Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rapport au numérique'
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Toulouse, Sophie. "Approximation polynomiale : optima locaux et rapport differentiel." Paris 9, 2001. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2001PA090007.
Full textSilvani, Xavier. "Simulation numérique des couches cisailées planes à grand rapport initial de masse volumique." INSA de Rouen, 2001. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00598330.
Full textGoudard, Laure. "Transitions entre dynamos, de type terrestre et de type solaire : une approche numérique." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GLOB0005.
Full textThe solar magnetic field exhibits regularly polarity reversals, both on small scales and on large dipolar scales. The magnetic field of the Earth looks quite different : it is essentially dipolar and reverses very irregularly. This observation leads us to ponder on the origin of each of these behaviour, and their possible common features. To address this question, we use a fully three dimensional convective code that models the dynamo zone in the shell formed by two spheres. The ratio between the inner and the outer sphere radius, surrounding the dynamo zone, is called the aspect ratio. For the Earth, the aspect ratio of the dynamo zone, the outer core, is about 0. 35. It is about 0. 7 for the solar dynamo, that takes place in the convective zone. During this PhD work, we investigate how the aspect ratio controls the behaviour of the magnetic field. A second feature can play an important role in the behaviour of the magnetic field produced by dynamo effect : the boundary conditions. For the Earth, the dynamo zone is bounded by solids (the inner core and the mantle), with regards to the motion of the fluid in the outer core. Thus, no-slip boundary conditions can suitably model the top and the bottom of the dynamo zone (in this thesis, such dynamos are called No-Slip No-Slip dynamo). For the Sun, the convective zone is surrounded by fluids. But at the base of the convective zone an important shear is be observed. That is why we modeled the bottom boundary with a no-slip condition while the top one is assumed to be stress free (such dynamo are called No-Slip Stress-Free dynamos). During this work, we test the influence of these different boundary conditions on the magnetic field behaviour. Finally, the inner sphere bounded the dynamo zone (like the inner core for the Earth) is conducting and can rotate under the magnetic and viscous torques. The influence of a conducting inner core has also been investigated. We show that, while increasing the aspect ratio, both No-slip Stress-Free dynamos (with and without insulating inner core) and No-Slip No-Slip dynamos with a conducting (and rotating) inner core present a transition from large scales steady dipolar dynamos to multipolar and regularly reversing dynamos. We show that the wavy dynamo present both hydrodynamic and dynamo waves. In the case ofNo-slip Stress-Free dynamos, a transition between two kinds ofwavy solutions has been found : by increasing the aspect ratio, the waves stop drifting in azimuth and oscillate around a fixed location. Only wavy solutions drifting in azimuth have been found in the case of No-slip Stress-Free dynamos with conducting (but not rotating) inner core. Increasing the Rayleigh number or decreasing the magnetic Prandtl number favors the growth of wavy solutions. Moreover, by increasing further the aspect ratio, No-Slip No-Slip dynamos with a conducting inner core present a transition from regularly multipolar wavy dynamos to large scales dipolar irregularly oscillating dynamos. No transition between steady and oscillating dynamos have been found with No-Slip No-Slip boundary conditions when the inner core is insulating. These results show that reversing dynamo are generated by important shear of the magnetic field lines, and that this shear can be due to the different scales of the fluid or to the conducting inner core. We also propose some interpretations to explain the oscillations of wavy dynamos and the transition between the different dynamo’s regimes
Silvani, Xavier. "SIMULATION NUMERIQUE DES COUCHES CISAILLEES PLANES A GRAND RAPPORT INITIAL DE MASSE VOLUMIQUE." Phd thesis, INSA de Rouen, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00598330.
Full textDervin, Mathieu. "Synchronisation de porteuse à très faible rapport signal à bruit pour applications satellite large bande." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001545.
Full textGildas, Goulpeau. "Participation au développement d'un projet de mesure in situ de la composition isotopique et élémentaire de l'atmosphère de Mars : physique de la mesure, instrumentation, modélisation numérique d'optiques électromagnétiques, physico-chimie en phase gazeuse." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066542.
Full textFericelli, Lisa. "Socialisation de genre dans la famille et à l’école et construction des rapports au numérique des filles et des garçons de 7 à 10 ans : études auprès d’enfants et d’enseignant.es." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0375.
Full textThe increasing integration of digital technology into all sectors of society has redefined educational paradigms, highlighting the need to acquire skills in this field (MENJ, 2023). However, an imbalance exists in the engagement of women compared to men in digital fields and professions (Collet, 2019). Although numerous studies reveal gender inequalities in this field among adults, studies exploring these phenomena among children remain rare. Yet there are marked differences in the digital uses and career aspirations of adolescents (Coavoux, 2019; Décret-Rouillard, 2024; Fontar & Le Mentec, 2020; Monfort & Réguer-Petit, 2022). This research has revealed that gender stereotypes and social expectations play a significant role in shaping young people's technological skills and interests, thus influencing their future pathway. Therefore, it is relevant to explore the construction of people's relations to the digital from childhood onwards, since during this period, girls and boys are already having digital-related experiences in different contexts (Cordier, 2021; Dajez & Roucous, 2010). The models to which children are exposed in the family and at school are heterogeneous and can be conflicting. Children don't just passively receive these influences: they play an active role in their gender socialization and the appropriation of associated norms (Rouyer & Troupel, 2013). In this context, the aim of this research is to examine the construction of the relation to the digital (representations of the digital, the child's digital uses and interests, self-efficacy) of girls and boys aged 7 to 10, in the family and school contexts. To this end, we looked at the role of children's gender socialization in their various living environments, notably school and family, and at the child's active part in the construction of this relationship. Focusing on the school environment, we will study the role of schools and teachers in the construction of this relation to the digital world. More specifically, our research is divided into two main parts: firstly, a study to document the construction of children's relation to digital, based on individual interviews with 52 children and a questionnaire on family digital uses completed by parents (n=42). Secondly, a study focused on the role of the school in the construction of this relation, including interviews with 8 teachers and observations of their practices during sessions involving digital tools. Thematic analyses of children's interviews reveal that their digital uses are influenced by a variety of factors, such as access to digital tools, interest in these tools, their representations, particularly gendered ones, and their individual experiences. The varied experiences and points of view highlight the need for a nuanced approach to understanding children's digital relationships, and for children's active participation to be taken into account in understanding the gendered socialization processes at work. Interviews with teachers show that their personal representations of the digital world seem to strongly influence their teaching practices. Classrooms observations during sessions involving digital tools revealed a variety of teaching methods, depending on the teacher and the digital tools at their disposal. Their analysis in terms of the “Equality web” (Collet et al., 2024) identified various teaching practices that do not foster an egalitarian environment during sessions involving digital tools
Villermaux, Clotilde. "Modélisation physique et numérique de la convection naturelle dans une couche de fluide de faible rapport d'aspect dans le cadre des études d'accidents graves de réacteurs à eau sous pression." Grenoble INPG, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPG0028.
Full textLaguzet, Laetitia. "Modélisation mathématique et numérique des comportements sociaux en milieu incertain. Application à l'épidémiologie." Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090058/document.
Full textThis thesis propose a mathematical analysis of the vaccination strategies.The first part introduces the mathematical framework, in particular the Susceptible – Infected – Recovered compartmental model.The second part introduces the optimal control tools used to find an optimal vaccination strategy from the societal point of view, which is a minimizer of the societal cost. We show that the associated value function can have a less regularity than what was assumed in the literature. These results are then applied to the vaccination against the whooping cough.The third part defines a model where the cost is defined at the level of the individual. We rephrase this problem as a Nash equilibrium and compare this results with the societal strategy. An application to the Influenza A(H1N1) 2009-10 indicates the presence of inhomogeneous perceptions concerning the vaccination risks.The fourth and last part proposes a direct numerical implementation of the different strategies
Mahdhaoui, Hamza. "Etude numérique des transferts de masse et de chaleur dans un canal contenant un matériau poreux de section carrée." Thesis, Perpignan, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PERP0037/document.
Full textThe characteristics of mass and heat transfers by forced convection during liquid film evaporation in the channel with a built in porous square cylinder in a cross flow are investigated numerically. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the effect of introducing a porous square cylinder on the heat and mass transfer. Specifically, this study examines the influence of parameters such as the relative humidity of the ambient air, the air inlet temperature, the imposed heat flux, the variation of the cylinder position, blockage ratio and Reynolds number on the performance of the evaporation at the channel wall. A comparison between the two configurations, with and without, porous square cylinder has been performed to highlight the effect of its addition. To achieve this, we solved the classic equation of forced convection and the Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer model in the porous media. We find that the insertion of a porous square cylinder in the channel could make the flow more disturbed and significantly improve mass and heat transfer rates at the channel walls. The heat and mass transfer enhancements is greater with a decrease of the Darcy number and for γ=1 when the porous obstacle is placed in the middle of the channel. It is also greater with a decrease of the temperature and relative humidity of the air at the inlet. At Da = 10-6, the flow does not penetrate through the porous cylinder, the flow pattern is similar to that of a solid square cylinder. Finally, we propose correlations that allow us to define the Sherwood and Nusselt numbers based on the Reynolds, Biot numbers and the blockage ratio
Tchuente, Vanina. "Déterminants liés aux variations de la sensibilité, de la spécificité et du rapport de vraisemblance positif du dépistage par mammographie dans le cadre du Programme québécois de dépistage du cancer du sein." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33514.
Full textIn the Quebec Breast Cancer Screening Program (Programme québécois de dépistage du cancer du sein, PQDCS), women, radiologists and facilities characteristics may influence the screening performance. This study aim to identify those characteristics associated with sensitivity, specificity and accuracy (positive likelihood ratio) of screening mammography. This study consists of 3,727,724 mammograms performed on women aged between 50 and 69 in the PQDCS between January 2002 and September 2015. Data on the characteristics were obtained through three databases: the PQDCS information system, RAMQ and MedEcho. The associations of women, radiologists and facilities characteristics to sensitivity, specificity and accuracy was assessed by multivariable Poisson regression with robust error variance. Among the mammograms included, 368,079 were considered as abnormal and 17,867 lead to a diagnosis of invasive cancers (15,412 screen-detected cancers and 2,455 interval cancers). Overall, the sensitivity is 86.3 %, the specificity is 90.5 % and the accuracy is 9.1. Some characteristics are associated with an increase of the screening performance including woman’s age, being post-menopausal and having a high annual volume of mammograms for radiologists. Others are associated with a decrease of the performance, including having a history of breast puncture or biopsy, having an initial mammogram, having a high body mass index, taking a hormone replacement therapy, having a high breast density, being a female radiologist, using a digital mammogram in a screening facility. As the evaluation of the performance of the PQDCS is important, it is relevant to know the characteristics associated with it, in order to understand better the mechanisms by which the program could be improved.
Résumé en espagnol
Danlos, Amélie. "Dynamique des jets contrôlés : Application à l'étude du mélange dans des écoulements de jets annulaires à très grand rapport de diamètres." Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00649177.
Full textMouali, Lila. "Etude expérimentale et numérique du comportement hydromécanique des sols résiduels tropicaux : application à la modélisation sismique d'un barrage en remblai aux Antilles." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0606.
Full textThe use of residual tropical soils for the construction of embankment dams is an important issue. Dams located in tropical regions are often subject to seismic risk. Most often, foundations with weak characteristics are purged and replaced with compacted soils. Thus, the seismic behavior of the dams located in these regions depend on the dynamic properties of the compacted residual soils. The evaluation of the seismic behavior of a dam is based on the capacity of the models to predict the evolution of the rigidity of the structure during the seismic stress. It is therefore important to have models allowing to predict the shear modulus at small strains, the reduction curve of the normalized shear modulus and the damping curve. The objectives of our research work are to contribute to the improvement of the knowledge of the cyclic mechanical behavior of compacted residual tropical soils and to propose models making it possible to predict their behavior. To answer these, an experimental study of the cyclic properties of soils sampled from the site of a dam under construction in the French West Indies was carried out using undrained cyclic triaxial test objectives and resonant column tests. It is thus shown that the existing equations in the literature are not adapted to our experimental results. Predictive equations for the determination of Gmax, G / Gmax and D are developed. On the basis of the results obtained, nonlinear dynamic numerical simulations were obtained at the scale of the sample and of the structure using the flac software
Danlos, Amélie. "Dynamique des jets contrôlés : Application à l’étude du mélange dans des écoulements de jets annulaires à très grand rapport de diamètres." Phd thesis, Rouen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ROUES055.
Full textPasquet, Guillaume. "Conception, réalisation et mise en oeuvre d'un microsystème pour la micro spectroscopie par résonance magnétique nucléaire." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00611547.
Full textFilippi, Céline. "Etude des observables sismiques en ondes de surface pour la détection et caractérisation de cavités souterraines : approches numérique et expérimentale." Thesis, Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NANT4003/document.
Full textMany underground collapses are due to the presence of natural and anthropogenic cavities in the subsurface. The detection and characterization of this kind of cavity remain a challenge for geophysical methods, due to the complexity of subsurface media. To address this need, we suggest a method based on active seismic measurements to study the influence of a cavity on surface Rayleigh waves. So far, the different methodologies proposed in the literature are not able to precisely assess the cavity parameters, because the interactions between the void and Rayleigh waves are poorly identified and not taken into account. In this context, we define new seismic observables bearing information, with the aim of suggesting a new underground cavity imaging method suitable for subsurface environments. Our approach combines numerical modelling and reduced scale experimentations. The analysis of seismic recordings and associated phenomena lead us to define robust observables, especially based on the consideration of the horizontal component. Their sensibility is studied as functions of the cavity parameters, such as its diameter or its depth regarding the propagated wavelength. Our results demonstrate the significance of the horizontal component, which is highly sensitive to the presence of an object such as a cavity. Indeed, the analysis of the particular displacement ellipticity through H/V spectral ratios reveals strong perturbations in the vicinity of the heterogeneity caused by a void. In addition, several field data have been carried out and in the aim to initiate feasibility tests in real media
Lallemand, Ianis. "Matière en acte : les rapports entre conception et matérialité dans la production matérielle numérique." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLET004.
Full textRecent developments in digital fabrication practices across the fields of art, architecture and design have inspired the notion of a “new materiality” — a rethinking of our relationship to the physical world in light of the ever-increasing convergence between robotics, computation and materials science. Yet, the very use of computer-controlled machinery remains, more often than not, envisioned in terms of a passive understanding of matter. This thesis aims at offering an updated vision of the relationship between materiality and design, by developing new production schemes allowing for an expression of material agency. Criticizing the traditional idea of a prescriptive, deterministic link between design and fabrication, the proposed argument reframes authority as a shared resource, spread through a network of productive and autonomous agents. The thesis' main outcomes consist in a set of practical methodologies as well as an encompassing conceptual framework, which may both be reinvested by other practitioners. Informed by and grounded in practice, the research builds on five experiments, adopting a prospective approach towards programming and digital fabrication. Drawing on authors like Gilbert Simondon and Andrew Pickering, the accompanying conceptualization allows for a reflexive discussion of the thesis' practical developments, while situating them in respect to such historical precedents as non standard production and cybernetics
TIRA, ZYED. "Apport de l'analyse multiresolution oblique et du rapport du vraisemblance generalise a la reconnaissance partiellement cooperative." Cergy-Pontoise, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996CERG0017.
Full textLaurent, Karine. "Étude de nouveaux schémas numériques pour la simulation des écoulements à rapport de mobilités défavorable dans un contexte EOR." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLC081/document.
Full textIn dynamic reservoir simulation, one of the most troublesome artifacts for the prediction of production is the grid orientation effect. Although this normally arises from any numerical scheme, it happens to be amplified by the instability of the physical model, which occurs when the mobility contrast between the water (pushing fluid, used in the processes of secondary recovery) and the oil (pushed fluid, containing the hydrocarbons) exceeds a some critical threshold. We then speak of flows with adverse mobility ratio. This GOE issue has received a lot of attention from the engineers. Numerous works dating back to the 1980s have resulted in the so-called nine-point scheme. Currently implemented in the IFPEN software PumaFlow, this scheme performs relatively well in square meshes and depends on a scalar parameter whose value varies from one author to another, on the grounds of heuristic considerations. In this thesis, we propose a new methodological approach in order not only to optimally adjust this free parameter, but also to extend the scheme to rectangular meshes. The strategy that we advocate is based on an error analysis of the problem, from which it is possible to define a notion of angular error and to guarantee that the behavior of the obtained scheme is the "least anisotropic" possible through a minimization of its deviation from some ideal behavior. This minimization procedure is then applied to two other families of numerical schemes: (1) a multidimensional scheme proposed by Kozdon, in which the free parameter is a function; (2) another nine-point scheme involving two scalar parameters. The latter provides the best results regarding GOE reduction when the ratio of the mesh steps is far away from 1. Finally, an extension of the method to more sophisticated physical models is envisaged
Ez, zaouia Mohamed. "Factors for dashboards design and use to inform teachers' practices in situ." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3030.
Full textDashboards have great potential in informing teachers' and learners' work, decisions, and practices. In this dissertation, we study the design and use of dashboards to inform teachers' practices when assisting learners in using online learning platforms. We specifically examine what teachers actually "do" with dashboards in their everyday work and in the long run. We argue that this research draws social, pedagogical, and technical ramifications. To understand the social factors, we need a critical inquiry into the pedagogical practices and the technical challenges underpinned by teachers' dashboards. On the other hand, to properly design such technologies, we need a profound understanding and consideration of the social interactions of users.First, we studied dashboards in the context of video-conferencing language learning. Teachers face one main challenge: lack of emotional awareness in online learning due to distant and technology-mediated interactions. We conducted a case study examining a multimodal approach of learners' emotions awareness. We demonstrated this approach by using audio and video streams when inferring emotions along with learners' self-reported emotions and teachers' and learners' contextual interaction traces on the platform. We analyzed emotional cues from the two modalities, audio, and video. We proposed an approach for combining discrete and dimensional emotion. The results highlighted the pertinence of rendering multimodal and contextual emotional awareness information for teachers in such settings.Second, building on our first study, we adopted an iterative design process in which we interviewed five teachers and collaborated with a pedagogical manager, a language researcher, and two teachers. We conducted two formal formative evaluations leading to the design of Emodash. We conducted a two-month field study with five teacher-learner pairs, to examine how Emodash supports teachers' awareness of learners' emotions online and how it impacts their feedback reports written to learners. The results showed that Emodash led teachers to write significantly more affective and formative feedback, and less summative feedback, suggesting a stronger awareness of learners' emotions. Also, the dashboard led teachers to reflect on the way they conduct lessons, using learners' emotions as a proxy to evaluate their conduct of teaching.Third, we studied dashboards in the context of remote and blended learning. Teachers face one main challenge: lack of actionable insights to engage in informed interventions. We designed Progdash based on interviews with seven teachers and refined it through collaborative prototyping. We integrated Progdash into an online French vocabulary, grammar, spelling learning platform. We conducted a three-month field study with 29 teachers to evaluate whether Progdash provides useful indicators to teachers about learners' progression, and how it informs teachers' practices to engage in informed interventions. The results showed that teachers found Progdash actionable to inform: monitoring, assessments, planning, information sharing, feedback, and lesson provision. Based on our findings, we discussed implications aimed at improving dashboards to bridge online and in-class learning as well as to foster teachers' and learners' dialog and reflection.Finally, we took a reflexive inquiry building upon the results of the studies of Emodash and Progdash. We articulated the social factors —monitoring, awareness, and reflection, the pedagogical practices —planning, feedback, and coaching, as well as the technical challenges interacting with the design and use of teachers' dashboards. We discussed practical assumptions for each dimension to inform the design and use of teachers' dashboards. Together, these dimensions serve as a wider conceptual umbrella for the design of information-driven technologies and macro-implications for dashboards fitting teachers' and learners' everyday situations
Alexis, Lucie. "Réponses à la mission culturelle de la télévision publique : analyse sémiologique des rapports institutionnels, des figures de l'artiste et des écritures numériques à France Télévisions (1993-2017)." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020048.
Full textThe dissertation focuses on the France Télévisions’s cultural agenda and addresses the following question : Is there a form of culture specific to public service broadcasting ? If there is, how is it regulated and how does its coherence appear? We tackle the issue using a restricted definition of the notion of culture that includes both the great artistic disciplines and the productions of cultural industries. A chronological analysis follows three movements that place the reader/audience in various political and media territories: an inquiry into the institutional reports published between 1993 and 2007; figures and portraits of artists in three lateevening TV shows (On n’est pas couché, Ce soir (ou jamais!), and Des mots de minuit) broadcast between 2010 and 2011; and digital writings/narratives of culture between 2011 and 2017. Based on a history of public television, our perspective is mainly semiological. However, our study is inscribed in a project that includes several methodological tools while also using discourse analysis and a socioeconomic approach of the cultural industry. Finally, we have carried out graphic interviews. The heterogeneous nature of the artefacts and methods we summon lead us to conclude that public television culture is conveyed thanks to an understanding of culture close to the "established culture", the productions of cultural industries and "mediacultures", although it tends to expand in relation to digital experiences. Lastly, the combination of a number of factors produces a synoptic vision of the different conceptions of public television culture. Keywords : Public television ; France Télévisions ; culture and arts ; cultural industry products ; institutional reports ; talk-shows ; new audio-visual writing ; graphic gesture
Dhont, Damien. "Etude des déformations néogènes et de l'épaississement paléogène en Turquie. Rapports avec l'échappement anatolien. Interprétation de l'imagerie satellitaire et des modèles numériques de terrain, analyse structurale de terrain et aspects quantitatifs." Paris 6, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA066156.
Full textImhoff, Camille. "Penser la collaboration dans les organisations à partir des communautés virtuelles sur le réseau social d’entreprise : rapports sociaux et modes de régulation émergents : continuités, contradictions et/ou ruptures." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CNAM1174/document.
Full textToday it seems to be commonly recognized in corporate communication, business publications, as well as in scientific publications, that in our information society the ability to innovate, to build collective intelligence and to capitalize on the knowhow and behavior of the coworkers are essential to the organization performance. For that purpose, collaborative platforms such as Enterprise Social Network (ESN) are massively deployed to provide a powerful tool for formalization, centralization and knowledge management. They support the continuous transformation of the current organizations towards collaborative organizations, in the sense that collaboration means a collective approach of the activity with direct interactions without intermediates at the opposite of the coordination by a third party. However, the collaboration within online communities seems at first rather specific for two main reasons. The first reason is that these collaborative practices indeed refer to a community idealistic model but within a well-organized and hierarchized context with its established rules. The second reason is that we are talking of specific collaborative practices in the sense it is a facilitated collaboration and that finding the right way to manage online communities is key to enable and to ensure collaboration. Indeed, the role of the community manager, manager / facilitator / administrator of the virtual community appears to be a central role in the collaboration strategy of a given organization. Behind the appearance of spontaneity and self-sufficiency of the members, it is a central role not only to launch the community but also to keep it up and running as well as to motivate the members to collaborate. It is also essential and in a more structural way in the marketing and managerial instrumentalization of socialization
Thivin, Solenne. "Détection automatique de cibles dans des fonds complexes. Pour des images ou séquences d'images." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS235/document.
Full textDuring this PHD, we developped an detection algorithm. Our principal objective was to detect small targets in a complex background like clouds for example.For this, we used the spatial covariate structure of the real images.First, we developped a collection of models for this covariate structure. Then, we selected a special model in the previous collection. Once the model selected, we applied the likelihood ratio test to detect the potential targets.We finally studied the performances of our algorithm by testing it on simulated and real images
Nasser, Youssef. "Sensibilité des systèmes OFDM-CDMA aux erreurs de synchronisation en réception radio-mobile." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00214147.
Full textLa thèse consiste à étudier en premier lieu les performances des différents types de combinaisons de l'OFDM et du CDMA, appelées sous le nom générique « OFDM-CDMA », dans un environnement parfaitement synchronisé dans une liaison descendante avec les mêmes conditions de transmission : charge du système, constellation, rendement du codage.
Une fois la comparaison des différents systèmes établie dans un contexte parfaitement synchronisé, on traitera le problème des imperfections de transmission : erreurs des synchronisation, imperfections Radio Fréquences (RF), estimation du canal, effet Doppler.
Les différents types d'erreurs de synchronisation étudiés dans le manuscrit sont la synchronisation de la fenêtre temporelle, la synchronisation des fréquences porteuse, et d'échantillonnage.
Les imperfections RF étudiées consistent en le bruit de phase et la gigue d'horloge.
Les sensibilités de l'OFDM-CDMA à ces erreurs sont évaluées en fonction du Rapport Signal à Interférence plus Bruit (RSIB) en sortie du détecteur en tenant compte de l'orthogonalité entre les codes d'étalement.
Finalement, on s'intéresse à évaluer les performances de ces systèmes en terme du Taux d'Erreur Binaire (TEB) en sortie du décodeur et à faire le lien entre le RSIB en sortie du détecteur et le TEB en sortie du décodeur.
En conclusion de ce travail, on peut tirer des limites tolérées sur les imperfections de transmission de ces systèmes ainsi qu'une comparaison entre leurs performances.
Jönsson, Madeleine. "Political economics of gender relations in information and communication technologies in agricultural development. The case of knowledge-based platforms for farmers in Kenya." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLA018/document.
Full textLow-income sub-Saharan African countries are confronted with demographic explosion since the last 60 years. Consequently, agriculture plays a key role in ensuring food security. The agricultural sector is also the main source of employment in this region. Women are the major contributing labour force in agriculture in these sub-Saharan African countries. Connected to their key role in the agricultural sector, women farmers are prioritised in policy intervention. Moreover, agricultural extension services are necessary to adapt to different constraints in these countries. Transfer of knowledge is also required to guarantee farm yields and consequently improve small-scale farmers’ livelihoods. Lately, information and communication technologies (ICTs) have enabled the development of new tools, aimed at improving the scope and the effectiveness of advisory services. Policy makers in sub-Saharan African countries are nonetheless confronted with critical questions regarding the impact of these tools, which can also contribute to a ‘digital gender gap’. These issues particularly concern women farmers.This PhD research analyses how ICT tools take into account gender relations, and the situation of women farmers. The thesis is based on the case of Kenya. The dissertation particularly focuses on the development of knowledge-based platforms in agriculture, an ICT policy instrument used by the Kenyan Government to achieve public policy objectives. This country is emblematic because it believes in the assumption that platforms can be inclusive of women farmers’. To answer to this research question, the work is based on three different institutional economic research approaches: feminist economics, the French regulation theory, and economics of services. A conceptual and methodological framework is presented to analyse the inclusion of gender equality in knowledge-based platforms at macro-, meso-, and micro- level.The results provide evidence that gender equality objectives is a fundamental guiding principle to the Government of Kenya. The analysis show that platforms are considered as new tools of inclusiveness in farm advisory services innovation. Observations from a developed platform typology framework show however that platforms can be source of gender inequality. It especially concerns women farmers unequal access to these instruments and the standardised services that they offer. This is essentially related to the institutional nature of the platform. Indeed, as it turns out, a high number of these instruments are based upon complex partnerships, and financed by multi-national corporations and/or foundations from the agrifood industry based in the Northern hemisphere. Combining institutional economic approaches allowed to bring out critical points of inclusion to be considered by policy makers and platform developers. Disregarding these specificities may make these platforms into new vectors of exclusion. Recognising and taking into account the conditions for inclusion can bring to light powerful levers for improving the efficiency of platforms
Diaz, Frédéric. "Systeme d'imagerie hybride par codage de pupille." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00624387.
Full textLeong-Hoï, Audrey. "Etude des techniques de super-résolution latérale en nanoscopie et développement d'un système interférométrique nano-3D." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAD048/document.
Full textThis manuscript presents the study of the lateral super-resolution techniques in optical nanoscopy, which is a new high-resolution imaging method now widely used in biophysics and medical imaging, to observe and measure nanostructures, with the advantages of far field optical imaging, such as a large field of view, visualization and analysis in real time…One of the future challenges of 3D super resolution microscopy is to avoid the use of fluorescent markers. Interferometric microscopy is a 3D label-free imaging technique enabling the detection of nanostructures. To improve the detection capability of this optical system, a first version of a protocol composed of image processing methods was developed and implemented, revealing structures initially unmeasurable. Then, to improve the lateral resolution of the system, a new technique combining interferometry and the principle of the photonic nano-jet has been developed, thus allowing the observation of objects of a size smaller than the diffraction limit of the optical instrument
Dawson, Caroline. "Le rapport au travail de la génération numérique dans la nouvelle économie : insertion professionnelle des jeunes dans les domaines du multimédia et de l'informatique." Thèse, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17550.
Full textde, Denus-Baillargeon Marie-Maude. "Rapport M/L de disques de galaxies issus de modèles CSPE et contrôle des contraintes mécaniques dans la conception de revêtements optiques." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10541.
Full textThe following thesis includes two parts: the first concentrates on mass models of galaxies while the second concerns the design of broadband optical coatings and the control of their mechanical properties. Mass models presented here were performed on a subsample of ten galaxies from the SINGS survey. It includes nine late-type regular galaxies as well as a dwarf galaxy. The work consisted in the determination at all radii of M/L ratio of galactic discs by choosing, amongst a grid of chemospectrophotometric galactic evolution models, the one that fits better the galaxy's multi-band photometric profile. Results from this work show that stellar discs weighted by the model's mass-to-luminosity ratio display consistent masses in all studied bands from the ultraviolet to the near-infrared (FUV to IRAC2 bands). The resulting discs are physically motivated and maximal, due to their mass-to-luminosity ratio being higher in the center of the galaxies than at their outskirts. In this maximal-disc situation, bars and bulges of galaxies can no longer be ignored and the appropriate corrections need to be made on the luminosity or circular velocity profiles of the galaxy. In the second part, an additional module of the open source software Open Filters was written in order to take into account the mechanical properties of thin films in the design of optical coatings. The mechanical stresses arising in optical coatings can have a deleterious effect on the optical performances of coatings, and this tool was meant to provide design capacities to minimize this effect. Broadband reflective coatings for Fabry-Perot plates were designed and fabricated as a proof of concept of the method. This specific case was interesting because the curvature induced by mechanical stresses induces decrease of the finesse of Fabry-Perot etalons. Actual curvature of the deposited samples are coherent with the numerical calculations and undergo a substantial reduction for the two strategies devised here with this new design too. We therefore conclude that it is possible with this new software module to optimize coatings for their mechanical behaviour as well as for their optical properties.
Tremblay, Robin. "L'art de l'invisible : à la recherche d'un rapport symbiotique entre la nature et la technologie dans les décors numériques." Thèse, 2012. http://constellation.uqac.ca/2509/1/030358700.pdf.
Full textLe, Thai Bao Thien Trung. "Étude didactique des relations entre enseignement de la notion de limite au lycée et décimalisation des nombres réels dans un environnement ‘calculatrice'. Une étude de cas au Viêt-nam." Phd thesis, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00169190.
Full textAu Viêt-nam, l'ensemble des nombres réels est introduit au niveau du collège comme l'ensemble des écritures décimales alors que les notions de suite convergente et de limite n'apparaissent au lycée qu'en classe 11 (Première). Toute problématique de l'approximation est absente et le rapport institutionnel à la notion de limite est fortement algébrisé. Cependant le ministère de l'Éducation et de la Formation préconise l'introduction officielle de la calculatrice ce qui modifie les conditions du calcul - en l'instrumentant, et le résultat de ce calcul - en le décimalisant en une valeur le plus souvent approchée. Les résultats d'une enquête épistémologique sur les interrelations historiquement mises en place entre la construction des nombres réels, la notion de limite et la décimalisation des nombres réels nous conduisent à décrire des Organisations Mathématiques (OM) dites de référence.
A partir d'une analyse institutionnelle (évolution chronologique des programmes et des manuels vietnamiens du collège et du lycée), nous identifions des organisations mathématiques à enseigner, interprétées comme les traces des OM de référence dans l'enseignement des mathématiques. L'écart entre les OM de référence et les OM à enseigner sont expliquées par des conditions et des contraintes propres aux institutions, collège et lycée. La conception, l'expérimentation et l'analyse d'une ingénierie didactique nous permettent d'apporter des éléments de réponse à la question de la viabilité d'un enseignement visant à introduire (dans les conditions et les contraintes actuelles) un point de vue topologique sur la notion de limite en relation avec la décimalisation des nombres réels dans un environnement « calculatrice ».
Kadje, Kenmogne Romain. "Estimation de paramètres en exploitant les aspects calculatoires et numériques." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20584.
Full textRiepl, Judith. "Effets de site : évalutation expérimentale et modélisations multidimensionnelles : application au site test EURO-SEISTEST (Grèce)." Phd thesis, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00709591.
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