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Journal articles on the topic 'Rape victims'
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1
Koss, Mary P., Thomas E. Dinero, Cynthia A. Seibel, and Susan L. Cox. "Stranger and Acquaintance Rape: Are There Differences In the Victim's Experience?" Psychology of Women Quarterly 12, no. 1 (March 1988): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1988.tb00924.x.
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Most published research on the victim–offender relationship has been based on small samples that consisted mainly of women who were raped by nonintimate and nonromantic acquaintances, who viewed their experience as rape, and/or who were seeking treatment. In the present study, 489 rape victims were located among a national sample of 3, 187 female college students by a self-report survey that avoided reliance on helpseekers. Two sets of comparisons were performed. First, the experiences reported by victims of stranger rape ( n = 52) were compared with those of victims of acquaintance rape ( n = 416). Then, the experiences of women assaulted by different types of acquaintances were compared including nonromantic acquaintances ( n = 122), casual dates ( n = 103), steady dates ( n = 147), and spouses or other family members ( n = 44). Rapes by acquaintances, compared with strangers, were more likely to involve a single offender and multiple episodes, were less likely to be seen as rape or to be revealed to anyone, and were similar in terms of the victim's resistance. In general, acquaintance rapes were rated as less violent than stranger rapes. The exception was rapes by husbands or other family members which were rated equally violent to stranger rapes but were much less likely to occur in a context of drinking or other drug use. In spite of these different crime characteristics, virtually no differences were found among any of the groups in their levels of psychological symptoms. A significant feature of these data is that they have tapped the experiences of unreported and unacknowledged rape victims, a group that is potentially much larger than the group of identified victims.
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George, William H., and Lorraine J. Martínez. "Victim Blaming in Rape: Effects of Victim and Perpetrator Race, Type of Rape, and Participant Racism." Psychology of Women Quarterly 26, no. 2 (June 2002): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-6402.00049.
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Stereotypes about Black sexuality fostered hypotheses that racial factors and racism influence rape victim blaming. Predominantly White and Asian college students (170 men, 162 women) completed the Modern Racism Scale and evaluated a rape vignette varying victim race, perpetrator race, and rape type. As predicted, racial factors determined victim blaming. Compared to intraracial rapes, interracial rapes were less uniformly judged as “definitely rape” and were judged as having more culpable and less credible victims, and less culpable perpetrators. For men, racism scores positively predicted victim blaming in all rapes. For women, racism scores moderated victim blaming in interracial acquaintance rapes. In our conclusions, we emphasize the durability of racial stereotypes about rape and their influence on discriminatory adjudication outcomes.
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Ullman, Sarah E. "A Comparison of Gang and Individual Rape Incidents." Violence and Victims 14, no. 2 (January 1999): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.14.2.123.
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This study examined differences between gang and individual offender rape incidents reported to the Chicago police. Analyses showed that victims and offenders in gang rape incidents were younger, more likely to be unemployed, but not different in marital status or race than victims and offenders in individual rapes (e.g., single offender, single victim crimes). Gang rapes were characterized by more alcohol and drug involvement, fewer weapons, more night attacks, less victim resistance, and more severe sexual assault outcomes compared with individual rapes. Regression analyses revealed distinct correlates of physical injury outcomes for gang and individual rape incidents. Implications for treatment and prevention of these types of assaults are discussed.
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Uddin, Md Kafil, Manasi Saha, Md Nasir Uddin Gazi, Sandip Talukdar, and Mir Md Raihan. "Study on Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Alleged Sexual Assault Cases in Rajshahi District in 2020." TAJ: Journal of Teachers Association 35, no. 1 (August 10, 2022): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/taj.v35i1.61143.
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Introduction: Rape is a neglected public health issue in Bangladesh. Here, the incidence of rape is reported almost every day. However, this study was designed to analyze and explore the statistics of alleged rape cases in the Rajshahi district in 2020.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (DFMT), Rajshahi Medical College (RMC), Rajshahi, Bangladesh, from January 2020 to December 2020. A total of 101 study subjects were included in this study. The data were collected from the alleged rape victims who were sent to the DFMT for medico-legal examination. Informed written consent was signed, and a thumb impression was taken by the victim with her legal guardian when the apparent age of the victim was under 12 years status before data collection. This study explores age, marital status, the pattern of assailants, place of occurrence, religion, opinion based on a physical or genital examination, and corresponding police station with another expert investigative organization such as the Police Bureau of Investigation (PBI) of Rajshahi district.
Results: Most of the victims were under 20 years old. Among all victims, 46.53% were unmarried, and 42.57% were married. In maximum cases, the victims were sexually assaulted by the known assailants. Almost two-thirds of alleged rapes occurred in the victim's house and the nearby place of the victim’s house. Only 11.88% of victims were examined with positive signs regarding sexual intercourse. Maximum victims (98.02%) were Muslim. Rape cases were frequent in Godagari, Belpukur, and Chndrima police stations.
Conclusion: The findings of this study may work as baseline information and would be constructive in raising social awareness.
TAJ 2022; 35: No-1: 45-50
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Dhaka, Poonam, Elsche Magdalena Kalola, and Sanmari Steenkamp. "Attitudes toward rape victims among University of Namibia students." Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences 8, no. 2 (August 21, 2020): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32642/.v8i2.1515.
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A common misunderstanding about rape is that the perpetrator is driven by a sexual desire motivated by the victim’s seductive dressing or behaviour. The damaging impact of rape on the victim not only affects the victim’s emotional, psychological and physical state, but its ripple effects impact the larger systems of families, friends and life partners. The literature on studies of attitudes toward rape shows that there is an overall negative attitude towards rape victims leading to discrimination, stigma and, consequently, under-reporting of rape. The main focus of the present study was to investigate university students’ attitude toward rape victims. Furthermore, the study sought to explore gender differences in acceptance of rape victims. A convenience sampling technique was used to draw a sample of 131 students between the ages of 19-38 years. The sociodemographic questionnaire and Attitudes Towards Rape Victims Scale (ATRVS) were self-administered to collect quantitative data and descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. The results indicate that male students have significantly higher unfavourable attitudes towards rape victims in comparison to females. Most of the rape victims are judged by what they wear and their location. However, both genders showed an acceptance of rape victims, even though a small number of males indicated “mildly disagree” on the scale. To be effective at reducing victimization, results strongly suggest rape awareness programs and interventions targeting society’s attitude and ways of dealing with a victim. Without community involvement and change in societal attitudes toward rape, legal policies will remain ineffective.
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Wilbanks, William. "Is Violent Crime Intraracial?" Crime & Delinquency 31, no. 1 (January 1985): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128785031001007.
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The commonly accepted view that violent crime is intraracial as opposed to interracial is reexamined. Victim survey data on perceived race of offender are used to suggest that the issue of intraracial versus interracial crime should be examined from four perspectives: white offender's choice of victim (e.g., white or black); black offender's choice of victim; white victim's perception of race of offender; and black victim's perception of race of offender. A Detailed analysis of victimization survey data indicates that violent crime in the United States (robbery, assault, and rape) is intraracial from three perspectives (whites chose other whites as victims, whites were largely victimized by other whites, and blacks were largely victimized by other blacks). However, black offenders were more likely to choose white victims in robberies, assaults, and rapes. Tentative and alternative explanations for this previously unexamined fact of interracial crime are suggested.
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Ferenz, Jerzy M. "SYTUACJA OFIAR PRZESTĘPSTWA ZGWAŁCENIA PO NOWELIZACJI KODEKSU KARNEGO Z DNIA 13 CZERWCA 2013 R." Zeszyty Prawnicze 16, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2016.16.1.06.
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The Situation of Rape Victims after the Amendment of 13June 2013to the Polish Penal CodeSummaryThe paper describes the situation of rape victims in Poland followingthe amendment of 13 June 2013 to the Polish Penal Code. Under thenew provisions rape is an offence prosecutable in proceedings officiallybrought by the public prosecutor. Hitherto rape charges were brought bythe victim or the victim’s legal guardian. This study concerns the issueof the substantive and procedural legal consequences for the victim whodoes not want to testify because of the particular situation in which he/she has found himself, e.g. rape trauma syndrome or dependence onthe offender.
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Adiningsih, Aprilia Putri, and Ridwan Arifin. "Victims of Rape and The Legal Protection: Problems and Challenges in The Victimological Studies." Semarang State University Undergraduate Law and Society Review 3, no. 1 (January 17, 2023): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/lsr.v3i1.56688.
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Victims of the crime of rape have not received optimal legal protection, even though they have been legally protected through the Law on the Protection of Witnesses and Victims, the Law on Child Protection, or the Law on the Elimination of Domestic Violence. However, the concept of Indonesian criminal law, which focuses more on punishing and deterring criminals, has not been able to accommodate the rights of victims, especially in cases of certain crimes such as rape. In the case of rape, the victim receives an immaterial loss (loss of honor) which is legally difficult to materialize, so that the punishment is limited to imprisonment and a fine which is not sufficient to restore the victim's loss and restore the victim's trauma. This study aims to analyze the protection of victims of rape crime in the perspective of victimology and law. This study uses a normative legal approach, literature review and legal analysis. This study found that the juridical sera, the protection of victims of crime, including victims of rape, has been regulated by the state through several laws. The rights of victims have also been mentioned, ranging from restitution, to recovery of victims' losses and trauma. However, in cases of rape, victims are often dissatisfied with the punishment given to the perpetrators of this crime.
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Dupuis, Erin C., and Jason A. Clay. "The Role of Race and Respectability in Attributions of Responsibility for Acquaintance Rape." Violence and Victims 28, no. 6 (2013): 1085–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-12-00013.
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Previous researchers have explored the role of race and respectability, independently, on attributions of responsibility; however, the interaction between race and respectability has not been analyzed in situations of acquaintance rape. Participants (N = 241) read a vignette detailing a case of acquaintance rape that manipulated the race of both the victim and the perpetrator and the respectability of the victim. Regression and ANOVA analyses indicated that victim race and respectability interacted in such a way that when Black victims were respectable, they were held less responsible than respectable White victims; however, less respected Black victims were held more responsible than less respected White victims. Manipulating perpetrator race revealed surprising results; the White perpetrator was found guilty more often than the Black perpetrator (although this appeared to be related to victim race).
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Vrij, Alder, and Hannah R. Firmin. "Beautiful Thus Innocent? The Impact of Defendants' and Victims' Physical Attractiveness and Participants' Rape Beliefs on Impression Formation in Alleged Rape Cases." International Review of Victimology 8, no. 3 (September 2001): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975800100800301.
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This experiment examined the possible beneficial effects of victims' and defendants' good-looks in an alleged rape case. It was hypothesized that people who especially endorsed ‘Rape Myths’ would be more favourable towards victims and defendants who are good-looking. Moreover, it was hypothesized that females would be more favourable towards the victim than males and that this gender difference would be mediated by differences in “Rape Myths Acceptance”. In the experiment, 80 observers were exposed to an extract of a victim's story about an alleged rape case. The physical attractiveness of both the victim and the defendant were systematically varied. Observers' Rape Myths Acceptance were measured with Burt's (1980) Rape Myths Acceptance scale. The results support the hypotheses; it is therefore suggested that the acceptance of these myths should be investigated in selection procedures of people who are likely to be confronted with victims of sexual offenses, such as police officers and jury members in rape or sexual harassment cases.
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Javaid, Aliraza. "Masculinities, sexualities and identities: Understanding HIV positive and HIV negative male rape victims." International Sociology 32, no. 3 (March 18, 2017): 323–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268580917696387.
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This empirical article focuses on how HIV intersects with male rape, and how the virus challenges and weakens male rape victims’ sense of masculinity. Drawing on hegemonic masculinity to elucidate the different ways in which men as victims of rape cope with their disease, the article argues that male victims handle the effects of rape themselves to keep their masculinity intact. Drawing on interviews with HIV positive and non-HIV positive male rape victims ( N = 15), it is argued that male victims of rape not only often struggle to manage their HIV status in a social sphere, but also may suffer contradictions in relation to embodying hegemonic masculinity. In addition to such struggles, male rape victims sometimes attract victim blaming attitudes, such as ‘he asked for it’, indicating that male rape victims are blamed for both contracting HIV and for being raped. HIV positive and non-HIV positive male rape victims question their masculinity while stigma develops through social relations with other people, particularly other men. Male rape myths are present in western society. This article seeks to open up a dialogue surrounding the salient issues associated with male rape, including HIV and male rape myths, while attempting to eliminate such harmful myths. It is important to tackle male rape myths because they can contribute to the underreporting of male rape and can compound male rape victims’ reluctance to seek help for their HIV, emotional and psychological suffering.
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Kim, Jong Goo, and Won Sik Im. "Is Undesired Pregnancy from Rape Considered Bodily Injury?: A Comparative Legal Study of Cases in Korea and the US." Legal Studies Institute of Chosun University 31, no. 1 (April 30, 2024): 293–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.18189/isicu.2024.31.1.293.
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Recently, in the Supreme Court of Korea, there has been controversy over whether the victim's pregnancy is bodily injury in the case where the defendant, a stepfather, sexually assaulted an 11-year-old stepdaughter to become pregnant, and in the case where the defendant sexually assaulted a friend of his wife who was asleep under the influence of alcohol at his home. The prosecutor regarded the undesired pregnancy as bodily injury and prosecuted the defendant for aggravated-rape and aggravated-quasi-rape in these cases, but the Supreme Court of Korea admitted only rape and quasi-rape because the undesired pregnancy did not constitute bodily injury. Some scholars argue that pregnancy due to rape should be considered bodily injury, but discussions in Korea are still insufficient. Even in the context of US precedents, the question of whether a rape victim's pregnancy constitutes substantial bodily injury has arisen in numerous statutory rape cases, including a case in which a stepfather sexually assaulted a 13-year-old stepdaughter for months, leading to pregnancy, and then aborted. The pregnancy of a rape victim negatively affects the victim's physical and mental aspects. Therefore, it is argued that the physical and mental effects of pregnancy are the same as substantial bodily injury, and that the pregnancy of rape victims should be recognized as a factor that increases the punishment of rape. However, US precedents and legislation have different positions on whether to view physical changes caused by the pregnancy of rape victims as elements of aggravated punishment. Korean courts have not yet recognized the unwanted pregnancy of rape victims as bodily injury. However, in the United States, legal precedents sometimes consider the pregnancy of rape victims as bodily injury, and individual state legislations also recognize this. This paper compared and examined related precedents and legislation in Korea and the United States, and studied the question of whether to view the unwanted pregnancy of rape victims as bodily injury. In conclusion, the author of this paper argues in favor of interpretive and legislative theories that advocate for viewing the pregnancy of rape victims as bodily injury.
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de Heer, Brooke A., and Lynn C. Jones. "Investigating the Self-Protective Potential of Immobility in Victims of Rape." Violence and Victims 32, no. 2 (2017): 210–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-15-00099.
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Using a nationwide sample of reported rape cases collected by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI; 389 victims; 89% stranger rapes), this study investigates assumptions about self-protective behaviors for rape victims. Past research on victim resistance strategies often specifies active resistance as self-protective, inadvertently underestimating the potential for biologically based reactions, such as tonic immobility, to be self-protective as well. Results confirm that rape victims who were verbally and physically immobile during the attack were less likely to be injured and have force used against them. In addition, victims who were verbally immobile suffered a less severe attack. The results indicate that immobility may protect the victim from increased injury, force, and severity of the attack. Implications for the legal and public definition of consent are discussed.
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Kusnandar, Endang, Anis Mashdurohatun, and Siti Rodhiyah Dwi Istinah. "Protection Analysis Of Children Rights That Was Born From The Rape Causing (Study in State Court (PN) in Ex-Residency Cirebon Jurisdiction)." Jurnal Daulat Hukum 3, no. 1 (April 12, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jdh.v3i1.8395.
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Criminal cases of rape very much creates difficulties in solving both at the stage of investigation, prosecution, or at the stage of the imposition of the verdict. The problems of this study are: forms of legal protection given to the rights of Children Which Born fom rape victims in Ex Residency Cirebon Jurisdiction and constraints in the implementation of the provision of legal protection against rape victims in Ex Residency Cirebon Jurisdiction and solutions.The method used by researchers is normative juridical law approach and specification in this study were included descriptive analysis. The source and type of data in this study are primary data obtained from field studies with interview members of the Police of Ciwaringin Cirebon, And secondary data obtained from the study of literature.Based on the results of research that as is the case in jurisdictions other areas, merely enacted regional regulation on Child Protection, but the regulation is not set up for a child born to mothers who were raped or pregnancy due to rape, as well as court decisions, no one has noticed the rape victims who become pregnant as a result of rape, either already known or unknown since the trial process after the imposition of the verdict (ponis), as well as the Agency duties and authorities are not up to provide protection to Children Which Born from rape, but the child of such status as well as victims. Obstacles such as the difficulty to obtain information from the victim because of the victim's mental condition of the child, still quite a lot of people who are reluctant to testify as a witness, investigators have no children, as well as the infrastructure is not yet complete. To overcome the obstacles faced by those already undertaken several measures, among others cooperate with relevant agencies to provide protection and assistance to child victims of rape, bring in psychologists to recover the child's mental disturbed for being a victim of rape cases, as well as trying to convince the witness that willing to give information and not to be afraid to provide testimony.Keywords : Rights Protection; Children; Rape.
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Koon-Magnin, Sarah, Stacy Hoskins Haynes, and R. Barry Ruback. "Condemnation of Statutory Rape Based on Respondent Race, Perpetrator Race, and Victim Race." Violence and Victims 34, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 414–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-16-00217.
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Race impacts perceptions of crimes, perpetrators, and victims. Although statutory rape generally receives little empirical or media attention, it has important implications for victims and offenders across the United States and appears to be enforced in a haphazard way. This study used a between-subjects experimental survey design at two universities (n = 1,370) to assess the impact of respondent race, perpetrator race, and victim race on attitudes toward statutory rape. Results of a repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that respondents viewed both White victims and their perpetrators as bad, blameworthy, deserving of punishment, harmed, and likely to commit crime in the future, judgments suggesting that the respondents take this sexual activity seriously. In contrast, analyses revealed that respondents were significantly less concerned about Black victims than White victims. Consistent with the liberation hypothesis, these differences in attitudes may contribute to the law being enforced inconsistently, providing differential access to justice based on a variable that is not legally relevant.
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Prakarsa, Aliyth, and Rena Yulia. "Examining Victim Precipitation in Determining a Suspect (A Case Study of Marital Rape That Ended in Death)." Lambung Mangkurat Law Journal 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32801/lamlaj.v7i1.307.
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Marital rape is part of the form of rape in domestic violence. Its limited characteristics in the family sphere and cultural construction make marital rape sometimes escapes the attention of victims and also the community. In Indonesia, marital rape is still considered as abnormally and impossible incident, it is considered as impossible act for a husband to rape his own wife or vice versa. In several cases had occurred in Indonesia, marital rape become a trigger for physical violence that led to murder (homicide). For example in the two cases of homicide has occurred in Serang City in 2021 and Cilegon 2019. In these two cases, marital rape occurred which led to murder or loss of life. This paper will examine women who are victims of marital rape who are designated as murder suspects, a case study in Serang City. This study uses a normative legal research method with a statutory approach and cases approach. The results of this study indicate that the determination of woman victims of marital rape as murder suspects in the perspective of victimology does not consider the perspective of the victim's role in the occurrence of a crime. There are two criminal acts happening simultaneously; marital rape and murder. First, the husband as the perpetrator of marital rape against his wife who later becomes a victim of murder due to self defense (the second case). Therefore, in the theory of victim precipitation, the victim plays a role in creating the crime it-self. The causes of marital rape victims who later become perpetrators of murder must also be considered about. The role of the perpetrators of marital rape is active participation which then resulted in his death. The things that attend in this situation must and need to be considered by law enforcement officials, from the first thing when conducting an investigation. This will affect the next law enforcement process. Therefore, victim precipitation must be considered by investigators in reviewing the chronology of the case before determining the suspect in order to fulfill the rights and protection of the actual victims.
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Aliyth Prakarsa and Rena Yulia. "Examining Victim Precipitation in Determining a Suspect (A Case Study of Marital Rape That Ended in Death)." Lambung Mangkurat Law Journal 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32801/abc.v7i1.135.
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Marital rape is part of the form of rape in domestic violence. Its limited characteristics in the family sphere and cultural construction make marital rape sometimes escapes the attention of victims and also the community. In Indonesia, marital rape is still considered as abnormally and impossible incident, it is considered as impossible act for a husband to rape his own wife or vice versa. In several cases had occurred in Indonesia, marital rape become a trigger for physical violence that led to murder (homicide). For example in the two cases of homicide has occurred in Serang City in 2021 and Cilegon 2019. In these two cases, marital rape occurred which led to murder or loss of life. This paper will examine women who are victims of marital rape who are designated as murder suspects, a case study in Serang City. This study uses a normative legal research method with a statutory approach and cases approach. The results of this study indicate that the determination of woman victims of marital rape as murder suspects in the perspective of victimology does not consider the perspective of the victim’s role in the occurrence of a crime. There are two criminal acts happening simultaneously; marital rape and murder. First, the husband as the perpetrator of marital rape against his wife who later becomes a victim of murder due to self defense (the second case). Therefore, in the theory of victim precipitation, the victim plays a role in creating the crime itself. The causes of marital rape victims who later become perpetrators of murder must also be considered about. The role of the perpetrators of marital rape is active participation which then resulted in his death. The things that attend in this situation must and need to be considered by law enforcement officials, from the first thing when conducting an investigation. This will affect the next law enforcement process. Therefore, victim precipitation must be considered by investigators in reviewing the chronology of the case before determining the suspect in order to fulfill the rights and protection of the actual victims
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Benedek, Ellissa. "Rape and Rape Victims." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 36, no. 6 (June 1991): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/029862.
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Asok, Silpa K., and Anu Baisel. "Changing the Perceptions: Tracing Feminist and Postfeminist Apprehensions of Rape Culture in Sohaila Abdulali’s What We Talk About When We Talk About Rape." World Journal of English Language 13, no. 5 (April 24, 2023): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v13n5p450.
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Rape is the linchpin of patriarchy. The prevailing perception of rape and rape victims is an important matter of discussion as many people still believe in rape myths. Writer, activist, and rape survivor Sohaila Abdulali’s personal narrative What We Talk About When We Talk About Rape questions gender roles and the patriarchal system. She describes how erroneous beliefs about rape, rapists, and rape victims affect society and leads to victim blaming, slut shaming, and questioning the behaviour of women. Rape myths, which are by-products of patriarchy, rationalise sexual violence and promote animosity toward the victims. In the book, Abdulali urges society to shift its focus from women as victims to men as rapists. By depicting the real incidents, the author shows how men use power to justify rape and sexual assault. Born in India, she takes the issue of rape to the global level by addressing rape cases from all around the world to show how rape affects people from various communities and cultures. This paper seeks to explore the ways in which Sohaila Abdulali deals with the issue of rape with reference to gender, race, and class. The paper also looks at how much society has changed over time in terms of its perceptions of rape and rape victims while there are many people who still adhere to the old gender stereotypes. The study draws on feminist and postfeminist theoretical elements to address the issue of rape.
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Patterson, Debra. "The Impact of Detectives’ Manner of Questioning on Rape Victims’ Disclosure." Violence Against Women 17, no. 11 (November 2011): 1349–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801211434725.
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Research has documented that few reported rapes are prosecuted by the legal system. The purpose of this study is to explain how the interactions between victims and detectives can strengthen or weaken the investigation itself. Twenty rape victims were interviewed to examine how law enforcement detectives’ manner of questioning affects rape victims’ level of disclosure. Using qualitative methodology, the results show that the detectives’ manner of questioning can play a role in victims’ disclosure. Detectives using a gentle manner of questioning with victims can help produce stronger victim statements and thus build stronger cases for prosecution.
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Bieńkowska, Ewa. "Rola ofiary w genezie przestępstwa zgwałcenia (w świetle badań zagranicznych i polskich)." Studia Prawnicze / The Legal Studies, no. 3 (61) (April 30, 2023): 237–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37232/sp.1979.3.10.
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The article presents the outcome of a study on the role a victim plays in originating the crime of rape. The aim of the study was to determine if and in what manner the victim contributes to conceiving and accomplishment of criminal intent. Accordingly, the scholars attempt at selection and specification of factors behind the predisposition of a person to become a victim of a rape, since this can be conducive to the committal of the crime.The article covers all that has been determined with regard to the behaviour of victims before the crime was committed, particularly that which directly bore on them being chosen an object of perpetrator’s attack. Further, it has been shown how the victim’s contribution to the committal of the rape is due to the victim’s certain socio-psychic features, and an earlier relationship, particularly of personal nature, with the perpetrator. Next, the problem of resistance or nonresistance on the part of the victim during the attack has been discussed in relation to the interpretation of this resistance by the perpetrator (the problem of actual or simulated resistance).A survey has also been made of recent trends to change the methodology and assessment of research on rape victims, arising due to the discussion on psychological and social effects of rapes on their victims.Hence ensuing conclusions are applicable in practice, particularly with regard to: 1) the improvement of the operation of the prosecuting organs and the administration of justice, 2) increased knowledge on the causes of rapes, and 3) possibilities of further development of methods towards efficient preventiveness and fight against these crimes.
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Kahn, Arnold S., Virginia Andreoli Mathie, and Cyndee Torgler. "Rape Scripts and Rape Acknowledgment." Psychology of Women Quarterly 18, no. 1 (March 1994): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1994.tb00296.x.
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Past research has indicated that nearly half of college-aged women who experience forced, nonconsensual sexual intercourse, do not label their experience as rape. We found evidence that these unacknowledged rape victims possess more violent, stranger rape scripts than do acknowledged rape victims, who are more likely to have an acquaintance rape script. The difference in rape scripts between acknowledged and unacknowledged rape victims was not due to different demographics or actual rape experience. However, unacknowledged victims did have a sexual history which involved less force than did acknowledged victims. Apparently, most unacknowledged victims do not define their rape experience as rape because they have a rape script of a violent, stranger, blitz rape which does not match their experience of being raped in a less forceful manner by someone with whom they were acquainted. The extent to which their less forceful sexual histories is related to their more violent rape scripts remains to be investigated.
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Reynolds, Maureen. "Rape victims." Nursing Standard 2, no. 8 (November 21, 1987): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.2.8.37.s79.
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Christiansen, Dorte, Rikke Bak, and Ask Elklit. "Secondary Victims of Rape." Violence and Victims 27, no. 2 (2012): 246–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.27.2.246.
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Rape is often a very traumatic experience, which affects not only the primary victim (PV) but also his/her significant others. Studies on secondary victims of rape are few and have almost exclusively studied male partners of female rape victims. This study examined the impact of rape on 107 secondary victims, including family members, partners, and friends of male and female rape victims. We found that many respondents found it difficult to support the PV and that their relationship with the PV was often affected by the assault. Furthermore, the sample showed significant levels of traumatization, and it was estimated that approximately one quarter of the respondents suffered from posttraumatic stress syndrome (PTSD). Degree of traumatization was associated with a more recent assault, higher efforts to support the PV, recurrent thoughts about having been able to prevent the assault, a lack of social support for the respondent, and feeling let down by others. The respondents were generally interested in friend-, family-, and partner-focused interventions, particularly in receiving education about how best to support a rape victim.
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Campo‐Engelstein, Lisa. "Rape as a Hate Crime: An Analysis of New York Law." Hypatia 31, no. 1 (2016): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12219.
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New York defines rape as forced penile vaginal penetration, which means only women can be rape victims. Given this definition, rape should always be considered a type of hate crime and thus eligible for sentencing enhancement because the perpetrators target victims based on their group membership. Such a narrow definition of rape is problematic because it fails to acknowledge oral and anal rape and overlooks the fact that men can also be raped. I argue that regardless of the type of sexual assault that occurs (vaginal, oral, or anal), rape should be considered a hate crime when the rapist chooses the victim based on gender, gender identity, and/or sexual orientation and the rape reinforces the patriarchal and heteronormative hegemony.
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Finkelson, Laura, and Robert Oswalt. "College Date Rape: Incidence and Reporting." Psychological Reports 77, no. 2 (October 1995): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.77.2.526.
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The present survey based on 70% returns ( N=140) of a random sample of 200 women at one college indicated that, although 5% had been date raped, none reported the rapes to authorities due to feelings of self-blame and embarrassment. That rapes are not reported perpetuates a self-fulfilling prophecy that rapes do not occur. A victim of rape may feel she is the only one and may be reluctant to become the exception who reports. This denial by both college authorities and victims does not encourage programs for prevention and treatment.
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Wirtz, Philip W., and Adele V. Harrell. "The Effects of Threatening Versus Nonthreatening Previous Life Events on Levels of Fear in Rape Victims." Violence and Victims 2, no. 2 (January 1987): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.2.2.89.
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Although the link between the level of the psychological distress of victims after a rape and life events that occurred before the attack has historically been attributed to a general event-related disruption of the victim’s psychological equilibrium, recent research suggests that only specific types of preattack events—those the victim perceives as making her vulnerable to future harm—may be associated with the postassault level of fear experienced by the rape victim. To test this thesis empirically, the authors compared the levels of fear of three groups of recent victims, one and six months after the rape: those who had experienced at least one life-threatening event in the year before the attack, those who had experienced only nonthreatening (but major-impact) events, and those who had experienced no major-impact events. Victims who had experienced at least one life-threatening event in the previous year were found to have significantly higher one-month and six-month (controlling for one-month) levels of fear than did victims in either of the other two groups: the means of these latter two groups were not found to differ significantly. These results empirically validate the importance of components of the threat of future harm associated with prior life events to short-term and long-term levels of fear of rape victims and offer one basis on which to identify victims who are at particularly high risk of experiencing long-term psychological distress.
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Levine-MacCombie, Joyce, and Mary P. Koss. "Acquaintance Rape: Effective Avoidance Strategies." Psychology of Women Quarterly 10, no. 4 (December 1986): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1986.tb00756.x.
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To date, research on effective rape avoidance strategies has involved media-recruited, acknowledged rape victims and avoiders, most of whom were assaulted by total strangers. In the present study, rape avoidance research was extended to a sample of acquaintance rape victims and avoiders who were located by a self-report survey that identified women who both do and do not conceptualize their assaults as rape. The study's goal was to determine whether acknowledged rape victims, unacknowledged rape victims, and rape avoiders could be discriminated by situational variables including the response strategies used in the assault. Victims and avoiders were significantly discriminated. Compared to rape victims, avoiders (1) were less likely to have experienced passive or internalizing emotions at the time of the assault, (2) perceived the assault as less violent, and (3) were more likely to have utilized active response strategies (i.e., running away and screaming). The results suggest that the major findings of existing research on stranger rape avoidance are generalizable to acquaintance rape. However, concerns are expressed over methodological limitations of research on rape avoidance from the victim's perspective.
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Grubb, Amy, and Terri-Anne Tarn. "An exploratory analysis of the relationship between women’s rape fantasies, rape myth acceptance, rape victim empathy and rape blame attribution." Forensic Update 1, no. 108 (October 2012): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsfu.2012.1.108.17.
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This paper explores the existence of rape fantasies within a sample of female university students and investigates whether there is a relationship between rape fantasies and the way individuals make attributions about the victims of rape. Participants completed a questionnaire which included measures of erotic and aversive rape fantasies, rape myth acceptance, rape victim empathy and specific attributions about a victim of rape presented in a vignette. The findings indicate that rape fantasies are more common than previously thought, with 53.4 per cent of participants reporting having experienced some form of sexually coercive fantasy at least once a year. The findings also indicate that there is positive correlational relationship between general rape fantasies and the way individuals make attributions about individual rape victims, with people who experience rape fantasies allocating a greater amount of blame to the victim in a specific rape scenario. Potential reasons and implications for these findings are discussed.
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Hetu, Vibha. "Reflections on the society’s reaction towards rape victims in Delhi City." Temida 17, no. 3 (2014): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem1403003h.
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In general, most people display stronger beliefs in ?aggravated rape? or ?real rape?; including victims of such rape cases who often identify themselves as ?rape victims? than the victims of ?simple rape?, where none of the aggravating circumstances are present. Despite myths to the contrary these ?simple rape? cases in fact make up the majority of cases. This article considers the implications of ?real rape? and demonstrates how notions about what a ?typical rape? should be, in the form of rape myths, directly impact on societal attitudes towards rape victims and how the media continue to reinforce and perpetuate the notion of real rape through their selective reporting of ?serial rape?, ?stranger rape? or especially ?violent rapes?.
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Tanasale, Christy, Elsa Rina Maya Toule, and Margie Gladies Sopacua. "Peran Korban Pemerkosaan Dalam Membantu Proses Penyidikan." TATOHI: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 3, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.47268/tatohi.v3i1.1554.
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Introduction: Rape is one of the most common crimes in society.Purposes of the Research: The purpose of this study is to analyze and discuss the role of the victim in revealing the perpetrators of the crime of rape in the investigation stage and legal protection for victims of rape in the investigation process. Methods of the Research: In this legal research, the author uses normative juridical legal research which obtains data from literature studies in the form of laws, documents, books, magazines and other literature related to writing.Results of the Research: The results of this study indicate that the role of rape victims in the investigation stage is when the victim dares to report, the victim is open and the victim is cooperative and the victim includes clear information, because the role of the victim is very influential in the investigation process. For this reason, there is legal protection for rape victims, where victims get legal protection which is quite clearly stated in Law Number 31 of 2014. As well as other protections such as Juridical Protection, Psychological Protection and Social Protection. So, the authorities can take protective measures for victims and sanctions for perpetrators in accordance with the provisions of applicable regulations.
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Basile, Kathleen C. "Attitudes Toward Wife Rape: Effects of Social Background and Victim Status." Violence and Victims 17, no. 3 (June 2002): 341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.17.3.341.33659.
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The current literature on wife rape is minimal compared to the published research in areas such as wife battering or date rape, and most of the existent work on attitudes toward wife rape is dated and/or focuses on limited samples (i.e., college populations). Using data from a nationally representative telephone survey, this study examined national attitudes toward wife rape using the following measures: perceptions of the occurrence of wife rape, perceptions of the frequency of wife rape, and perceptions of three rape scenarios. Respondent sex, education, age, race, and female victim status were predictors. Findings reveal that older, non-white respondents were less likely to believe wife rape occurs. Males and the more educated were less likely to believe it occurs frequently. Older and less educated respondents were less likely to believe forced sex scenarios between a husband and wife constitute wife rape. Among women, non-victims of forced sex were significantly less likely than current victims to believe that wife rape occurs.
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Pittman, Jacqueline Pittman. "Constructing Race and Gender in Modern Rape Law: The Abandoned Category of Black Female Victims." Michigan Journal of Gender & Law, no. 30.1 (2023): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.36641/mjgl.30.1.constructing.
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Despite the successes of the 1960s Anti-Rape Movement, modern state rape statutes continue to prioritize white male perspectives and perceptions of race, ultimately ignoring the intersectional identity of Black women and leaving these victims without legal protection. This Note examines rape law’s history of allocating agency along gendered and racialized lines through statutory construction and other discursive techniques. Such legal constructions both uphold and cultivate the white victim/Black assailant rape dyad primarily by making the Black male the “ultimate” and most feared assailant. Rape law’s adherence to a white baseline sustains stereotypes of Black men as criminals and predators, which ultimately relegates Black women to a category of lesser and undeserving victims. Re-focusing rape reform and feminist movements on Black female experiences, as well as a rhetorical restructuring of rape laws, can improve rape law uniformity and remove white normativity standards. A departure from the current rhetorical and realized white baseline can eliminate rape law’s delineations of femininity that silence women of color.
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O.A., Awe, Ogundare P., and Omotosho B.J. "Importance of Artificial Intelligence as Evidence in Cases between Underage Victims of Rape and Offenders in Nigeria." African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research 6, no. 6 (December 11, 2023): 112–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajsshr-8hnkhlbb.
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Underage girls are gradually becoming the major victims of rape in some developing countries such as Nigeria in recent years. Many of such cases of rape were either underreported or unreported to relevant authorities. Some of these underage victims of rape have experienced trauma, stigmatization, and depression which have affected their well-being. While some of the victims of rape are battling to overcome the negative outcome of the act, other victims among them have lost their lives because there was no prompt help for them to survive it. The perpetrators of the crime who were responsible for the crime were not equally punished for their crime because of lack of verifiable evidence that associated them with the act and the victim of rape. However, to demand justice for the underage victims of rape, Artificial Intelligence (AI) serves as a vital technology that can be used to present evidence in the case of rape between the victim of rape and the offenders. The objective of this article is to examine the importance of AI in presenting an evidence-based method in cases of rape between the underage victims of rape and offenders in society. The paper adopted a descriptive theoretical approach in the study. The paper revealed that AI technology is important and can be used to establish evidence in cases of rape between underage girls and offenders through some AI application methods, such as surveillance devices, facial recognition, DNA match, video and photo analysis, and object retrieval analysis among others.
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Brown, Amy L., Jada Horton, and Ariel Guillory. "The Impact of Victim Alcohol Consumption and Perpetrator Use of Force on Perceptions in an Acquaintance Rape Vignette." Violence and Victims 33, no. 1 (2018): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.33.1.40.
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Research suggests that victims of incapacitated rape (when someone has sex with a person who is unable to consent to or resist sexual activity, usually because of intoxication) face higher levels of victim blame than do victims of forcible rape (Krahé, Temkin, & Bieneck, 2007). However, it is not clear whether blame is the result of victim alcohol consumption or the lack of force and resistance present during incapacitated rape; both of these factors have been shown to increase victim blame. The current vignette study crossed victim alcohol consumption and perpetrator use of force. We found main effects of both independent variables on judgments of victim responsibility, but no interaction, suggesting that the effects of alcohol and force are additive rather than interactive. These results indicate that victims of incapacitated rape may indeed face challenges upon disclosing their assaults.
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Ferdous, Nahin Fahmida, and Nashat Jabin. "Distribution and Determinants of Rape Victims: A Retrospective Analysis." Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal 11, no. 1 (February 27, 2020): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/akmmcj.v11i1.45666.
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Background: Rape is a very alarming situation in the context of Bangladesh. It is the most common form of violence against woman. In Bangladesh, rape is found as the second commonly reported form of violence against women, following dowry related harassment. However, sexual violence has a great impact on physical and mental state of health with an increased range of sexual & reproductive health problem.
Objectives: To describe rape victims medico-legal examination findings those includes sociodemographic characteristics, location of victim's residence, victims signs of struggle / violence & condition of hymen, status of victims vaginal swab test report, state of victim's mental condition & sexual abuse, state of victim's sign of Non-Genital Violence & state of accused and victim's status of pregnancy as well.
Methods: This was a descriptive type of cross-sectional study taken from a retrospective record review which was done in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Shaheed Suhrawardi Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh from 29th Oct 2017 to 30th Sep 2019 with the support of department faculties in reviewing the records using a checklist.
Results: More than 60% victims were within 15-29 years of age with mean age 18.69 years and SD: + 5.921. Among the victims 27.5% had no formal education & almost 78% victims' occupation was student and garment workers. The study revealed that 76.3% victims were single (Unmarried) and 34.8% & 19.3% of the victims' residence was Ashulia, & Dhamrai respectively. Among the victims only 67.6% had the consent for medico-legal examination. Signs of struggle / violence was present only on 5.71% and ruptured hymen was found in 96.43% of victims respectively. Negative spermatozoa were found among all respondents. All of the respondents were found as Anxious and depressive. Moreover, state of sexual abuse was present among 98.57% respondents and 96.43% victims had the state of non-genital violence. Almost 95% of the victim's examination was done between more than 7 days to 1 month. Only 5% of the victims were found pregnant.
Conclusion: The study findings demand a growing need focusing in developing strategies for the care & support of rape victims. An adequate legal coverage for the rape victims, a post rape health and social services can be considered an unmet need for the society in deed.
Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 11, No. 1: Jan 2020, P 41-45
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Hosain, Mohammad Kykobad, Bishwajit Kumar Das, Faizunnahar Faizunnahar, Malay Kumar Das, and Md Ghulam Mostofa. "The Pattern of Alleged Rape Case in Dhaka City." Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 08 (August 21, 2023): 566–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjmps.2023.v09i08.012.
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Background: Rape is a common social problem having great implication on the Victim, family, Judiciary and state. However it is very difficult to prove the actual rape because it is difficult to establish whether it is a consented sex or actual rape. Objective: To assess the pattern of alleged rape case in Dhaka city. Method: 176 cases of alleged rape were studied during the period of 2019-2022 at the Tertiary hospital, Dhaka. Results: Of these, 130 cases had consented sexual intercourse. 46 victims were subjected to rape. Cases include different age groups, their occupations, living areas, time of arrival for medicolegal examination have been studied. Most of the cases were students. An alarming number of victims were subjected to gang rape. Examination and reporting of the cases with have been discussed. Conclusion: This study shows that only one fourth of the alleged rape victims are the real rape cases. The victims of other cases had consent to sexual intercourse. There were several victims below the age of consent who cannot give valid consent to sexual intercourse as per law.
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Rizka, Rizka, and Achmad Dzaki Prasetyo. "Pemaksaan Pernikahan Korban Pemerkosaan Dengan Pelaku Ditinjau Dari Hukum Positif Indonesia." Jurnal Bedah Hukum 8, no. 1 (April 30, 2024): 296–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.36596/jbh.v8i1.1303.
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Rape is a despicable act that violates the dignity of a woman. Not only women, even children are often victims of these barbaric acts. And not a few of these legal problems are considered over by marrying the victim to the perpetrator. This research has a goal that focuses on examining and analyzing the legal arrangements that apply in Indonesia to the forced marriage of victims and legal protection efforts and the impact that occurs to victims if married to the perpetrator of rape. The research method used is normative juridical by processing primary, secondary, and tertiary data which are all related to the topic raised. The results of the discussion of this research are based on article 10 paragraph (1) and (2) of Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning Criminal Acts of Sexual Violence, forcing the victim's marriage to the perpetrator is coercion of rape and is punishable by 9 (nine) years imprisonment and / or a fine of Rp. 200,000,000 (two hundred million rupiah).
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Clay-Warner, Jody, and Jennifer McMahon-Howard. "Rape Reporting: “Classic Rape” and the Behavior of Law." Violence and Victims 24, no. 6 (November 2009): 723–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.24.6.723.
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Two theories of rape reporting, the Classic Rape perspective and Black’s Theory of the Behavior of Law, are tested in this article. We offer the first comprehensive multivariate test of Classic Rape predictions among a nationally representative sample of victims, as well as the first test of Black’s predictions for rape reporting. Through the construction of multinomial regression models, we are able to examine reporting patterns for both victims and third parties. Weapon use and physical injury consistently predicted reporting. The likelihood of victim reporting significantly increased when assaults occurred either in public or through a “home blitz,” whereas place of assault did not affect the likelihood of third-party reporting. On the other hand, victim–offender relationship significantly affected the likelihood of third-party reporting but was not significant in the victim-reporting models. There were mixed findings regarding Black’s stratification and morphology predictions, and we found no significant effects for culture, organization, or social control. Overall, these findings lend greater support to the Classic Rape perspective than to Black’s model.
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Gari, Aikaterini, George Georgouleas, Artemis Giotsa, and Eleni Anna Stathopoulou. "Greek students’ attitudes toward rape." Psychology: the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society 16, no. 2 (October 15, 2020): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.23809.
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Literature on sexual harassment and violence against women describes a variety of myths and stereotypes regarding partial or total responsibility of rape victims and their “enjoyment” of sexual violence. Rape stigma and rape myths are aspects of generalized attitudes toward victims of rape and rapists, while it seems that sexual violence remains a taboo in today’s western societies. This study explores Greek university students’ attitudes towards rape. A questionnaire created for the purpose of this study was administered to 950 Greek students at the University of Athens and at the University of Ioannina, divided into three groups: a group of students from the Faculty of Law, a group from Departments orientated to Humanistic and Social Sciences and a group of students from other Faculties and Departments of Applied Sciences. Factor analysis revealed four factors: “Rape victim’s responsibility”, “Defining the concept of rape”, “Rape motivation” and “Rapist’s characteristics”. In line with previous research findings, the results indicated that women were less accepting of conservative attitudestowards rape than men; they also seemed to reject attitudes of “blaming the victim” more, and to hold negative views of rapists. Additionally, the results showed that students of rural origin retain more conservative attitudes with respect to the victim’s responsibility and the rapist’s characteristics than students of urban origin. Finally, students in Law Departments seemed to have accepted more moderate attitudes than the other two groups of students; they mostly disagree with conservative attitudes regarding victim’s responsibilities along with the Social Science students, but they agree more with Applied Sciences students in defining rape.
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Hadi Pratama, Widodo, I. Nyoman Nurjaya, and Lucky Endrawati. "Ratio Legis Differences in Abortion Provisions in Law Number 36 of 2009 Concerning Health and the Criminal Code." International Journal of Social Science Research and Review 5, no. 9 (September 11, 2022): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v5i9.613.
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This research seeks to identify, describe, and analyze why the health law regulates abortion for rape victims while under the Criminal Code abortion is illegal and regarded a crime, as well as the abortion provisions for rape victims that should be regulated in the Health Law. In this paper, normative legal research was conducted. This research focuses on the Legis Ratio of Differences in Abortion Provisions in Law No. 36 of 2009 Concerning Health and the Criminal Code. The method utilized is the statutory approach. The findings revealed that the prohibition against abortion, which is a Dutch heritage, is prohibited in the Criminal Code because abortion is regarded antithetical to natural law and cannot be ethically justified in Greek and Roman law. The Health Law is permitted under the condition that there is an indication of a medical emergency and because the pregnancy is caused by rape, taking into account the good name of a woman or her family, if the pregnancy is caused by rape and can cause psychological trauma to the rape victim, including for the victim's unborn child. Nevertheless, the provisions in the health law do not provide legal certainty that the time limit for performing abortions on rape victims is six weeks/forty days from the first day of menstruation; this time is deemed insufficient to provide protection for victims due to the limited time required to obtain consent to allow abortions or not.
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Gotovac, Sandra, and Shelagh Towson. "Perceptions of Sexual Assault Victims/Survivors: The Influence of Sexual History and Body Weight." Violence and Victims 30, no. 1 (2015): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-12-00168.
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The intersection between a woman’s body weight and sexual history and the victim blaming attitudes of future health care providers was investigated. University undergraduate students (N = 91) enrolled in programs associated with the provision of health care read 1 of 4 patient files of a woman reporting a rape as well as 2 distracter files. Results showed that, for overweight rape victims/survivors, study participants’ antifat attitudes were correlated with victim blaming attitudes. Male participants held the attacker significantly less responsible than did female participants if the victim/survivor had several previous sexual partners. Findings suggest that body weight should be considered as a contributing factor in attitudes toward rape victims/survivors, and the gender of the health care provider can be a factor in the post-assault treatment of overweight rape victims/survivors.
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Ruckman, Lillian M. "Victims of rape." Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 5, no. 6 (December 1993): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001703-199312000-00002.
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Ullman, Sarah E. "Comparing Gang and Individual Rapes in a Community Sample of Urban Women." Violence and Victims 22, no. 1 (February 2007): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vv-v22i1a003.
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Little research has compared victims of gang and individual rapes, with only a few studies of college and police samples. This study compared gang (e.g., multiple offender) and individual (e.g., single offender) rapes in a large, diverse sample of female victims from the community. Comparisons of trauma histories (e.g., child sexual abuse), assault characteristics (e.g., offender violence) and outcomes (sexual acts, physical injuries), and current functioning (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder, lifetime suicide attempts) showed that gang rape victims were worse off overall compared with victims of single offenders. In terms of help seeking, there were few differences in informal support seeking, but gang rape victims perceived their social networks more negatively. Gang rape victims reported to police, medical, and mental health sources more often than single-offender victims and received more negative social reactions from those they told about their assaults. Suggestions for future research and intervention with gang rape victims are provided.
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Tetreault, Patricia A., and Mark A. Barnett. "Reactions to Stranger and Acquaintance Rape." Psychology of Women Quarterly 11, no. 3 (September 1987): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1987.tb00909.x.
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The purpose of the present study was to investigate females' and males' reactions to a woman who presumably had been raped by a stranger or an acquaintance. Eighty undergraduates, 40 women and 40 men, read one of two rape descriptions prior to watching a videotape of the woman who (they were led to believe) had been the victim of the rape. Female and male subjects were found to have markedly different reactions to stranger and acquaintance rape and rape victims.
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Norris, Jeanette, and Lisa A. Cubbins. "Dating, Drinking, and Rape: Effects of Victim's and Assailant's Alcohol Consumption on Judgments of Their Behavior and Traits." Psychology of Women Quarterly 16, no. 2 (June 1992): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1992.tb00248.x.
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Effects of an acquaintance rape victim's and her assailant's alcohol consumption on judgments of their behavior and traits were examined in a 2 × 2 × 2 between-subjects factorial experiment. Sixty-eight women and 64 men, 21 or older, read one of four stories in which only the victim, only the assailant, both victim and assailant, or neither victim nor assailant consumed alcohol. One individual difference trait, rape attitudes, was also measured. The interaction of victim and assailant drinking diminished the view that a rape had occurred and that the victim responded negatively, whereas it enhanced judgments of the assailant's likability and sexuality. The portrayal of only the victim drinking resulted in a more negative view of the assailant's behavior and traits. Evaluations of the victim depended on the assailant's drinking behavior rather than on her own. Implications for treatment of rape victims and establishing assailant accountability are discussed.
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Prokop, Pavol, and Ladislav Pekárik. "Men’s Perception of Raped Women: Test of the Sexually Transmitted Disease Hypothesis and the Cuckoldry Hypothesis." European Journal of Ecology 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eje-2016-0001.
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AbstractRape is a recurrent adaptive problem of female humans and females of a number of non-human animals. Rape has various physiological and reproductive costs to the victim. The costs of rape are furthermore exaggerated by social rejection and blaming of a victim, particularly by men. The negative perception of raped women by men has received little attention from an evolutionary perspective. Across two independent studies, we investigated whether the risk of sexually transmitted diseases (the STD hypothesis, Hypothesis 1) or paternity uncertainty (the cuckoldry hypothesis, Hypothesis 2) influence the negative perception of raped women by men. Raped women received lower attractiveness score than non-raped women, especially in long-term mate attractiveness score. The perceived attractiveness of raped women was not influenced by the presence of experimentally manipulated STD cues on faces of putative rapists. Women raped by three men received lower attractiveness score than women raped by one man. These results provide stronger support for the cuckoldry hypothesis (Hypothesis 2) than for the STD hypothesis (Hypothesis 1). Single men perceived raped women as more attractive than men in a committed relationship (Hypothesis 3), suggesting that the mating opportunities mediate men’s perception of victims of rape. Overall, our results suggest that the risk of cuckoldry underlie the negative perception of victims of rape by men rather than the fear of disease transmission.
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Perenc, Lidia, Justyna Podgórska-Bednarz, Agnieszka Guzik, and Mariusz Drużbicki. "Selected Correlates of Attitudes towards Rape Victims among Polish Medical Students." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 10 (May 12, 2022): 5896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105896.
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Sexual violence against women, including rape, is a serious public health issue in many countries. Rape victims often meet health professionals in medical institutions for a range of health problems. The aim of this research was investigation of attitudes towards rape victims among medical students. Methods: The study sample consisted of 1183 university students who represented various medical disciplines. The average age of the respondents was 23.3 years. The Attitudes toward Rape Victims Scale (ARVS) was used in this study. Results: Higher scores in men indicate that they held less sympathetic attitudes towards rape victims than women (61.6 vs. 52.6, p = 0.0000). Given the univariate interaction, social environment, and religious commitment did not significantly differentiate the respondents in this respect. Students of the medical faculty obtained the lowest results (medicine 49.7 vs. midwifery and nursing: 54.1, other fields: 54.4, p = 0.0008), showing much understanding and empathy for rape victims. Conclusions: The surveyed medical students presented moderately positive attitudes towards rape victims, among them men somewhat negative than women who made more pro-victim judgments. Among all medical field of study, medicine was distinguished by higher empathy. Religion and social environment independently do not differentiate respondents in this respect.
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Martin, Patricia Yancey, and R. Marlene Powell. "Accounting for the “Second Assault”: Legal Organizations’ Framing of Rape Victims." Law & Social Inquiry 19, no. 04 (1994): 853–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1994.tb00942.x.
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What organizational and community conditions influence legal officials to treat rape victims “unresponsively”? Our analysis is guided by Goffman's theory of organizational frameworks and frames of activity and March and Olsen's institutional theory of organizations. Using data from 130 organizations in Florida that process rape cases, we compare six types of organizations (including hospital emergency rooms and rape crisis centers) on eight criteria and review their frameworks and frames of activity relative to unresponsiveness. We use the issue of victim legitimacy to illustrate the utility of our model. Our results show that well-meaning staff in legal organizations are oriented to routinely treat victims unresponsively. Their organizations routinely orient them to be concerned with, for example, public approval, the avoidance of losing, and expediency more than with victims' needs. In our conclusion, we identify ways legal officials and rape crisis centers can promote responsive treatment of victims. We also call for research on legal organizations that are responsive to victims and for a nationwide discourse on the “politics of rape victims' needs” as a means of addressing the gender inequality issues that underlie rape crimes and laws and orient legal officials to treat victims unresponsively.
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Amani, S. Z., and Nisha Dhanraj Dewani. "Restorative Justice: A Contrivance of Compensatory Jurisprudence for the Victims of Rape in India." Journal of Victimology and Victim Justice 2, no. 2 (October 2019): 202–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516606919885495.
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Victims in rape cases are invariably the forgotten part in India’s criminal adversarial system. While the accused, more often than not, is protected with all the resources available at the expenditure of the State, the victim is left to fend for herself with little or no support from the State machinery. She is merely transformed to a witness to watch the entire play being organized by the accused and the State as the protagonists. The violations of victim’s rights, the invasion of her dignity, the actual losses incurred to her do not constitute matter of concern of any one. India, at present, is faced with the situations where respect for criminal law has reduced to minimum; one of the crucial reasons being the hapless condition of the victims. Perhaps, the most dismal condition is witnessed in the rape case. The present article seeks to highlight the plight of victims in Indian Criminal Justice System with special reference to victims of rape and also highlights the attempts of the judiciary to fill all the gaps through restorative justice to repair the harm caused by criminals.