Journal articles: 'Rape survivors'

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Idisis, Yael, and Alice Edoute. "Attribution of blame to rape victims and offenders, and attribution of severity in rape cases." International Review of Victimology 23, no. 3 (June 6, 2017): 257–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269758017711980.

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This article examines Wolf’s hypothesis of modular judgment in the context of rape myths and attribution of blame to rape victims. Modular judgment was operationalized using blame schemata suited to judgment of everyday aggression. Each of 88 female participants, of whom 29 were sexual trauma survivor therapists, 29 were sex offender therapists and 30 were non-therapists, was presented with written descriptions of 16 rapes, which included information regarding the victim’s behaviors before (her prior sexual experience), during (the kind and the degree of the resistance she exhibited) and after the rape (meeting or not meeting with the attacker). Dependent variables were attribution of blame to the survivor, attribution of blame to the attacker and judgments regarding severity of the rape. As expected, the therapists attributed less blame to the survivors and more blame to the attacker, and judged the rapes as slightly more severe than did non-therapist participants. For all participants in this study, the survivor’s behavior after the rape carried the greatest weight regarding attribution of responsibility to her. These results are discussed in terms of the theories of modular judgment and defensive attribution, and the just world theory. We recommend further investigations with regard to the perceived connection between survivors’ behaviors after a rape and blame attribution.

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Huemmer, Jennifer, Bryan McLaughlin, and Lindsey E. Blumell. "Leaving the Past (Self) Behind: Non-Reporting Rape Survivors’ Narratives of Self and Action." Sociology 53, no. 3 (May 24, 2018): 435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038518773926.

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Using a symbolic interactionist framework, this study considers the narratives of non-reporting rape survivors. We use interviews to examine the complex processes that inform a survivor’s decision not to report. Rape is not interpreted as an isolated event; it is something that is seen as caused by, connected to, and affecting the survivor’s sense of self and agency. Rape forces the survivor to reconstruct a sense of agency in the aftermath of the traumatic attack. Rather than report the rape, the survivors constructed narratives that direct blame and accountability toward the “old self”. This less visible, yet still agentic strategy, allows the survivors to regain a sense of agency and control. As a result, a more positive, optimistic self can be constructed, while pursuing legal justice would force them to reenact an “old” self that cannot be disentangled from the rape.

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Littleton, Heather, Alex McConnell, Terri L. Messman, and Marlee Layh. "Typologies of Rape Victimization Experiences Among Women Attending College: A Latent Class Analysis." Psychology of Women Quarterly 45, no. 2 (February 11, 2021): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684321992038.

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Past research has categorized the rape experiences of women attending college into types primarily based on perpetration tactics and/or survivor substance use. However, this practice may overlook key differences. Therefore, in the current study, we sought via latent class analysis (LCA) to identify types of rape using multiple assault characteristics, including survivor resistance and substance use by the survivor and perpetrator. Participants were 344 college women who experienced rape since age 14 who completed an online survey. A five-class rape typology model was the best-fit: (a) Combined force/substance-facilitated rape (16.0%), (b) Substance-facilitated rape, congruent drinking (18.0%), (c) Substance-facilitated rape, non-congruent drinking (14.0%), (d) Low force/resistance rape (25.0%), and (e) Forcible rape (27.0%). Classes differed in acknowledgment, perpetrator relationship, current psychological distress, and recent hazardous drinking. Findings showed that college women’s rape experiences fell into several distinct typologies on the basis of the presence of force/resistance as well as survivor and perpetrator substance use/substance-related impairment. Practitioners working with college rape survivors should be mindful of how multiple assault characteristics may affect survivors’ recovery trajectory. Future research should further investigate the implications of these rape typologies on adjustment, recovery, and re-victimization risk among survivors.

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Muganyizi, Projestine S., Nora Hogan, Maria Emmelin, Gunilla Lindmark, Siriel Massawe, Lennarth Nystrom, and Pia Axemo. "Social Reactions to Rape: Experiences and Perceptions of Women Rape Survivors and Their Potential Support Providers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Violence and Victims 24, no. 5 (October 2009): 607–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.24.5.607.

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Social reactions to rape are socioculturally determined and have a strong influence on the coping and recovery of the survivor. The existing knowledge on social reactions emanates from Western countries with limited research attention on non-Western populations, particularly sub-Saharan Africa. We aimed to establish the types and perceptions of social reactions that are expressed to rape survivors and people’s intentions to express them to survivors of varied social backgrounds in Tanzania. Using triangulation of research methods, experiences of social reactions among rape survivors (n = 50) and nurses (n = 44) from a community in Tanzania were explored, and the intentions to express typical social reactions to rape survivors of different social backgrounds were established from a representative community sample (n = 1,505). Twelve typical social reactions were identified with the positive reactions more commonly mentioned than the negative reactions. Nondisclosure of rape events and distracting the survivor from the event were perceived as both positive and negative. A commercial sex worker was most vulnerable to negative reactions. The cultural influences of social reactions and implications for practical applicability of the results are discussed.

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Konradi, Amanda. "Too Little, Too Late: Prosecutors' Pre-court Preparation of Rape Survivors." Law & Social Inquiry 22, no. 01 (1997): 1–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1997.tb00301.x.

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Little research has been conducted on the behaviors of prosecuting attorneys and their interactions with rape survivors between charging and court events. Yet this period, during which prosecutors prepare rape survivors for their witness roles, may be crucial for obtaining successful convictions. Using intensive interviews with 32 rape survivors and background interviews with prosecutors, victim witness advocates, and rape crisis workers, I evaluated the nature of directives and information given to rape survivors and the frequency with which directives were conveyed before preliminary hearings and court events. I concluded that prosecutors employ 20 modes of preparation to construct rape survivors as credible victims for judges and jurors. They orient the rape survivor to the scope of the witness role and her place in the interaction with legal actors, direct her to enhance the credibility of her story, and enhance the credibility of her self'presentation. Research showed that prosecutors prepared respondents more thoroughly for trials than for preliminary hearings, but little overall. A large minority of respondents, consequently, reported dissatisfaction with the preparation they received. On the basis of the findings, I call for an extension of Martin and Powell's “politics of victim's needs,” attention to the importance of maintaining a perception of procedural justice among rape survivors, and further research into pre-court preparation.

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Long, LaDonna M. "Rape Victim Advocates Experiences With Law Enforcement in the Emergency Room." Feminist Criminology 13, no. 5 (January 7, 2017): 498–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557085116687033.

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One of the first people a sexual assault survivor will encounter in the emergency room is a specially trained rape victim advocate. Along with rape victim advocates, many survivors will come across law enforcement in the emergency room. This study explores rape victim advocates perception of how survivors are treated in the emergency room by law enforcement. Data from interviews with 23 female advocates indicate a complex relationship that includes positive interactions with police as well as victim blaming and a lack of knowledge about how sexual assault affects survivors. Suggestions for future research are provided.

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Heath, Nicole M., Shannon M. Lynch, April M. Fritch, Lyn N. McArthur, and Shilo L. Smith. "Silent Survivors." Psychology of Women Quarterly 35, no. 4 (September 21, 2011): 596–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684311407870.

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Prior research suggests that rape victims who do not disclose or report to the police give reasons including self-blame and fear of judgment; however, this research has not been conducted with incarcerated women. Female offenders are a unique population because they experience high rates of sexual assault prior to incarceration. This study recruited 74 women at a U.S. state prison, who experienced sexual assault prior to incarceration to explore the associations among rape myth acceptance (RMA), disclosure, and reporting of sexual assaults to the authorities. Participants were asked open-ended questions regarding why they chose to disclose their sexual assaults to others, to report to the police, or to remain silent. Narratives were audiotaped, transcribed, and coded for thematic content. Women’s narratives, particularly those of women who indicated that they remained silent, frequently included a variety of rape myths that involved blaming themselves for the rape, fearing not being believed, believing that familiar perpetrators cannot be rapists, and questioning whether the event was really a rape. Women often described such rape myth beliefs with greater frequency than discussing situational characteristics of the rape as reasons for nonreporting. Implications for these findings in clinical, research, and social justice contexts are discussed.

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Nitto, Diana Di, Patricia Yancey Martin, Diane Blum Norton, and M. Sharon Maxwell. "After Rape: Who Should Examine Rape Survivors?" American Journal of Nursing 86, no. 5 (May 1986): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3425650.

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Latts, Mara G., and R. Edward Geiselman. "Interviewing survivors of rape." Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology 7, no. 1 (March 1991): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02806601.

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Slaton, Karen D., and William J. Lyddon. "Cognitive-Experiential Reprocessing and Rape: A Case Study." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 14, no. 2 (January 2000): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.14.2.189.

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Women who have been raped often experience profound psychological and emotional changes due, in part, to the difficulty inherent in assimilating this experience. Rape survivors may alter their entire world view, and may develop cognitive schemas that are maladaptive and dysfunctional. In order to assist women in constructing more adaptive schemas, it is often necessary to access and reprocess trauma-related beliefs. In this article, cognitive-experiential reprocessing (CER) is introduced as a viable approach for reprocessing the trauma of rape. In the context of a case study involving a young rape survivor, the rationale, goals, and practical considerations of CER are outlined.

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Gotovac, Sandra, and Shelagh Towson. "Perceptions of Sexual Assault Victims/Survivors: The Influence of Sexual History and Body Weight." Violence and Victims 30, no. 1 (2015): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-12-00168.

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The intersection between a woman’s body weight and sexual history and the victim blaming attitudes of future health care providers was investigated. University undergraduate students (N = 91) enrolled in programs associated with the provision of health care read 1 of 4 patient files of a woman reporting a rape as well as 2 distracter files. Results showed that, for overweight rape victims/survivors, study participants’ antifat attitudes were correlated with victim blaming attitudes. Male participants held the attacker significantly less responsible than did female participants if the victim/survivor had several previous sexual partners. Findings suggest that body weight should be considered as a contributing factor in attitudes toward rape victims/survivors, and the gender of the health care provider can be a factor in the post-assault treatment of overweight rape victims/survivors.

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Oktaviani, Rini, and Suzy S. Azeharie. "Penyingkapan Diri Perempuan Penyintas Kekerasan Seksual." Koneksi 4, no. 1 (March 22, 2020): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/kn.v4i1.6635.

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The high rate of sexual violence including rape and sexual harassment in Indonesia is a problem that has not been resolved. However, it cannot be concluded that cases of rape and sexual harassment are increasing, but more and more women survivors report cases they have experienced. Women dare to speak and not be influenced by the opinion of the majority who blame victims of sexual violence. One interesting phenomenon to be reviewed is the self-disclosure of women survivors of rape and sexual harassment of consorts. This study aims to determine the self-disclosure by women survivors of rape and sexual harassment at the escort and the reasons for women survivors of rape and sexual harassment to disclose themselves to the companion. The theory used is the theory of interpersonal communication, self-disclosure, the spiral of silence and patriarchal culture. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with the phenomenological method. Data analyzed were obtained from interviews with four survivors of rape and survivors of sexual harassment. The results of this study are the disclosure of survivors of rape and survivors of sexual harassment to companions is important so that victims do not bear their own problems and can immediately recover. Survivors can find people who at least have experience in support and people who can be trusted to listen to self-disclosure. But different things were found in the companion who is the mother of survivors and sexual harassers. The survivor's mother ignored the incident of abuse experienced by the survivor and assumed that the incident had never happened because the perpetrator was a person who was of one flesh and blood with the survivor. Tingginya angka kekerasan seksual termasuk perkosaan dan pelecehan seksual di Indonesia menjadi permasalahan yang sampai saat ini belum terselesaikan. Namun tidak dapat disimpulkan bahwa kasus perkosaan dan pelecehan seksual semakin bertambah melainkan semakin banyak perempuan penyintas yang melaporkan kasus yang mereka alami. Perempuan berani bersuara dan tidak terpengaruh dengan pendapat mayoritas yang menyalahkan korban kekerasan seksual. Salah satu fenomena yang menarik untuk diulas adalah penyingkapan diri perempuan penyintas perkosaan dan pelecehan seksual pada pendamping. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penyingkapan diri yang dilakukan perempuan penyintas perkosaan dan pelecehan seksual pada pendamping dan alasan perempuan penyintas perkosaan dan pelecehan seksual melakukan penyingkapan diri pada pendamping. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori komunikasi interpersonal, penyingkapan diri, spiral keheningan dan budaya patriarki. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan metode fenomenologi. Data yang dianalisis diperoleh dari hasil wawancara dengan empat penyintas perkosaan dan penyintas pelecehan seksual. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah penyingkapan diri penyintas perkosaan dan penyintas pelecehan seksual pada pendamping penting dilakukan agar korban tidak menanggung masalahnya sendiri dan dapat segera memulihkan diri. Penyintas bisa mencari orang yang setidaknya mempunyai pengalaman dalam mendukung dan orang yang bisa dipercaya untuk mendengarkan penyingkapan diri. Namun hal berbeda ditemui pada pendamping yang merupakan ibu dari penyintas dan pelaku pelecehan seksual. Ibu si penyintas mengabaikan peristiwa pelecehan yang dialami penyintas dan menganggap bahwa peristiwa tersebut tidak pernah terjadi karena pelaku adalah orang yang satu darah daging dengan penyintas.

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Harrington, Carol. "Neo-liberal Subjectivity, Self-branding and ‘My Rape Story’ YouTube Videos." Critical Sociology 45, no. 7-8 (May 23, 2018): 1181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0896920518778107.

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This article considers the YouTube ‘My Rape Story’ genre in light of critical feminist analyses of rape survivor stories. The feminist mobilization that developed out of the political ferment of 1968 told a ‘rape story’ of male power and women’s oppression. However, as first-hand rape stories proliferated in late 20th-century popular media, psychological experts typically framed them with therapeutic narratives of individual self-efficacy and self-transformation. Critical feminist analyses of such rape ‘survivor discourse’ called for new discursive spaces that would allow survivors to eschew therapeutic accounts. A new generation of women have spoken out on a variety of digital platforms, confronting established limits on talking about rape. Considering YouTube ‘My Rape Story’ videos as one manifestation of this new wave of speaking out, my analysis shows that examples of such videos evidence the impact of incitements to self-disclosure through self-branding built into much social media. I argue that these videos exemplify how first-hand rape stories can provide a site for the construction of neo-liberal subjectivity by positioning rape trauma as something survivors must work on in order to achieve self-efficacy. Nevertheless, these accounts also show resistance to victim-blaming rape myths.

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Rawat, Sarika, Gita Guin, and Ruchita Dadich. "An overview of sexual assault survivors: a 5 year retrospective study in gynaecology department of NSCB medical college, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 7, no. 7 (June 27, 2018): 2714. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20182868.

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Background: Rape and abuse of women are common occurrences, which many times go unreported due to social stigma or fear of retribution. Rape is a crime not against a single human being but against the entire humanity. For granting justice to the rape survivor, it becomes necessary that such matters are properly presented before the Courts of Law. Healthcare workers play an important role in this regard because they are the first people who examine the survivors. They document record of the history and medical condition of the survivor and do relevant sample collection. The objective of this study is to analyze demographic and event characteristics of rape survivors who presented to the gynecology department of Government NSCB MCH, Jabalpur with history of sexual assault.Methods: Data was retrospectively collected from the medico legal records of the department of Gynecology between April 2013 to March 2018.Results: An increase in number of cases of sexual assault reporting to the hospital every year is observed. Age wise distribution showed that 27.66% cases were in age group 6-10 years and 16-20years being the major affected group. Majority of the cases belonged to low socio-economic strata. 91.5% survivors were unmarried. 61.7% of the survivors were from rural areas. 44.7% of survivors reported within a day of the incident and most of the assailants were known to the survivors; only 36.2 % were strangers. Most of the incidences (23.4%) took place in the assailant’s house and survivors house each. In 31.9% cases there was evidence of fresh hymen tear.Conclusions: An understanding of the demography of sexual assault survivors will help us to better train our doctors in proper attitude and handling of such cases, an area often neglected.

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Campbell, Rebecca, and Sheela Raja. "Secondary Victimization of Rape Victims: Insights From Mental Health Professionals Who Treat Survivors of Violence." Violence and Victims 14, no. 3 (January 1999): 261–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.14.3.261.

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Rape victims may turn to the legal, medical, and mental health systems for assistance, but there is a growing body of literature indicating that many survivors are denied help by these agencies. What help victims do receive often leaves them feeling revictimized. These negative experiences have been termed “the second rape” or “secondary victimization.” If indeed secondary victimization occurs, then these issues may be raised in rape survivors’ mental health treatment. In the current study, probability sampling was used to survey a representative sample of licensed mental health professionals about the extent to which they believe rape victims are “re-raped” in their interactions with social system personnel. Most therapists believed that some community professionals engage in harmful behaviors that are detrimental to rape survivors’ psychological well-being. Implications for future research on secondary victimization are discussed.

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Smith, Olivia. "The practicalities of English and Welsh rape trials: Observations and avenues for improvement." Criminology & Criminal Justice 18, no. 3 (April 2, 2017): 332–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895817702508.

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English and Welsh rape trials have long been recognized as problematic, with research highlighting the prevalence of rape myths, sexual history evidence and manipulative questioning at trial. Despite this extensive literature, little attention has been paid to the more practical elements of rape trials, but the limited evidence that does exist suggests these may significantly impact survivors. This article therefore draws upon 13 months of court observations to examine how seemingly mundane aspects of rape trials can present substantial barriers to participation. It will argue that ‘special measures’ can cause delays, some witness facilities are inadequate and that the public gallery is frequently a site of intimidation. Ultimately, the research highlights simple changes that could increase opportunities for survivor justice; for example ensuring rape survivors use judicial entrances to court.

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McGuffey, C. Shawn. "RAPE AND RACIAL APPRAISALS." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 10, no. 1 (2013): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x12000355.

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AbstractUsing Black women's responses to same-race sexual assault, I demonstrate how scholars can use interpersonal violence to understand social processes and develop conceptual models. Specifically, I extend the concept of racial appraisal by shifting the focus from how indirect victims (e.g., family and friends) use race to appraise a traumatic event to how survivors themselves deploy race in the aftermath of rape. Relying on 111 interviews with Black women survivors in four cities, I analyze how race, gender, and class intersect and contour interpretations of sexual assault. I argue that African Americans in this study use racially inscribed cultural signifiers to root their understandings of rape within a racist social structure (i.e., a racial appraisal)—which they also perceive as sexist and, for some, classist—that encourages their silence about same-race sexual assault. African and Caribbean immigrants, however, often avoid the language of social structure in their rape accounts and use cultural references to distance themselves from African Americans. Last, I discuss the implications of my findings for Black feminist/intersectional theory.

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Steinþórsdóttir, Finnborg S., and Gyða Margrét Pétursdóttir. "Ábyrgar konur og sjúkir karlar. Birtingarmyndir nauðgunarmenningar í íslensku samfélagi." Kynbundið ofbeldi II 19, no. 1 (June 14, 2019): 15–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33112/ritid.19.1.2.

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In the past months and years women have been raising awareness against rape and other sexual violence. The aim of the research discussed in this article is to shed a light on rape culture in Iceland, especially what ideas are prevailing among young people about rape, survivors and perpetrators. Moreover, the aim is to shed a light on the impact of these ideas on rape survivors. The study draws on focus group interviews with university students and semi-structured interviews with a university student, rape survivors and an expert who works closely with survivors. The findings highlight rape culture in Iceland and how rape and other sexual violence is normal-ized. Predominant discourses and myths tend to question the rape, portray survivors as responsible for the rape and find ways to extenuate perpetrators.

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O'Neill, Tully. "‘Today I Speak’: Exploring How Victim-Survivors Use Reddit." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v7i1.402.

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Digital platforms, such as Twitter, Facebook and online communities on reddit, are increasingly used by victim-survivors across the world to post about their experiences of sexual violence. Emerging research suggests a variety of reasons why victim-survivors discuss their experiences online. This article contributes to this developing area of research by exploring the underlying motivations for victim-survivors using an online rape survivor community on reddit. This article questions how and why victim-survivors of sexual violence engage with digital technologies through content analysis of narratives posted to a public rape survivor forum on reddit. Overall, the study found that there are three primary motivators prompting survivors to access online communities: to find a supportive community; to seek advice; and for storytelling. The article uncovers some of the broader implications of online storytelling, suggesting that this is an important framework to consider online disclosures of sexual violence. Online communities like /r/rapecounseling might be conceptualised as spaces where counter-narratives of sexual violence are collectively shared.

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Smith, Olivia, and Jessica Galey. "Supporting Rape Survivors Through the Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme: An Exploration of English and Welsh Independent Sexual Violence Advisors’ Experiences." Violence Against Women 24, no. 9 (October 25, 2017): 1091–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801217727373.

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English and Welsh responses to rape have long been critically examined, leading to attempted improvements in the criminal justice system. Despite this, little attention has been paid to the Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme (CICS) and the difficulties applying it to rape. To begin addressing this gap, researchers interviewed three, and qualitatively surveyed 22, Independent Sexual Violence Advisors. The findings suggest that CICS may not only reinforce rape myths and disadvantage vulnerable survivors, but is also a source of validation and contributes to survivor justice. The study, while exploratory, therefore, highlights the need for further discussion about rape survivor compensation.

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Holzman, Clare G. "Counseling Adult Women Rape Survivors:." Women & Therapy 19, no. 2 (May 19, 1996): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j015v19n02_05.

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Rimmer, Beth, and Philip Birch. "Exploring factors affecting attitudes towards rape survivors: the role of sexuality and religiosity." Journal of Forensic Practice 21, no. 2 (May 13, 2019): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfp-01-2019-0004.

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Purpose Contemporaneously, the crime of rape has experienced an increase in reporting. The majority of rape survivors continue to experience, however, extensive victimisation due to biased attitudes held by many people and organisations within the general population. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach In a quantitative study with a sample of 176 participants, this research aimed to explore sexuality and religiosity as factors that affect attitudes towards survivors of rape. Findings Results indicated that negative attitudes towards rape survivors could be predicted by rape myth acceptance. While the sexuality of the victim affected attitudes towards rape survivors and negative attitudes towards survivors were also found to be predicted by high religiosity scores, analyses concluded that both males and females perceived gay male victims with more negative attitudes in comparison to lesbian rape survivors. Male participants demonstrated, overall, more negative attitudes towards rape survivors than their female counterparts. In sum, sexuality and religiosity were concluded to be crucial factors in explaining blame attributions. Practical implications This study indicates: (1) the effect of social correlates other than gender on rape myths; (2) the effect sexuality has on the perception of rape myths; and (3) the effect religiosity has on the perception of rape myths. This study also reveals implications for the reporting, prosecution and conviction of rape cases that may be subject to bias and discrimination due to victim characteristics other than gender. Originality/value Attitudes towards rape survivors based on social correlates other than gender have received little attention within existing literature and research. This paper adds to this discussion by considering the affects of sexuality and religiosity which have implications for the reporting of such a crime.

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Hastings, Julie A. "Silencing State-Sponsored Rape in and beyond a Transnational Guatemalan Community." Violence Against Women 8, no. 10 (October 2002): 1153–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107780120200801002.

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Although rape by soldiers occurred frequently during the recent civil war in Guatemala, rape survivors’ own accounts have been excluded from public testimonials of state violence. It is commonly assumed that cultural ideologies that blame and stigmatize rape victims are responsible for the underreporting of rape in war. Based on ethnographic research in a transnational Guatemalan community, this article challenges the claim that local culture silences survivors of state-sponsored rape. Rather, it demonstrates the ways national and international forces collude in the depoliticization of rape and the silencing of rape survivors.

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Eichhorn, S., N. Stammel, H. Glaesmer, T. Klauer, H. J. Freyberger, C. Knaevelsrud, and P. Kuwert. "Readiness to reconcile and post-traumatic distress in German survivors of wartime rapes in 1945." International Psychogeriatrics 27, no. 5 (January 8, 2015): 857–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610214002695.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Sexual violence and wartime rapes are prevalent crimes in violent conflicts all over the world. Processes of reconciliation are growing challenges in post-conflict settings. Despite this, so far few studies have examined the psychological consequences and their mediating factors. Our study aimed at investigating the degree of longtime readiness to reconcile and its associations with post-traumatic distress within a sample of German women who experienced wartime rapes in 1945.Methods:A total of 23 wartime rape survivors were compared to age- and gender-matched controls with WWII-related non-sexual traumatic experiences. Readiness to reconcile was assessed with the Readiness to Reconcile Inventory (RRI-13). The German version of the Post-traumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS) was used to assess post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology.Results:Readiness to reconcile in wartime rape survivors was higher in those women who reported less post-traumatic distress, whereas the subscale “openness to interaction” showed the strongest association with post-traumatic symptomatology. Moreover, wartime rape survivors reported fewer feelings of revenge than women who experienced other traumatization in WWII.Conclusions:Our results are in line with previous research, indicating that readiness to reconcile impacts healing processes in the context of conflict-related traumatic experiences. Based on the long-lasting post-traumatic symptomatology we observed that our findings highlight the need for psychological treatment of wartime rape survivors worldwide, whereas future research should continue focusing on reconciliation within the therapeutic process.

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Wahyuni, Yuyun Sri. "Rape as a weapon in genocide and wars: Enquiring the problems of women’s witnessing rape." Journal of Social Studies (JSS) 16, no. 2 (September 29, 2020): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jss.v16i2.34696.

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This paper seeks to better understand rape as a weapon in genocide and wars, the myriads contributing factors to creating ignorance to rape as a weapon in genocide, other forms of sexual violations, and circumstances that prevent women from witnessing rape acts of genocide violence. Drawing from the feminist perspectives of rape and women's sexual violence theorization, Derrida's accounts of truth and witness, and women as an improper mythic being-tainted witness, this paper shows that the current global gender inequality discrimination perpetuates the practice of rape as a weapon of genocide and wars as well as a repudiation for women's witnessing rape and sexual violations. As this situation of women rape survivors' desertions are not only happened in the Rwanda genocide and witnessing rapes for rape victims and survivors are equally challenging, this paper serves an alternative to support women's witnessing rapes and prevent rape the weapon of war to reoccur in the future. Further, Derrida's considerations on law should extend the notions of witnessing beyond the traditional European juridical tradition that excludes literature from legal exercise of witnessing as literature is regarded as mostly only fiction upbrings witnessing through literature as secret testimony is a useful interpretation on women's witnessing rape. Deciphering Derrida's description of witnessing through literature, this paper also recommends that women's writing literature can be an effective way for women to testify independently of the various gendered political disciplining gazes that hold them back from giving testimonies and then gain liberations.

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Galambos, Colleen. "Healing Rituals for Survivors of Rape." Advances in Social Work 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2001): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/193.

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Therapeutic rituals focus on clinical healing within different contexts and client populations. This article explores the use of therapeutic ritual at individual and collective levels to help survivors of rape to heal. This technique is applied to both levels through a discussion of two rituals developed for rape survivors. Results of a study that examined participant comments about a collective ritual for healing are discussed. Findings indicate that participants attend the ritual to be supportive of others and to be supported themselves. Family members attend to obtain information about rape. This article explores practice implications from a service planning and implementation perspective.

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Padmanabhanunni, Anita, and David Edwards. "Rape Survivors’ Experiences of theSilent Protest." Qualitative Health Research 26, no. 6 (February 25, 2015): 818–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732315573201.

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Wenniger, Mary Dee. "Rape Survivors Pressure Colleges for Protection." Women in Higher Education 22, no. 9 (September 2013): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/whe.10494.

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CLEVELAND, H. HARRINGTON, MARY P. KOSS, and JAMES LYONS. "Rape Tactics From the Survivors' Perspective." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 14, no. 5 (May 1999): 532–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088626099014005005.

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KONRADI, AMANDA. "Understanding Rape Survivors' Preparations for Court." Violence Against Women 2, no. 1 (March 1996): 25–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801296002001003.

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Nguyen-Carrington, Uyen. "Counselling Indochinese Refugee Women Rape Survivors." Australian Social Work 45, no. 3 (September 1992): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03124079208550151.

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Abrahams, Naeemah, and Anik Gevers. "A rapid appraisal of the status of mental health support in post-rape care services in the Western Cape." South African Journal of Psychiatry 23, no. 1 (January 26, 2017): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v23i1.959.

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Background: Despite the well-known impact of rape on mental health and the widespread problem of rape in South Africa, mental health services for rape victims are scant and not a priority for acute-phase services. Survivors encounter multiple mental health struggles in this period including adherence to the post-exposure prophylaxis drugs to prevent HIV and finding support from important others. We have little information on what mental health is provided, by whom and how it is integrated into the post-rape package of care.Aim: The aim of the study was to do a rapid appraisal of mental health services for rape survivors to gain a better understanding of the current acute and long-term (secondary) mental health services. Method: We conducted a qualitative study using a rapid assessment with a purposive sample of 14 rape survivors and 43 service providers recruited from post-rape sexual assault services in urban and rural Western Cape Province. Data were collected using semi-structured in-depth interviews and observations of survivor sessions with counsellors, nurses and doctors. The data were coded thematically for analysis.Results: Survivors of rape experienced a range of emotional difficulties and presented varying levels of distress and various levels of coping. Receiving support and care from others assisted them, but the poor integration of mental health within post-rape services meant few received formal mental health support or effective referrals. Multiple factors contributed to the poor integration: mental health was not given the same level of priority as other rape services (i.e. clinical care, including forensic management), the inadequate capacity of service providers to provide mental healthcare, including mental health illiteracy, the lack of continuity of care, the poor linkages to ongoing mental healthcare, and the mental health challenges caused by vicarious trauma and compassion fatigue.Conclusion: Providing effective, compassionate mental health services should be seen as essential components of post-rape care. The strengthening of support for providers and linkages to ongoing mental healthcare are essential to improve mental health services within acute post-rape services.

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Munala, Leso, Emily Welle, Emily Hohenshell, and Nene Okunna. "“She Is NOT a Genuine Client”: Exploring Health Practitioner’s Mistrust of Rape Survivors in Nairobi, Kenya." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 38, no. 4 (June 18, 2018): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272684x18781790.

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Sexual violence is one of the most common forms of violence against women in Kenya. Recognizing this, the Kenyan government introduced health care sector guidelines for survivors of sexual violence. This study explores the care of rape survivors from the perspective of health-care practitioners and identifies a number of recommendations for improving the quality of care. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 28 health practitioners from eight post-rape care facilities located in Nairobi, Kenya. Data were analyzed using the Colaizzi’s 1978 analytical model. The study uncovered a troubling tendency of health practitioners questioning the authenticity of a woman’s claim, deeming some not to be genuine rape survivors. Doubts about the veracity of the client’s story led to additional emotional drain on health practitioners. This judgment negatively impacted the quality of care for rape survivors and in some cases, leading practitioners to deny services and exposing survivors to secondary victimization.

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Rogers, Paul. "Male Rape: The Impact of a Legal Definition on the Clinical Area." Medicine, Science and the Law 35, no. 4 (October 1995): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249503500406.

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Recently the awareness of the issues surrounding male rape has received increased attention by both mental health workers and the general public following the introduction of the Sexual Offences Act 1994, and the recent case at the Old Bailey where a historical breakthrough was made in June 1995 following the first conviction for male rape under the new law. However, most of this attention has not resulted in many clinical breakthroughs in helping male rape survivors overcome the post-assault impact. Little is known about the prevalence, types of assault, consequences facing survivors and therapeutic options. Some evidence is being reported that male rape survivors develop Post Traumatic Stress Disorder following the assault. It has long been recognized that this is the case with female rape survivors, but to date there have been no significant UK prevalence studies which have examined this relationship. This paper discusses some of the issues surrounding male rape by focusing on the possible effects of the recent legal change on the clinical area.

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Woody, Jane D., and Kerry L. Beldin. "The Mental Health Focus in Rape Crisis Services: Tensions and Recommendations." Violence and Victims 27, no. 1 (2012): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.27.1.95.

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In the evolution of rape crisis services, tensions persist between rape crisis service programs and mental health professionals. Changes within these programs and professions have brought the embedded concerns to the surface, but they remain unexamined and unresolved. Recent research on rape trauma and survivors’ mental health needs has added to tensions by calling for description and evaluation of rape crisis services and timely psychological treatment for survivors. This article offers a new perspective by discussing the tensions in an open but balanced way so as to promote discussion and solutions. Recommendations and action steps are offered for promoting constructive dialogue and change to improve direct services for survivors.

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Greeson, Megan R., and Rebecca Campbell. "Rape Survivors’ Agency Within the Legal and Medical Systems." Psychology of Women Quarterly 35, no. 4 (July 19, 2011): 582–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684311418078.

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Many rape survivors seek help from the legal and medical systems post-assault. Previous studies have examined how social system personnel treat survivors, but less attention has been paid to how survivors attempt to shape their interactions with these systems. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine rape survivors’ agency—the active process in which they engaged to alter their experiences with the legal and medical systems. In-depth face-to-face interviews were conducted with 20 female rape survivors who had contact with the police and a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) program. Analytic induction was the guiding analytic approach. Findings indicate that this group of survivors engaged in three agentic processes in their interactions with the legal and medical systems: compliance in order to increase the likelihood their case would achieve what they deemed to be a successful outcome, defiance through noncompliance in order to protect themselves from further harm, and defiance by challenging the response to their case in order to alter the response to their case. Based on these findings, possible strategies for facilitating survivors’ participation and agency during their help-seeking experiences (e.g., systemic changes to empower survivors, improving the responsiveness of system personnel to survivors’ needs) are discussed. Implications may be of particular interest to rape-victim advocates and legal and medical personnel.

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Bhuptani, Prachi H., Julia S. Kaufman, Terri L. Messman-Moore, Kim L. Gratz, and David DiLillo. "Rape Disclosure and Depression Among Community Women: The Mediating Roles of Shame and Experiential Avoidance." Violence Against Women 25, no. 10 (November 25, 2018): 1226–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801218811683.

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Many women who disclose a rape encounter victim-blaming responses, which are associated with negative outcomes. The present study examined rape-related shame and experiential avoidance as mediators of the relation between victim-blaming responses to rape disclosure and depression among 103 rape survivors drawn from a community sample. Results revealed that victim-blaming responses were positively associated with depressive symptoms through rape-related shame and experiential avoidance, and shame was indirectly related to depression via avoidance. Findings suggest clinical interventions should focus on rape-related shame and experiential avoidance in targeting depression among rape survivors, and future research should continue to examine how victim-blaming responses to rape disclosure may be related to these factors.

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Ogunwale, Akintayo Olamide, and Frederick Olore Oshiname. "A Qualitative Exploration of Date Rape Survivors’ Physical and Psycho-Social Experiences in a Nigerian University." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 32, no. 2 (July 11, 2016): 227–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515585541.

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Date rape (DR) is a serious but under-recognized public health problem that affects female university undergraduates. The burden of the problem in Nigerian universities is, however, yet to be fully investigated. The study was designed to explore the physical and psycho-social experiences of DR female survivors at the University of Ibadan. The study was qualitative in nature and involved eight consenting DR survivors. A pre-tested In-Depth Interview (IDI) guide that included questions relating to survivors’ personal profile, context of DR experienced, factors that promoted survivors’ vulnerability, reported adverse health consequences, help-seeking behaviors, and effects of the rape episode on dating relationship was used to facilitate the conduct of the narrative interview. The interviews were conducted in accordance to the protocol approved by the Joint University of Ibadan and University College Hospital Ethics Review Committee, and were taped-recorded and subjected to content analysis. Participants’ mean age was 17.3 ± 2.3 years. All the participants were teenagers when they were first raped. Coercive and deceptive means were used to perpetrate the act of rape. Participants’ use of verbal appeals, crying, and physical resistance to prevent being raped proved abortive. The experienced adverse physical health consequences included vaginal bleeding and injury. Major psycho-social effects of the experienced DR included self-blame, depression, hatred for men, and suicidal feelings. DR experiences occurred mainly in isolated settings, and most participants could not seek for medical help and other forms of care due to fear of being stigmatized. Some of the DR survivors continued their dating relationships when apologies were tendered by the perpetrators. DR is a traumatic experience, which is characterized by physical and psycho-social adverse effects. DR survivors, however, rarely seek for help as a result of the fear of being stigmatized. Multiple behavioral change interventions are needed to address the phenomenon.

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Snipes, Daniel J., Jenna M. Calton, Brooke A. Green, Paul B. Perrin, and Eric G. Benotsch. "Rape and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Examining the Mediating Role of Explicit Sex–Power Beliefs for Men Versus Women." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 32, no. 16 (July 3, 2015): 2453–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515592618.

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Many rape survivors exhibit symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and recent literature suggests survivors’ beliefs about sex and control may affect PTSD symptoms. The present study examined beliefs about sex and power as potential mediators of the relationship between rape and PTSD symptoms for men versus women. Participants ( N = 782) reported lifetime history of rape, current PTSD symptoms, and beliefs about sex and power. Women reported higher levels of lifetime history of rape than men (19.7% for women; 9.7% for men). While rape history predicted PTSD symptoms for both genders, beliefs about sex and power were shown to be a significant partial mediator of this relationship for men, but not for women. Results extend the literature on rape and PTSD by suggesting that survivors’ beliefs about sex and power are connected and can affect their PTSD symptoms. Additionally, results illustrate how sexual violence against men may reaffirm male gender roles that entail power and aggression, and ultimately affect trauma recovery.

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Clemans, Shantih E. "A Feminist Group for Women Rape Survivors." Social Work with Groups 28, no. 2 (February 28, 2006): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j009v28n02_05.

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Ende, Norman, Sheldon B. Gertner, Shyn G. Hwang, and Barbara Socha. "Elevated Creatinine Levels in Rape Assault Survivors." American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 8, no. 4 (December 1987): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000433-198712000-00005.

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Galambos, Colleen. "Community healing rituals for survivors of rape." Smith College Studies in Social Work 71, no. 3 (June 2001): 441–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00377310109517639.

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Holzman, Clare G. "Multicultural Perspectives on Counseling Survivors of Rape." Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless 3, no. 1 (January 1994): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02087360.

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Campbell, Rebecca, Courtney E. Ahrens, Tracy Sefl, and Marcia L. Clark. "The Relationship Between Adult Sexual Assault and Prostitution: An Exploratory Analysis." Violence and Victims 18, no. 3 (June 2003): 299–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.2003.18.3.299.

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Previous research has established a link between childhood sexual abuse and engaging in prostitution as an adult. The purpose of this study was to extend this literature by exploring whether being raped as an adult is associated with exchanging sex for money. Interviews with 102 rape survivors in a major metropolitan area revealed that 23.5% had engaged in prostitution post-rape. Those who had exchanged sex for money were more likely to be women of color, to have a high school education or less, to be unemployed, and to have children to support, than those who had not engaged in prostitution post-assault. The prostitution subsample also had significantly higher levels of psychological distress, physical health symptomatology, and substance use. Survivors were asked whether and how the rape was associated with engaging in prostitution: most (75%) stated that they felt it was related to the assault. The most commonly cited reason for engaging in prostitution by these survivors was that they were trying to regain some control over their lives and their bodies; exchanging sex for money was seen as one way to control men’s access to them. Implications for future research on victimization and prostitution are discussed.

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Jaffe, Anna E., Christine K. Hahn, and Amanda K. Gilmore. "Acute Stress Symptoms After Forcible and Substance-Involved Rapes." Psychology of Women Quarterly 43, no. 4 (May 7, 2019): 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684319845099.

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In the early aftermath of a sexual assault, survivors often experience symptoms of distress including reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms. However, less is known about associations between rape characteristics and the nature of early reactions. We designed the current study to examine the unique and combined associations between use of force and substances during rape on acute stress symptoms. Participants were 56 women (ages 18–58) who completed a sexual assault medical forensic exam in the emergency department within 120 hours of the rape and then completed a follow-up clinical phone screening within 30 days of the forensic exam. Follow-up assessments included characteristics of the recent rape (force, substances), history of prior sexual assault, demographics, and symptoms of acute stress. Multivariate regression analyses revealed that, after controlling for prior sexual assault, sexual orientation, and race/ethnicity, there were no significant differences on any symptom cluster by rape type. However, this study involved a small, difficult-to-reach sample and, therefore, was only powered to detect large effect sizes. We encourage more research examining potentially unique, early symptom presentations for substance-involved rapes.

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Foubert, John D., and Edwin A. Cowell. "Perceptions of a Rape Prevention Program by Fraternity Men and Male Student Athletes: Powerful Effects and Implications for Changing Behavior." NASPA Journal 42, no. 1 (January 18, 2004): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/0027-6014.1411.

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The purpose of this qualitative inquiry was to determine fraternity men and student athletes' perceptions of a commonly used rape-prevention program. Participants saw The Mens Program and then participated in 6090 minute focus groups assessing whether their attitudes and behavior would change, what about the program led to that change, and what improvements they recommended. After seeing this peer education program that included a video describing a male-on-male rape experience, participants reported increased empathy with rape survivors, an increased ability to help survivors recover, and several areas where they planned to change their behavior. Areas of planned change included behavior in intimate encounters and responding to survivors by believing their stories. Participants suggested a stronger emphasis on alcohol and consent and a less intense plea to help change social norms. Several implications for student affairs generalists and rape prevention programmers are discussed.

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Pinciotti, Caitlin M., Anthony N. Reffi, and Holly K. Orcutt. "Re-Examining the Relationship Between Avoidance and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Rape Survivors Enrolled in Self-Defense Training: The Protective Effect of Activities Self-Efficacy." Violence and Victims 34, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 104–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.34.1.104.

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Although many women do not report sexual victimization as motivation for seeking self-defense training, differences in self-efficacy suggest that self-efficacy deficits may influence survivors' desire to seek training. Lower self-efficacy, thought to negatively influence perceived confidence in one's ability to engage in everyday activities, may relate to avoidance of mundane activities and cause exacerbation of post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). The current study examined a three-way interaction modeling the relationships between history of rape, activities self-efficacy, activities avoidance, and PTSS in a diverse sample of 233 women enrolled in self-defense training. Results suggest that survivors who avoid everyday activities experience increased PTSS, but this effect is mitigated by perceived self-efficacy to engage in these activities. Activities self-efficacy may promote resilience in rape survivors regardless of whether they actually engage in such activities. Training that targets self-efficacy, rather than actual engagement in activities, may be sufficient to reduce PTSS in rape survivors.

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Pinciotti, Caitlin M., Anthony N. Reffi, and Holly K. Orcutt. "Re-Examining the Relationship Between Avoidance and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Rape Survivors Enrolled in Self-Defense Training: The Protective Effect of Activities Self-Efficacy." Violence and Victims 34, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 104–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-17-00013.

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Although many women do not report sexual victimization as motivation for seeking self-defense training, differences in self-efficacy suggest that self-efficacy deficits may influence survivors' desire to seek training. Lower self-efficacy, thought to negatively influence perceived confidence in one's ability to engage in everyday activities, may relate to avoidance of mundane activities and cause exacerbation of post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). The current study examined a three-way interaction modeling the relationships between history of rape, activities self-efficacy, activities avoidance, and PTSS in a diverse sample of 233 women enrolled in self-defense training. Results suggest that survivors who avoid everyday activities experience increased PTSS, but this effect is mitigated by perceived self-efficacy to engage in these activities. Activities self-efficacy may promote resilience in rape survivors regardless of whether they actually engage in such activities. Training that targets self-efficacy, rather than actual engagement in activities, may be sufficient to reduce PTSS in rape survivors.

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Wasco, Sharon M., and Rebecca Campbell. "Emotional Reactions of Rape Victim Advocates: A Multiple Case Study of Anger and Fear." Psychology of Women Quarterly 26, no. 2 (June 2002): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-6402.00050.

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This research explores the emotional reactions of a rarely studied group of women who work closely with survivors of sexual violence: rape victim advocates. Women who assist rape victims in obtaining medical, criminal justice, and mental health services were interviewed about their experiences, and qualitative analysis was used to delineate the situational context of the advocates' emotional reactions. Results indicate that respondents experienced anger and fear in response to both individual (e.g., a perpetrator's menacing glare) and environmental (e.g., community denial of a problem) cues. Additionally, some experienced rape victim advocates perceived their emotional reactions to be an important part of their work with rape victims. These findings suggest that intense emotional reactions, previously conceptualized within a vicarious trauma framework, may at times serve as resources for women working with rape survivors.

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Schulz, Philipp. "Examining Male Wartime Rape Survivors’ Perspectives on Justice in Northern Uganda." Social & Legal Studies 29, no. 1 (January 6, 2019): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0964663918822158.

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This article examines how male survivors of wartime sexual violence in Northern Uganda conceptualize justice. Whereas recent years have witnessed increasing consideration for redressing conflict-related sexual and gender-based violence against women, specific attention to justice for male-directed sexual violence remains absent. Drawing on the empirically-grounded perspectives of 46 male survivors, this article incorporates the seldom-heard voices and perspectives of male wartime rape survivors into debates about justice in the context of sexual violence, thereby contributing towards a gender-inclusive and holistic understanding of gender justice debates. The findings underpinning this article demonstrate that male survivors’ justice priorities primarily centre around three interrelated themes: (a) justice as recognition, (b) government acknowledgement and (c) reparative justice. According to male survivors, these three aspects of justice imply the potential to respond to the misrecognition of male survivors’ experiences and to remedy their sexual and gendered harms in a reparative and gender-sensitive capacity.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Rape survivors'

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