, statističku snagu i malu varijabilnost  većine  ispitivanih parametara rasta. Poređenjem testova sa vrstama  M. aquaticum  i  M. spicatum, nije utvrđena značajna  razlika u osetljivosti na odabrane herbicide.  Osetljivost  testova na vrstama roda  Myriophyllum  i standardnih  Lemna  testova je bila slična,  osim u slučaju auksin simulatora gde su  vrste roda Myriophyllum  sp. bile osetljivije,  što  ukazuje  na njihovu primenljivost u proceni rizika od pesticida specifičnog mehanizma toksičnog dejstva.    Iako  obe vrste roda  Myriophyllum  imaju  prednosti i nedostatke  kao testorganizmi,  vrste se  mogu  smatrati reprezentativnim akvatičnim ukorenjenimmakrofitama i predstavljati  adekvatne  dopunske test vrste u višim nivoima ekološkeprocene rizika od herbicida i regulatora rasta.  Takođe, vrsta M. aquaticum  je pogodna za  testiranje u  različitim test sistemima,  a samim tim  ima i veći  potencijal primene u preventivnoj, ali i retrospektivnoj ekološkoj proceni rizika.
Growth inhibition tests on Myriophyllum  aquaticum  (Vell.) Verd.  and Myriophyllum spicatum  L.  were conducted in order to assess their use in refined risk assessment  of chemicals, as well as in  sediment  risk assessment.  The applicability, stability and sensitivity of the  M.  aquaticum  sediment contact test on natural sediments (from rivers Tamiš, Krivaja and  Jegrička) was assessed for use in retrospective ecological risk assessment (ERA). The potential use of the spiked sediment contact test in risk assessment  of  sediment bound chemicals was  also investigated. The sensitivity and applicability of the growth inhibition tests on  M. aquaticum  and  Myriophyllum spicatum  in a water-sediment system was assessed for potential use in prospective ERA of plant protection products.A part of the results of this study was included in the final report of the two  international ring tests, which resulted with new standardised methods with rooted macrophytes:  ISO 16191/2013 i  OECD  239/2014. Tests on  Myriophyllum  species were compared to standard Lemna  tests.  Test substances in M. aquaticum  and  Lemna minor  L. tests were 3,5 dichlorphenol, atrazine, isoproturon, trifluralin, 2,4 D and dicamba, while substances used in  M. spicatum  tests were atrazine, isoproturon and 2,4 D.The sediment contact test proved to be simple and robust, while M. aquaticum can be considered as an adequate test model in a one-compartment (sediment) test. The validity criteria regarding control plant growth and variability was met. The use of an additional control is suggested when testing of sediments with considerably different properties of the standard synthetic control is taking place.  The spiked sediment contact tests with atrazine showed that the method could be applied in prospective risk assessment of sediment bound chemicals.The water-sediment growth inhibition test with  Myriophyllum  species proved to be applicable in practice, with high stability, statistical power and low variability of the majority of the growth parameters.  M. aquaticum  and  M. spicatum  didn’t show major  differences  in sensitivity to tested substance.  The sensitivity of  Myriophyllum and  Lemna  tests was also similar, except to auxin simulators, where  Myriophyllum species were considerably more sensitive, which makes them adequate  candidates for use in risk assessment of chemicals with specific mode of action.Even though both  Myriophyllum  species show advantages and disadvantages as test organisms, they can be regarded as representative rooted aquatic macrophyte species and additional test species in refined risk assessment of herbicides and growth regulators.  Also,  M. aquaticum  can be tested in various test syytems, which makes this species  applicable in prospective as well as retrospective ecological risk assessment.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à la variabilité de la relation mass-diamètre (m(D)) des hydrométéores en phase glace présents dans les systèmes convectif de moyenne échelle (MCS). Elle s’appuie sur une base de données acquise pour 4 types de MCS différents durant 4 campagnes de mesure aéroportée : (i) MCS de la mousson Africaine (Continent ; MT2010), (ii) MCS de l’océan Indien (MT2011), (iii) MCS de la Méditerranée (côtes ; HyMeX), (iv) MCS de la mousson Nord-Australienne (côtes ; HAIC-HIWC). La relation m(D) est calculée à partir de l’analyse combinée des images des hydrométéores enregistrées par les sondes optiques et les facteurs de réflectivité mesurés à l’aide d’un radar Doppler embarqués sur le même avion de recherche. Il est d’usage que la relation m(D) des hydrométéores soit représentée par une loi puissance (avec un pré-facteur et un exposant), qui doit être contrainte par des informations supplémentaires sur les hydrométéores. Une étude théorique sur les formes des hydrométéores à l’aide de simulations en 3 dimensions dans lesquelles les hydrométéores sont orientés aléatoirement et projeté sur un plan, permet de contraindre l’exposant β de la relation m(D) en fonction de l’exposant σ de la relation surface-diamètre (S(D)). La relation S(D) est aussi représentée par une loi puissance, et elle peut-être calculée pour une population d’images d’hydrométéores enregistrés par les sondes optiques. La variabilité de l’exposant est finalement calculée à partir de la variabilité de l’exposant σ déduis des images des hydrométéores. Ensuite le pré-facteur α est calculé à partir de simulations des facteurs de réflectivité, de sorte que les facteurs de réflectivité simulés soient égaux aux facteurs de réflectivité mesurés par le radar nuage le long de la trajectoire de l’avion dans les MCS. Des profils moyens en fonction de la température sont calculés pour les coefficients de la relation m(D), les distributions en tailles des hydrométéores et les contenus massiques de glace dans les MCS (CWC). Les profils moyens pour les quatre types de MCS sont différents les uns des autres. Pour les quatre types de MCS, il est montré que les variations des coefficients de la relation m(D) sont corrélées avec les variations de la température. Four types de paramétrisations de la relation m(D) sont calculées depuis l’analyses des variations des coefficients de la relation m(D). Le bénéfice apporté par l’utilisation de relation m(D) non constante contrairement à l’utilisation de relation m(D) avec α et β constant, est démontré en étudiant l’impact de toutes les paramétrisations de la relation m(D) sur le calcul des relations Z-CWC et Z-CWC-T
This study focuses on the variability of mass-diameter relationships (m(D)) and shape of ice hydrometeors in Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS). It bases on data base which were recorded during four airborne measurement campaigns: (i) African monsoon’s MCS (continent; MT2010), (ii) Indian Ocean’s MCS (MT2011), (iii) Mediterranean’s MCS (costs; HyMeX), (iv) North-Australian monsoon’s MCS (costs; HAIC-HIWC). m(D) of ice hydrometeors are derived from a combined analysis of particle images from 2D-array probes and associated reflectivity factors measured with a Doppler cloud radar on the same research aircraft. Usually, m(D) is formulated as a power law (with one pre-factor and one exponent) that need to be constrained from complementary information on hydrometeors. A theoretical study of numerous hydrometeor shapes simulated in 3D and arbitrarily projected on a 2D plan allowed to constrain the exponent β of the m(D) relationship from the exponent σ of the surface-diameter S(D) relationship, which is likewise written as a power law. Since S(D) always can be determined for real data from 2D optical array probes or other particle imagers, the evolution of the m(D) exponent can be calculated. After that, the pre-factor α of m(D) is constrained from theoretical simulations of the radar reflectivity factor matching the measured reflectivity factor along the aircraft trajectory. Mean profiles of m(D) coefficients, particles size distributions and Condensed Water Content (CWC) are calculated in functions of the temperature, and are different for each type of MCS. For the four types of MCS, it is shown that the variability of m(D) coefficients is correlated with the variability of the temperature. Four types of m(D) parametrisations are calculated since the analysis of the variability of the m(D) coefficients. The significant benefit of using variable m(D) relations instead of a single m(D) relationship is demonstrated from the impact of all these m(D) relations on Z-CWC and Z-CWC-T fitted parametrisations

Bilens plats har det senaste århundradet förändrat hela samhället med sin betydelse för utvecklingen (Nayak & Jeffrey 2011) och det verkar finnas en enighet bland politiker, planerare och forskare att en blandad och tät stad är mer hållbar än den glesa och transportberoende bebyggelsen som präglade planeringen från 1950-talet och framåt (Stadsliv AB 2015). Därför syftar denna uppsats till att belysa och förstå hur det planeras för, eller emot, bilen kontra fotgängare, cyklister och kollektivtrafik i staden. I denna uppsats är det just Karlstads kommun, med en fördjupning till Östra Torggatan som varit grund för fallstudien. Uppsatsen frågeställningar lyder: -        Vilka visioner har kommunen för Östra Torggatan? -        På vilket sätt använder sig kommunen av mobility management för att påverka människors färdmedelsval? -        Hur uppfattar företagarna längs med Östra Torggatan en eventuell trafikomvandling? Den teoretiska grund uppsatsen vilar på utgår från teorier från postmodernismen, teorier kring tid och rum samt tidigare forskning kring rörelse, bilens utveckling och den påverkan den haft på samhället och den enskilda människan. Som en avslutning av kapitel två redovisas en grund till begreppet mobility management. Metodvalet för denna studie har varit kvalitativ. Detta för att syftet med uppsatsen inte var att få fram ett generellt svar utan att se på det specifika fallet och hur visionerna påverkar den platsen. De intervjuer som genomfördes var semistrukturerade för att på så vis lättare föra en diskussion med respondenter snarare än att låta det vara en utfrågning som det lättare kan bli om intervjun är strukturerad. Empirin består av textdokument skapade av Karlstads kommun. Dessa var Stadsdelsvisionen för Tingvallastaden, trafikplan för Karlstads kommun samt cykelplan för Karlstads kommun. Empirin grundas också i intervjuer med respondenter från kommunen och utvalda företagare längs med Östra Torggatan. Tre intervjuer hölls med kommunrepresentanter och tre intervjuer med utvalda företagare längs Östra Torggatan. Vår slutsats är att relationen mellan bilen och människan måste bejakas i planeringen för bilfria stadskärnor. Kommunikation och information måste ligga till grund för de förändringar som måste ske för att människor ska förändra sitt färdmedelsval.

Bakgrund: Rastens betydelse för hälsa och återhämtning är en aktuell fråga inom arbetsliv. Detta då både arbetsgivare och arbetstagare måste förhålla sig till Arbetstidslagens reglering av rast samt då raster är viktiga för effekten av återhämtning och nedvarvning. Avsaknad av återhämtning kan leda till långvarig stress och kan vara ohälsosamt. I Sverige är sjuksköterskor en utsatt grupp för stress. Att ofta hoppa över raster kan tyda på hög arbetsbelastning och stress. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa upplevelsen av rast hos sjuksköterskor inom akuta slutenvårdsenheter. Metod: Studien var en kvalitativ intervjustudie där tio sjuksköterskor intervjuades på två enheter inom akutsjukvård. Intervjuerna analyserades och kategoriserades fram till tre huvudkategorier med sju underkategorier. Resultat: Upplevelsen av rast präglades av omständigheter inför rasten, både sjuksköterskors förväntningar på rasten och om det förelåg en hög arbetsbelastning. Rastmiljö, rastlängd och plats för rast präglade upplevelsen. Ökad hälsa och minskad stress upplevdes vara följder av rast, medan försämrad hälsa och ökad stress upplevdes vara följder vid avsaknad av rast. Konklusion: Rast hade betydelse för sjuksköterskor eftersom det finns en förväntan av att få koppla av, äta, få lugn och få tänka på annat. Hög arbetsbelastning påverkade sjuksköterskors rast p.g.a. stressen över att komma iväg på rast.
Background: Importance of breaks for health and recovery is a current issue for working conditions. Both employers and employees must relate to the law which regulates the basic capabilities of the break. Breaks is essential for the efficacy of recovery. The absence of recovery can lead to prolonged stress which can be unhealthy. In Sweden, nurses are a vulnerable group for stress. It may indicate high workload and stress if people are skipping breaks. Aim: The aim was to highlight nurses´ experience of their break at emergency care units. Method: Using a qualitative method, ten nurses at two acute care were interviewed. The interviews were analyzed into three main-categories with seven sub-categories. Results: The experience of breaks was characterized by circumstances before break, both nurses ' expectations on the break and the presence of a heavy workload. Environment for rest, length of breaks and place for rest characterizes the experience. Improved health and reduced stress were consequences of the break, while poor health and increased stress were consequences in the absence of a break. Conclusion: Breaks had importance to nurses because there was an expectation of getting relax, eat, get quiet and think of something else. Heavy workload affected nurses break habits.

This thesis attempts to address the problem of how best to remedy different types of channel distortions on speech when that speech is to be used in automatic speaker recognition and verification systems. Automatic speaker recognition is when a person's voice is analysed by a machine and the person's identity is worked out by the comparison of speech features to a known set of speech features. Automatic speaker verification is when a person claims an identity and the machine determines if that claimed identity is correct or whether that person is an impostor. Channel distortion occurs whenever information is sent electronically through any type of channel whether that channel is a basic wired telephone channel or a wireless channel. The types of distortion that can corrupt the information include time-variant or time-invariant filtering of the information or the addition of 'thermal noise' to the information, both of these types of distortion can cause varying degrees of error in information being received and analysed. The experiments presented in this thesis investigate the effects of channel distortion on the average speaker recognition rates and testing the effectiveness of various channel compensation algorithms designed to mitigate the effects of channel distortion. The speaker recognition system was represented by a basic recognition algorithm consisting of: speech analysis, extraction of feature vectors in the form of the Mel-Cepstral Coefficients, and a classification part based on the minimum distance rule. Two types of channel distortion were investigated: • Convolutional (or lowpass filtering) effects • Addition of white Gaussian noise Three different methods of channel compensation were tested: • Cepstral Mean Subtraction (CMS) • RelAtive SpecTrAl (RASTA) Processing • Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA) The results from the experiments showed that for both CMS and RASTA processing that filtering at low cutoff frequencies, (3 or 4 kHz), produced improvements in the average speaker recognition rates compared to speech with no compensation. The levels of improvement due to RASTA processing were higher than the levels achieved due to the CMS method. Neither the CMS or RASTA methods were able to improve accuracy of the speaker recognition system for cutoff frequencies of 5 kHz, 6 kHz or 7 kHz. In the case of noisy speech all methods analysed were able to compensate for high SNR of 40 dB and 30 dB and only RASTA processing was able to compensate and improve the average recognition rate for speech corrupted with a high level of noise (SNR of 20 dB and 10 dB).

Gegenstand dieses Beitrags ist eine Methode zur kinetischen Berechnung antriebsentlastender Vorgaben für Rast-in-Rast-Bewegungen bei Mechanismen mit dem Laufgrad 1. Dabei werden die Vorteile der Vorgabe eines Antriebsmomentenprofils über dem Weg aufgezeigt und die numerischen Herausforderungen bei der Anwendung dieser Methode diskutiert. Anhand eines Praxisbeispiels wird diese Methode mit anderen aus dem Stand der Technik bekannten Verfahren verglichen und die entsprechenden Lösungen werden gegenübergestellt.
The subject of this paper is a method for the kinetic calculation of drive relieving rise to dwell motions for mechanisms with the degree of freedom of 1. The advantages of specifying a drive torque profile over the path2 are pointed out. Furthermore the numerical challenges in the application of this approach are discussed. By means of a practical example, both the new method as well as known methods and their corresponding solutions are compared.

Gegenstand dieses Beitrags ist eine Methode zur kinetischen Berechnung antriebsentlastender Vorgaben für Rast-in-Rast-Bewegungen bei Mechanismen mit dem Laufgrad 1. Dabei werden die Vorteile der Vorgabe eines Antriebsmomentenprofils über dem Weg aufgezeigt und die numerischen Herausforderungen bei der Anwendung dieser Methode diskutiert. Anhand eines Praxisbeispiels wird diese Methode mit anderen aus dem Stand der Technik bekannten Verfahren verglichen und die entsprechenden Lösungen werden gegenübergestellt
The subject of this paper is a method for the kinetic calculation of drive relieving rise to dwell motions for mechanisms with the degree of freedom of 1. The advantages of specifying a drive torque profile over the path2 are pointed out. Furthermore the numerical challenges in the application of this approach are discussed. By means of a practical example, both the new method as well as known methods and their corresponding solutions are compared

The subject of this thesis is an analysis of factors influencing the growth rate of small and medium enterprises in Europe. The required data was collected from Amadeus database and processed into a panel dataset. Afterwards, the regression parameters of the selected explanatory variables were obtained by means of fixed effects models. Results showed that enterprise growth rate was most significantly influenced by the rate of R&D costs, specifically its annual change in relation to turnover. Growth is also positively influenced by firm's profitability, annual change in intangible assets value and nation's growth rate of GDP. A negative effect on growth connected with solvency ratio was also found, which is consistent with a proposition of the pecking order theory. Once again, validity of Gibrat's Law was confirmed when size variable turned out to be statistically insignificant and slightly negative in addition. Not surprisingly, privately held companies operating in Western Europe showed a bit higher propensity to faster growth than their counterparts.

Cilj: Svrha ovog istraživanja je da se odredi uticaj promena u funkciji, morfologiji i geometriji leve komore (LK) i odusustva očuvanog dnevno-noćnog profila krvnog pritiska (KP) na intrauterini zastoj u rastu fetusa (IUGR) i preterminsko završavanje trudnoće kod gestacijske hipertenzije (GH), reverzibilnost tih promena posle porođaja i povezanost GH sa prisustvom arterijske hipertenzije u porodici. Metodologija: U ovu studiju, koja je koncipirana kao prospektivna, uključeno je 90 trudnica, 30 normotenzivnih, 30 sa GH i dipping profilom KP i 30 sa GH i non-dipping profilom KP. Svim ispitanicama urađen je kompletan dvo-dimenzionalni, pulsni i tkivni Doppler ehokardiografski pregled i ambulatorni 24-h monitoring KP u trećem trimestru trudnoće i 6 nedelja posle porođaja. Rezultati i diskusija: U grupi trudnica sa GH značajno više su bili poremećeni parametri sistolne, dijastolne i globalne funkcije (EF, s’, E, A, E/A, E/e’, DTE, IVRT, IVCT, ET, Tei indeks, CO, CW, Ees), morfologije (IVSd, PLWd, RWT, masa miokarda, p<0,0005) i geometrije LK (abnormalna geometrija 67,7% vs 3,3% kod normotenzivnih, p<0,0005). Najizraženije promene bile su u podgrupi non-dippera. Posle porođaja registrovano je značajno popravljanje svih promenjenih ehokardiografskih parametara, a 96,7% ispitanica iz non-dipper podgrupe imale su očuvan dnevno-noćni ritam posle porođaja. U grupi sa GH utvrđeno je postojanje arterijske hipertenzije u porodici u 80% slučajeva u odnosu na 26,7% u kontrolnoj grupi (p<0,0005). Analizom rezultata utvrđeno je da su povećanje maksimalne vrednosti noćnog dijastolnog KP, indeksa mase miokarda i totalne vaskularne rezistence nezavisni prediktori IUGR-a, dok su povećanje prosečne vrednosti noćnog sistolnog KP i indeksa mase miokarda i smanjenje EF nezavisni prediktori preterminskog porođaja. Zaključak: Promene u funkciji i morfologiji leve komore i non-dipping profil KP kod GH imaju prognostički uticaj na pojavu IUGR-a i preterminsko završavanje trudnoće.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of changes in function, morphology, and geometry of the left ventricle (LV) and a non-dipping arterial blood pressure (BP) pattern on the intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preterm delivery in pregnant women with gestational hypertension (GH), reversibility of these changes after delivery and connection between BP in family with GH. Methods: This prospective study included 90 pregnant women, 30 normotensive, 30 with GH and dipping BP pattern and 30 with GH and non-dipping BP pattern. All participants underwent a complete two-dimensional, pulsed and tissue Doppler echocardiography and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the third trimester and 6 weeks after delivery. Results and discussion: Participants with GH had more impaired parameters of the LV systolic, diastolic and global function (EF, s’, E, A, E/A, E/e’, DTE, IVRT, IVCT, ET, Tei index, CO, CW, Ees), morphology (IVSd, PLWd, RWT, myocardial mass, p<0,0005) and geometry (abnormal geometry 67,7% vs 3,3% in normotensive, p<0,0005). The greatest changes were noticed in non-dippers. All changed echocardiographic parameters became improved, while 96,7 % non-dipper participants became dipper after delivery. Arterial hypertension in family was present in 80% women with GH vs 26,7% in normotensive (p<0,0005). Analyses revealed that maximum night-time diastolic BP, mass index and total vascular resistance were identified as independent predictors of IUGR. Average systolic night-time BP, mass index and EF were identified as independent predictors of preterm delivery. Conclusion: Changes in LV function, morphology and geometry and a non-dipping pattern of BP in GH predicts IUGR and preterm delivery.

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CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
FINEP - Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
GTZ - German Technical Cooperation Agency / German Agency for Technical Cooperation
Um estudo detalhado de geotermia rasa foi realizado no intervalo de profundidade de 0,02 a 210,0 m, na região metropolitana de Belém. As medidas de temperatura foram efetuadas com o uso de termômetros de mercúrio e termistor, enquanto as medidas de condutividade térmica foram feitas em testemunhos de sondagem, utilizando-se o aparato tipo agulha. O fluxo de radiação solar incidente foi registrado com um actinógrafo do tipo Robitzech. O gradiente geotérmico médio obtido na região metropolitana de Belém foi de 0,0254 ± 0,0007 °C.m-1. O valor médio de condutividade térmica dos testemunhos de sondagem coletados nesta região foi de 1,66 ± 0,52 W.m-1.°C-1. Por sua vez, o fluxo geotermal médio na região estudada é de 42,16 ± 1,14 mW.m-2. A 1,0 m de profundidade ocorrem mudanças temporais nos valores de temperatura, as quais não podem ser consideradas como desprezíveis. Estas, mudanças estão diretamente relacionadas com as variações do fluxo de radiação solar incidente na superfície. O maior incremento deste fluxo, observado de um dia para o outro, foi de cerca de 30 W.m-2, o que correspondeu a um aumento de temperatura a 1,0 m de profundidade da ordem de 0,22° C. Os perfis de temperatura obtidos durante este trabalho apresentaram deriva em sentidos alternados, durante o ciclo de período de um ano. Os perfis geotérmicos rasos são caracterizados por uma zona de fluxo de calor nulo, denominada "cotovelo", a partir da qual os valores de temperatura crescem com o aumento da profundidade. A profundidade do cotovelo é fundamentalmente influenciada pelo fluxo de calor gerado pela radiação solar incidente na superfície da área em estudo. Elaborou-se um modelo de evolução temporal o qual representa a estrutura térmica e suas variações, da zona compreendida de 0,02 a 10,0 m de profundidade. Os resultados oriundos deste modelo de transferência de calor por condução foram comparados com os obtidos em trabalhos de campo. Observa-se uma boa concordância entre esses resultados. Porém, o ajuste numérico é mais evidente para o período de setembro a fevereiro. Este modelamento poderá ser utilizado também para previsões de deriva dos perfis geotérmicos, desde que sejam conhecidos, a priori, os valores correspondentes às temperaturas médias mensais na superfície, o gradiente geotérmico regional e um dado perfil geotérmico. Este trabalho comprova que o fluxo de radiação solar incidente na superfície é a principal fonte de influência sobre os perfis geotérmicos rasos. A profundidade máxima dessa influência depende principalmente da magnitude desse fluxo, do grau de proteção superficial à incidência direta da radiação e da litologia do local em estudo.
A detailed study of shallow geothermics was carried out at depth intervals of 0.02 to 210.0 m, in the metropolitan área of the city of Belém-Brazil. The temperature measurements were performed by using mercury and thermistor thermometers, while the thermal conductivity measurements were made on core samples obtained from boreholes, by using a needle type apparatus. The incident solar radiation flux was recorded by a Robitzech type actinography. The average geothermal gradient obtained for the metropolitan area of the city of Belém was of 0.0254 ± 0.0007 °C.m-1. The average value of the thermal conductivity of the core samples collected in this region was of 1.66 ± 0.52 W.m-1.°C-1. On the other hand the average geothermal flux observed within the studied region was of about 42.16 ± 1.14 mW.m-2. At 1.0 m depth one observes changes of the temperature values with time which can not be neglected. These changes are directly related to the incident solar radiation flux variations at the surface. The largest increment of this flux observed from one day to the other was about 30 W.m-2, which corresponded to a temperature increment of the order of 0.22 °C at 1.0 m depth. The temperature profiles obtained in this work, presented drifts in alternating directions during the one-year cycle of observations. The shallow geothermal profiles are characterized by a zone of vanishing heat flux, so called “elbow zone”, past which the temperature increases with depth. The depth of the elbow zone is mainly influenced by the heat flux generated by the incident solar radiation on the surface of the area under study. A numerical model of the thermal structure evolution in time, was developed for the 0.02 to 10.0 m depth zone. The results generated from this model of heat transfer by conduction were compared with those obtained from the field work data. One observes good agreement between the two sets of data. However the numerical adjustment representation is closer to the field data in the period of September to February. The model developed can be used for of profile drifts geothermal forecasts, as long as one knows a priori the corresponding values of the monthly averages of the soil temperatures at the surface, the regional geothermal gradient and one given geothermal profile. This work demonstrates that the incident solar radiation flux at the surface is the main source of influence on the shallow geothermal profiles. The maximum depth of such influence depends mainly on the magnitude of such flux, on the degree of protection of the surface from the direct incidence of solar radiation and the lithology of the site under study.

Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka vilken betydelse rast har ur ett pedagogiskt perspektiv. Rast upptar en betydande del av elevernas skoltid men dess syfte är inte alltid klargjort. Tidigare forskning visar stora fördelar med rast, dels för att rasten är ett nödvändigt avbrott i en lektion och dels för att rasten i sig är ett lärtillfälle. Genom att använda fokusgrupper har jag tagit del av totalt 16 elevers och pedagogers uppfattningar om rasten. Resultatet visar att rasten är komplex, där vuxna både behöver vara närvarande och kunna ge eleverna distans. Skolgårdsmiljön framträder som viktig för att eleverna ska trivas och för att bidra till rörelse och aktiviteter. Sammantaget framstår rasten som grundläggande för elevens lärande.

Godkännande datum:2018-06-10

Världen blir alltmer digitaliserad och i med det, utvecklas nya metoder för att kunna underlätta arbetet för oss människor med automatiserade system som bland annatkontrolleras av AI (artificiell intelligens). Nya utmaningar står inför dörren för att fåsamhällen att anpassa sig till den nya framtiden. En av dessa metoder är chattbottar sommed hjälp av AI kan automatisera en stor del av det manuella arbetet.Denna uppsats bygger på ett projekt som vi blev tilldelade av CGI, att utvecklaen chattbot som en demoprodukt. Syftet med demoprodukten är att ge CGI möjlighetatt visa för kunder vad en chattbot är för något och vilka användningsområden den kanha. Chattbotten utvecklades med hjälp av ett open source-projekt som kallas för Rasasom är ett ramverk för att utveckla chattbottar med. Resultatet är en demoprodukt i formav en chattbot som kan boka semester och möten samt hjälpa användare att få ett nyttlösenord om de har glömt sitt och svara på vanliga frågor.
The world becomes more and more digital and with that, new methods are being deve-loped to ease the work for us humans with automatic systems including those controlledby AI (Artificial Intelligence). New challenges are faced every day to make us moreaccustomed to the new future. One of the methods is chatbots and with the help of AIthey can be used to automate a big chunk of the manual labour.This dissertation is based on an assignment by CGI, to develop a chatbot as ademo. The purpose of the demo is for CGI to show to customers what a chatbot is andwhat use cases a chatbot can have. The development of the chatbot used an open sourceproject called Rasa which is a framework to create chatbots with. The result is a demo inthe shape of a chatbot that can book vacations and meetings as well as help users receivea new password if they forgot theirs and answer frequently asked questions (FAQ).

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O diálogo entre o teatro e a política se fez presente em diferentes momentos na história do Brasil, principalmente nas décadas de 60 e 70. Neste período, uma das contribuições políticas e artísticas que pode ser ressaltada é a escrita da peça Rasga Coração (1974), de Oduvaldo Vianna Filho. Essa peça marca diretamente a trajetória do autor, por ser a última peça escrita antes de vir a falecer e por trazer ao palco reflexões sobre os conflitos de gerações entre pais e filhos, bem como de movimentos e disputas políticas organizadas, no Brasil, durante diferentes períodos históricos. A análise de Rasga Coração repercutiu quando estreada em 1979, após cinco anos de censura de seu texto, e ainda traz, atualmente, contribuições importantes para os sujeitos e movimentos sociais que visualizam no teatro um instrumento de enfrentamento das diferentes situações de desigualdade vivenciadas pelo povo brasileiro. Nesse sentido, a presente pesquisa procura, a partir da análise de Rasga Coração, amparada no diálogo com a história e a política, colaborar para um melhor entendimento de Vianinha enquanto um intelectual e artista de seu tempo, assim como discutir em que medida suas reflexões e práticas contribuem para a reflexão sobre a atuação política dos movimentos sociais, principalmente do Movimento Sem Terra e do Levante Popular da Juventude.
The dialogue between the theater and the politics has been present in different moments in the history of Brazil, mainly in the decades of 60 and 70. In this period, one of the political and artistic contributions that could be emphasized is the writing of the play Rasga Coração (1974) by Oduvaldo Vianna Filho. This play marks directly the trajectory of the author, because it is his last written piece before he died and for bringing reflections on the conflicts of generations between parents and children, as well as movements and political disputes organized in Brazil during different historical periods of the country. The analysis of Rasga Coração had a positive repercussion in the artistic and political milieu when it was first published in 1979, after five years of censorship. lt currently brings practical and theoretical contributions to for the subjects and social movements that see the theater as an instrument of coping with the different situations of inequality experienced by the Brazilian people. Given it, the present research seeks from the analysis of Tear Heart, supported by the dialogue with history and politics, to collaborate for a better understanding of Vianinha as an intellectual and artist of his time, as well as to analyze to what extent his reflections and practices contribute (and can improve) the political activities of social movements, especially the Brazil's Landless Worker's Movement and the Popular Youth Movement.

UVOD: Hipertenzivna oboljenja u trudnoći predstavljaju heterogenu grupu bolesti koja se javljaju kod 3-8% trudnica opšte populacije. Najteže forme ovih oboljenja preeklampsija, eklampsija i HELLP sindrom su vodeći uzročnici morbiditeta i mortaliteta majke i ploda u odnosu na sve druge komplikacije u trudnoći. Etiopatogeneza ovih oboljenja je još uvek nedovoljno razjašnjena ali se smatra da placenta ima ključnu ulogu u nastanku ovih komplikacija, odnosno da placentalna insuficijencija, koja nastaje kao posledica nedovoljne adaptacije decidualnih i intramiometrijalnih delova spiralnih arterija već u prvih nekoliko nedelja trudnoće, dovodi do redukcije utero-placentalne cirkulacije i lokalne placentalne hipoksije, što se nepovoljno održava i na majku i na plod. U cilju razjašnjenja patofizioloških mehanizama nastanka hipertenzivnih oboljenja u trudnoći i pronalaska dovoljno senzitivnih makera koji bi pomogli u ranom predviđanju nastanka najtežih formi ovih oboljenja, do sada su ispitivani brojni proteini koji učestvuju u procesima stvaranja i razvoja placentalne vaskularne mreže kao što su vaskularni endotelni faktor rasta (VEGF-A), placentalni faktor rasta (PlGF) i solubilni receptor fms-like tirozin kinaza receptor (sFlt-1). CILJ: Uporediti serumske koncentracije (sFlt-1, PlGF, VEGF-A, PAPP-a, freeßhCG, glukoze, ukupnog holesterola, HDL holesterola, LDL holesterola, triglicerida, apo-AI, apoB, AST, ALT, GGT, kreatinina, ureje, mokraćne kiseline, hsCRP, Na, K, Cl, P, Mg i Ca između grupe trudnica sa preeklampsijom, hroničnom i gestacijskom hipertenzijom i kontrolne grupe trudnica u prvom trimestru trudnoće između 11 i 14. nedelje gestacije. Ispitati da li se vrednosti odabranih laboratorijskih parametara (sFlt-1, VEGF-A i PLGF) kod ispitivanih trudnica statistički značajno razlikuju u odnosu na gestacijsku nedelju u trenutku porođaja, težinu i dužinu i APGAR skor bodovanja novorođenčeta. Ispitati da li se vrednosti angiogenih proteina:sFlt-1, VEGF-A, PlGF značajno razlikuju kod ispitivanih trudnica u odnosu na broj prethodnih trudnoća i starosti trudnica. MATERIJAL I METODE: Istraživanje je sprovedeno kao prospektivno analitička studija u Kliničkom centru Vojvodine, u periodu od juna 2012. do februara 2015. godine. U istraživanje je uključeno ukupno 143 trudnice starosti od 18 – 43 godine. Sve trudnice uključene u istraživanje podeljene su na dve ispitivane i jednu kontrolnu grupu. Prvu ispitivanu grupu činilo je 43 trudnice koje su po definisanim kriterijuma razvile preeklampsiju u aktuelnoj trudnoći. Drugu ispitivanu grupu činilo je 46 trudnica kojima je dijagnostikovana ili potvrđena hronična ili gestacijska hipertenzija u aktuelnoj trudnoći. Kontrolnu grupu činilo je 54 zdravih trudnica sa verifikovanim fiziološkim ishodom trudnoće u terminu, bez maternalnih i fetalnih komplikacija. Prilikom regrutovanja trudnica (između 11+0 i 13+6 nedelja gestacije) za učešće u istraživanju, uzeti su anamnestički podaci o faktorima rizika za pojavu hipertenzivnih oboljenja u trudnoći, i u okviru kliničkog i akušerskog pregleda urađena su antropometrijska merenja, merenje krvnog pritiska, i specijalizovani ultrazvučni pregled ploda radi utvrđivanja gestacijske starosti ploda i određivanja rizika za pojavu hromozomskih anomalija ploda. Trudnicama je nakon uzimanja anamnestičkih podataka i kliničkog i akušerskog pregleda i potpisanog pisanog pristanka pacijenta o dobrovoljnom učestvovanju u istraživanju izvađena krv radi određivanja odabranih laboratorijskih parametara. Serumske koncentracije sFlt1, VEGF-A i PIGF određivane su kvantitativnom ELISA tehnikom (R&D Systems Europe Ltd. Abingdon, UK), dok su: glukoza, ukupni holesterol, HDL holesterol, LDL holesterol, trigliceridi, apo-AI I apoB, AST, ALT, GGT, kreatinin, ureja, mokraćna kiselina, hsCRP, Na, K, Cl, Mg, P, Ca određivani na automatizovanim analizatorskim sistemima. Sve trudnice su kategorisane u 2 ispitivane i kontrolnu grupu na osnovu pojave ili isključenja hipertenzivnih oboljenja u aktuelnoj trudnoći. Statistička obrada podataka urađena je u statističkom programu STATISTICA 12 (StatSoft Inc.,Tulsa, OK, USA). Podaci su predstavljeni tabelarno i grafički, nivo statističe značajnosti p, je tumačen statistički značajnim ukoliko su vrednosti p<0,05. REZULTATI: Vrednosti serumskih koncentracija sFlt-1 se statistički značajno razlikuju u sve tri grupe ispitanica i značajno su više u grupama sa hipertenzivnim oboljenjima u odnosu na zdravu grupu ispitanica, p<0,001. Serumske koncentracije VEGF-A su značajno niže u grupi trudnica sa preeklampsijom u odnosu na zdrave trudnice kontrolne grupe (p<0,001), dok se nivoi serumskih koncentracija PlGF statistički značajno razlikuju između sve tri grupe trudnica tako da su najniže vrednosti uočene u grupi sa preeklampsijom (p<0,001) u odnosu na preostale dve grupe ispitanica. Nije uočeno postojanje statistički značajne razlike u nivoima PAPP-A, biohemijskih parametara (glukoze, AST, ALT, GGT kreatinina, ureje, mokraćne kiseline), lipidskih parametara (uk. holesterol, LDL, apo A-I, apo B), parametara inflamatornog (kompletna krvna slika, fibrinogen), hemostaznog (D-dimer, vWF-antigen) i elektrolitskog statusa (Na, K, Cl, P, Mg), p>0,05. Nivoi free ßhCG i HDL holesterola su značajno niže, dok su vrednosti hsCRP i triglicerida značajno više u grupi trudnica sa preeklampsijom u odnosu na grupu bez hipertenzivnih poremećaja u trudnoći. Serumske koncentracije sFlt-1 preko 865 pg/ml imaju senzitivnost od 93% i specifičnost od 81,5% u predviđanju nastanka preeklampsije, dok serumske koncentracije PlGF ispod 60 pg/ml senzitivnost od 88,4% i specifičnost od 79,6% u predviđanju pojave preeklampsije. Serumske koncentracije sFlt-1, VEGF-A i PlGF ne pokazuju statistički značajnu razliku u odnosu na godine života trudnice i broja prethodnih trudnoća p>0,05. Serumske koncentracije sFlt-1 i PlGF se značajno razlikuju u odnosu na telesnu težinu novorođenčeta, tako da su niže vrednosti oba proteina detektovane u grupi novorođenčadi sa porođajnom težinom ispod 1500 gr. u odnosu na telesnu masu između 2800-3300 gr, p<0,001. Takođe su nađene niže vrednosti sFlt-1 i PlGF u grupi trudnica koje su se porodile pre 33. nedelje gestacije u odnosu na nedelju gestacije u trenutku porođaja preko 37 nedelje gestacije, p<0,001. Serumske koncentracije sFlt-1 i PlGF se značajno razlikuju u odnosu na indeks telesne mase majke tako da su više vrednosti sFlt-1 i niže vednosti PlGF nađene u grupi trudnica sa indeksom telesne mase ispod 25 u odnosu na grupu trudnica sa indeksom telesne mase preko 30 kg/m2, p<0,001. Serumske koncentracije sFlt-1 u prvom trimestru trudnoće su značajno povezane sa parametrima inflamacije (hsCRP), vrednostima dijastolnog krvnog pritiska i nivoima free ßhCG. Takođe se uočava značajna povezanost koncentracije PlGF sa indeksom telesne mase, vrednostima sistolnog krvnog pritiska i koncentracijom hsCRP u prvom trimestru trudnoće. ZAKLJUČAK: Nivoi antiangiogenog proteina sFlt-1 su više u grupi trudnica sa preeklampsijom u odnosu na grupu sa hroničnom i gestacijskom hipertenzijom i grupu trudnica bez hipertenzivnih poremećaja trudnoći. Nivoi proangiogenog proteina VEGF-A su značajno niže u grupi trudnica sa preeklampsijom i hroničnom i gestacijskom hipertenzijom u odnosu na grupu trudnica bez hipertenzivnih poremećaja u trudnoći. Serumske koncentracije proangiogenog proteina PlGF su niže u grupi trudnica sa preeklampsijom u odnosu na grupu sa hroničnom i gestacijskom hipertenzijom i grupu trudnica bez hipertenzivnih poremećaja trudnoći. Serumske koncentracije placentalnog proteina free ßhCG i HDL holesterola su značajno niže, dok su vrednosti hsCRP i triglicerida značajno više u grupi trudnica sa preeklampsijom u odnosu na grupu bez hipertenzivnih poremećaja u trudnoći. Između trudnica sa hipertenzivnim poremećajima u trudnoći i zdravih trudnica nije uočeno postojanje značajne razlike u vrednostima placentalnog proteina PAPP-A, biohemijskih parametara (glukoze, AST, ALT, GGT kreatinina, ureje, mokraćne kiseline), lipidskih parametara (uk. holesterol, LDL, apo A-I, apo B), parametara inflamatornog (kompletna krvna slika, fibrinogen), hemostaznog (D-dimer, vWF-antigen) i elektrolitskog statusa (Na, K, Cl, P, Mg). Serumske koncentracije sFlt-1 i PlGF se značajno razlikuju u odnosu na gestacijsku starost na porođaju i telesnu masu novorođenčeta i niže su kod trudnica koje su se prevremeno porodile kao i kod novorođenčati sa manjom porođajnom težinom. Serumske koncentracije sFlt-1 se značajno razlikuju u odnosu telesnu dužinu i APGAR skor novorođenčeta, tako da su više vrednosti sFlt-1 udružene sa većom telesnom dužinom novorođenčeta i boljim APGAR skorom. Serumske koncentracije sFlt-1, VEGF-A i PlGF se ne razlikuju značajno u odnosu na godine života trudnice i broja prethodnih trudnoća. Nivoi proteina angiogeneze sFlt-1 i PlGF predstavljaju dobre prediktore u predviđanju nastanka preeklampsije u prvom trimestru trudnoće.
INTRODUCTION: Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy are a heterogeneous group of diseases that occur in 3-8% of all pregnancies. The most difficult forms of these diseases: preeclampsia, eclampsia and HELLP syndrome are the leading causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality in relation to all other pregnancy complications. Etiopathogenesis of these diseases is still insufficiently understood but it is thought that the placenta plays a key role in the development of these complications, and that placental insufficiency, which occurs as a result of insufficient adaptation of decidual intramiometrial and parts of the spiral arteries in the first few weeks of pregnancy, leading to a reduction of utero- placental circulation and local placental hypoxia, which adversely affects the mother and the fetus. In order to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and to find sufficiently sensitive makers for early prediction of the most severe forms of these diseases, so far have been investigated a number of proteins involved in the processes of creation and development of placental vascular network such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A), placental growth factor (PlGF) and soluble fms-like receptor tyrosine kinase receptor (sFlt-1). OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to compare serum concentration of sFlt-1, PlGF, VEGF-A, PAPP-A, freeßhCG, glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, apo-AI, apo B, AST, ALT, GGT, creatinine, urea, uric acid, hsCRP, Na, K, Cl, P, Mg and Ca between the group of pregnant women with preeclampsia, chronic and gestational hypertension and the control group of pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy between 11 and 14 weeks gestation. Also the aim was to examine whether the value of selected laboratory parameters (sFlt-1, VEGF-A and PlGF) differ in relation to gestational week at the time of birth, weight, length and APGAR scoring system of newborns. The aim was to examine whether the value of angiogenic proteins: sFlt-1, VEGF-A and PlGF differ significantly in relation to the number of previous pregnancies and age of the pregnant woman. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted as a prospective analytical study in the Clinical Center of Vojvodina, in the period from June 2012 to February 2015. The study included a total of 143 pregnant women aged 18 - 43 years. All pregnant women included in the study were divided into two study and one control group. The first study group consisted of 43 pregnant women who developed preeclampsia during the current pregnancy. The second study group consisted of 46 pregnant women who are newly diagnosed or confirmed chronic or gestational hypertension during the current pregnancy. The control group consisted of 54 healthy pregnant women with verified physiological outcome of pregnancy at term without maternal and fetal complications. Patients were included in the study between 11 + 0 and 13 + 6 weeks of gestation. All patients had data about risk factors for developing hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. After clinical and obstetric examination all patients underwent anthropometric measurements, measurement of blood pressure, and specialized ultrasound examination to determine precise gestational age of the fetus and to determine the risk for fetal chromosomal abnormalities. All patients signed a written consent of the patient's voluntary participation in the study. Serum levels of sFlt1, VEGF-A and PlGF were determined by quantitative ELISA (R & D Systems Europe Ltd., Abingdon, UK), while glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, apo-AI, apo B, AST, ALT, GGT, creatinine, urea, uric acid, hsCRP, Na, K, Cl, P, Mg, Ca were determined on automated analyzer systems. All pregnant women were categorized into 2 study and a control group on the basis of presence of hypertensive disorders in the current pregnancy. Statistical analysis was performed in 12 statistical program STATISTICA (StatSoft Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA). The data are presented in tables and graphs, the level of significance p is interpreted statistically significant if the p value was less than <0.05. RESULTS: Serum concentrations of sFlt-1 are statistically significantly different in all study groups and significantly higher in the groups with hypertensive disorders compared to healthy subjects p <0.001. Serum levels of VEGF-A are significantly lower in the preeclampsia group compared to healthy control group (p <0.001), while the levels of serum concentration of PlGF statistically significantly different between all groups so that the lowest values are observed in the preeclampsia group (p <0.001) compared to the other two study groups. There is no statistically significant differences in the levels of PAPP-A, biochemical parameters (glucose, AST, ALT, GGT creatinine, urea, uric acid), lipid parameters (total cholesterol, LDL, apo AI, apo B), inflammatory parameters (complete blood count, fibrinogen), hemostatic (D-dimer, vWF-antigen) and electrolyte status (Na, K, Cl, P, Mg, Ca), p> 0.05. Levels of free ßhCG and HDL cholesterol levels are significantly lower, while the value of hsCRP and triglycerides significantly higher in the group of women with preeclampsia compared to the healthy control group. Serum concentrations of sFlt-1 over 865 pg/ml have a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 81.5% in predicting preeclampsia, while serum PlGF concentration below 60 pg/ml, a sensitivity of 88.4% and a specificity of 79.6% in predicting preeclampsia. Serum concentrations of sFlt-1, VEGF-A and PlGF do not show a statistically significant difference compared to the age of pregnant women and the number of previous pregnancies p> 0.05. Serum concentrations of sFlt-1 and PlGF are significantly different in relation to the weight of the newborn, so that the lower values of both proteins are in the group of infants with birth weight below 1500 gr. in relation to the body weight between 2800-3300 gr., p <0.001. There is also lower concentrations of sFlt-1 and PlGF in a group with deliveries before 33 weeks of gestation compared to the deliveries after 37 week of gestation, p <0.001. Serum concentrations of sFlt-1 and PlGF are significantly different in relation to the mother's body mass index so that the lower values of sFlt-1 and PlGF are in the group of women with a body mass index below 25 in relation to a group with a body mass index over 30 kg/m2, p <0.001. Serum concentrations of sFlt-1 in the first trimester of pregnancy were significantly associated with the parameters of inflammation (hsCRP), diastolic blood pressure and levels of free ßhCG. It is also observed a significant correlation between PlGF with a body mass index, systolic blood pressure and hsCRP concentration in the first trimester of pregnancy. CONCLUSION: The levels of anti-angiogenic protein sFlt-1 are higher in the group of pregnant women with preeclampsia than in the group with chronic and gestational hypertension and the control healthy group. Levels of proangiogenic VEGF-A protein are significantly lower in the preeclampsia group and group with gestational and chronic hypertension compared to the control group. Serum levels of proangiogenic PlGF protein are significantly lower in the preeclampsia group than in the group with chronic and gestational hypertension and the control group. Serum concentrations of placental protein free ßhCG and HDL cholesterol are significantly lower, while the value of hsCRP and triglycerides significantly higher in the preeclampsia group compared to the control group. Among pregnant women with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and healthy pregnant women there are no significant differences in the values of placental PAPP-A protein, biochemical parameters (glucose, AST, ALT, GGT creatinine, urea, uric acid), lipid parameters (total cholesterol, LDL, apo AI, apo B), inflammatory parameters (complete blood count, fibrinogen), hemostatic (D-dimer, vWF-antigen) and electrolyte status (Na, K, Cl, P, Mg, Ca). Serum concentrations of sFlt-1 and PlGF are significantly different in relation to gestational age at delivery and newborn body weight and are lower in group with preterm delivery and newborns with lower birth weight. Serum concentrations of sFlt-1 are significantly different compared to body length and Apgar score, so that the higher values of sFlt-1 are associated with better outcome of newborns (greater body length and better APGAR score). Serum concentrations of sFlt-1, VEGF-A and PlGF are not different significantly with respect to age of pregnancy and the number of previous pregnancies. The levels of sFlt-1 and PlGF represents helpful markers in prediction of preeclampsia in the first trimester of pregnancy.

Submitted by Ana Damasceno (ana.damasceno@unipampa.edu.br) on 2016-09-12T19:13:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Descrição De Uma Nova Espécie De Anfíbio (Tetrapoda Temnospondyli) Para A Formação Rio Do Rasto (Permiano Da Bacia Do Paraná) E Revisão Do Status Filogenético De Archegosauroidea.pdf: 1777717 bytes, checksum: e8fc95d895ea7e2478fb697730895325 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-12T19:13:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Descrição De Uma Nova Espécie De Anfíbio (Tetrapoda Temnospondyli) Para A Formação Rio Do Rasto (Permiano Da Bacia Do Paraná) E Revisão Do Status Filogenético De Archegosauroidea.pdf: 1777717 bytes, checksum: e8fc95d895ea7e2478fb697730895325 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015
Temnospondyli é um grupo bastante diversificado de tetrápodes basais que surgiu no início do carbonífero passando por grandes fases de radiação e extinção, com picos de diversidade no Permiano e no Triássico. Dentro desse grande grupo inclui-se Archegosauroidea, grupo abundante no Leste Europeu, com registro ainda escasso na América do Sul (até o momento, restritos ao Brasil). Esse grupo é dividido em duas famílias, Archegosauridae e Melosauridae. Até então, os registros indiscutíveis de arquegossauróides formalmente descritos para o Gondwana pertenciam à família Archegosauridae, a saber: Prionosuchus plummeri um platiopossauríneo encontrado no estado do Maranhão (Formação Pedra de Fogo) e Bageherpeton longignathus encontrado no Rio Grande do Sul na divisa entre Bagé e Aceguá (Formação Rio do Rasto). Neste trabalho apresenta-se a descrição e análise filogenética do espécie basal do gênero Konzhukovia (anteriormente exclusiva da Rússia) para o Permiano do Gondwana permite fazer novas considerações acerca de sua origem e irradiação, que tanto pode ter se dado na Laurasia com Konzhukovia sendo parte da primeira irradiação de arquegossauróides para o Gondwana ou mesmo Konzhukovia ter se originado no Gondwana e migrado para a Laurásia onde as espécies mais derivadas evoluíram. Além disso, o fato de Konzhukovia fazer parte de uma família basal a Stereospondyli reforça a hipótese de que estes se originaram e diversificaram no Oeste do Gondwana antes do fim do Permiano ao contrário do que sugere a hipótese de que os Stere ospondyli teriam ficado em um refúgio no Leste do Gondwana e teriam se diversificado após a grande extinção no final do Paleozóico.
Temnospondyli is a very diverse group of basal tetrapods that appeared in the Early Carboniferous, going through major phases of radiation and extinction, with peaks of diversity during Permian and Triassic. It includes the Archegosauroidea, an abundant group in Eastern Europe with a few records from South America (so far restricted to Brazil). Achegosauroidea is divided into two families, Archegosauridae e Melosauridae. Until this contribution, unquestionable records of formally described archegosauroids from Gondwana belong to the Archegosauridae, as follows: The platyoposaurinae Prionosuchus plummeri from the Maranhão state (Pedra de Fogo Formation) and Bageherpeton longignathus from the Rio Grande do Sul state (Rio do Rasto Formation). This work presents the description and phylogenetic analysis of the first indubitable tryphosuchine outside Eastern Europe. The new material (UNIPAMPA PV 00137) consists in a partially complete skull collected in 2008 in the Posto Queimado locality (that also belongs to the Rio do Rasto Formation) from São Gabriel municipality, Rio Grande do Sul state. In the phylogenetic analysis presente Russia) in the Permian of Gondwana provide new insights about its radiation and dispersion, which may have happend on Laurasia with Konzhukovia being part of the first irradiation of archegosauroid to Gondwana or with konzhukovia originated on Gondwana and migrated to Laurasia, where the derivated species evolved. Besides, the fact that Konzhukovia belongs to a basal family to Stereospondyli reinforces the hypothesis that these ones are originated and diversificated in the West of Gondwana before the end of Permian. However, it is unlikely the hypothesis that the Stereospondyli may have stayed in a refuge in the East of Gondwana and may have diversificated after the great extinction in the end of Paleozoic period.

El saquinavir y ritonavir, son fármacos antirretrovirales pertenecientes a la familia de inhibidores de la proteasa, caracterizados por poseer una biodisponibilidad oral absoluta irregular, que en el caso del saquinavir además es baja. Ambos son substrato de enzimas metabólicas, como el CYP3A4 y de secreción intestinal. Actualmente, se utilizan en combinación, ya que el ritonavir es un potente inhibidor de la isoenzima CYP3A4, de modo que aumenta la biodisponibilidad oral del saquinavir.ObjetivosPese a que la interacción de saquinavir y ritonavir ya ha sido descrita en estudios previos, hasta la fecha, se desconoce la relevancia del hígado e intestino en el efecto de primer paso de estos fármacos.Por ello, se han establecido los siguientes objetivos:-Evaluar la linealidad cinética en los procesos del LADME del saquinavir, después de la administración de diferentes dosis del fármaco por vía IV, oral e IP.-Calcular la biodisponibilidad oral e intraperitoneal del saquinavir y describir la importancia y localización del efecto de primer paso de saquinavir, tras su administración por vía intraperitoneal y oral.-Describir en términos farmacocinéticos las posibles interacciones entre saquinavir y ritonavir, cuando se administran en combinación.Materiales y MétodosPara cumplir con los objetivos, se realizan ensayos in vivo, en los que ratas Wistar se han sometido a la canulación de la vena yugular. La valoración de los fármacos en las muestras plasmáticas purificadas se ha realizado mediante CLAE/ UV.Los datos se han sometido a un análisis no compartimental individual y como promedio simple de datos, mediante el programa informático WinNonlin® 4.1., para evaluar la linealidad cinética y calcular la biodisponibilidad. A continuación, los datos se han sometido a un análisis farmacocinético poblacional mediante el modelo no lineal de efectos mixtos a través de la regresión no lineal (NONMEM, 5.0) por mínimos cuadrados extendidos, con doble precisión y estimación de primer orden (FO), para describir los procesos del LADME de cada uno de los fármacos y la interacción entre estos.Conclusiones-El análisis no compartimental no resulta útil para el cálculo de la biodisponibilidad oral del saquinavir y no permite deslindar la participación de los órganos metabolizadores en el proceso global de eliminación del fármaco.-El análisis poblacional indica que en la fase de disposición del saquinavir intervienen una unión dinámica y saturable a proteínas plasmáticas y una eliminación con cinética de Michaelis-Menten desde el compartimento enterocito y hepatocito. En la fase de incorporación del saquinavir tras su administración oral, interviene un proceso de absorción de orden uno junto con un proceso de secreción intestinal mediado por transportador. La administración intraperitoneal, pone de manifiesto una precipitación del fármaco en la cavidad abdominal, actuando la disolución como factor limitativo de la absorción.- Los valores de los parámetros farmacocinéticos que describen el perfil del saquinavir indican que el intestino desempeña el papel más importante en el proceso metabolizador del fármaco.- El análisis poblacional realizado con la información de ritonavir disponible, no ha permitido esclarecer de forma unívoca la cinética de eliminación del fármaco. De modo que las opciones, cinética de orden uno y de Michaelis-Menten, resultan adecuadas para describir el proceso de disposición del fármaco, junto con un proceso de unión dinámica y saturable a proteínas plasmáticas. La incorporación del fármaco se describe mediante una cinética de orden uno, limitada por un orden cero.- La interacción entre el saquinavir y ritonavir se ha puesto de manifiesto en los modelos híbridos fisiológicos farmacocinéticos. Los procesos implicados en la interacción son el proceso de biotransformación intestinal y hepática, de manera que el ritonavir inhibe el metabolismo del saquinavir. Por otra parte, se pone de manifiesto que el saquinavir desplaza al ritonavir de su unión a proteínas plasmáticas.
Saquinavir and ritonavir belong to the protease inhibitors family, being currently used in combination in the management of AIDS. Saquinavir is characterized by a low and variable oral bioavailability which can be increased by the addition of ritonavir. Although the interaction between these drugs has already been reported in previous studies, to date, there is still lack of information regarding the roles of liver and intestine in their first pass metabolism. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic profile for these drugs and their interaction, determining the participation of the metabolic organs.To achieve this aim, assays in rats subjected to the jugular vein cannulation were performed, administering different doses of the drugs by IV, IP and oral routes. The amount of drug in plasma samples was quantified by HPLC/UV technique.The population approach by means of NONMEM showed as main conclusions that the intestine plays the most important role in saquinavir first pass metabolism. In addition, it showed the interaction between these two drugs at the hepatic and intestinal biotransformation level, so that ritonavir inhibits saquinavir metabolism. As well as a displacement of ritonavir plasma protein binding produced when saquinavir is coadministered.

La radioteràpia és un dels tractaments indicats contra el càncer. En el cas de les dones, l'exposició a la radiació ionitzant (RI) pot produir una fallada en la funció ovàrica. Per tant, l'estudi exhaustiu dels efectes dels raigs X en les gònades femenines, i, més concretament, en les seves cèl·lules germinals, es fa necessari; així com la cerca d'un agent radioprotector, per tal de disminuir-ne aquests efectes secundaris.
Aquesta tesi doctoral apropa la recerca bàsica a la clínica i els seus quatre objectius principals es centren en determinar l'existència dels efectes de la RI (raigs X), de mutàgens químics (afidicolina) i de possibles radioprotectors (triptorelina); així com la determinació de regions genòmicament inestables en l'espècie Rattus norvegicus.
La línia germinal de rates femella ha estat la base d'aquest estudi. No obstant, les cèl·lules objecte d'anàlisi han estat les cèl·lules somàtiques (fibroblasts fetals) descendents dels oòcits I fecundats de les femelles adultes dels diferents grups de tractament. D'aquesta manera, s'ha pogut estudiar la inestabilitat cromosòmica radioinduïda (RICI) transgeneracional amb diferents paràmetres citogenètics. Paral·lelament, s'ha realitzat un estudi reproductiu analitzant directament les femelles tractades.
S'ha demostrat que hi ha RICI transgeneracional. Els efectes de l'exposició a la RI d'oòcits I de rates femelles adultes es transmeten a la seva descendència. Aquesta RICI es presenta amb administració aguda i fraccionada de la dosi, i amb resultats semblants. Pel que fa a l'estudi reproductiu, no s'observa un efecte de la radiació amb els nostres paràmetres.
Els fibroblasts fetals de l'espècie R. norvegicus presenten inestabilitat cromosòmica espontània. Aquesta s'observa tant pels paràmetres quantitatius com pels qualitatius i es manté en tots els experiments que s'han fet.
L'administració del mutagen químic afidicolina als cultius de fibroblasts fetals de rata provoca dany citogenètic. Aquests efectes directes són clarament superiors quan el mutagen químic s'aplica a cèl·lules amb RICI transgeneracional indicant que aquesta en potencia els efectes.
L'anàleg agonista de l'hormona GnRH estudiat, la triptorelina, confereix radioprotecció als oòcits I dels fol·licles primordials de les femelles adultes irradiades. El grau de radioprotecció d'aquest fàrmac depèn del paràmetre analitzat, de la dosi i del tipus d'administració de la radiació ionitzant. En paràmetres citogenètics, la radioprotecció d'aquest anàleg és molt més pronunciada a dosi aguda (fins a un 44 %). Traslladant els nostres resultat a l'espècie humana, els nostres resultats en rata indicarien que els ovaris prepuberals i els ovaris de pacients adultes tractades amb aquest anàleg agonista de la GnRHa són més radioresistents que els ovaris de pacients adultes no tractades amb l'anàleg, confirmant estudis clínics i histològics anteriors.
La triptorelina també té un efecte protector enfront de la inestabilitat cromosòmica espontània, que es traduiria en una millora de la funció gonadal. Aquesta és evident quant als paràmetres citogenètics estudiats, i s'observa com a tendència pel que fa a les condicions reproductives de les femelles.
En relació a l'estudi de regions inestables, s'han identificat disset seqüències telomèriques intersticials classificades com a freqüents i molt freqüents i s'han caracteritzat set llocs fràgils induïts per l'afidicolina en fibroblasts fetals d'aquesta espècie. Ambdós tipus de seqüències estan implicats en processos evolutius i en esdeveniments d'inestabilitat cromosòmica de l'espècie.
Per acabar, s'ha determinat que les bandes cromosòmiques en rata no es trenquen a l'atzar, sinó que hi ha regions que pateixen més alteracions cromosòmiques que altres i que, per tant, són més inestables. Tenint en compte els efectes transgeneracionals de la RI, els efectes d'un mutagen químic, la inestabilitat cromosòmica espontània, els llocs fràgils i les seqüències telomèriques intersticials, les zones més inestables del cariotip de rata es localitzen en els cromosomes RNO1, RNO2 i RNO3. Les bandes cromosòmiques RNO1q22, RNO1q43, RNO2q32 i RNO3p12 són les més inestables del cariotip d'aquesta espècie.
Radiotherapy is one of the indicated treatments against cancer. In women, exposure to ionising radiation (IR) can induce a failure in the ovarian function. Therefore, there is a need for an exhaustive analysis of the X-ray effects in the female gonads and to search for a radio protector agent, so as to decrease these secondary effects.
This Ph.D. thesis attempts to infer conclusions from fundamental research and to apply this in a clinical capacity. Its four prime objectives are focused on the existence of effects of IR (X rays), of chemical mutagens (aphidicolin) and of possible radio protectors (triptorelin); and the determination of unstable genomic regions in the species Rattus norvegicus.
The basis of this study was the germinal line of female rats. However, the objects of analysis were the somatic cells (foetal fibroblasts) originating from the oocytes I of adult females from different treatment groups. In this way, transgenerational radiation-induced chromosomal instability (RICI) was studied with different cytogenetical parameters. At the same time, a reproductive study was performed directly on the treated females.
The existence of transgenerational RICI was demonstrated. Effects of the IR exposure of oocytes I from adult female rats are transmitted to their offspring. This RICI is present in acute and fractioned dosage administration, with similar results. Relating to the reproductive study, no radiation effect was seen with our parameters.
Foetal fibroblasts of R. norvegicus present spontaneous chromosomal instability. It is observed with both the quantitative and qualitative parameters and it is maintained in all the experiments performed.
Chemical mutagen aphidicolin administration to the foetal rat fibroblasts cultures causes cytogenetical damage. These direct effects are clearly superior when the chemical mutagen is applied to cells with transgenerational RICI, which indicates that RICI enhances its effects.
The GnRH hormone agonist studied, triptorelin, confers radioprotection to the oocytes I from the primordial follicles of adult irradiated females. The degree of radioprotection of this drug depends on the analysed parameter, and on the dose and type of administration of ionising radiation. Relating to cytogenetical parameters, radioprotection of this analogue is much more pronounced at an acute dose (up to 44%). If we relate our results to the human species, they would indicate that prepubertal ovaries and those from adult patients treated with this GnRH agonist are more radioresistant than those from non-treated adult patients. This would confirm former histological and clinical studies.
Triptorelin also affords protection from spontaneous chromosomal instability that would be translated into an improved gonadal function. This effect is evident relating to the cytogenetical parameters and it is observed as a tendency with respect to the reproductive conditions of the females.
Concerning to the study of unstable regions, seventeen interstitial telomeric-like sequences, classified as frequent and very frequent, and seven aphidicolin-induced fragile sites in rat foetal fibroblasts were detected. Both types of sequences are involved in evolutive processes and in chromosomal instability events of this species.
To finish, it was determined that chromosomal bands in rats do not break at random. There are chromosomal regions more unstable than others, as they suffer more chromosomal aberrations than others. The more unstable zones of the rat karyotype are located in chromosomes RNO1, RNO2 and RNO3, taking into account the transgenerational effects of IR, the effects of a chemical mutagen, the spontaneous chromosomal instability, fragile sites and interstitial telomeric-like sequences. Furthermore the more unstable chromosomal bands of this species are RNO1q22, RNO1q43, RNO2q32 and RNO3p12.

Syftet med mitt arbete är att få en fördjupad insikt i en lärares arbete, och få kunskap om hur stress och utbrändhet kan påverka arbetet som lärare. För att få denna förståelse har jag intervjuat en manlig lärare, Ove. Han har arbetat som lärare i fyrtio år. Genom att använda mig utav livsberättelsemetoden har jag fått tagit del av hans erfarenheter. I hans berättelse framkommer det att stress var inledningsvis något som var positivt för hans arbete. Han berättar att det är lätt att brinna för sitt arbete och lägga ner all sin tid och energi för det man tycker är roligt och intressant. Genom berättelsen får man ta del av hur den positiva stressen vänder, och Ove blir sjukskriven. Genom berättelsen framkommer Oves frustration över hur lärarrollen har förändrats genom åren. Det framkommer att det finns många faktorer som är avgörande hur en lärare ska fördela sin tid. Exempel på sådana faktorer är hur samhället och hur lärarrollen har förändrats genom åren.

The purpose with my work is to get a deeper insight into a teacher's job, and gain insight into how stress and burnout can affect the work as a teacher. To obtain this understanding, I interviewed a male teacher, Ove. He has worked as a teacher for forty years. The method I have used is a personal life story around this person. In his story it becomes clear that stress was initially something that was positive for his work. He says that it is easy to burn for their work and spend all their time and energy for what we think is fun and interesting. Through the story may take some of the positive stress turns, and Ove become sick. Through the story emerges Oves frustration with how the teacher's role has changed over the years. It is found that there are many factors that determine how a teacher should allocate their time. Examples of these factors is how society and how the teacher's role has changed over the years.

The purpose of this study is to highlight play and learning in the lower school ages in organized and non-organized break actives. The premise is that the break is a part of the schoolday and that the school has responsibility to live up to the goals and guidelines of the curriculum even in recess. Leisuretime-pedagogy and the professional competence the pedagogs possess about games and the social relations of children are also in focus in this study. The study is a qualitative study where the empirical material consists of observations in a schoolyard environment during one week and interviews with children. The material has then been interpreted and analyzed using Lev S. Vygotsky's sociocultural perspective. The conclusions are, that the break is an opportunity for children to socialize with peers and in a playful way learn social skills of friendship, how to behave as a boy or a girl, and what works for one's age. The study also shows that children crave active adults in the schoolyard during recess and leisure-pedagogs have the skills required to support children's development by supporting the children's building of relationships and offer educational activities.

For the purposes of this essay and in the effort to articulate a particular expression of bhakti, the focus will be on emotional bhakti through the lens of a form of Kṛṣṇa Bhakti that draws upon conventions found in aesthetic theory in order to communicate the loving devotion towards God. While there are many expressions of bhakti traditions depending on the deity of worship, the ontology subscribed or the way and goal taken asunder, I will explore the role of rasa in the discourses of Kṛṣṇa bhakti expressed in influential form in the Bhāgavata Purāṇa, and the Gītagovinda of Jayadeva and theoretically elaborated in the dualist Gauḍīya Sampradāya tradition in a selection from Rūpa Gosvāmin’s Bhaktirasāmṛtasindhu as well as in the Bhakti Rasa for the Advaitin Renunciate in Madhusūdana Sarasvatī’s theory of devotional sentiment from the Bhaktirasāyana. This is because the focus of this study will be to understand the cultivation of devotional sentiment drawn from the wellspring of affective experience that is gathered through a particular interweaving of artistic sentiment and devotional sentiment.

Ḍī. Phil.--Kalakattā--Kalakattā viśvavidyālaya.
Le dos de la page de titre porte la mention : "Hindi ke aadikalin ras aur rasak kavya-roop" / by Triloki Nath Premi. Contient des citations en apabhramsha et rajasthani. Bibliogr. p. 274-280.

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Sociais na especialidade de Ciência Política
O protesto político é a manifestação do não-consentimento sobre uma decisão ou um conjunto de decisões políticas, ou o não reconhecimento da legitimidade para o processo de tomada de decisão, a participação política assume, assim, uma nova relevância para a cidadania política e social. A construção social do protesto político é um processo central às dinâmicas do sistemas social e político no estudo dos movimentos sociais. A investigação sobre o protesto político não-institucionalizado procura apreender a sua construção, isto é, a compreensão do fenómeno protesto é expandida para a compreensão do fenómeno da construção do fenómeno protesto abrindo, assim, novas possibilidades para o estabelecimento de linhas de investigação. Conceptualmente a resposta ao presente problema de investigação tem que ser procurada na agenda clássica do estudo dos movimentos sociais, sendo realizada a análise do evento de protesto a “geração à rasca” que ocorreu em Portugal no início do ano 2011, motivada pelo quadro cultural de acção colectiva da precariedade. A presente investigação utilizou metodologicamente a análise dos eventos de protesto expandida com a análise de conteúdo e o biograma
Political protest is the expression of the non-acquiescence about a decision or a set of political decisions, or the non-acknowledgement of the legitimacy for the decision making process. The political intervention is assumed to be, in that case, extremely relevant for the political and social awareness. The social construction of the political protest is a process within the dynamics of the political and social systems meander. The research of the uninstitucionalized political protest aims to comprehend its conception, that is, the very understandment of the protest phenomena shall be expanded to the understandment of its own construction, creating thus, new possibilities for the establishment of lines of investigation. Conceptually, the answer can be found within the roots of the classical study of the social movements, according to the analysis of the “geração à rasca” movement that took place in Portugal in the beginnings of 2011, which was motivated by a precarious cultural frame. Methodocagically, this research applied the analysis of the protest events, as well as the analysis of contents and the biogram
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Dėl pastovių rinkos pokyčių, intensyvių pasikeitimų konkurencinėje aplinkoje, šiuolaikinis verslas atsiduria dinamiškoje aplinkoje, kurioje pokyčiai yra pastovus reiškinys. Padidėjusi technologijų vystimosi sparta, reikalauja inovatyvių bei greitai pritaikomų priemonių įmonių veikloje, ypatingai marketingo planavimo procesuose. Todėl marketingo planavimas turi būti sistemiškas, papildytas naujomis technologijomis, sustiprintas valdymo ir kontrolės funkcijomis. Įmonėms reikalingas marketingo plano rengimo sistemos nustatymas, pritaikant specialias formas, kompiuterines programas, ko pasekoje būtų sutaupoma laiko, iškiltų mažiau analizavimo bei kontroliavimo problemų. Darbo uždaviniai: • Apibrėžti marketingo planavimo esmę ir susieti su marketingo planu. • Išanalizuoti marketingo plano struktūrą bei planavimo specifiką • Išskirti marketingo plano etapus ir parinkti tinkamus konkrečiai įmonei. • Remiantis šiuolaikinėmis technologijomis parengti marketingo planą pasirinktai – Uždarai akcinei bendrovei „Druskininkų Rasa“ Darbo sudėtis. Darbas susideda iš trijų pagrindinių skyrių. Pirmoje dalyje nagrinėjama įvairių autorių nuomonės apie marketingo planavimo procesą, apibrėžiami šiuolaikiniai reikalavimai marketingo planui bei technologijos plano engimo procese. Antroje dalyje atliktas marketingo plano proceso rengimo etapų analizavimas remiantis pusiau struktūrizuotos apklausos metu gautais duomenimis. Trečioje dalyje pagal atliktą marketingo plano rengimo etapų analizę... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Company’s has to use marketing plan, to avoid environmental influences of sensitive market situation, what are making problems and restrictions. Using marketing plan, company has possibility to adjust to the fast changeability environment situation, to accommodate actions of sales and marketing mix. Marketing plan prepared with right technology, can be easy adjustable to dynamic environment and could be comfortable at preparing, analyzing and control process. The object of study is preparation of marketing plan of JSC “Druskininkų Rasa“ The objective of study is to analyze theoretical decisions of marketing plan preparation technology and to use them for marketing plan preparation of JSC “Druskininkų Rasa“ The tasks for objective realization are as follows: • To describe point of marketing planning and relate with marketing plan • To make theoretical analysis of marketing plan process and planning methodology To except sections of marketing plan and assess for chosen company • According to innovations at preparing process, to prepare marketing plan for JSC „Druskininkų Rasa“. At the time of the critical test of preparing marketing plan process, was created marketing plan preparing system. According that with new technology system was prepared marketing plan for JSC ”Druskininkų Rasa”, which will guarantee clear and systematical plan preparing, analyzing, controlling and plan introduction process. Master’s graduate study consists of three main parts. In the first part is made... [to full text]

Este trabalho trata do estudo detalhado e com profundidade das metodologias de aquisição, processamento e interpretação de dados de caminhamentos elétricos, sob o enfoque de investigações voltadas a objetivos rasos. Nas técnicas de aquisição 2D (caminhamentos) foram utilizados os arranjos dipolo-dipolo, pólo-dipolo, pólo-pólo e Wenner, permitindo comparações quanto à eficácia dos mesmos. Foi testada uma genuína aquisição 3D utilizando o arranjo pólo-pólo, avaliando-se suas potencialidades e limitações. O Schlumberger foi o arranjo empregado para a execução de SEVs que auxiliaram na interpretação e quantificação das seções geoelétricas 2D, principalmente no que se refere à distribuição vertical das resistividades. Os modelos geoelétricos 2D foram obtidos com um programa de inversão de dados (RES2DINV) que, em tese, é capaz de corrigir as distorções observadas nas pseudo-seções de resistividade elétrica aparente correspondentes aos diversos arranjos utilizados no trabalho. Estes modelos constituem imagens que apresentam uma melhor correspondência com a realidade geológica em subsuperfície, o que facilita a interpretação dos resultados. Procurou-se explorar o máximo as potencialidades do programa de inversão, visando a obtenção de imagens de boa qualidade. A interpretação geofísica foi sempre efetuada com base em informações diretas disponíveis (furos de sondagem, trincheiras, poços e afloramento). Em uma escala de investigação rasa, a resolução passa a ter uma importância fundamental. Procurou-se demonstrar que, quando são utilizados pequenos espaçamentos entre eletrodos (menores que quatro metros), particularmente no caso do dipolo-dipolo, é possível a execução de mais níveis de investigação em profundidade (superiores a oito) ainda com uma boa qualidade do sinal. Por outro lado, os arranjos dipolo-dipolo e pólo-pólo permitem um número muito maior de níveis de investigação sem a limitação das pequenas aberturas, mas com alguma perda em definição. Como conseqüência, tem-se um significativo aumento na quantidade de dados gerados na seção, o que contribui para o incremento da resolução bi-dimensional. Outro aspecto testado e avaliado foi o da utilização de múltiplos espaçamentos entre eletrodos sobre o mesmo perfil de levantamento. Este interessante procedimento garante, além de resolução nas porções rasas (graças aos espaçamentos pequenos), o alcance de maiores profundidades de investigação (devido aos espaçamentos maiores) em uma mesma seção. A eficácia desta prática foi verificada tanto na construção das pseudo-seções, como nos modelos geoelétricos gerados pela inversão dos dados (modelagem). A metodologia foi testada em três distintas áreas tendo por objetivo o mapeamento de um nível d´água raso, a determinação da profundidade e conformação de topo rochoso e o mapeamento de uma provável pluma de contaminação. Além de uma ampla revisão bibliográfica sobre o assunto, foi também abordado neste trabalho o controverso tema da profundidade de investigação que de fato se verifica com os arranjos de eletrodos comumente empregados em eletrorresistividade. Procurou-se, com esta tese, contribuir para um melhor entendimento acerca do tema \"imageamento geoelétrico\" e alguns tópicos a ele relacionados, quais sejam: arranjo de eletrodos, procedimentos para se conseguir um bom volume de dados na seção, utilização eficiente do programa de inversão que gera os modelos e, finalmente, a interpretação dos resultados sempre balizada por informações diretas disponíveis e por outros métodos ou técnicas geofísicas de apoio.
This paper addresses a detailed, in-depth study on data aquisition, processing and interpretation methodologies for 2D electrical profilings, focusing on investigations oriented to shallow targets. Two-dimensional (electrical profilings) acquisition techniques were used on a wide range of arrays - dipole-dipole, pole-dipole, pole-pole and Wenner arrays - for efficiency comparison purposes. A real 3D acquistion was tested with the pole-pole array in order to check its potential use and limitations. Schlumberger was the array used for SEVs, which helped to interpret and quantify 2D geoelectrical sections, especially as to the vertical distribution of resistivity. The 2D geoelectrical models were generated with an inversion computer program (RES2DINV), which basically corrects any distortions found in the apparent resistivity pseudosections corresponding to the arrays included in this study. These models create images that better match the subsurface geological reality, therefore simplifying the interpretation of results. We tried to explore the full potential use of the inversion computer program for good quality images. The geophysical interpretation was always based on the subsurface information available (boreholes, trenches, wells and outcrop). Resolution is critical in a shallow investigation scale. This study tried to show that the use of small spacings between electrodes (less than four meters), particularly in dipole-dipole arrays, allows for more in-depth investigation levels (greater than eight) without compromising signal quality. On the other hand, dipole-dipole and pole-pole arrays allow for a larger number of investigation levels without small spacings limitations, but with a slight loss of definition. Consequently, there is a significant increase in the amount of data generated at the section, enhancing 2D resolution. Another aspect tested and assessed was the use of multiple spacings between electrodes on the same survey profile. In addition to resolution in shallow sections (thanks to small spacings), this interesting procedure allows deeper investigation levels (due to larger spacings) in the same section. The efficacy of this practice was verified both in the development of pseudo-sections and in the geoelectrical models generated by inversion modelling. The methodology was tested in three different areas in order to map a shallow water table, determine the depth and shape of the bedrock, and map a potential contaminant plume. In addition to the broad literature review available, this paper also covered the controversial topic of depth investigation actually present in electrode arrays typically used in electrical resistivity methods. This thesis tried to provide a better understanding of \"geoelectrical resistivity imaging\" and related topics such as: electrode array, procedures required to generate good volumes of data in the section, efficient use of the inversion computer program behind the models and, lastly, interpretation of results, always based on the subsurface information available and on other supporting geophysical methods or techniques.

The Unravelers is a Buddhist novel of literary fiction, which to my knowledge is the first in the last one hundred years to synthesize the Buddhist teachings and values found in the suttas of the Pāli Canon, the theory of ancient Indian kāvya literature, and the latest stylistic and structural innovations of contemporary literary fiction. The narrative follows four characters from the moment of their deaths as they manipulate the process of becoming—the mental act of creating and entering into “worlds”. The novel depicts the characters’ development of dispassion for a variety of realms, resulting in their eventual return to the human world with the motivation necessary to practice the Buddhist path. My critical essay opens with an introduction to kāvya and Theravāda Buddhist concepts that are particularly relevant to the process of creating a fictional world— namely, saṅkhāra (fabrication) and bhava (becoming)—and the inherent karma of writing. Section II “Literary Review” explores narrative modes from Theravāda Buddhist literature and develops them through experimental narrative modes of contemporary literary fiction. Section III discusses the depiction of becoming, fabrication, and dispassion through the novel’s characters. Section IV “Rasa,” explains the theory of how a reader experiences the work’s savor, while relating the use of rasa in The Unravelers to the early Buddhist kāvyas (the Pāli Canon’s Udāna and Dhammapada, and two works by Aśvaghoṣa). Section V evaluates the classic use of Buddhist concepts and metaphors in Aśvaghoṣa’s Handsome Nanda as compared to The Unravelers. Section VI examines Jack Kerouac’s The Dharma Bums as a forerunner to the genre of the Buddhist novel and Keith Kachtick’s Hungry Ghost as archetypal. Section VII concludes by detailing The Unravelers’ contribution to the Buddhist novel.

AbstractTitel: När det är rast så leker vi igen!Författare: Anna Thufvesson och Izabella KolodziejDetta examensarbete handlar om hur lek och lärande gestaltas i en förskoleklass i en mindre kommun i Skåne. Barngruppen består av tjugoen barn. Klassen har två lärare. Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka två lärares uppfattningar om lekens betydelse för barnens lärande samt deras tankar om hur lek och lärande kommer till uttryck i den pedagogiska verksamheten. Syftet med undersökningen var även att ta reda på hur barnen själva uppfattar lek och lärande i förskoleklassen. I vår undersökning valde vi att använda oss av kvalitativa metoder, dels samtalsintervjuer med två lärare och sexton barn, dels observationer av styrda aktiviteter och den fria leken. De frågor som vi har utgått från är: På vilket sätt kommer lek och lärande till uttryck i en förskoleklass? Vilka uppfattningar har lärare om lek och lärande i en förskoleklass? Vilken syn har barn på lek och lärande under sin vardag i förskoleklassen? samt Hur använder sig lärare av lek i undervisningen? I detta arbete hänvisar vi till forskning och litteratur som vi har kunnat koppla till lek och lärande samt forskning kring språklekar och barns möte med matematik. Resultatet pekar mot att lärarna i den valda förskoleklassen anser att leken är viktig för barnens lärande och låter leken genomsyra verksamheten. Resultatet från intervjuerna med barnen tyder på att barnen skiljer på att lära sig saker i leken och att lära genom lek. Barnen ser lärandet i leken som något konkret, exempelvis att cykla och att klättra, medan de ser exempelvis läsvägen som en lärandesituation för att lära sig ny kunskap.

Uvod: Karcinom dojke je heterogena bolest koju karakterišu različita morfologija, imunohisto-hemijski profil, klinički tok i terapijski odgovor. Ki-67 proliferativni indeks je jedan od markera sa prognostičkim i prediktivnim značajem, čije metodološko određivanje i analiza još uvek nisu standardizovani. Cilj: Utvrditi graničnu (“cut-off”) prognostičku vrednost Ki-67 indeksa, kao i povezanost vrednosti Ki-67 u ranom luminalnom karcinomu dojke sa prognostičkim i prediktivnim parametrima karcinoma dojke, kao što su životna dob bolesnica, veličina tumora, histološki gradus (HG) i nivo tumorske ekspresije receptora estrogena (ER) i progesterona (PR). Takođe, cilj istraživanja je i utvrđivanje značajnosti razlike u vrednosti Ki-67 proliferativnog indeksa u odnosu na pojavu lokalnog recidiva, udaljenih metastaza i dužinu preživljavanja u toku petogodišnjeg perioda praćenja pacijentkinja. Metode: Retrospektivno je analizirano 120 patohistoloških izveštaja bolesnica kojima je u periodu od 01.01.2009. godine do 31.12.2011. godine na Institutu za onkologiju Vojvodine imunohistohemijskom analizom dokazan luminalni karcinom dojke (pozitivan ER i PR, negativan HER2), bez metastaza u aksilarnim limfnim čvorovima. Rezultati: Metodama deskriptivne statistike prosečna starost pacijentkinja je iznosila 57,42±10,17 godina; prosečna veličina tumora 17,98±6,97mm; recidiv je registrovan kod 8 (6,7%) pacijentkinja uz prosečan vremenski period do pojave recidiva od 49±20,23 meseci. Vrednost “cut off” indeksa Ki-67 od prognostičkog značaja za vremenski period bez recidiva je iznosio 20,75%. Nije dokazana signifikantna veza između vrednosti Ki-67 i godina starosti pacijentkinja (p=0,401, odnosno p=0,293), kao i jačine ekspresije ER (p=1,00, p=0,957) i PR (p=0,273, p=0,189). Ustanovljena je signifikantna povezanost Ki-67 postoji sa veličinom (p=0,035, p=0,20) i HG tumora (p=0,041, p=0,20). Prosečan period praćenja bolesnica iznosio je 72,92±8,38 meseci; nije registrovana pojava udaljenih metastaza, kao ni smrtni ishod. U odnosu na pojavu lokalnog recidiva, Kaplan-Majerovom analizom i Koksovom regresionom analizom proliferativni indeks Ki-67 se pokazao kao signifikantan prediktor za procenu ponovnog javljanja bolesti, lokalnog recidiva (Log rank (df = 1) = 2,73; p=0,045). Takođe je ustanovljeno da je statistički značajan prediktor za procenu recidiva bolesti i starosna dob bolesnica (Log rank (df = 1) = 6,885; p=0,009). Intenzitet pozitivnosti ER i PR, veličina tumora i histološki gradus se nisu pokazali kao prediktori za pojavu recidiva luminalnih karcinoma dojke (p > 0,05). Zaključak: Zbog heterogene prirode oboljenja, korišćenjem standardnih histopatoloških faktora i biomarkera teško je predvideti tok i ishod karcinoma dojke. Ki-67 je proliferativni marker, čija visoka vrednost korelira sa faktorima loše prognoze.
Introduction: Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease characterized by different morphology, immunohistochemical profile, clinical course and response to applied therapy. Ki-67 proliferative index is one of the prognostic and predictive factors, whose methodological determination and analysis are still unstandardized. Objective: Determination of cut-off value for Ki-67 index, its corelation in luminal breast carcinoma with patient's age, tumor size, histological grade (HG) and expression of estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR). Also, the aim of the study was to determine the significance of the difference in the value of the Ki-67 proliferative index in relation to the occurrence of local relapse, distant metastases and survival rates during the five-year follow-up period of the patient. Methods: Retrospectively, we analysed 120 pathohistological reports of patients who were treated in the period from 01.01.2009 until 31.12.2011 at the Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, and to whom immunohistochemically was proven luminal breast cancer (positive ER and PR, negative HER2), without axillary lymph node metastases. Results: The average patient’s age was 57.42±10.17 years; average tumor size 17.98±6.97mm; recurrence was registered in 8 (6.7%) patients with average recurrence time of 49±20.23 months. "Cut off" Ki-67 value of prognostic significance for period without recurrence was 20.75%. Test didn’t show significant relationship between Ki-67 and patient’s age (p=0.401 and p=0.293), as well as the strength of expression ER (p=1.00, p=0.957) and PR (p=0.273, p=0.189). Significant correlation was present for Ki-67 with size (p=0.035, p=0.20) and tumor’s HG (p=0.041, p=0.20). The average follow-up period for patients was 72.92±8.38 months; there was no registered occurrence of distant metastases or fatal outcome. In relation to the occurrence of local relapse, Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression analysis, the proliferative index Ki-67 proved to be a significant predictor for the assessment of recurrence of the disease, local relapse (Log rank (df = 1) = 2.73; p = 0.045). Also, it was founded that a statistically significant predictor for assessing the recurrence of the disease is the age of the patients (Log rank (df = 1) = 6.885; p = 0.009). The intensity of ER and PR expression, tumor size and histological grade have not been shown to be predictors of the recurrence of luminal breast carcinoma (p> 0.05). Conclusion: Breast carcinoma is heterogeneous disease, so it is difficult to predict its course and outcome using standard histopathological factors and biomarkers. Ki-67 is proliferative marker whose high value correlates with factors of bad prognosis.

På många skolor runt om i Sverige bedrivs organiserad rastverksamhet. Syftet meddenna undersökning är att undersöka rastaktivisters syn på effekterna av sitt arbete, medutgångspunkt i arbetet mot mobbning och kränkande behandling. Informantereftersöktes via sociala medier, och sju stycken deltog i undersökningen. Dessa ficksvara på en enkät. Resultatet av denna enkät visar att rastaktivisterna till stor del ärnöjda med sitt arbete och upplever minskad förekomst av bråk, tråkningar ochkränkande behandling under de raster då rastverksamhet bedrivs. En stor stolthet öververksamheten lyser igenom i informanternas svar, samt en vilja att utveckla ochförbättra sin verksamhet. Studien visar också att rastaktivisterna upplever storutvecklingspotential i sin verksamhet, för att kunna ”fånga upp” de elever som de anserbäst behöver verksamheten. Slutsatsen är att rastverksamheten har stor potential attminska förekomsten av mobbning och kränkande behandling. Rastverksamheten haräven potential att fungera som ett verktyg för inlärning i en skolkontext, utöver ett rentunderhållningsvärde för de elever som väljer att delta.

Os Chondrichthyes são gnastotomados não-tetrapodos com esqueleto interno essencialmente cartilaginoso. Fortes evidências sugerem que o grupo seja monofilético, estando dividido em dois grupos irmãos, Elasmobranchii e Holocephali. Os Chondrichthyes são componentes comuns das faunas aquáticas do Paleozóico, mas a preservação de esqueletos parciais é rara devido à natureza cartilaginosa do mesmo. Assim, o registro paleontológico é composto basicamente pelas mais partes mineralizadas, tais como dentes, dentículos dérmicos e espinhos de nadadeira. Dentes isolados de tubarões paleozóicos ocorrem em depósitos marinhos e continentais ao redor do mundo, sendo o registro mais antigo datado do Devoniano. Eles são compostos por tecidos mineralizados por hidroxiapatita, sendo constituídos por orto ou osteodentina e recobertos por enameloide. Os dentes cladodontes tratados aqui são provenientes de rochas do Permiano Superior (Formação Rio do Rasto, Bacia do Paraná), da Serra do Cadeado, norte do Estado do Paraná. Eles consistem no primeiro registro do grupo para a região, que possui importantes afloramentos de rochas paleozóicas e mesozóicas incluídas no contexto das unidades litoestratigráficas que compõem a Bacia do Paraná. Após a preparação mecânica e química do material, oito dentes praticamente completos e dez fragmentos, além de aproximadamente 100 dentículos dérmicos foram recuperados. Os dentes são osteodontes, multicuspidados, com as cúspides dispostas em linha e levemente comprimidas lábio-lingualmente. As coroas são ornamentadas com linhas bem marcadas. As bases são mesio-distalmente alongadas, com uma expansão lingual e numerosas perfurações. Levando-se em conta a problemática existente na classificação e atribuição de elementos esqueletais isolados a táxons extintos, tentou-se resolver a afinidade taxonômica dos espécimes tratados aqui até o nível taxonômico menos inclusivo possível, com base tanto na comparação da anatomia dentária com materiais depositados em coleção e dados disponíveis na literatura, quanto em variadas metodologias para a análise ultra-estrutural e histológica. O estudo comparativo dos dentes indica que o material pode ser atribuído a um Euselachii, relacionado à Hybodontiformes.
Isolated shark teeth are found worldwide in both marine and continental rocks dating as far back as the lower Devonian (Lochkovian), some 409 mya. They are important as palaeoenvironmental proxies and provide valuable biostratigraphic data for global correlation. Teeth are the main record of fossil chondrichthyans, because they are composed of mineralized tissues with hydroxyl-apatite. Most shark teeth are basically made up of enameloid and ortho- and/or osteodentine. The chondrichthyan teeth dealt here were collected in Late Permian rocks of the Serra do Cadeado area in north of Paraná, Brazil, in the litoestratigrafic context of the Rio do Rasto Formation (Paraná Basin). These remains represent the first record of Chondrichthyans in the area, where there are important outcrops of Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks, providing a important paleontological window to the Late Permian of South America. Following mechanical preparation of the collected samples eight nearly complete teeth and ten tooth fragments were isolated. In addition, some 100 dermal denticles were recovered after chemical preparation. The teeth show a Cladodont morphology, including a mesio-distally elongated multicusped crown with a central main cusp. The cusp and cusplets are disposed in line, some of which are slightly labio-lingually compressed. The crowns are ornamented with strong, straight to slightly curved ridges. Tooth bases are mesiodistally elongated, and there is a lingual torus at the base. Numerous small foramina form a row right below the crown-base junction, while irregular, large pores perforate the basal surface of the tooth base. Various methodologies were used to study the specimens, including thin sections, scanning electronic microscopy and CT-scan. The crow and base morphology of these teeth are reminiscent of those ascribed to hibodontiform sharks.

As estruturas com maior possibilidade de fossilização do esqueleto dos Chondrichthyes são aquelas mais mineralizadas, tais como dentes, escamas, espinhos cefálicos e de nadadeiras. Na Formação Rio do Rasto, os Chondrichthyes estão representados predominantemente por dentes e espinhos de nadadeiras. Na presente dissertação, foram estudados espécimes coletados em um afloramento do Membro Serrinha da Formação Rio do Rasto próximo ao quilômetro 20 da BR-153 no Município de Jacarezinho, Estado do Paraná, Brasil. O material corresponde a dois conjuntos, um representado por dois espinhos de nadadeira e o outro por vários dentes, todos depositados no Museu de Ciências Naturais do Setor de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná. No primeiro conjunto as características apresentadas pelos espinhos permitiram atribuí-los a uma nova espécie de Sphenacanthidae, enquanto que as características do segundo conjunto permitiram atribuir os dentes a uma nova espécie de Xenacanthidae. A associação fóssil na localidade-tipo e no mesmo horizonte estratigráfico da Formação Rio do Rasto indica que estas ocorrências de tubarões podem representar mais um registro de água doce para os xenacantídeos e esfenacantídeos.
The chondrichthian skeletal structures with greater potential of fossilization are the most mineralized such as teeth, scales, fin spines and cephalic spines. In the Rio do Rasto Formation the Chondrichthyes are represented by fin spines and teeth. The studied material came from an outcrop of Serrinha Member of the Rio do Rasto Formation, close to km 20, by the road BR-153 in the city of Jacarezinho, State of Paraná, Brazil. The studied material are two sets, one represented by two fin spines and the other by several teeth, all housed in the “Museu de Ciências Naturais do Setor de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná” - UFPR Natural Sciences Museum. In the first set, the features shown allow to ascribe the finspines to a new species of Sphenacanthidae, while the features of the second set allow to ascribe the teeth a new species of Xenacanthidae. The fossil association in the type locality and in the same stratigraphical horizon in the Rio do Rasto Formation indicates that these shark occurrences could represent another freshwater record for the xenacanthids and sphenacanthids.

A utilização de fatores de crescimento no tratamento periodontal tem sido amplamente estudada. No entanto, sua aplicabilidade no tratamento de seres humanos ainda não foi estabelecida. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar os efeitos da aplicação de PDGF-BB, IGF-1, TGF-ß1 e sua combinação na proliferação de células cultivadas originadas do ligamento periodontal de humano (células FL2). Além disso, analisou-se a adesão dessas células a fragmentos radiculares periodontalmente comprometidos tratados previamente ou não por associação de ácido cítrico e tetraciclina após a raspagem. Para tanto, foi estabelecida cultura primária de fibroblastos obtidos de 3º molares retidos e/ou impactados extraídos de pacientes saudáveis. Para analisar a taxa de proliferação celular, foram plaqueadas 72 placas de Petri contendo inicialmente 103 células aleatoriamente divididas em 4 grupos que receberam a adição de PDGF-BB (grupo 1), TGF-ß1 (grupo 2), IGF-1 (grupo 3) ou de sua combinação (grupo 4) ao meio de cultura e 2 grupos controle (sem adição de fatores de crescimento) e contadas em triplicatas após 1, 3, 5 e 7 dias. Paralelamente, foram obtidos 30 fragmentos de dentes extraídos de 14 pacientes com perda de inserção à sondagem > 6 mm aleatoriamente distribuídos em 10 grupos de acordo com o tratamento: raspagem (grupo 1), raspagem e aplicação dos fatores de crescimento isolados ou em combinação (grupos 2-5), raspagem e condicionamento ácido (grupo 6) ou raspagem, condicionamento ácido e aplicação dos fatores de crescimento isolados ou em combinação (grupos 7-10). Os resultados obtidos foram estatisticamente avaliados pelo teste ANOVA e por métodos descritivos. Os resultados demonstraram que o TGF-ß1 apresentou os melhores efeitos na proliferação de células do ligamento periodontal em cultura, enquanto que na adesão das células aos fragmentos a combinação dos três fatores apresentou resultados mais favoráveis, com diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p<0,05) em relação aos grupos tratados sem o condicionamento ácido radicular, com exceção do grupo tratado através da combinação. Esses dados sugerem que a aplicação de fatores de crescimento, especialmente do TGF-ß1 associado ou não ao PDGF-BB e IGF-1, poderia ser favorável à regeneração dos tecidos periodontais perdidos com o processo de doença periodontal.
The use of growth factors in regenerative periodontal treatment has been largely reviewed in the past years. However, its applicability in humans is not established yet. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the application of PDGF-BB, IGF-1, TGFß1 alone or in combination over the proliferation of cultured human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (FL2 cells). Besides, the adhesion of FL2 cells to periodontally compromised root fragments previously treated or not with citric acid and tetracycline was evaluated. Periodontal ligament fibroblasts were obtained from third molars extracted from healthy patients and treated as explants in order to develop a primary cell line culture. To analyze the growth factor effects on periodontal ligament cells, 72 Petri dishes were cultured with 103 cells each randomly distributed among 4 experimental and 2 control groups. The experimental groups received PDGF-BB (group 1), TGF-ß1 (group 2), IGF-1 (group 3) or its combination (group 4) added to the culture medium while the controls received the supplemented culture medium only. The Petri dishes were counted in triplicates 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after the culture allowing the establishment of a growth curve for each treatment group. In a parallel experiment, 30 teeth fragments were obtained from 14 patients presenting probing attachment level > 6 mm and were randomly distributed among 10 treatment groups: scaling (group 1), scaling and growth factor application (groups 2-5), scaling and acid treatment (group 6) and scaling and acid treatment followed by growth factor application (groups 7-10). The data were statistically evaluated by ANOVA and descriptive methods. The results obtained have demonstrated that TGF-ß1 provided the more pronounced effects over cultured periodontal ligament fibroblasts proliferation while the combination of growth factors presented the most significant results over the its adhesion to periodontally compromised tooth fragments previously treated by scaling and citric acid associated to tetracycline conditioning for 3 minutes. These results were statistically different from the non-conditioned treatment groups (p<0,05), except for the group treated with the combination of growth factors. These findings suggest that these substances, especially TGF-ß1 combined or not with PDGF-BB and IGF-1, could enhance regeneration of periodontal tissues lost with the disease.