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Journal articles on the topic 'Rape'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

George, William H., and Lorraine J. Martínez. "Victim Blaming in Rape: Effects of Victim and Perpetrator Race, Type of Rape, and Participant Racism." Psychology of Women Quarterly 26, no. 2 (June 2002): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-6402.00049.

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Stereotypes about Black sexuality fostered hypotheses that racial factors and racism influence rape victim blaming. Predominantly White and Asian college students (170 men, 162 women) completed the Modern Racism Scale and evaluated a rape vignette varying victim race, perpetrator race, and rape type. As predicted, racial factors determined victim blaming. Compared to intraracial rapes, interracial rapes were less uniformly judged as “definitely rape” and were judged as having more culpable and less credible victims, and less culpable perpetrators. For men, racism scores positively predicted victim blaming in all rapes. For women, racism scores moderated victim blaming in interracial acquaintance rapes. In our conclusions, we emphasize the durability of racial stereotypes about rape and their influence on discriminatory adjudication outcomes.

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2

Hirsch, Susan F. "Interpreting Media Representations of a “Night of Madness”: Law and Culture in the Construction of Rape Identities." Law & Social Inquiry 19, no. 04 (1994): 1023–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1994.tb00947.x.

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This article compares U.S. and Kenyan media representations of an incident at a Kenyan boarding school during which many young women were raped and several killed by their male schoolmates. The author's analysis of print media accounts reveals that how the press constructed the identities of “rapists” and “victims” relied on nationally specific stereotypes, myths, and scripts of rape and its relation to differences of culture, race, and rationality. U.S. accounts simultaneously explain the rapes by emphasizing difference and foreground legal constructions of rape identities that meat experiences of rape as essentially similar. The tension over difference and law in the U.S. accounts parallels the highly visible, though largely unproductive, debate among feminists pitting cultural relativism against legal universalism, and such dichotomized approaches preclude the development of politically useful conceptions of rape and rape identities. The analysis suggests that issues raised in the Kenyan press-the relation between sexual practices and rape and the state's role in furthering sexual violence-directed attention to complexities of rape and power elided by the m o w legal models pervasive in U. S . media and scholarly representations of rape. She concludes that fighting rape more effectively entails exposing limited representational practices and also attending to a broader range of understandings of rape and rape identities in various contexts

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3

Scarth, R., S. R. Rimmer, and P. B. E. McVetty. "Reward summer turnip rape." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72, no. 3 (July 1, 1992): 839–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps92-102.

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Reward summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa syn. campestris L.) is a canola-quality cultivar with good resistance to white rust disease race 7. Seed oil and protein contents are very good and the seed coat colour is predominantly yellow. Reward is widely adapted to the canola growing regions of western Canada.Key words: Rape (summer), white rust resistance, cultivar description

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4

Ullman, Sarah E. "A Comparison of Gang and Individual Rape Incidents." Violence and Victims 14, no. 2 (January 1999): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.14.2.123.

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This study examined differences between gang and individual offender rape incidents reported to the Chicago police. Analyses showed that victims and offenders in gang rape incidents were younger, more likely to be unemployed, but not different in marital status or race than victims and offenders in individual rapes (e.g., single offender, single victim crimes). Gang rapes were characterized by more alcohol and drug involvement, fewer weapons, more night attacks, less victim resistance, and more severe sexual assault outcomes compared with individual rapes. Regression analyses revealed distinct correlates of physical injury outcomes for gang and individual rape incidents. Implications for treatment and prevention of these types of assaults are discussed.

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5

Jiang, Min, Roberto Grau, and Marta Perego. "Differential Processing of Propeptide Inhibitors of Rap Phosphatases in Bacillus subtilis." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 2 (January 15, 2000): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.2.303-310.2000.

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ABSTRACT In the phosphorelay signal transduction system for sporulation initiation in Bacillus subtilis, the opposing activities of histidine kinases and aspartyl phosphate phosphatases determine the cell's decision whether to continue with vegetative growth or to initiate the differentiation process. Regulated dephosphorylation of the Spo0A and Spo0F response regulators allows a variety of negative signals from physiological processes that are antithetical to sporulation to impact on the activation level of the phosphorelay. Spo0F∼P is the known target of two related phosphatases, RapA and RapB. In addition to RapA and RapB, a third member of the Rap family of phosphatases, RapE, specifically dephosphorylated the Spo0F∼P intermediate in response to competence development. RapE phosphatase activity was found to be controlled by a pentapeptide (SRNVT) generated from within the carboxy-terminal domain of the phrE gene product. A synthetic PhrE pentapeptide could (i) complement the sporulation deficiency caused by deregulated RapE activity of aphrE mutant and (ii) inhibit RapE-dependent dephosphorylation of Spo0F∼P in in vitro experiments. The PhrE pentapeptide did not inhibit the phosphatase activity of RapA and RapB. These results confirm previous conclusions that the specificity for recognition of the target phosphatase is contained within the amino acid sequence of the pentapeptide inhibitor.

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6

Swart, Lu-Anne, Angela Gilchrist, Alex Butchart, Mohamed Seedat, and Lorna Martin. "Rape Surveillance through District Surgeon Offices in Johannesburg, 1996–1998: Findings, Evaluation and Prevention Implications." South African Journal of Psychology 30, no. 2 (June 2000): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124630003000201.

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Rape prevention efforts are hampered by a chronic lack of adequate epidemiological and surveillance data. Information on identifying factors such as the who, when, where and how of rape is needed to inform the design of effective intervention programmes. Results from a demonstration Rape Surveillance Project show that records of rape cases presenting at three medico-legal clinics provide a valuable source for the epidemiological surveillance of rape. From January 1996 to December 1998 a surveillance questionnaire was completed for rape victims presenting at the Hillbrow, Lenasia South, and Chris Hani Baragwanath Medico-Legal Clinics in Gauteng. Analysis of the data suggests which women are most at risk for being raped, by whom they are raped, the areas where attacks most often occur, and the day and time when rapes are mostly committed. Despite the limited database and difficulties with generalizing findings beyond the three clinics, it is apparent that surveillance procedures have enormous import for sexual violence prevention and intervention. Implications for prevention strategies, aftercare, policy formulation, and future research are discussed. Methodological issues and institutional constraints are also discussed with a view to strengthening and developing such information management systems.

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7

Koss, Mary P., Thomas E. Dinero, Cynthia A. Seibel, and Susan L. Cox. "Stranger and Acquaintance Rape: Are There Differences In the Victim's Experience?" Psychology of Women Quarterly 12, no. 1 (March 1988): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1988.tb00924.x.

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Most published research on the victim–offender relationship has been based on small samples that consisted mainly of women who were raped by nonintimate and nonromantic acquaintances, who viewed their experience as rape, and/or who were seeking treatment. In the present study, 489 rape victims were located among a national sample of 3, 187 female college students by a self-report survey that avoided reliance on helpseekers. Two sets of comparisons were performed. First, the experiences reported by victims of stranger rape ( n = 52) were compared with those of victims of acquaintance rape ( n = 416). Then, the experiences of women assaulted by different types of acquaintances were compared including nonromantic acquaintances ( n = 122), casual dates ( n = 103), steady dates ( n = 147), and spouses or other family members ( n = 44). Rapes by acquaintances, compared with strangers, were more likely to involve a single offender and multiple episodes, were less likely to be seen as rape or to be revealed to anyone, and were similar in terms of the victim's resistance. In general, acquaintance rapes were rated as less violent than stranger rapes. The exception was rapes by husbands or other family members which were rated equally violent to stranger rapes but were much less likely to occur in a context of drinking or other drug use. In spite of these different crime characteristics, virtually no differences were found among any of the groups in their levels of psychological symptoms. A significant feature of these data is that they have tapped the experiences of unreported and unacknowledged rape victims, a group that is potentially much larger than the group of identified victims.

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8

Finkelson, Laura, and Robert Oswalt. "College Date Rape: Incidence and Reporting." Psychological Reports 77, no. 2 (October 1995): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.77.2.526.

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The present survey based on 70% returns ( N=140) of a random sample of 200 women at one college indicated that, although 5% had been date raped, none reported the rapes to authorities due to feelings of self-blame and embarrassment. That rapes are not reported perpetuates a self-fulfilling prophecy that rapes do not occur. A victim of rape may feel she is the only one and may be reluctant to become the exception who reports. This denial by both college authorities and victims does not encourage programs for prevention and treatment.

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9

Kahn, Arnold S., Virginia Andreoli Mathie, and Cyndee Torgler. "Rape Scripts and Rape Acknowledgment." Psychology of Women Quarterly 18, no. 1 (March 1994): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1994.tb00296.x.

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Past research has indicated that nearly half of college-aged women who experience forced, nonconsensual sexual intercourse, do not label their experience as rape. We found evidence that these unacknowledged rape victims possess more violent, stranger rape scripts than do acknowledged rape victims, who are more likely to have an acquaintance rape script. The difference in rape scripts between acknowledged and unacknowledged rape victims was not due to different demographics or actual rape experience. However, unacknowledged victims did have a sexual history which involved less force than did acknowledged victims. Apparently, most unacknowledged victims do not define their rape experience as rape because they have a rape script of a violent, stranger, blitz rape which does not match their experience of being raped in a less forceful manner by someone with whom they were acquainted. The extent to which their less forceful sexual histories is related to their more violent rape scripts remains to be investigated.

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10

Hickman, Susan E., and Charlene L. Muehlenhard. "College Women's Fears and Precautionary Behaviors Relating to Acquaintance Rape and Stranger Rape." Psychology of Women Quarterly 21, no. 4 (December 1997): 527–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00129.x.

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Past research on women's fear of rape has focused on women's fears relating to stranger rape, even though most rapes are acquaintance rapes. In this study, 139 undergraduate women completed a questionnaire concerning their fears, precautionary behaviors, and beliefs relating to acquaintance and stranger rape. Women reported being more fearful of rape by strangers than by acquaintances, and they reported engaging in more precautionary behaviors because of fear of stranger rape than of acquaintance rape. When asked to self-generate situations in which they feared rape, they generated more situations in which they feared stranger rape than acquaintance rape. Paradoxically, they estimated that acquaintance rape was more common. Precautionary behaviors were best predicted by level of fear. A history of acquaintance rape had no effect on women's responses. Theoretical and educational implications are discussed.

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11

Brew, Faustina, and Patience Nukpezah. "SPOTLIGHTING RAPE CULTURE IN GHANA THROUGH THE LENS OF DRAMA." International Journal of Education Humanities and Social Science 05, no. 02 (2022): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54922/ijehss.2022.0369.

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This paper projects the deep-rooted veracity of rape culture in Ghana. Rape barely comes up in mainstream discourse in Ghana and there are no significant efforts to address this pervasive menace. Reported rape cases are often swept under the carpet and hardly sustained to logical conclusions. Victims are either blamed or stigmatised if they speak up and often, preventive overtures on rape are limited to cautioning girls to be careful not to get raped. In a bid to openly engage in conversation and examine the entrenched reality of rape culture in Ghana, we directed Danso Sakyi’s play, You Raped Me, which highlights rape culture in Ghana. The play presents a controversial rape case in which the audience forms the jury to pronounce judgement after the accuser and accused are heard. Selected members of the audience were engaged in open forum discussion on why the culprit should be convicted or reasons to declare the victim’s story incredible. With the play as a stimulus, the pertinent subject of rape was discussed offering an appreciable depth of insight into society’s views on rape culture in Ghana. This paper illuminates the contents of the play in relation to rape culture and discusses the views of the respondents. The findings showed that rape culture is really entrenched in Ghana and people will believe or disprove one’s claim of rape based on engrained biases of who raped, who got raped and the circumstances of the rape.

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12

McConnell, Amy A., Terri L. Messman-Moore, Kim L. Gratz, and David DiLillo. "Beyond the Force–Substance Dichotomy: Examining the Experience of Combined and Incapacitated Type Rapes and Their Relation to PTSD Symptoms." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 23-24 (August 14, 2017): 5853–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517724252.

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Prior research has examined how posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are influenced by the experience of different types of rape, defined according to the method of coercion used. This work, which classifies rape experiences as either forcible or substance-involved, has yielded mixed findings regarding differences in PTSD symptoms as a function of rape type. Based on recent evidence indicating significant heterogeneity within substance-involved rapes, the present study utilized a novel four-group conceptualization of rape type to examine differences in PTSD symptom severity and associated factors across rape type. Using a sample of 161 community women with experiences of adult rape, we examined four rape types based on method of coercion: forcible-only rape (i.e., involving only force/threat of force; n = 48), impaired rape (i.e., substance-related impairment was present, but the participant remained conscious; n = 56), combined rape (i.e., both force/threat of force and substance-related impairment were present; n = 29), and incapacitated rape (i.e., the participant was intoxicated to the point of unconsciousness; n = 28). We compared these groups on PTSD symptom severity within each symptom cluster, as well as on assault characteristics and consequences, including peritraumatic fear and injury, acknowledgment, and self-blame. Combined type rapes were associated with significantly more severe PTSD symptoms than forcible-only and impaired type rapes. Differences among the groups were also found for peritraumatic fear and injury, and rape acknowledgment. Utilizing a dichotomous approach to rape type overlooks the complexity of women’s experiences. Differences in PTSD symptom severity as a function of the proposed four-group conceptualization of rape type highlight the importance of assessing method of coercion when treating rape-related PTSD. Likewise, differences across rape types in peritraumatic fear and rape acknowledgment highlight the potential utility of type-specific targets of intervention.

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13

Cherukuri, Suvarna. "Sexual Violence against Women, the Laws, the Punishment, and Negotiating the Duplicity." Laws 10, no. 2 (April 13, 2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws10020027.

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On 16 December 2012, India erupted in national outrage against the rape of a 23-year-old female student in New Delhi, christened “Nirbhaya” (fearless). In the aftermath, there was a convergence of multiple discourses that framed post-independent India’s feminist consciousness. In 2020, four men convicted of Nirbhaya’s rape and murder were executed. An eight-year old girl in Kashmir was brutally raped and murdered in January 2018. The trial court sentenced the main accused to life in prison. In December 2019, four men held in yet another horrific rape and death of a 27-year veterinarian in Hyderabad were killed by the police in what has been called an extrajudicial killing. More recently, in 2020, a 19-year old was raped and killed in rural Uttar Pradesh. The victims came from different social locations, castes, tribes, and religious communities. This paper presents a feminist critique of the legal discourse on rape and the death penalty. It looks at an ironical cooptation of the critique of sexual violence by a patriarchal discourse on social injury and collective conscience. The paper examines how fleeting rage against the culprits and the call for death penalty immunizes larger misogynist cultural assumptions. This myopic rage is oblivious to sexual violence in women’s daily lives. Finally, the paper looks at why legal reforms triggered by brutal acts of sexual violence, receiving widespread media attention, fail to achieve systemic societal changes.

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14

Osman, Suzanne L., and Carolyne Paige Merwin. "Predicting College Women’s Body-Esteem and Self-Esteem Based on Rape Experience, Recency, and Labeling." Violence Against Women 26, no. 8 (May 3, 2019): 838–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801219845522.

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We examined body-esteem and self-esteem based on rape experience, rape labeling status (yes; no) and recency of rape (recently, within past year; earlier, between age 14 and the past year). Undergraduate women ( n = 1,005) completed the Body-Esteem Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Sexual Experiences Survey. Women raped within the past year (recently) reported lower levels of both body-esteem and self-esteem than those raped over a year ago (earlier) and nonvictims, but women raped earlier did not differ from nonvictims. Rape labeling status was not significant. Findings identify lower body-esteem, in addition to lower self-esteem, as correlates of recent rape.

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15

Hetu, Vibha. "Reflections on the society’s reaction towards rape victims in Delhi City." Temida 17, no. 3 (2014): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem1403003h.

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In general, most people display stronger beliefs in ?aggravated rape? or ?real rape?; including victims of such rape cases who often identify themselves as ?rape victims? than the victims of ?simple rape?, where none of the aggravating circumstances are present. Despite myths to the contrary these ?simple rape? cases in fact make up the majority of cases. This article considers the implications of ?real rape? and demonstrates how notions about what a ?typical rape? should be, in the form of rape myths, directly impact on societal attitudes towards rape victims and how the media continue to reinforce and perpetuate the notion of real rape through their selective reporting of ?serial rape?, ?stranger rape? or especially ?violent rapes?.

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16

Jaffe, Anna E., Christine K. Hahn, and Amanda K. Gilmore. "Acute Stress Symptoms After Forcible and Substance-Involved Rapes." Psychology of Women Quarterly 43, no. 4 (May 7, 2019): 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684319845099.

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In the early aftermath of a sexual assault, survivors often experience symptoms of distress including reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms. However, less is known about associations between rape characteristics and the nature of early reactions. We designed the current study to examine the unique and combined associations between use of force and substances during rape on acute stress symptoms. Participants were 56 women (ages 18–58) who completed a sexual assault medical forensic exam in the emergency department within 120 hours of the rape and then completed a follow-up clinical phone screening within 30 days of the forensic exam. Follow-up assessments included characteristics of the recent rape (force, substances), history of prior sexual assault, demographics, and symptoms of acute stress. Multivariate regression analyses revealed that, after controlling for prior sexual assault, sexual orientation, and race/ethnicity, there were no significant differences on any symptom cluster by rape type. However, this study involved a small, difficult-to-reach sample and, therefore, was only powered to detect large effect sizes. We encourage more research examining potentially unique, early symptom presentations for substance-involved rapes.

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17

Ceccato, Vania, Douglas J. Wiebe, Bita Eshraghi, and Katerina Vrotsou. "Women’s Mobility and the Situational Conditions of Rape: Cases Reported to Hospitals." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 15-16 (April 27, 2017): 2917–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517699950.

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A third of all rapes in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, take place in public outdoor places. Yet, little is known about the events that precede this type of sexual offence and less about the situational context of rape. This study aims to improve the understanding of the nature of situational conditions that immediately precede events of rape. Using medical records of 147 rape victims during 2012 and 2013, we constructed time- and place-specific records of the places women traveled through or spent time at, the activities they engaged in, and the people they interacted with sequentially over the course of the day when they were raped. The analysis uses visualization tools (VISUAL-TimePAcTS), Geographical Information Systems, and conditional logistic regression to identify place-, context-, and social interaction–related factors associated with the onset of rape. Results for this sample of cases reported to hospitals show that being outdoors was not necessarily riskier for women when compared with indoor public settings; some outdoor environments were actually protective, such as streets. Being in a risky social context and engaging in a risky activity before the event was associated with an increased risk of rape, and the risk escalated over the day. Among those women who never drank alcohol, the results were similar to what was observed in the overall sample, which suggests that risky social interaction and risky activity made independent contributions to the risk of rape. The article finishes with suggestions for rape prevention.

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18

Tanhuanpää, Pirjo, Johanna Vilkki, Juha Vilkki, and Seppo Pulli. "Genetic polymorphism at RAPD loci in spring turnip rape (Brassica rapa ssp. oleifera)." Agricultural and Food Science 2, no. 4 (July 1, 1993): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72653.

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In this study we analyzed polymorphism at RAPD loci in an outbreeding species, spring turnip rape. The reproducibility of individual RAPD patterns was high when the DNA templates were of equal quality and quantity. It was possible to use both a rapid DNA extraction method and DNA extracted from a combined sample of ten individuals without losing any of the major fragments. When different cultivars were compared for RAPD pattern, most polymorphic loci exhibited differences only in allele frequency. However, we also found fragments which were amplified only from certain cultivars. It was concluded that RAPD markers provide a fast and reliable method for analyzing individuals and cultivars of turnip rape.

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19

Lewis, L. J., D. L. Woods, and B. F. Cheng. "Introgression of long pod genotype from spring rape (Brassica napus L.) into summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.)." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 81, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p00-092.

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Long pod character from a summer Brassica napus L. line was introgressed into turnip rape B. rapa L. cultivar AC Sunshine resulting in progeny lines with significantly longer pods and larger seed size than those of AC Sunshine, but producing no yield advantage. Key words: Brassica rapa, Brassica napus, pod length, summer turnip rape, spring rape, interspecific hybridisation

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20

Kirk, William. "Oilseed rape (swede rape)." Bee World 77, no. 3 (January 1996): 138–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0005772x.1996.11099305.

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21

Benedek, Ellissa. "Rape and Rape Victims." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 36, no. 6 (June 1991): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/029862.

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22

Degenhardt, D. F., G. R. Stringam, and Z. P. Kondra. "Eldorado summer turnip rape." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 73, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-029.

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Eldorado summer rape (Brassica rapa L.) is a canola-quality cultivar with a seed yield similar to that of Tobin. The seed oil content of Eldorado is significantly higher and its meal glucosinolate content is significantly lower than Tobin. Eldorado is well adapted to the B. rapa-growing areas of western Canada. Keywords: Turnip rape (summer), cultivar description

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23

Steiker, Carol S., and Eric W. Rise. "Remembering Race, Rape, and Capital Punishment." Virginia Law Review 83, no. 3 (April 1997): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1073652.

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24

O'Donovan, Analise, Grant J. Devilly, and Ronald M. Rapee. "Antecedents to Women's Fear of Rape." Behaviour Change 24, no. 3 (August 1, 2007): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.24.3.135.

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AbstractThis study assessed the relative merits of sociodemographic variables and psychological variables in understanding women's fear of rape. A comprehensive understanding of the factors involved in women's fear of rape may allow for more effective interventions with women. Four hundred and eleven women, aged 18 years or older participated in the study, which surveyed their fear of rape and experience of rape. In agreement with previous findings, sociodemographic variables contributed significantly but relatively little (13%) to the variance in women's fear of rape. In contrast, psychological factors (perceived likelihood of being raped and perceived severity of consequences) predicted an additional 29% of the variance to this fear. Greater perceived likelihood of being raped functioned as a partial mediating variable between sociodemographic factors of age and relationship status and women's fear of rape. These results are encouraging as psychological models provide more avenues for restructuring such fear and modifying concordant, dysfunctional behaviours. Consequently, these results provide direction to intervention and education programs aimed at reducing women's fear of rape.

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25

McGuffey, C. Shawn. "RAPE AND RACIAL APPRAISALS." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 10, no. 1 (2013): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x12000355.

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AbstractUsing Black women's responses to same-race sexual assault, I demonstrate how scholars can use interpersonal violence to understand social processes and develop conceptual models. Specifically, I extend the concept of racial appraisal by shifting the focus from how indirect victims (e.g., family and friends) use race to appraise a traumatic event to how survivors themselves deploy race in the aftermath of rape. Relying on 111 interviews with Black women survivors in four cities, I analyze how race, gender, and class intersect and contour interpretations of sexual assault. I argue that African Americans in this study use racially inscribed cultural signifiers to root their understandings of rape within a racist social structure (i.e., a racial appraisal)—which they also perceive as sexist and, for some, classist—that encourages their silence about same-race sexual assault. African and Caribbean immigrants, however, often avoid the language of social structure in their rape accounts and use cultural references to distance themselves from African Americans. Last, I discuss the implications of my findings for Black feminist/intersectional theory.

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26

Woods, D. L. "AC Sunshine summer turnip rape." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 467–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-080.

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AC Sunshine summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) is a canola-quality cultivar that is well adapted to the short and mid-season growing areas of western Canada. It has higher oil and protein content than Tobin. Key words: Rape, canola, Brassica rapa, cultivar description

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27

Young, Cynthia A. "Race, Rape, and White Victimhood: David Mamet's "Race"." American Quarterly 63, no. 4 (2011): 1013–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aq.2011.0055.

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28

Wahyuni, Yuyun Sri. "Rape as a weapon in genocide and wars: Enquiring the problems of women’s witnessing rape." Journal of Social Studies (JSS) 16, no. 2 (September 29, 2020): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jss.v16i2.34696.

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This paper seeks to better understand rape as a weapon in genocide and wars, the myriads contributing factors to creating ignorance to rape as a weapon in genocide, other forms of sexual violations, and circumstances that prevent women from witnessing rape acts of genocide violence. Drawing from the feminist perspectives of rape and women's sexual violence theorization, Derrida's accounts of truth and witness, and women as an improper mythic being-tainted witness, this paper shows that the current global gender inequality discrimination perpetuates the practice of rape as a weapon of genocide and wars as well as a repudiation for women's witnessing rape and sexual violations. As this situation of women rape survivors' desertions are not only happened in the Rwanda genocide and witnessing rapes for rape victims and survivors are equally challenging, this paper serves an alternative to support women's witnessing rapes and prevent rape the weapon of war to reoccur in the future. Further, Derrida's considerations on law should extend the notions of witnessing beyond the traditional European juridical tradition that excludes literature from legal exercise of witnessing as literature is regarded as mostly only fiction upbrings witnessing through literature as secret testimony is a useful interpretation on women's witnessing rape. Deciphering Derrida's description of witnessing through literature, this paper also recommends that women's writing literature can be an effective way for women to testify independently of the various gendered political disciplining gazes that hold them back from giving testimonies and then gain liberations.

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29

Basile, Kathleen C. "Attitudes Toward Wife Rape: Effects of Social Background and Victim Status." Violence and Victims 17, no. 3 (June 2002): 341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.17.3.341.33659.

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The current literature on wife rape is minimal compared to the published research in areas such as wife battering or date rape, and most of the existent work on attitudes toward wife rape is dated and/or focuses on limited samples (i.e., college populations). Using data from a nationally representative telephone survey, this study examined national attitudes toward wife rape using the following measures: perceptions of the occurrence of wife rape, perceptions of the frequency of wife rape, and perceptions of three rape scenarios. Respondent sex, education, age, race, and female victim status were predictors. Findings reveal that older, non-white respondents were less likely to believe wife rape occurs. Males and the more educated were less likely to believe it occurs frequently. Older and less educated respondents were less likely to believe forced sex scenarios between a husband and wife constitute wife rape. Among women, non-victims of forced sex were significantly less likely than current victims to believe that wife rape occurs.

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PAHKALA, K., and H. SANKARI. "Seed loss as a result of pod shatter in spring rape and spring turnip rape in Finland." Agricultural and Food Science 10, no. 3 (January 3, 2001): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5694.

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The aims of this study were to evaluate seed shedding in spring turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) and spring rape (B. napus L.) and to assess the effect of delayed harvesting on seed yield loss. Experiments on spring turnip rape (cv. Emma) were conducted in 1988-1990 and on spring rape (cv. Topas) in 1989-1990 in Jokioinen (60o49'N, 23o28'E). Rimmed tin boxes were used to collect seed from shattered pods. They were placed between the continuous rows before pods started to shatter. The shed seeds were collected two to three times a week. Susceptibility and timing of pod shattering varies between spring turnip rape and rape. However, before optimal harvest date spring rape does not shatter significantly more than spring turnip rape. Spring rape starts to shatter more compared with spring turnip rape after its optimal harvest date. It is also more sensitive to weather conditions than spring turnip rape. Furthermore, pod shattering after optimal harvest time differs among years. Weather conditions are discussed as one possible cause of pod shattering

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Campo‐Engelstein, Lisa. "Rape as a Hate Crime: An Analysis of New York Law." Hypatia 31, no. 1 (2016): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12219.

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New York defines rape as forced penile vaginal penetration, which means only women can be rape victims. Given this definition, rape should always be considered a type of hate crime and thus eligible for sentencing enhancement because the perpetrators target victims based on their group membership. Such a narrow definition of rape is problematic because it fails to acknowledge oral and anal rape and overlooks the fact that men can also be raped. I argue that regardless of the type of sexual assault that occurs (vaginal, oral, or anal), rape should be considered a hate crime when the rapist chooses the victim based on gender, gender identity, and/or sexual orientation and the rape reinforces the patriarchal and heteronormative hegemony.

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Nagvanshi, Animesh. "Marital Rape- An Unaddressed Stigma of Indian Society." Journal of Legal Studies & Research 08, no. 06 (2022): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.55662/jlsr.2022.8602.

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Marital rape ranks among the most horrifying crimes perpetrated in India. Marriage-related rape is a type of rape and shall not be considered a lesser offence. The majority of times, marital rapes target married women. It is one of the greatest threats to India’s system of gender justice. It is the ideal illustration of a social malady that has long affected India and is still wreaking havoc today. In India, the issue of marital rape has never been addressed. In Indian culture, it is rarely contested by anybody for a variety of reasons. The paper discuses about the definition of rape, definition of rape under IPC, causes, effects, constitutional provisions available against him and current status of marital rape for better understanding of readers.

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Stoenescu, F. M., and K. C. Falk. "Hysyn111 summer turnip rape." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77, no. 3 (July 1, 1997): 395–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p96-159.

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Hysyn111 summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) is a canola-quality population-synthetic (syn1) cultivar adapted to the short and mid-season growing areas of western Canada. Key words: Turnip rape (summer), synthetic, cultivar description

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Gupta, Aneesh, and Aashita Mehta. "Nuptial Rape: Rape Within Marriage." Indian Journal of Social Science and Literature 3, no. 1 (September 30, 2023): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.54105/ijssl.a1067.093123.

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Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 Criminalizes ’Rape’ under Offences Affecting the Human Body, where prevails an oddly fitted exception to this Section, which states: Sexual intercourse by a man with his wife who is not less than 15 years of age does not amount to the offence of rape. Marital Rape, a non-criminalized crime in India is where the victim herself does not know she is a victim of Marital Rape. It is one of the most under-reported crimes with 77% of women never seeking any aid regarding the violence they ever experienced. The section clearly states that rape within marriage cannot be treated as a criminal offence unless the wife is below 15 years of age. Considering the repercussions, the adverse effect on mental health highly caused by marital rape due to its non-criminalization, especially in India is reviewed legally and psychologically in this paper. The data for the above piece of research has been taken from Secondary sources: law sites, search engines, research articles, Google Scholar etc.

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Asok, Silpa K., and Anu Baisel. "Changing the Perceptions: Tracing Feminist and Postfeminist Apprehensions of Rape Culture in Sohaila Abdulali’s What We Talk About When We Talk About Rape." World Journal of English Language 13, no. 5 (April 24, 2023): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v13n5p450.

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Rape is the linchpin of patriarchy. The prevailing perception of rape and rape victims is an important matter of discussion as many people still believe in rape myths. Writer, activist, and rape survivor Sohaila Abdulali’s personal narrative What We Talk About When We Talk About Rape questions gender roles and the patriarchal system. She describes how erroneous beliefs about rape, rapists, and rape victims affect society and leads to victim blaming, slut shaming, and questioning the behaviour of women. Rape myths, which are by-products of patriarchy, rationalise sexual violence and promote animosity toward the victims. In the book, Abdulali urges society to shift its focus from women as victims to men as rapists. By depicting the real incidents, the author shows how men use power to justify rape and sexual assault. Born in India, she takes the issue of rape to the global level by addressing rape cases from all around the world to show how rape affects people from various communities and cultures. This paper seeks to explore the ways in which Sohaila Abdulali deals with the issue of rape with reference to gender, race, and class. The paper also looks at how much society has changed over time in terms of its perceptions of rape and rape victims while there are many people who still adhere to the old gender stereotypes. The study draws on feminist and postfeminist theoretical elements to address the issue of rape.

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Degenhardt, D. F., G. R. Stringam, and Z. P. Kondra. "Eclipse summer turnip rape." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72, no. 3 (July 1, 1992): 837–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps92-101.

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Eclipse summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) is a yellow-seeded canola-quality cultivar with a seed yield similar to that of the cultivars AC Parkland and Tobin. The oil content of Eclipse is similar to that of AC Parkland but is significantly higher than Tobin. Eclipse has a significantly lower glucosinolate content than either AC Parkland or Tobin. Eclipse is well adapted to the B. rapa growing areas of western Canada.Key words: Turnip rape (summer), cultivar description

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Pittman, Jacqueline Pittman. "Constructing Race and Gender in Modern Rape Law: The Abandoned Category of Black Female Victims." Michigan Journal of Gender & Law, no. 30.1 (2023): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.36641/mjgl.30.1.constructing.

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Despite the successes of the 1960s Anti-Rape Movement, modern state rape statutes continue to prioritize white male perspectives and perceptions of race, ultimately ignoring the intersectional identity of Black women and leaving these victims without legal protection. This Note examines rape law’s history of allocating agency along gendered and racialized lines through statutory construction and other discursive techniques. Such legal constructions both uphold and cultivate the white victim/Black assailant rape dyad primarily by making the Black male the “ultimate” and most feared assailant. Rape law’s adherence to a white baseline sustains stereotypes of Black men as criminals and predators, which ultimately relegates Black women to a category of lesser and undeserving victims. Re-focusing rape reform and feminist movements on Black female experiences, as well as a rhetorical restructuring of rape laws, can improve rape law uniformity and remove white normativity standards. A departure from the current rhetorical and realized white baseline can eliminate rape law’s delineations of femininity that silence women of color.

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Woods, D. L., and K. C. Falk. "AC Sungold summer turnip rape." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 81, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 285–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p00-107.

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AC Sungold summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) is an open-pollinated canola-quality cultivar adapted to the short season growing areas of western Canada. It combines a higher oil and protein content than the check varieties with a good level of resistance to white rust. Key words: Summer turnip rape, canola, Brassica rapa, cultivar description

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Falk, K. C., and F. M. Stoenescu. "Hysyn110 summer turnip rape." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-021.

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Hysyn110 summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) is a high yielding canola quality population synthetic (Syn1) which is well adapted to the short- and mid-season growing areas of western Canada. Key words: Turnip rape (summer), synthetic, cultivar description

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Falk, K. C., and F. M. Stoenescu. "Hysyn100 summer turnip rape." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-020.

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Hysyn100 summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) is a canola-quality population-synthetic (Syn1) with high oil and protein contents that is well adapted to the short- and mid-season growing areas of western Canada. Key words: Turnip rape (summer), synthetic, cultivar description

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Javaid, Aliraza. "Masculinities, sexualities and identities: Understanding HIV positive and HIV negative male rape victims." International Sociology 32, no. 3 (March 18, 2017): 323–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268580917696387.

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This empirical article focuses on how HIV intersects with male rape, and how the virus challenges and weakens male rape victims’ sense of masculinity. Drawing on hegemonic masculinity to elucidate the different ways in which men as victims of rape cope with their disease, the article argues that male victims handle the effects of rape themselves to keep their masculinity intact. Drawing on interviews with HIV positive and non-HIV positive male rape victims ( N = 15), it is argued that male victims of rape not only often struggle to manage their HIV status in a social sphere, but also may suffer contradictions in relation to embodying hegemonic masculinity. In addition to such struggles, male rape victims sometimes attract victim blaming attitudes, such as ‘he asked for it’, indicating that male rape victims are blamed for both contracting HIV and for being raped. HIV positive and non-HIV positive male rape victims question their masculinity while stigma develops through social relations with other people, particularly other men. Male rape myths are present in western society. This article seeks to open up a dialogue surrounding the salient issues associated with male rape, including HIV and male rape myths, while attempting to eliminate such harmful myths. It is important to tackle male rape myths because they can contribute to the underreporting of male rape and can compound male rape victims’ reluctance to seek help for their HIV, emotional and psychological suffering.

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Tetreault, Patricia A., and Mark A. Barnett. "Reactions to Stranger and Acquaintance Rape." Psychology of Women Quarterly 11, no. 3 (September 1987): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1987.tb00909.x.

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate females' and males' reactions to a woman who presumably had been raped by a stranger or an acquaintance. Eighty undergraduates, 40 women and 40 men, read one of two rape descriptions prior to watching a videotape of the woman who (they were led to believe) had been the victim of the rape. Female and male subjects were found to have markedly different reactions to stranger and acquaintance rape and rape victims.

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Marciniak, Liz M. "Adolescent Attitudes Toward Victim Precipitation of Rape." Violence and Victims 13, no. 3 (January 1998): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.13.3.287.

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Adolescents have high rates of rape victimization and offending compared to other age groups, yet few studies have examined predictors of rape-supportive attitudes among adolescents. Drawing from Burl’s (1980) study of rape myth acceptance among adults, this study tests a path analytic model of adolescent attitudes about victim precipitation of rape, using a sample of 1393 cases from the National Youth Survey (NYS) (Elliott, Ageton, Huizinga, Knowles, & Cantor, 1983). LISREL (Jöreskeg & Sörbom, 1988) estimation procedures are applied. Results show direct effects of sociocultural influences on an individual’s level of rape myth acceptance, but demonstrate some interesting gender differences. Findings also reveal indirect effects of age, race, and socioeconomic status on attitudes toward rape, which operate through traditional gender role stereotyping. Educating young adolescents about the nature of rape and the rights and roles of women are logical points of intervention to decrease acceptance of rape myths that target the victim.

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White, Aaronette M., Michael J. Strube, and Sherri Fisher. "A Black Feminist Model of Rape Myth Acceptance." Psychology of Women Quarterly 22, no. 2 (June 1998): 157–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1998.tb00148.x.

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A Black feminist model was used to investigate rape myth acceptance between African American antirape activists and a comparison group of nonactivists using Cross's (1991) racial identity model and Downing and Roush's (1985) feminist identity model. As predicted, activists rejected rape myths more than nonactivists; the earlier stages of both models were associated with rape myth acceptance; the later stages were associated with rape myth rejection; and activists evidenced more sociopolitical maturity (race and gender consciousness) than nonactivists. The findings suggest that researchers may need to investigate to what degree rape myth acceptance serves an overarching system of social domination where racism and sexism overlap.

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Woods, D. L., R. K. Gugel, and K. C. Falk. "CB 9940 and CB 9941 summer turnip rapes." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 81, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 461–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p00-124.

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Two canola-quality summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) lines that are resistant to blackleg [Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et de Not.] have been developed. Glucosinolates are marginally higher, while seed yields and oil contents are lower than the check cultivars. Key words: Rape, canola, Brassica rapa, germplasm description, blackleg resistance

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Woods, D. L. "AC Sunbeam summer turnip rape." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77, no. 2 (April 1, 1997): 255–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p96-112.

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AC Sunbeam summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) is a canola-quality cultivar. It is well adapted to the short and mid-season growing areas of western Canada. It is higher yielding than AC Parkland, and has a higher oil and protein content than Tobin. AC Sunbeam has a good level of resistance to white rust, and has a very low meal glucosinolate content. Key words: Rape, canola, Brassica rapa, cultivar description

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Abasili, Alexander Izuchukwu. "Was it Rape? The David and Bathsheba Pericope Re-examined." Vetus Testamentum 61, no. 1 (2011): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853311x548596.

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AbstractIn view of the academic debate on whether David raped Bathsheba, this article takes a new approach to 2 Sam 11-12. Using narrative analysis, it reinterprets 2 Sam 11-12 with the Hebrew biblical definition of rape in mind. This new approach reveals that some of the opposing views of exegetes on this pericope are caused by the imposition of today’s definition of rape upon the narrative of 2 Sam 11-12. Our conclusion questions, on the one hand, the basis upon which some scholars suggest that David raped Bathsheba. Are they talking about ‘biblical-rape’ or are they using a contemporary concept of rape to judge the Hebrew bible? On the other hand, it disagrees with those scholars who accuse Bathsheba of seducing David for whatever motive.

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Stoenescu, F. M., and K. C. Falk. "Hysyn120 CS summer turnip rape." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77, no. 3 (July 1, 1997): 397–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p96-160.

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Hysyn120 CS summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) is a high-yielding, canola-quality, population-synthetic (syn1) cultivar adapted to short and mid-season growing areas of western Canada. Key words: Turnip rape (summer), synthetic, cultivar description

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Gosse, Douglas. "Unraveling Warriors, Nerds, Race, Eroticism & Rape." Culture, Society and Masculinities 3, no. 2 (January 1, 2011): 176–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3149/csm.0302.176.

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Adams-Clark, Alexis A., and Joan C. Chrisler. "What Constitutes Rape? The Effect of Marital Status and Type of Sexual Act on Perceptions of Rape Scenarios." Violence Against Women 24, no. 16 (March 9, 2018): 1867–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801218755975.

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Many people believe that rape is always perpetrated by a stranger and involves vaginal intercourse. To clarify perceptions of rape that do not follow traditional beliefs, participants were presented with a vignette that described a rape in which the marital status and sexual act were manipulated. Participants were then asked to assess the incident’s severity and the victim’s responsibility. Results indicated that there was no difference in perceptions between vignettes based on marital status. However, rapes involving vaginal intercourse were associated with lesser degrees of victim blame and minimization than were rapes involving forced oral sex or digital sex.

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