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Journal articles on the topic 'Rape victims – Mental health'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Campbell, Rebecca, and Sheela Raja. "Secondary Victimization of Rape Victims: Insights From Mental Health Professionals Who Treat Survivors of Violence." Violence and Victims 14, no. 3 (January 1999): 261–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.14.3.261.

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Rape victims may turn to the legal, medical, and mental health systems for assistance, but there is a growing body of literature indicating that many survivors are denied help by these agencies. What help victims do receive often leaves them feeling revictimized. These negative experiences have been termed “the second rape” or “secondary victimization.” If indeed secondary victimization occurs, then these issues may be raised in rape survivors’ mental health treatment. In the current study, probability sampling was used to survey a representative sample of licensed mental health professionals about the extent to which they believe rape victims are “re-raped” in their interactions with social system personnel. Most therapists believed that some community professionals engage in harmful behaviors that are detrimental to rape survivors’ psychological well-being. Implications for future research on secondary victimization are discussed.

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Iksan, Muhammad, Khudzaifah Dimyati, Fajar Supanto, Natangsa Surbakti, Absori Absori, Sigit Sapto Nugroho, and Sri Endah Wahyuningsih. "Legal Policy Fulfillment of Child Rape Victims’ Mental Health Rights." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, E (January 3, 2022): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.8144.

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BACKGROUND: Legal protection for child rape victims especially mental health rights was a huge problem. It is a manifestation of the human rights that have been regulated in the constitution and laws. AIM: This research was conducted to search a correct legal policy to fulfil the mental health rights from child rape victims. METHODS: This research uses the juridical normative method or the doctrinal method. A normative legal method is a legal research that places the law as a building of a norm system about how the law was insufficient to fulfil mental health right for child rape victims. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The fulfilment of mental health rights as a manifestation of restorative justice emphasizes the restoration of the rape victims’ rights that have been violated, such as the right to be protected, the right to growth and development, and the right to obtain an education. CONCLUSION: There are several aspects to this, namely the preventive aspect, the litigation aspect, the therapeutic aspect, and the rehabilitation aspect to fulfil the child rape victims mental health right.

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3

Ferdous, Nahin Fahmida, and Nashat Jabin. "Distribution and Determinants of Rape Victims: A Retrospective Analysis." Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal 11, no. 1 (February 27, 2020): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/akmmcj.v11i1.45666.

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Background: Rape is a very alarming situation in the context of Bangladesh. It is the most common form of violence against woman. In Bangladesh, rape is found as the second commonly reported form of violence against women, following dowry related harassment. However, sexual violence has a great impact on physical and mental state of health with an increased range of sexual & reproductive health problem. Objectives: To describe rape victims medico-legal examination findings those includes sociodemographic characteristics, location of victim's residence, victims signs of struggle / violence & condition of hymen, status of victims vaginal swab test report, state of victim's mental condition & sexual abuse, state of victim's sign of Non-Genital Violence & state of accused and victim's status of pregnancy as well. Methods: This was a descriptive type of cross-sectional study taken from a retrospective record review which was done in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Shaheed Suhrawardi Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh from 29th Oct 2017 to 30th Sep 2019 with the support of department faculties in reviewing the records using a checklist. Results: More than 60% victims were within 15-29 years of age with mean age 18.69 years and SD: + 5.921. Among the victims 27.5% had no formal education & almost 78% victims' occupation was student and garment workers. The study revealed that 76.3% victims were single (Unmarried) and 34.8% & 19.3% of the victims' residence was Ashulia, & Dhamrai respectively. Among the victims only 67.6% had the consent for medico-legal examination. Signs of struggle / violence was present only on 5.71% and ruptured hymen was found in 96.43% of victims respectively. Negative spermatozoa were found among all respondents. All of the respondents were found as Anxious and depressive. Moreover, state of sexual abuse was present among 98.57% respondents and 96.43% victims had the state of non-genital violence. Almost 95% of the victim's examination was done between more than 7 days to 1 month. Only 5% of the victims were found pregnant. Conclusion: The study findings demand a growing need focusing in developing strategies for the care & support of rape victims. An adequate legal coverage for the rape victims, a post rape health and social services can be considered an unmet need for the society in deed. Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 11, No. 1: Jan 2020, P 41-45

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4

Mezey, Gillian C. "Treatment of rape victims." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 3, no. 4 (July 1997): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.3.4.197.

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Sexual offences account for just under 1% of all notifiable offences and have been increasing over the past decade (Home Office, 1993). However, the official statistics on rape prevalence grossly underestimate the extent of the problem; many cases of non-consensual intercourse are not reported or prosecuted; about one-third of reported serious sexual offences are ‘no crimed’ by the police, and many rape offences are reduced to lesser charges through the practice of plea bargaining. Only a small minority of alleged rapists are eventually convicted and receive a custodial sentence (Gregory & Lees, 1996).

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5

Ullman, Sarah E. "Comparing Gang and Individual Rapes in a Community Sample of Urban Women." Violence and Victims 22, no. 1 (February 2007): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vv-v22i1a003.

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Little research has compared victims of gang and individual rapes, with only a few studies of college and police samples. This study compared gang (e.g., multiple offender) and individual (e.g., single offender) rapes in a large, diverse sample of female victims from the community. Comparisons of trauma histories (e.g., child sexual abuse), assault characteristics (e.g., offender violence) and outcomes (sexual acts, physical injuries), and current functioning (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder, lifetime suicide attempts) showed that gang rape victims were worse off overall compared with victims of single offenders. In terms of help seeking, there were few differences in informal support seeking, but gang rape victims perceived their social networks more negatively. Gang rape victims reported to police, medical, and mental health sources more often than single-offender victims and received more negative social reactions from those they told about their assaults. Suggestions for future research and intervention with gang rape victims are provided.

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6

McArthur, Margaret J. "Reality therapy with rape victims." Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 4, no. 6 (December 1990): 360–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-9417(90)90026-h.

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7

Wasco, Sharon M., and Rebecca Campbell. "Emotional Reactions of Rape Victim Advocates: A Multiple Case Study of Anger and Fear." Psychology of Women Quarterly 26, no. 2 (June 2002): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-6402.00050.

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This research explores the emotional reactions of a rarely studied group of women who work closely with survivors of sexual violence: rape victim advocates. Women who assist rape victims in obtaining medical, criminal justice, and mental health services were interviewed about their experiences, and qualitative analysis was used to delineate the situational context of the advocates' emotional reactions. Results indicate that respondents experienced anger and fear in response to both individual (e.g., a perpetrator's menacing glare) and environmental (e.g., community denial of a problem) cues. Additionally, some experienced rape victim advocates perceived their emotional reactions to be an important part of their work with rape victims. These findings suggest that intense emotional reactions, previously conceptualized within a vicarious trauma framework, may at times serve as resources for women working with rape survivors.

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8

Novakovic, Milan. "Types of rape victimization." Medical review 60, no. 5-6 (2007): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0706277n.

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Introduction: Behavior of rape victims is an enigma associated with the following phenomena: poverty, transition, legal weaknesses, and unintegrated mental health network. The aim of the study was to investigate rape victimization in relation to anomie, stress and postwar transition-related weaknesses in B&H in the period 1996-2005; and perform a personal analysis of rape victims. Material and methods: The experimental group consisted of rape victims receiving psychiatric treatment: non-violent victimization (n=125). It included random female victims with mental diseases: victimization by abuse of power and unclear victimization. The control group consisted of violent victimization victims (n=125, females). This was a multicentric, longitudinal, prospective study. Intercorrelation, univariate and canonical discrimination analyses were performed. Results Rape offenders were of male gender (c2 = 29.970) statistical significance p<0.001), from broken families was (c2 = 0.830), migration (c2 = 0.064), and heredity (c2 = 0.406). Victimization was classified as non-violent, social, unclear and violent. Non-violent victimization occurred in 19.03% (2001) to 24.46% (2004). Abuse of mental patients was recorded in 16.08% (2002) and 22.61% (2000), and abuse of power in 2.12% (2000) and 3.55% (2000), whereas unclear rape occurred in 0.88% (2004) and 1.74% (2002). We have found that patients from the primary group are significantly more anxious and depressed in total score and in individual items. Conclusion: Non-violent victimization was committed by persons with impaired intelligence, acute psychotic crisis, and substance abuse. Social victimization and criminally unclear rapes were of transitional character. Victimization was caused by (post)war anomy, poverty, stress and violence. It is given insufficient significance because of high prevalence and "dark number" of victims. The study emphasizes the role of psychiatry as well as weakness of the system in the deinstitutionalization. .

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9

Smith, Sharyl Brase. "Restraints: Retraumatization for Rape Victims?" Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 33, no. 7 (July 1995): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0279-3695-19950701-06.

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10

Situmorang, Jenny Rahayu Afsebel, and Vinita Susanti. "The Role of Victim’s Assistant to Prevent Secondary Victimization : Case Women Victim of Marital Rape." HUMANISMA : Journal of Gender Studies 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.30983/humanisme.v5i2.4709.

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<p><em>Women (wives) is the most hidden victim of marital rape. Regarding this issue, we argue that women victims need victim assistance to prevent secondary victimization. This article is based on a literature review with a qualitative approach. Turning to marital rape cases in Indonesia, women's victims get harmful impacts in physiological and physical.</em><em> </em><em>Women victims of marital rape in Tanjung</em><em> </em><em>Priok, Bali, Pasuruan, and "L" are some of them. We conclude that the government and other stakeholders need to provide victim assistance for women victims of marital rape in mental and physical health, legal services (advocacy), economic empowerment, campaign, and particular public services spaces. The first thing to do is mental and physical health, but the next part, like legal services, is essential to prevent secondary victimization. Therefore, campaign to build awareness from society is essential to prevent stigmatization for women victims of marital rape. Finally, to implementing the role of victim assistant to prevent secondary victimization in marital rape cases needs unity for people by people and institution by institution. It is needed the same standpoint about marital rape.</em><em> </em><em></em></p><p> </p><p class="abstrak">Perempuan (secara khusus istri) merupakan korban tersembunyi dari pemerkosaan dalam pernikahan (<em>marital rape). </em>Menanggapi hal tersebut, menjadi penting untuk mempertimbangkan peran pendampingan korban atau <em>victimassistance </em>untuk menghindari viktimisasi sekunder (<em>secondary victimization). </em>Adapun artikel ini berdasarkan penelusuran literatur (<em>literature review) </em>dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Mengacu pada kasus <em>marital rape </em>yang dialami perempuan (istri) di Indonesia, maka hal tersebut berdampak buruk secara fisik maupun psikologis. Perempuan di Tanjung Priok, Bali, Pasuruan dan “L” merupakan contoh korban <em>marital rape. </em>Kesimpulan tulisan ini yaitu mendorong pemerintah dan pihak terkait agar segera menyediakan layanan pendampingan perempuan korban <em>marital rape </em>secara fisik, psikologis, bantuan hukum, pemberdayaan ekonomi, kampanye dan layanan di ruang publik. Hal yang pertama dilakukan adalah pendampingan layanan fisik dan mental. Kemudian, membangun kesadaran publik agar perempuan korban <em>marital rape </em>tidak distigmatisasi. Akhirnya, untuk menerapkan peran <em>victimassistant </em>sebagai pencegahan <em>secondary victimization </em>bagi perempuan korban <em>marital rape </em>membutuhkan kesatuan dari berbagai pihak dan lembaga. Persepektif yang sama terkait <em>marital rape </em>jelas dibutuhkan.</p><br /><br />

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11

Giannini, A. James, William A. Price, and Janet L. Kniepple. "Decreased Interpretation of Nonverbal Cues in Rape Victims." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 16, no. 4 (December 1987): 389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/v9vp-eege-xdkm-jkj4.

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The ability to receive nonverbal facial cues was tested in twelve female victims of multiple nonserial rapes and matched controls. Subjects attempted to interpret nonverbal messages transmitted by male and female senders who were covertly taped while involved in a gambling task. Rape victims had significantly decreased ability to interpret the nonverbal facial cues of both male and female senders.

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12

Gise, Leslie Hartley, and Patricia Paddison. "Rape, Sexual Abuse, and Its Victims." Psychiatric Clinics of North America 11, no. 4 (December 1988): 629–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30474-x.

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13

Boyle, Kaitlin M., and Jody Clay-Warner. "Shameful “Victims” and Angry “Survivors”: Emotion, Mental Health, and Labeling Sexual Assault." Violence and Victims 33, no. 3 (June 2018): 436–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.v33.i3.436.

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Decades of research demonstrate that women frequently avoid the label “rape” when reflecting on nonconsensual sexual experiences. The current study focuses on self-labels to further understand the relationship between assault characteristics, emotion, mental health, and women’s labeling of sexual assault. We argue that emotions produced by various assault characteristics are important mechanisms for understanding self-labeling after a sexual assault. We draw from research on rape scripts and cultural discourses of victimhood, survivorhood, and emotion to examine labeling “rape” and self-labeling as a “victim” or “survivor” in an online survey of 138 undergraduate women at a southeastern university. Using a series of ordinal logistic regressions in which labels are regressed on emotions and measures of mental health, we find that the “victim” label is associated with shame and post-traumatic stress, while the “survivor” label is associated with anger and less depression.

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14

Conoscenti, Lauren M., and Richard J. McNally. "Health complaints in acknowledged and unacknowledged rape victims." Journal of Anxiety Disorders 20, no. 3 (January 2006): 372–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.03.001.

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15

Egan, Rachel, and Janet Clare Wilson. "Rape Victims' Attitudes to Rape Myth Acceptance." Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 19, no. 3 (June 2012): 345–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2011.585128.

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16

Streit-Forest, Ursula, and Et Marc Goulet. "Article." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 1 (February 1987): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378703200110.

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In this study a group of 27 victims seen approximately 6 months after the assault was compared to a matched control group. The results show significantly higher scores on two subscales of IPAT (“ego weakness” and “disposition to guilt”) and on 4 scales of the MMPI (“denial”, “hypochondriasis”, “depression” and “conversion hysteria”); also, the victims' social adjustment seems inferior and the frequency of sexual relations has been reduced considerably for them. The following factors have been evaluated in order to test their relation to the adjustment to the assault: rape by a stranger versus someone known, degree of violence, feelings of self-blame, problems during the crisis, predominant thoughts, professional help, social support, stable relationship, allusion to victim's responsibility for rape and conviction or not of the aggressor. Even though most of these variables show a significant simple correlation with adjustment to rape only four among them remain significantly associated when socio-demographic variables, pre-rape psycho-social problems and life stressors are controled; the very subjective variable “predominant thoughts”seems to best explain differences in adjustment. The importance of pre-assault variables and of the subjective reaction to rape is discussed.

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17

Ledray, Lynda E. "Counseling Rape Victims: The Nursing Challenge." Perspectives in Psychiatric Care 26, no. 2 (January 16, 2009): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6163.1990.tb00305.x.

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18

Coxell, Adrian W., and Michael B. King. "Male victims of rape and sexual abuse." Sexual and Marital Therapy 11, no. 3 (August 1996): 297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02674659608404443.

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19

Kim, Kihyun, Bee Ryou, Jihyeon Choi, and Jae-Won Kim. "Profile Analysis of Sexual Assault Experiences among Adult Women and Their Implications for Mental Health." Psychiatry Investigation 18, no. 4 (April 25, 2021): 312–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0141.

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Objective Extant studies indicate that just one characteristic of sexual assault cannot properly represent the whole experience of sexual assault and, especially, the severity of sexual assault. This study aimed to understand the totality of sexual assault experiences and elucidate subtypes of sexual assault victims based on the detailed characteristics of their sexual assault experiences and those relationships with mental health.Methods A total of 255 adult sexual violence victims who used intervention services and a comparison group were included. Information on their sexual assault experiences was gleaned from case records data.Results The following four distinctive profile groups were identified: “Sexual Touching” (19.6%), “Rape/Social Relation” (30.4%), “Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)” (18.8%), and “Rape/Stranger” (31.3%). The subgroups differed in terms of secondary victimization and adverse childhood experiences. The Rape/Social Relation and IPV subgroups most frequently experienced secondary victimization and childhood adversity. The four profile subgroups demonstrated different relationships with mental health outcomes, with a complicated pattern. The Rap/Social Relation and IPV subgroups scored higher on mental health problem screening measures compared to other groups. However, a considerable proportion of victims in the Sexual Touching subgroup also reported suicidal behaviors and self-injury.Conclusion Based on the results, theoretical and clinical implications were discussed.

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Darves-Bornoz, JM, JP Lépine, M. Choquet, C. Berger, A. Degiovanni, and P. Gaillard. "Predictive factors of chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in rape victims." European Psychiatry 13, no. 6 (September 1998): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(98)80045-x.

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SummaryThis study aimed to investigate the psychological disorders following rape as well as the course of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and to determine clinical factors predictive of chronic PTSD. Seventy-three rape victims were observed in a systematic follow-up study over 1 year following rape using structured interview schedules. The frequency of PTSD was massive. The early disorders predicting PTSD 1 year after rape included somatoform and dissociative disorders, agoraphobia and specific phobias as well as depressive and gender identity disorders and alcohol abuse. Through stepwise logistic regressions, the following were found to be good models of prediction of chronic PTSD 1 year after rape: for the characteristics of the traumas, intrafamily rape, being physically assaulted outside rape, and added physical violence during rape; for the early psychological and behavioural attitudes, low self-esteem, permanent feelings of emptiness and running away; and for early mental disorders, agoraphobia and depressive disorders. Finally, among all these predictive factors, added physical violence during rape, low self-esteem, permanent feelings of emptiness and agoraphobia were shown to constitute a strong model of predictors. People presenting features such as the predictive factors of chronic PTSD found in the study should be asked about a history of rape and symptoms of PTSD.

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Harper, Craig A., Vanda Franco, and Madison Wills. "Excusing and Justifying Rape Cognitions in Judgments of Sexually Coercive Dating Scenarios." Sexual Abuse 32, no. 5 (February 10, 2019): 543–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063219825869.

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According to recent analyses, Bumby’s RAPE scale of rape-supportive cognitions about women and sexual assault comprises two factors. Excusing rape serves to reduce abusers’ culpability for their offending, and ascribing blame to victims, while justifying rape is associated with a sense of sexual entitlement. The distinct effects of these factors on rape judgments have not yet been investigated. We examined whether these belief clusters differentially explained judgments of perpetrator innocence after priming cues related to each of them. We used a cross-sectional design ( N = 217) to test our hypotheses. As predicted, we found that excusing rape cognitions contributed to exaggerated innocence judgments when the victim paid the bill on a first date (potentially indicative of romantic or sexual interest). However, contrary to expectations, there was no evidence that participants justified rape when the perpetrator paid the bill. Implications for conceptualizing the functions of rape-supportive cognitions are discussed.

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22

Renner, K. Edward, and Carol Wackett. "Sexual Assault: Social and Stranger Rape." Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 6, no. 1 (April 1, 1987): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-1987-0003.

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The Service for Sexual Assault Victims in Halifax reviewed 474 cases of sexual assault handled over a three-year period to determine the nature and relative frequency of social and stranger sexual assault. Women are most likely to be sexually assaulted by a man who is known to and often trusted by them. Women who are raped in a social context are less willing than those raped by a stranger to seek help at the time of the assault, to receive medical attention, or to report the rape to the police. They are also less likely to be threatened with physical harm or to receive physical injury. The cultural values which are responsible for the high frequency of sexual assaults by men who are known to their victims, and for the reluctance of the women to disclose the assault, are discussed.

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23

Rich, Karen. "Trauma-Informed Police Responses to Rape Victims." Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 28, no. 4 (November 28, 2018): 463–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2018.1540448.

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Lueger-Schuster, Brigitte, Tobias M. Glück, Ulrich S. Tran, and Elisabeth L. Zeilinger. "Sexual violence by occupational forces during and after World War II: influence of experiencing and witnessing of sexual violence on current mental health in a sample of elderly Austrians." International Psychogeriatrics 24, no. 8 (March 21, 2012): 1354–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104161021200021x.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Wartime rape is an atrocity with long-lasting impacts not only on victims but whole societies. In this brief report, we present data on experience and witness of sexual violence during World War II (WWII) and subsequent time of occupation and on indicators of mental health in a sample of elderly Austrians.Methods: Interviews of 298 elderly Austrians from a larger epidemiological study on WWII traumatization were analyzed for the impact of experience and witness of sexual violence during the wartime committed by occupational forces. Interviews comprised a biographical/historical section and psychological measures (BSI, TLEQ, PCL–C). Participants were recruited in all nine provinces of Austria with respect to former zones of occupation (Western Allied/Soviet).Results: Twelve persons reported direct experience of sexual violence, 33 persons witnessed such atrocities. One third of the victims and 18.2% of the witnesses reported post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD full/subthreshold). Sexual violence occurred more often in the former Soviet zone. Victims and witnesses displayed higher odds of post-traumatic symptoms and symptoms of depression and phobic fear than non-victims. Furthermore, witnesses displayed higher levels of aggression compared to victims and non-witnesses.Conclusions: Our results corroborate previous findings that wartime rape has long-lasting effects over decades on current mental health and post-traumatic distress in victims and witnesses. We recommend integration of psychotraumatological knowledge on consequences of sexual violence on mental health into geriatric care and the education of dedicated personnel.

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Bownes, I. T., E. C. O'Gorman, and A. Sayers. "Assault characteristics and posttraumatic stress disorder in rape victims." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 83, no. 1 (January 1991): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1991.tb05507.x.

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Burge, Sandra K. "Post-traumatic stress disorder in victims of rape." Journal of Traumatic Stress 1, no. 2 (April 1988): 193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490010207.

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Abrahams, Naeemah, and Anik Gevers. "A rapid appraisal of the status of mental health support in post-rape care services in the Western Cape." South African Journal of Psychiatry 23, no. 1 (January 26, 2017): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v23i1.959.

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<p><strong>Background:</strong> Despite the well-known impact of rape on mental health and the widespread problem of rape in South Africa, mental health services for rape victims are scant and not a priority for acute-phase services. Survivors encounter multiple mental health struggles in this period including adherence to the post-exposure prophylaxis drugs to prevent HIV and finding support from important others. We have little information on what mental health is provided, by whom and how it is integrated into the post-rape package of care.</p><p><strong>Aim:</strong> The aim of the study was to do a rapid appraisal of mental health services for rape survivors to gain a better understanding of the current acute and long-term (secondary) mental health services. Method: We conducted a qualitative study using a rapid assessment with a purposive sample of 14 rape survivors and 43 service providers recruited from post-rape sexual assault services in urban and rural Western Cape Province. Data were collected using semi-structured in-depth interviews and observations of survivor sessions with counsellors, nurses and doctors. The data were coded thematically for analysis.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Survivors of rape experienced a range of emotional difficulties and presented varying levels of distress and various levels of coping. Receiving support and care from others assisted them, but the poor integration of mental health within post-rape services meant few received formal mental health support or effective referrals. Multiple factors contributed to the poor integration: mental health was not given the same level of priority as other rape services (i.e. clinical care, including forensic management), the inadequate capacity of service providers to provide mental healthcare, including mental health illiteracy, the lack of continuity of care, the poor linkages to ongoing mental healthcare, and the mental health challenges caused by vicarious trauma and compassion fatigue.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Providing effective, compassionate mental health services should be seen as essential components of post-rape care. The strengthening of support for providers and linkages to ongoing mental healthcare are essential to improve mental health services within acute post-rape services.</p>

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Mezey, Gillian C., and Pamela J. Taylor. "Psychological Reactions of Women Who Have Been Raped." British Journal of Psychiatry 152, no. 3 (March 1988): 330–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.152.3.330.

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Twelve women, reporting rape to the police, were interviewed on three occasions over a 4-month period. Their psychological and behavioural experiences, during that time, were compared with those of 12 controls: women who were attending a Family Planning Clinic and without a history of such trauma, and small numbers of victims of non-sexual assault. All victims showed, initially, high levels of distress or some psychopathology but only the rape victims were reliable in attending follow-up appointments. In all but one case the acute, intense symptoms of distress resolved, but other substantial changes in lifestyle had taken place. The particular difficulties in counselling and research in this area were highlighted by this pilot work. Would-be counsellors should be cautious about taking on this kind of work unless considerable practical and emotional support is available to them.

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29

Madu, Vivian C. "An overview of the impact of sexual and gender-based violence on mental and reproductive health: Examining the legal framework, with a view of bringing perpetrators to justice." UCC Law Journal 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 315–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.47963/ucclj.v1i2.422.

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In recent times women have been seen by members of terrorist groups as objects used to satisfy their sexual urges, render domestic services, act as spies, recruits, suicide bombers or used in trafficking light arms and ammunitions. Prior to this period most common types of sexual violence where imbedded in harmful cultural practices such as female genital mutilation or early child marriage. Other forms of sexual violence are in forms of gang rape by armed robbers and cultist in the Southern part of Nigeria or members of terrorist groups, in the Northern part of Nigeria. Most times victims do not report such violence against them because of societal norms and stigmatization, hence perpetuators are not brought to justice. The resultant effect is that victims are often traumatized which in turn affect their mental health. Their reproductive health is not equally speared as most victims end up with vesico vagina fistulae (VVF) and in extreme cases die from complications as a result of the violation. The general aim of this paper is to examine the impact of sexual based gender violence on the victims mental and reproductive health, specific emphasis will be on sexual violence committed by terrorist groups in armed conflict while examining the legal framework available to a victim for redress. The paper will conclude with recommendations for restorative justice for victims of SGBV, proffer solutions on how perpetuators can be identified and brought to justice.

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Jenkins, Melissa A., Philip J. Langlais, Dean Delis, and Ronald Cohen. "Learning and Memory in Rape Victims With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder." American Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 278–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.155.2.278.

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Iff, Simone. "Rape victims in rape groups: a new approach to help overcome the traumatic consequences of rape." Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine 2 (March 1995): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1353-1131(95)90180-9.

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Steketee, Gail, and Edna B. Foa. "Rape victims: Post-traumatic stress responses and their treatment:." Journal of Anxiety Disorders 1, no. 1 (January 1987): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0887-6185(87)90024-7.

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Craven, S. A. "Assessment of alleged rape victims: an unrewarding exercise." Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine 3, no. 4 (December 1996): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-1131(96)90027-9.

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Bowyer, L., and M. E. Dalton. "Female victims of rape and their genital injuries." Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine 5, no. 1 (March 1998): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-1131(98)90026-8.

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35

Mezey, Gillian, and Michael King. "The effects of sexual assault on men: a survey of 22 victims." Psychological Medicine 19, no. 1 (February 1989): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700011168.

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SynopsisTwenty-two men, who had been forcibly sexually assaulted, participated in a study to determine the circumstances of the attacks and the effects on the victims. The immediate and long-term responses were very similar to those described in female victims of rape.

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Agarwal, Nandini, Salma M. Abdalla, and Gregory H. Cohen. "Marital rape and its impact on the mental health of women in India: A systematic review." PLOS Global Public Health 2, no. 6 (June 21, 2022): e0000601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000601.

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This systematic review aims to describe the prevalence of marital rape in India, the analytic methods employed in its study, and its implications on mental health of victims. Online databases, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and APA Psych, were systematically searched for articles published up until November 2020. Selected articles included those published from or studies conducted in India where the primary exposure was marital rape. The primary outcomes of interest are Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Depression. Secondary outcomes related to PTSD and depression (e.g., suicidality) included in identified studies were also described. 11 studies were included after excluding studies based on our selection criteria: 9 quantitative studies and 2 qualitative studies. Sexual coercion by intimate partner was highly prevalent, ranging from 9%-80% and marital rape ranged from 2%-56%. Many of the studies reported statistically significant associations between marital rape and mental health outcomes, including clinical depression (7 of 8); PTSD (1 of 3). Quantitative studies were assessed for quality and risk of bias using the NIH Quality Assessment Scale and the modified Newcastle Ottawa Scale for cross-sectional and observational cohort studies, and most exhibited a low risk of bias. Qualitative studies identified a broad range of exposures and psychological sequlae of marital rape not captured by quantitative studies. Included publications exhibit a low to moderate association between marital rape and adverse mental health outcomes. Qualitative data also supplements these findings and provide relevant context. Further research on marital rape, its prevalence and consequences, is needed to advance policy, and health infrastructure on the subject.

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Richer, Laurie A., Laurie Fields, Shannon Bell, Jennifer Heppner, Jessica Dodge, Alicia Boccellari, and Martha Shumway. "Characterizing Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault Subtypes and Treatment Engagement of Victims at a Hospital-Based Rape Treatment Center." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 32, no. 10 (June 10, 2015): 1524–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515589567.

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Variation among existing studies in labeling, defining, identifying, and subtyping cases of suspected drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) poses challenges to integrating research findings for public health purposes. This descriptive study addressed methodological issues of nomenclature and DFSA operational definitions to improve case identification and was designed to distinguish assault subtypes. We studied a 2-year ethnically diverse cohort of 390 patients who presented acutely to an urban rape treatment center (RTC). We abstracted data from RTC medical and mental health records via chart review. Assault incidence rates; engagement into medical, forensic, and mental health services; injury sustained; and weapon use were calculated separately for assault subtypes and compared. DFSA accounted for over half of the total sexual assault (SA) cases. Involuntary DFSA (in which an incapacitating substance was administered to victims without their knowledge or against their will) increased from 25% to 33% of cases over the 2-year period. DFSA victims presented sooner, and more often attended medical follow-up and psychotherapy than non-DFSA victims. Incidence rates indicated increasing risk for young males. These findings indicate that DFSA continues to be a growing and complex phenomenon and suggest that DFSA victims have greater service needs. The field would benefit from innovations to address symptomatology arising from this novel type of trauma and the unique risks and needs of male victims, as well as underscoring the ongoing need for DFSA-specific prevention efforts for both victims and perpetrators.

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Love, Anthony W., and Henry J. Jackson. "Accessibility of Diagnostic Categories and Causal Attributions for an Interviewee's Behaviour." Behaviour Change 5, no. 4 (December 1988): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0813483900007919.

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Cognitive factors, such as the accessibility of schematic categories, have been shown to bias interpretation of information about other's behaviour. In this study, the effects of diagnostic category accessibility on subjects' causal attributions for an interviewee's behaviour were investigated. In order to activate a specific diagnostic category, making it more accessible for information encoding, mental health students completed a short test. Half answered questions about victims of rape attacks; the other half answered questions about the diagnosis of histrionic personality disorder. All subjects then rated their attribution for a female interviewee's non-verbal behaviour along four dimensions: Internality, Stability, Globality, and Controllability. Results indicated an interaction between type of course and experimental condition. Psychology undergraduate students in the Rape Victim condition tended to make more stable and global attributions than did Psychiatric Nursing and Masters of Psychological Medicine students. In addition, a significant main effect was found on the Controllability dimension. The subjects in the Personality Disorder condition rated the cause as significantly more controllable than did the subjects in the Rape Victim condition. Implications of the results are discussed.

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Hutchinson, Chris Huntley, and Susan A. McDaniel. "The Social Reconstruction of Sexual Assault by Women Victims: A Comparison of Therapeutic Experiences." Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 5, no. 2 (September 1, 1986): 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-1986-0013.

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In this study, the conventionally accepted view of sexual violence against women as manifested by traditional therapy is contrasted with the feminist perspective represented by feminist therapy and feminist self-help groups for victims of sexual assault. The focus of the research is on the ways in which consumers of different therapies are taught socially to reconstruct their sexual assault experiences. On the basis of intensive interviews with victims of sexual assault or incest who have subsequently experienced therapy, the reconstructions of the assault encouraged by conventional therapeutic approaches are found to differ sharply from those developed in feminist modalities. The conclusion is that conventional therapies for victim of sexual assault tend to perpetuate the existing belief structure about rape and incest by isolating and blaming the victim. In contrast, feminist counselling and feminist self-help groups remove the woman's false sense of guilt, validate the woman's experience with sexual violence, and enable the victim to develop an understanding of the social structural context in which sexual assault occurs.

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Campbell, Rebecca. "The Community Response to Rape: Victims' Experiences with the Legal, Medical, and Mental Health Systems." American Journal of Community Psychology 26, no. 3 (June 1998): 355–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1022155003633.

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Frank, Ellen, and Barbara Pazak Anderson. "Psychiatric disorders in rape victims: Past history and current symptomatology." Comprehensive Psychiatry 28, no. 1 (January 1987): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-440x(87)90047-2.

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Hester, Marianne, and Sarah-Jane Lilley. "More than support to court." International Review of Victimology 24, no. 3 (December 6, 2017): 313–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269758017742717.

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This article explores the involvement of specialist sexual violence services, including Independent Sexual Violence Advisers (ISVAs), in supporting victims/survivors of rape and sexual abuse to engage with the criminal justice system (CJS) in England and Wales. The underpinning research, conducted in one area of England, included referral data from the police and key specialist sexual violence services, interviews with 15 victims/survivors of sexual violence in contact with the police and specialist services, and interviews with 14 practitioners from sexual violence and related services. We examine the complex needs of victims/survivors of sexual violence (who have experienced historical child sexual abuse, acquaintance rape or rape in the context of intimate partner abuse), how their needs differ and vary over time, and the ways in which these diverse and changing needs are met by specialist sexual violence services. Non-specialist agencies, such as statutory mental health services, are unable to provide similarly targeted responses. The research found that specialist sexual violence services play particularly crucial roles through the use of approaches that can be characterised as flexible, enabling, holding and mending. However, this important work could easily be lost in the current climate of local service commissioning, to the great detriment of victims/survivors of sexual violence.

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Gerardi, Maryrose, Barbara O. Rothbaum, Millie C. Astin, and Mary Kelley. "Cortisol Response Following Exposure Treatment for PTSD in Rape Victims." Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 19, no. 4 (May 27, 2010): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10926771003781297.

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Regehr, C., G. Regehr, and J. Bradford. "A model for predicting depression in victims of rape." Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine 6, no. 4 (December 1999): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-1131(99)90029-9.

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Rimmer, Beth, and Philip Birch. "Exploring factors affecting attitudes towards rape survivors: the role of sexuality and religiosity." Journal of Forensic Practice 21, no. 2 (May 13, 2019): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfp-01-2019-0004.

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Purpose Contemporaneously, the crime of rape has experienced an increase in reporting. The majority of rape survivors continue to experience, however, extensive victimisation due to biased attitudes held by many people and organisations within the general population. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach In a quantitative study with a sample of 176 participants, this research aimed to explore sexuality and religiosity as factors that affect attitudes towards survivors of rape. Findings Results indicated that negative attitudes towards rape survivors could be predicted by rape myth acceptance. While the sexuality of the victim affected attitudes towards rape survivors and negative attitudes towards survivors were also found to be predicted by high religiosity scores, analyses concluded that both males and females perceived gay male victims with more negative attitudes in comparison to lesbian rape survivors. Male participants demonstrated, overall, more negative attitudes towards rape survivors than their female counterparts. In sum, sexuality and religiosity were concluded to be crucial factors in explaining blame attributions. Practical implications This study indicates: (1) the effect of social correlates other than gender on rape myths; (2) the effect sexuality has on the perception of rape myths; and (3) the effect religiosity has on the perception of rape myths. This study also reveals implications for the reporting, prosecution and conviction of rape cases that may be subject to bias and discrimination due to victim characteristics other than gender. Originality/value Attitudes towards rape survivors based on social correlates other than gender have received little attention within existing literature and research. This paper adds to this discussion by considering the affects of sexuality and religiosity which have implications for the reporting of such a crime.

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Elklit, A., and M. Shevlin. "Sexual victimization and anxiety and mood disorders: a case–control study based on the Danish registry system." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 30, no. 2 (May 22, 2013): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2013.9.

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AimsThis study aimed to examine the relationship between rape and the subsequent psychiatric diagnosis of any anxiety or mood disorder.MethodData from the Danish Civil Registration System and the Danish Psychiatric Central Register were used to identify a sample of female victims who had visited a centre for rape victims during an index year and their subsequent psychiatric records were compared with a matched control group.ResultsWhile controlling for demographic variables and previous psychiatric disorders, the effect of sexual victimization increased the likelihood of a subsequent diagnosis of an anxiety disorder but not a mood disorder.ConclusionSexual victimization significantly increases the likelihood of experiencing an anxiety disorder, and therefore victims require post-assault information and support.

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Spencer, Chelsea M., and Sandra M. Stith. "Risk Factors for Male Perpetration and Female Victimization of Intimate Partner Homicide: A Meta-Analysis." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 21, no. 3 (June 10, 2018): 527–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838018781101.

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Intimate partner homicide (IPH) is a serious problem throughout the world. Research has identified the continued need to examine risk factors for IPH to identify individuals who may be at a greater risk of IPH perpetration or victimization. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis on risk factors for male IPH perpetration and female IPH victimization. This meta-analysis examined results from 17 studies, which included 148 effect sizes used in the analysis. Primary findings from this research suggest the strongest risk factors for IPH were the perpetrator having direct access to a gun, perpetrator’s previous nonfatal strangulation, perpetrator’s previous rape of the victim, perpetrator’s previous threat with a weapon, the perpetrator’s demonstration of controlling behaviors, and the perpetrator’s previous threats to harm the victim. Implications for law enforcement personnel, medical professionals, victim advocates, mental health professionals, and other professionals who may be in contact with potential IPH perpetrators and victims are discussed.

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Gruber, Amanda J., and Harrison G. Pope. "Compulsive weight lifting and anabolic drug abuse among women rape victims." Comprehensive Psychiatry 40, no. 4 (July 1999): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-440x(99)90127-x.

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Wieder, Gary B. "Coping ability of rape victims: Comment on Myers, Templer, and Brown." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 53, no. 3 (1985): 429–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.53.3.429.

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Myers, Mary B., Donald I. Templer, and Ric Brown. "Reply to Wieder on rape victims: Vulnerability does not imply responsibility." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 53, no. 3 (1985): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.53.3.431.

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