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1
Oney, Bianca. "Ethnic Minority Endorsement of Rape Myths." NSUWorks, 2014. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/cps_stuetd/94.
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While multiple studies have been conducted assessing rape myth acceptance among Whites, few studies have examined rape myth acceptance among a broad range of ethnic minorities. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess and examine rape myth acceptance among a diverse set of ethnic minorities. This study had 150 participants divided into four categories: Black, Hispanic, White, and Multi-Racial. Six scales were examined rape myth acceptance, own sex role satisfaction, sex role stereotypes, sexual conservatism, adversarial sexual beliefs, and acceptance of interpersonal violence. Participants were predominately single, young adult, low income, highly educated, African-American females who live in an urban area. Participants were heavily recruited through online social networks which included Craigslist, the root.com, BlackPlanet.com, and amightyriver.com. Also, participants were recruited at a private university in South Florida through posters sharing a link to the survey. Dr. Martha Burt's Rape Myth Scale was used and demographic information was obtained. Results showed that gender significantly impacted rape myth acceptance, adversarial sexual beliefs, and acceptance of interpersonal violence. When gender was held constant, race was significant with Blacks endorsing higher sex role satisfaction, sex role stereotypes, and sexual conservatism compared to Hispanics. Blacks had greater sex role satisfaction and sex role stereotyping compared to Multi-Racial individuals. Lastly, Blacks had greater sex role stereotyping and sexual conservatism when compared to White individuals. Additionally, Hispanic individuals endorsed higher sex role satisfaction when compared to Whites and sexual conservatism when compared to Multi-Racial individuals. These results could impact rape prevention programs and clinical work that targets rape myths.
2
Moore, Brittany. "Evaluating Rape Myths at a Midwestern University." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1471533323.
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Caldara, Gabrielle. "Exploration of Rape Myths Among Former Military Professionals." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3376.
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Sexual violence is sometimes considered a taboo topic for discussion, but it gained widespread attention in the media in late 2017 due to the social movements addressing the sexual assault of women. However, sexual violence perpetrated against men lacks publicity in America, and highlights a similar situation in the Armed Forces. A discussion of sexually violent acts committed against men is sometimes impeded by cultural norms. This discrepancy associated with civilian and military communities inspired this exploratory study.
A convenience sample of 520 former American military professionals completed an anonymous online survey to describe their attitudes and beliefs regarding rape myths. The survey included basic demographics followed by 20 questions with dichotomous responses addressing male and female rape myths, empathy, belief in a just world and gender attitudes. Responses to each question were analyzed, followed by composite scoring for rape myths, empathy and gender attitude questions. Bivariate correlation analysis was performed to examine significant relationships. Ordinal and bivariate logistic regressions were completed to predict adherence to male rape myths.
The exploratory nature of the survey provided a glimpse of veterans' views and indicated the majority, 317 (61.1%) of veterans did not adhere to any of the listed male rape myths, and 311 (59.6%) of veterans did not agree with the female rape myths. The ordinal logistic regression model predicted that empathy for male survivors and disagreement with some patriarchal gender attitudes were significantly associated with decreased acceptance of male rape myths in the sample of veterans. Significant predictors of male rape myths in the bivariate logistic regression model included increased empathy (Exp(B) = 6.373, CI [2.740, 14.822]), agreement with patriarchal gender attitudes (Exp(B) = 5.598, CI [2.059, 15.219]), and adherence to female rape myths (Exp(B) = 1.969, CI [.993, 3.904]).
These results emphasized popular misinformation, and the need for education and awareness surrounding rape myths. Strategic suggestions for the military community were aimed at prevention, education, and policy changes. Despite the challenging environment, the topic of sexual violence perpetrated against males is a relevant issue affecting humanity.
4
Granger, Kara, and s3041360@student rmit edu au. "Multi-comparisons of rape and rape myth endorsement through analysis of existing modified rape myth items." RMIT University. Health Sciences, 2008. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080829.093911.
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Traditionally, rape has been viewed as a crime perpetrated by men against women. However, it is now recognised that males can also be victims of rape. The current research had several interrelated aims to; (i) provide a profile of both male and female rape victims, (ii) compare the characteristics of rape perpetrated against male and female victims, (iii) estimate the incidence of male and female rape within the general community, (iv) describe the reporting practices of rape victims, and (v) determine the relationship between rape and depression, suicide ideation, and suicide attempts. The community's level of rape myth endorsement was also explored. Rape myths were defined as attitudes and beliefs about rape, rape victims, and rapists that are generally false but are widely and persistently held, and serve to deny and justify sexual aggression against women and men. The present study compared rape myth endorsement levels concerning both male and female victims. However, it was first necessary to construct a rape myth questionnaire, the Rape Attitudinal Scale (RAQ), which minimised the methodological limitations of pre-existing scales. The current research utilised online methodology and, in total, 560 individuals participated in the research. It was found that almost two out of every five participants had been a victim of rape during their lifetime, with males accounting for 8.60% of the raped sample. Rape victims emanated from a variety of demographic backgrounds and the gender differences between the characteristics of the rape were discussed. Approximately one in seven rape victims stated that they had reported the rape to police, with half of those rape victims regretting informing the police of their experience. Almost twice as many female rape victims than male rape victims failed to report their rape to anyone. It was also found that victims of rape are more likely to report rape to authorities when the rape fits the
5
Vincent, Jolene. "Do Attitudes of Pornography Influence Perceptions of Rape Myths." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2014. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1651.
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Rape and sexual assaults are a huge epidemic not only in the United States, but in the world as well. Victims come across all races, ethnicities, ages, religions, classes and cultures. With so many victims, people often investigate what causes people to commit these crimes in order to decrease the likelihood of future incidents occurring. Pornography is often argued for being a possible cause of sexual assaults. While many sex offenders do have large collections of pornography, there has not been any concrete evidence to support that pornography causes people to rape. Acceptance of rape myths also could play a large role in how people perceive the victims of sexual assaults causing them even more trauma as well as them being less likely to report the crime. With over 2000,000 cases of sexual assault reported each year, it is important to attempt to find any possible causes. The intent of this thesis is to explore any possible associations with attitudes on pornography and perceptions of rape myths. Through my analysis, the participants were asked about their attitudes of pornography and details on if they chose to view pornography or not compared with their perceptions of rape myths.B.A.
Bachelors
Psychology
Sciences
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Snyder, Erin R. "The female-to-male rape myths scale : initial scale development." Virtual Press, 2008. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1409503.
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Numerous studies have looked at attitudes about sexual assault, or rape myths, but most of these studies have looked at sexual assault when victims are female and perpetrators are male. However, female-to-male rape does occur, and male victims experience negative consequences from the event. The aim of the present investigation was to develop a scale to measure acceptance of female-to-male rape myths. The investigation involved two separate phases that build on a pilot study in which a preliminary scale was developed. The first phase of the investigation identified male rape myths that are pertinent to female-to-male rape. The second phase developed the items of the scale from the rape myths identified in Phase 1 and evaluated the factor structure, reliability and validity of the scale. The Female-to-Male Rape Myths Scale (FMRM) consists of 30 items and was found to be a reliable and valid measure of female-to-male rape myth acceptance in Midwestern college students. The construct was found to be unifactorial with good internal consistency at .94. Scores on the FMRM correlated with scores on the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (Glick & Fiske, 1996), the Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men Scale (Herek, 1988), and the Male Rape Myths Scale (Kerr Melanson, 1999). Implications for future research and practical uses of the scale are discussed.Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services
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Stewart, Laura Ann. ""It is rape but ..." : issues with definition and implications for the Australian legal system." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5945.
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Through the use of focus groups and interviews, this research aims to increase understanding of the ways in which the public in Adelaide, South Australia draw on well documented rape myths and the influence of this process on their understandings of consent to sexual intercourse. This research explores how individual attitudes and opinions about rape are shaped through social interaction, including comparing the attitudes of men and women. Equal numbers of men and women were drawn from one geographical location by snowball sampling and vignettes were used to facilitate discussion in focus groups. Findings showed that rape myths remain influential amongst the public and are often used to attribute responsibility to women in acquaintance rape scenarios. However, analysis of the public’s engagement with rape myths revealed a complex process. People did not simply adhere to or challenge rape myths but rather these myths were engaged with in different ways at different times and in different circumstances. Findings also highlighted the complexity of the notion of consent and revealed contradictions in the ways in which consent was understood. Moreover, in many cases despite being willing to label an incident as rape, participants were still reluctant to say that they would find the man guilty of the crime of rape. Overall, this study suggests that the public struggle with issues concerning how rape is defined and that this has widespread implications both for rape victims and for the Australian legal system. Findings also suggest that radical attitude change is required before any real improvement will be seen in rape conviction rates.
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Kerr, Melanson Paula S. "Belief in male rape myths, a test of two competing theories." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0003/NQ31935.pdf.
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Hogge, Ingrid. "Male rape myths: Measurement and relation to the gender role strain paradigm." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1441.
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The purpose of this research was to revise the Male Rape Myths Scale (MRMS; Kerr Melanson, 1999) and gather psychometric information using the gender role strain paradigm (GRSP; Pleck, 1991, 1995) as a theoretical framework in samples of U.S. undergraduate students. I provided evidence for a 16-item revised version of the MRMS (MRMS-R) across three studies. The MRMS items were first revised based on the results of a pilot study and expert reviews. Exploratory factor analyses revealed a correlated two-factor model: (1) Marginalization and Homophobia and (2) Victim Blame and Denial of Trauma. Results of the confirmatory factor analyses provided support for bifactor and correlated two-factor models of the MRMS-R. Criterion validity was supported based on (a) differences in MRMS-R scores between men and women and (b) lower scores for participants who reported experiencing a sexual assault. MRMS-R scores were also correlated with victim blaming responses to case vignettes and female rape myth acceptance in the expected directions. Construct validity was further demonstrated by correlations between MRMS-R scores and measures of traditional gender role attitudes, homonegativity toward gay men, and patriarchal beliefs. Further, the bifactor model met criteria for measurement invariance between male and female groups. The total and subscale scores had high internal consistency estimates of reliability. Results provided preliminary support for the use of the MRMS-R as an updated measure of male rape myth agreement among college student populations, and clarified links to other gender-related constructs. Limitations, implications, and recommendations for future research are also discussed.
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Ward, Amanda T. "Ideology and Rape Culture: Examining the Influence of Neoliberalism on Rape Myth Acceptance." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin15952433807422.
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Karhu, Evelina. "How rape myths are used in Swedish child rape court cases in comparison with adults : A critical discourse analysis." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-150597.
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A commonality in rape trials is that the legal system is colored by myths and norms – more specifically ‘rape myths’. These myths includes the perception of ‘men as more sex needing’, ‘rape victim brought the offense on themselves’ and so forth. A new law on sex crimes was introduced in 2005 in Sweden in order to create a stronger protection when it comes to rape and sexual assaults of different kinds – especially the removal of violence in child rape cases. Previous research conclude that rape myths are still routinely used at trial in adult rape and sexual assault cases. Rape myths in court often relates to a specific ‘rational’ behavior as the ‘normal’ or ‘right’ way to act, which relates to a masculinized view of reasoning colored by the patriarchal society. The overall purpose of this paper is to examine how rape myths appear in trials involving children; if children are viewed in the same way as adults according to these myths in rape cases – or differently, and how these myths are manifested. Also, a certain focus is on gender similarities and differences when it comes to rape myths. The paper is based upon 20 Swedish court cases from 2005 to 2017. Five cases within each group of victims: girls, boys, women and men. The thesis uses critical discourse analysis along with feminist studies to analyze these rape myths. This study shows that rape myths also are used in child rape cases, and thus, that children are no exception. Moreover, victimized females are often found in a disadvantaged position within court, as opposed to males. Girls seem to be most disadvantaged due to their position as both young and female. The results further indicates that legislation can be a useful tool to create rape myth busters.
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Welch, Elizabeth Ann. "Succumbing to the siren song : rape myths in sexual offender sentencing in B.C." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/46119.
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Sexual violence is characterized by inequality: it is a gendered crime whose perpetrators frequently escape criminal responsibility. The inequality of sexual violence has been masked and perpetuated by rape myths about ‘real’ sexual assault embedded in the law. Feminist reformers have struggled to have the law eliminate rape myths and recognize sexual offences as gendered violence; this struggle continues.
In this thesis the author explores the judicial expression of rape myths in a sample of recent B.C. sentencing decisions. She analyzes two aspects of the cases, doctrine and discourse, to ascertain whether judges reproduced discriminatory beliefs about sexual violence in their interpretations of law or their narratives.
The thesis found that courts expressed rape myths in some recent sentencing cases. Rape myths appeared in constructions of violence that turned on penetration, the notion of the dangerous stranger, and definitions of violence that excluded coercion, manipulation, and exploitation. They also appeared when judges used terms that were more appropriate for narratives of sex or romance than sexual violence. Rape myths underpinned courts’ use of sexual history evidence, findings that survivors ‘consented’ to offences, and failures to seriously consider harm to ‘risky’ survivors. They also propped up the doctrines that ‘good’ offenders and intoxicated offenders are less blameworthy or dangerous, and informed language that obscured offender agency and responsibility, including the frequent use of terms that expressed doubt about legal findings of guilt.
The author speculates the enduring influence of rape myths appeared not because of judges’ intention to discriminate but the neoliberal approach that guides legal thinking. Informed by notions of rationality and risk, courts ignored the inequality of sexual violence, particularly gender inequality. With inequality and vulnerability erased from consideration, the line between consensual sex and violence blurred, most conspicuously in sexual offences against adolescents and women perceived as taking undue risks. Therefore, this thesis suggests that the law should be cognizant of the unequal and gendered nature of sexual violence by situating it in its social context, an approach that will ultimately help to promote equality within the law.
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Phillips, Julie D. "Rape myths in the American movie industry : a content analysis and feminist criticism." Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/941729.
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This study explored rape depictions and rape myths in the mainstream American filmindustry. Four rape myths pervade American culture. The myths argue that women "ask" for rape, "deserve" rape, lie about rape, and are not really hurt by rape. These myths place blame on the victim and absolve the rapists on any wrongdoing. Furthermore, these myths attempt to justify male sexual aggression against women.This study explored film's portrayal of the rape event, the victim, the rapist, and the depiction of specific rape myths. A content analysis of 16 American films released between 1982 and 1994 revealed 27 victims of rape. The content analysis also provided a descriptive analysis of the rape event while a feminist analysis revealed the films' underlying ideological underpinnings.The content analysis revealed that the films distort rape by consistently portraying the rapist and victim as young white, middle class men and women. Additionally, the relationship between victim and rapist was distorted as well as the legal aftermath of the rape.The feminist analysis revealed that films perpetuate rape myths more frequently than they challenge these myths. In some instances, films presented the reality of rape, particularly the environment the victim would enter. Most films, however, advanced patriarchal beliefs about rape.Department of Journalism
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Clay, Leigh Anne. "The News through Facebook| Discovering the Prevalence of Rape Myths in User Comments." Thesis, Nova Southeastern University, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13428527.
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This study attempted to ascertain the prevalence value of rape myths located within social media user comments on the website Facebook. Research using existing Internet-based comments may provide insight into current attitudes and beliefs surrounding sexual violence. Using a quantitative content analysis, this study gauged the prevalence of rape myths in user comments by referencing a preset code list created with rape myths from the Acceptance of Modern Myths About Sexual Aggression scale (AMMSA) and the Updated Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (IRMA) and by locating emergent codes in the dataset.
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Curtiss, Kathleen A. "The Impact of Rape Myths and the Media on Students’ Perceptions of Police Response and Empathy for Survivors in Sexual Assault." Connect to full text in OhioLINK ETD Center, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=toledo1194626074.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Toledo, 2007.Typescript. "Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for The Master of Arts Degree in Psychology." "A thesis entitled"--at head of title. Bibliography: leaves 56-63.
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Warren, Anna Catherine. "JUROR PERCEPTIONS IN A RAPE TRIAL: INFLUENCE OF COMPLAINANT SUBSTANCE USE AND JUROR EDUCATION ABOUT CONSENT LAWS AND RAPE MYTHS." MSSTATE, 2009. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-07072009-131118/.
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Although rape is prevalent in the United States, conviction rates for perpetrators are low. Before developing a solution for low conviction rates in rape cases, researchers must examine factors that influence juror decisions in rape trials. The current study investigated the influence of complainant substance use and juror education about rape myths and sexual consent laws. Mock jurors were randomly assigned to one of twelve conditions and after reading the rape trial summary were asked to rate defendant guilt and complainant and defendant blameworthiness and credibility. Mock jurors in the education condition rated the defendant as significantly guiltier and more to blame for the sexual assault than did mock jurors in the no education condition.
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Briones, Rhissa Emily. "Rape Attitudes and Beliefs: A Replication Study." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0003055.
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Ujevic, Danica. "(Re)Presentations of Sexual Violence Against Women: An Analysis of Media Reports of Rape." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32069.
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There is a problem with attitudes that blame the victim of sexual assault: these attitudes are widespread and show popular adhesion to assumptions about rape that have been criticized and combatted by feminists. These assumptions are known as “rape myths.” It is important to look at the role newspapers play in contemporary discourse around rape and the extent to which they reproduce rape myths or, alternatively, incorporate a feminist critique. This research examines how sexual assault is constructed in three English-language newspapers, The Toronto Star, The Globe and Mail, and The National Post in the year 2012. Using qualitative content analysis, themes of rape myths and the presence of feminist discourse are categorized. The power of language when describing rape in the media is recognized and a description of rape-supportive culture, within a feminist theoretical framework, is provided. The ultimate aim of this research is to identify and challenge myths and stereotypes surrounding rape as well as identify possible feminist discourse on rape in print news media in Canada.
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Sleath, Emma Ruth. "Examining the blaming of rape victims and perpetrators : rape myths, belief in a just world, gender role beliefs, and applied findings." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/9897.
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Interest in research on victim blaming has remained significant since it came to the fore in the 1970s. Victim blaming, of both male and female victims of rape, is central to this thesis in understanding the contribution to this of a number of motivational beliefs and stereotypes (i.e., rape myth acceptance, belief in a just world, and gender role traits/beliefs). As well as this, this thesis develops some understanding of rape perpetrator blaming, broadening the focus of research away from the victim. Most of all, this thesis seeks to increase the understanding of police attitudes concerning rape victims and the influence of specialist police training and experience in dealing with rape victims. In a series of studies, vignette scenarios were given to 558 students, 101 non-students, and 157 police officers to assess their blaming attitudes towards the rape victim (male and/or female) and perpetrator (male). These studies found a lack of consistent gender effects in blaming but a strong consistent relationship between rape myth acceptance and victim blaming. Belief in a just world and gender role traits/beliefs demonstrated little effect on rape victim and perpetrator blaming. In the police officers sample, job experience and receiving specialist training to deal with rape victims did not affect the levels of blaming engaged in. This thesis has important implications for policy and criminal justice systems and the findings are discussed in the context of these.
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Howe-Martin, Laura S. "A Longitudinal Study of Rape Attitude Correlates among College Men." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5269/.
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Research has linked rape victim-blaming attitudes (VBAs) with gender role stereotyping, negative peer attitudes towards women, and acceptance of interpersonal violence. The current study analyzed longitudinal questionnaire data of college men (n=166) from White and Smith's (2001) study of college student victimization. Results indicate that VBAs can be conceptualized as either overt or covert, and that the covert VBA was more strongly correlated with alcohol use, sexualized peer attitudes, traditional gender stereotypes, need for sexual dominance, and perpetration of dating aggression. The covert VBA was also correlated with rape proclivity one year later, and partially mediated relationships between earlier variables and later rape proclivity. Additionally, endorsement of chivalry moderated the relationship between traditional gender stereotypes and the covert VBA, casting new perspective on the role of chivalry. Overall, results demonstrate the importance of targeting subtle expressions of VBAs in educational programs, and the need for longitudinal studies on rape attitude development.
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Cisneros, Aaron George. "Women's Perceptions of Sexual Assault Perpetrators and Fear of Rape." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/920.
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The overarching goal of the present thesis was to study women’s perceptions of sexual assault perpetrators and how those perceptions relate to fear of sexual assault. Previous researchers have developed a substantial literature on predictors and correlates of sexual assault perpetration. What is not known is how accurate women’s perceptions are of these predictors. Rationale from both evolutionary mismatch theory and social psychological stereotype theory suggests that women’s perceptions may be inaccurate. In the present thesis, I tested a set of hypotheses designed to examine individual differences in women’s perceptions of sexual assault perpetrators and how these perceptions relate to fear of rape. A total of 128 women completed a survey assessing their perceptions of characteristics of sexual assault perpetrators, their fears about sexual assault, their perceived risk of sexual assault, and their previous sexual assault related experiences. Results indicated that women’s perceptions of perpetrator characteristics were generally inaccurate. Furthermore, women’s overall level of accuracy was not predictive of their fear nor risk of stranger or acquaintance rape. However, women’s perceived risk of either stranger or acquaintance rape was predictive of their fear of each respective assault. These findings provide evidence for both evolutionary mismatch theory and social psychological stereotype theory. Implications regarding women’s sexual assault education and fear reduction are discussed.
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Durante, Bergue Alves Catarina. "INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON SELF-OBJECTIFICATION, BODY IMAGE, AND RAPE MYTHS ACCEPTANCE AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2092.
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This study is an investigation of how exposure to different media content influences self-objectification, body image, and rape myths acceptance (RMA) in female college students. The purpose of this study was to further explore the effects of immediate media exposure on body image, self-objectification, and RMA, as well as address the gap in the literature regarding the relationship between these variables (Dakanalis et al., 2015; Fox et al., 2015). One hundred and one students that identified as female were randomly assigned to three experimental conditions using a partially blind design. The students watched a short video pertaining to the condition they were assigned (i.e. sexualized content, consent content, control content) and then completed a survey, which included measures of self-objectification, negative body image, positive body image, rape myths acceptance, and demographic variables. Results indicate here was no difference between self-objectification, body image, and RMA scores among participants that were assigned to different experimental conditions. Body image was found to be directly related to RMA, and there was a difference in RMA scores among participants that remembered the university training and those who did not. The present study’s finding expands the knowledge of body image and RMA, and supports the need for interventions targeting attitudes and beliefs regarding rape and consent in college female students. Key words: media, self-objectification, body image, rape myths acceptance, college students.
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Willows, Erika. "Social Media and Sexual Assault: The Impact of Rape Myths on Constructions of Sexual Assault on Twitter." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38613.
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In the fall of 2014, Jian Ghomeshi, host of CBC’s Q, was accused of sexual assault and harassment by a number of women. The women who came forward were criticized for the delay in reporting the incidents. As a response, two female Canadian journalists started the hashtag #beenrapedneverreported as a way of using networked media to foster alternative dialogue about sexual assault, ostensibly so women who have experienced rape could control the conversation and say how they understood their own experiences. The literature on sexual assault suggests that discussions of rape involving members of the general public are shaped by myths that foster victim blame and lead to survivors being silenced about the assault. I decided to look at whether or not posters created an alternative discourse around rape by comparing constructions of rape on the hashtag with the common rape myths present in mainstream conversations. I employed a social constructionist lens to approach the data to allow for multiple interpretations of these myths and to explore the way posters discussed sexual assault. In particular, I conducted a qualitative content analysis of 8250 tweets that were posted to the hashtag between October 30, 2014 and June 26, 2016. The findings indicate that each myth identified in the literature was reproduced in the discussion, suggesting that they continue to have salience in the ways that all people, including victims, understand rape as a crime. A number of posters accepted the myths and used them to construct their own understanding of why their rape was not reportable because they felt that it was their fault. This suggests that there is still a long way to go to challenge these myths as they are internalized by some survivors. However, most posters reproduced the myths to explain how the attitudes were mobilized against them by others, in effect, silencing them. This created an alternative discussion of how social assumptions work against female victims of rape at a variety of levels. These assumptions occur not only within policing agencies and the criminal justice system but also within family and friend support networks. A smaller proportion of posters actively contested the myths primarily through discussions surrounding consent. In particular, sexual assault was construed as denying women their agency to choose what happens to their body and rape was constructed as a loss of agency/autonomy. Posters put forward that women have a right to control their own body and that choice/control is taken away by the rapist. From this perspective, rape is not a sexual crime but a violent crime that denies human agency/personhood of the victim. This suggests that the consent debate is a key moment of feminist politics and this transgressive construction of rape upends the social assumptions about female and male sexuality.
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Lambert, Heather M. "Beware of Bias: Rape Myth Acceptance Amongst Social Work Students." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1619015781945031.
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Jangula, Mootz Kaylee Blanche. "Resisting Rape Myths in Young Adult Fiction: An Analysis of Young Adult Novels Speak and Crank." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28035.
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Introducing young people to fiction that depicts rape is important in that reading this type
of fiction can be a more effective strategy for reducing rape-myth acceptance in young people
than lecture-based prevention programs. To be fully effective, literature used for lowering rapemyth
acceptance must fully resist rape myths. This paper analyzes Speak by Laurie Halse
Anderson and CRANK by Ellen Hopkins to find the ways in which each novel resists and
conforms to rape myths, to determine whether these texts would be suitable for reducing rapemyth
acceptance, and to identify ways in which future texts that aim to reduce rape-myth
acceptance in young readers can be more effective. Neither Speak nor CRANK fully resists rape
myths, which reinforces the validity of rape myths to young adult readers. Both novels resist rape
myths that attempt to deny the reality of rape while conforming to rape myths that blame the
victim.
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O'Hara, Shannon E. "A second violation : rape myths in contemporary, popular British and American writing ; and, The Alden case." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11383.
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This thesis and related work of fiction explores the representation of rape in contemporary British and American writing, with a particular focus on the use of rape myths in narratives about sexual violence. It evaluates how this crime is portrayed in popular literature through the analysis of three works of fiction by two bestselling authors: Joyce Carol Oates and Jodi Picoult. It also examines newspaper reporting through the analysis of three news events – one in the U.K. and two in the U.S. – that received a significant amount of coverage from an assortment of newspapers. Literature and newspaper reporting contribute to public views of rape as well as cultural attitudes towards women. People may reference rape narratives as they form opinions about sexual violence, therefore making it crucial that these acts are portrayed accurately. This thesis will examine the vehicles that frame the discussion of sexual assault. It will focus on the way each author depicts the victim(s) and perpetrator(s) and assess how the type of rape – whether date, gang, or stranger rape – affects its representation. It will also reveal if contemporary British and American writing has tried to disprove misperceptions and accurately depict sexual violence or if it continues to propagate myths.
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Bruhner, Christian. "RAPE, MEDIA & MEN A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF MYTHS IN WRITTEN MEDIA’S DEPICTION OF SEXUALLY ABUSED MEN." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-24172.
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Män som utsatts för sexuellt våld är ett ämne som erhåller lite uppmärksamhet både inom forskning och i vardagligt tal. Att analysera skriven medias framställning av sexuellt våldsutsatta män har så vitt jag vet inte utförts i en svensk vetenskaplig kontext innan, vilket gör denna studie unik i sitt slag. Studiens primära syfte var att undersöka hur män som utsatts för sexuellt våld framställs i skriven media. Jag ville se huruvida media bekräftar eller förkastar de sociala myterna kring ämnet. Vidare så var målet med studien att ytterligare belysa ämnet för att lyfta upp det för diskussionen och fördjupa förståelsen och kunskapen för ämnet. Fyrtio journalistiska artiklar samlades in genom en systematisk litteratursökning och har utgjort det empiriska materialet i studien som sedan bearbetades genom en form av diskursanalys. De myter som testades var; Män som utsatts för sexuellt våld är extremt ovanligt – framställs som sensationellt och med skepticism, Definitioner om det sexuella våldet mot män – präglas av grovt fysiskt våld, hot, ofta med vapen och droger, Det sexuella våldets könstypiska uppdelning – händelsen framställs som en kontrast mellan femininiteter och maskuliniteter, De efterföljande konsekvenserna – dessa förminskas eller negligeras och offer bemöts negativt av omgivningen. Resultatet visade att myterna till väldigt stor del bekräftades i den mediala framställningen, i synnerlighet ämnets ovanlighet, det fysiska våldet, offerbeskyllningen och det skeptiska bemötandet/rapporteringen. Varför ämnet framställs på ett visst sätt analyseras och presenteras med tidigare forskning som teoretisk bakgrund.Men who suffered from sexual violence are an issue that receives little attention, both within research and colloquially. Analysing the depiction of sexually abused men in written media has not, as far as I know, been done in a Swedish scientific context before, which makes this study unique in its kind. The primarily aim of this study has been to examine how sexually abused men are depicted in written media. I wanted to see whether the media confirms or rejects the social myths that surround the subject. Furthermore has the ambition with the study been to enlighten the issue to make it a subject for discussion so the knowledge and the understanding can be deepened. The empirical material of forty journalistic articles was gathered in through a systematic literature search and processed via a type of discourse analysis. The tested myths were; Men who suffered from sexual violence are extremely unusual – portrayed as sensational and with scepticism, Definitions of the sexual violence against men – characterized by severe violence, threats, often with weapons and drugs, The stereotypical sex segregation of sexual violence – The event is portrayed as a contrast between masculinity and femininity, The subsequent consequences – are diminished or neglected, the victim is met with negativity by its surrounding. The result showed that de myths were widely confirmed in the depiction of media, especially the phenomenon’s unusualness, the physical violence, the victim blaming and the sceptical approach/reporting. Why the subject is portrayed in a special way has been analysed and presented with the precious research as a theoretical background
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Melkner, Moser Linda. "Rape and Silence in J.M. Coetzee's Disgrace." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för humaniora (HUM), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-19023.
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This essay discusses rape and silence in J.M. Coetzee’s novel Disgrace, with focus on how and why the characters Melanie and Lucy are silenced after being raped. Paying special attention to gender and race, as well as the novel’s South African context, an attempt is made to consider how rape is represented in Disgrace, and how this representation is related to the silence of Melanie and Lucy. The discussion’s theoretical framework is based on feminist theories on sexual violence and rape, as well as theory on cultural scripts, sexual scripts, and rape myths. This essay finds that the rapes in J.M. Coetzee’s Disgrace are representations of South Africa’s inverted racial power structures, and its traditional gender structures; structures that contribute to silencing Melanie and Lucy. This essay argues that Coetzee has deliberately activated South African cultural scripts in the text in an attempt to expose problematic viewpoints regarding gender and race in society, as well as in the reader.
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McCoy, Elizabeth K. "The Impact of Social Media Use on the Acceptance of Rape Myths and Subsequent Views on Sexuality." Ohio Dominican University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oduhonors1588160232621945.
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Reyes, Eunice. "Attitudes Toward Sex Among Male College Students." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1556891238625505.
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Leonard, Ashley L. "Sexual Assault Prevention for Rape Myth Acceptance in Male College Students." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1493285414464083.
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Carr, Christie Arine. "Christian Fundamentalism, Authoritarianism, and Attitudes toward Rape Victims." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2206.
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This study focused on the relationship of five variables: rape myth acceptance, attitudes toward rape victims, sex roles, authoritarianism, and Christian fundamentalism. Also, differences between men and women were compared. The study was conducted at East Tennessee State University, and 100 people participated. Contrary to past research, Christian fundamentalism was not a significant predictor of rape myth acceptance or attitudes towards rape victims, but there were significant relationships between all of the other variables. Men were found to be more accepting of rape myths and had a more negative view of rape victims than did women. Implications of these findings, future research ideas, and possible rape-awareness educational programs are discussed.
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Reck, Jennifer K. "Males' Support Toward Females After Sexual Assault." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3625/.
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The current study explored the relations among rape myths, attitudes toward rape victims, perceived social support, sex role, and social reactions in a male undergraduate sample (N = 205). Males who have provided support to a sexual assault victim were compared to those who have not provided support to a sexual assault victim on several measures. Social reactions of those who have provided support to a sexual assault victim were compared to hypothetical reactions provided by individuals who have not previously provided support. Results indicated that rape related attitudes and beliefs did not differ between those who have and have not provided support to a sexual assault victim. In addition, individuals who were responding to a hypothetical situation reported that they would provide more positive social support than individuals who were responding to an actual situation. Implications for clinical work and future research in this area are discussed.
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Albèr, Bjarne, and Leonard Jonsson. "Du får nog skylla dig själv, tror jag : En litteraturstudie om hur stereotyper och myter påverkar attityderna hos studenter till ett offer för våldtäkt." Thesis, Röda Korsets Högskola, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:rkh:diva-778.
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Bakgrund: På senare år har män som våldtäktsoffer fått en ökad uppmärksamhet, men fortfarande fokuseras majoriteten av forskningen på kvinnor. Det finns många olika myter och fördomar som tilldelas våldtäktsoffer. Ett offer för våldtäkt drabbas av både fysiska och psykiska men. Vårdpersonal måste kunna se förbi sina fördomar för att ge adekvat och lika vård till alla individer. Syfte: Att belysa skillnader och likheter rörande studenters attityder/föreställningar gentemot män respektive kvinnor som blivit utsatta för våldtäkt. Metod: En litteraturöversikt gjordes på nio vetenskapliga artiklar med kvantitativ ansats. Resultat: Resultatet visade att manliga studenter generellt har högre acceptans för våldtäktsmyter gällande både kvinnor och män. Männen visade upp mer negativa attityder mot offren, tilldelade mer skuld och mindre sympati mot offren än de kvinnliga studenterna. Både kön och sexualitet påverkar attityder mot offret, kvinnor och homosexuella män skuldbeläggs generellt mer än heterosexuella män och homosexuella kvinnor. Mäns och kvinnors föreställningar/uppfattningar om våldtäkt skiljer sig även åt och det visade sig att män och kvinnor föreställer sig olika olägenheter vid våldtäkt. Utbildning visade sig vara en faktor som påverkar attityder, där högre utbildning indikerar på mer positiva attityder mot offret. Slutsats: En rad olika myter förekommer och kan kopplas till negativa attityder mot våldtäktsoffer. En skillnad mellan män och kvinnor finns när det kommer till myt-acceptans. Beroende på ett offers sexuella läggning, kön och karaktär förändras synen på den. Klinisk betydelse: Kännedom om dessa myter och attityder kan ligga till grund för framtida utbildning hos personal som arbetar inom detta område och hjälpa till att motverka en sekundär traumatisering för våldtäktsoffer.Background: In recent years, male victims of rape have gained increased attention, but the majority of the research still focuses on women. There are many myths and prejudices that affect our attitudes toward victims of rape. A victim suffers from both physical and psychological injuries. Health care personnel have to see beyond their prejudices to give a good and equal care towards all individuals. Aim: The aim of this study was to highlight the similarities and differences regarding students’ attitudes/beliefs towards male and female rape victims. Method: A literature review was written based on nine scientific articles with quantitative approach. Results: The results indicated that men generally have a higher acceptance of rape myths regarding both women and men. Men showed more negative attitudes towards victims, allocated more blame and less sympathy toward victims than women. Both gender and sexuality affect attitudes towards victims, women and homosexual men generally received more blame than heterosexual men and homosexual women. Male and female beliefs/perceptions of rape are also different and it turned out men and women produce various nuisances regarding rape. Education were proven to be a factors influencing attitudes, higher education indicates more positive attitudes towards the victim. Conclusion: Different kinds of myths exist and can be connected to negative attitudes towards a victim of rape. A difference between men and women exists when it comes to myth acceptance. Depending on the victims sexual orientation, sex and character the view upon it changes. Clinical implication: Knowledge about these myths and attitudes can be used for future education for personnel working within this area and to help preventing a secondary victimization for the victim.
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Javorka, McKenzie. "College Students' Perceptions of Sexual Assault Reporting and Proceedings." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/848.
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Sexual assault among college students in the US has prompted debate about how to prevent and punish such crimes. Under Title IX and the 2011 Dear Colleague Letter from the Office for Civil Rights, universities are required to undertake the prevention, investigation, and punishment of sexually violent offenses on college campuses. However, the vast majority of victims do not report their assaults, whether on campus or to the police. The current study investigated the effect of victim reporting on perceptions of sexual assault. Two undergraduate samples, one from a small liberal arts college (n = 197) and another recruited using Amazon Mechanical Turk (n = 56), were randomly assigned to read a vignette of an alleged sexual assault including one of four reporting conditions: no reporting, reporting to on-campus administrators, reporting to law enforcement, or reporting both on campus and to law enforcement. Outcome measures included whether the participant believed an assault had taken place, measures of victim and perpetrator culpability, and scales measuring the extent to which the participant accepts rape myths (RMA) and believes in a just world (JWB). Results failed to demonstrate an effect of victim reporting type, but did find a significant effect of gender such that males blamed the victim more and were less likely to believe an assault had taken place than females. RMA also mediated this relationship, such that the effect of gender on perceptions was accounted for by differences in RMA. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
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Webb, Tessa D. "Knowing Her Name: The Framing of Sexual Assault Victims and Assailants in News Media Headlines." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1592171139720739.
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Bruhner, Christian. "IT ALSO HAPPENS TO MEN! A QUANTITATIVE STUDY ABOUT MYTHS AND NORMS REGARDING THE SEXUAL VIOLENCE TOWARDS MEN." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-27062.
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Bruhner, C. Det händer även män! En kvantitativ studie om myter och normer kring män som utsatts för sexuellt våld. Examensarbete på magisternivå i Kriminologi 15 högskolepoäng. Malmö högskola: Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle, institutionen för Kriminologi, 2013.Män som utsatts för sexuellt våld är ett fenomen som får ytterst lite uppmärksamhet inom samhällsvetenskaplig forskning. Ämnet är outforskat och har en klar brist på framförallt kvantitativ data. Syftet med denna studie var att testa de myter som normen om mäns utsatthet bygger på, huruvida de bekräftas eller inte, på ett större urval. Detta för att belysa ett existerande problem samt för att kunna urskilja variabler som påverkar attityden till normen. Myterna som testades konstruerades med tidigare forskning som underlag och mynnade ut i fyra myter; definitioner av det sexuella våldet mot män – präglas av grovt våld, hot och berusning av en manlig, homosexuell förrövare. De efterföljande konsekvenserna och sanktionerna – männen bemöts med negativa sociala sanktioner och med stark misstro, reagerar inte starkt på händelsen och anmäler inte. Synen på maskulinitet – män ska vara fysiskt och psykiskt starka, heterosexuella samt kunna värja sig och därför kan de heller inte bli våldtagna. Karakteristika om den utsatte i form av ”brist på manlighet” – en utsatt man är svag fysiskt och psykiskt, homosexuell och får oftast skylla sig själv för att ha blivit utsatt. Dessa myter testades genom en kvantitativ enkätundersökning med 160 svarande studenter. Respondenterna förkastade i stort sett alla normer, i synnerlighet offerbeskyllningen och synen på maskulinitet – de två myter som visade sig ha mest inverkan på synen till ämnet i stort. Studien visade att om man har en syn på maskulinitet som ligger nära den stereotypiska normen, är man också mer benägen att hålla med om myterna. Studien visade också att de bakgrundsvariablerna som påverkade synen på myterna mest var religiositet, invandrarbakgrund samt ålder. Äldre respondenter med invandrarbakgrund och som var aktivt troende påvisade tendenser till att bekräfta myterna i större utsträckning. Dessa resultat har i studien analyserats med hjälp av Bourdieus begreppsapparat om symboliskt kapital mellan dominerande och dominerade.Bruhner, C. It also happens to men! A Quantitative study about myths and norms regarding the sexual violence towards men. Project for a one year master degree in Criminology 15 hp. Malmö University: Faculty of health and society, Department of Criminology, 2013.Men who suffered from sexual violence are a phenomenon which gets extremely little attention in the research of social science. It is unexplored and in an almost desperate need of data, particularly quantitative data. The aim of this study was to test the myths which lay the ground for the norms about the sexual violence against men on a grander sample to see if they are confirmed or rejected. The myths that were tested are based on previous research and resulted in four different myths; definitions of the sexual violence against men – characterized by severe violence, threats and intoxication by a male homosexual perpetrator. The subsequent consequences and sanctions – the victimized men are met with negative social sanctions and strong distrust, do not react strongly to the incident and do not report to the police. Perception of masculinity – men are supposed to be physically and psychically strong, heterosexual and have the ability to defend themselves and can therefore not be raped. Characterisations about the victim in form of a lack of masculinity – a victimized man are physically and psychically weak, homosexual and are often blamed for the rape himself. These myths were tested through a quantitative survey which 160 students replied. The respondents rejected largely all of the myths, particularly the blaming of the victim and the perception of masculinities – the two myths that showed most impact on the attitude towards the subject as a whole. The study showed that if you have a view on masculinity close to the stereotypical norm, you are also more likely to confirm the myths about the sexual violence against men. The study also showed that older individuals, actively religious people and people of other origin than Swedish tend to be more prone to confirm the myths. The results are analysed throughout Bourdieu’s concepts about symbolic capital between dominant and dominated.
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Åberg, Robin, and Tobias Edlund. "Stjärnan misstänkt för våldtäkt : En kritisk diskursanalys av framställningen av våldtäkt på kvällstidningarnas sportsidor." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Medier och kommunikation, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-433857.
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This paper examines the Swedish tabloid press coverage of three rape case allegations where the accused was a high-profile sport star. Critical discourse analysis was applied as the theoretical and methodological framework combined with the theoretical concepts of monstering and rape myths. The three cases we examined were the rape allegations against Cristiano Ronaldo, the rape allegations against three Swedish hockey players and the child rape case involving the Malmö FF player Kingsley Sarfo. Monstering is a term used to describe the process in which the media portrays a rapist as a “monster” or “pervert”. By doing so the rapist is separated from “ordinary men”. If the problem is never identified as “men raping” then the solution can never be “stop men from raping” Rape myths on the other hand, focuses on how media reports on rape creates and sustains stereotypic ideas about rape. Research have found that if the media writes about rape in a stereotypical way then this perception of rape will spread to the readers. We found that monstering appeared regularly in each of the three cases mostly through naming and reference of the alleged perpetrators and the accusers. Rape myths also appeared in each of the three cases but to a lesser degree. Rape myths was prominent through a linguistic separation between the alleged rapist and the rape. Our results also showed that a patriarchal discourse was prevalent in the reporting on rape in the Swedish tabloid press.
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Moses, Rychelle. "Students’ Perceptions of Campus Sexual Assault Resources: An Appalachian Perspective." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3717.
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Research relating to campus sexual assault has traditionally focused on its prevalence and factors that serve to influence risk of victimization. Less attention has been directed toward the presence and effectiveness of campus sexual assault resources. In addition, few studies have explored the role that culture and other geographical factors may play in this process. The current study seeks to address this limitation in two unique ways: (1) determining whether an Appalachian upbringing influences knowledge of and willingness to utilize campus sexual assault resources and (2) exploring its impact on adherence to common rape myths. Survey data are gathered from students at a public university located in the heart of the Appalachian Region, with results serving to improve our understanding of how culture affects students’ knowledge and perceptions of campus sexual assault resources.
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Carpenter, Erika. "Impact of School-Based Sex Education on College Students’ Rape Myth Acceptance: An Exploratory Analysis." VCU Scholars Compass, 2017. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4749.
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Research indicates nearly one-fourth of college women fall victim to sexual assault (Cantor et. al., 2015). Two predictors of high proclivity to rape are endorsement of rape myths and adherence to traditional gender norms (King & Roberts, 2011). Additionally, research shows school-based sex education in the United States presents gender and sexual norms in troubling ways that disproportionately harm women (Kendall, 2013). However, research on sexual assault and rape myths have not examined the impact school-based sex education has on rape supportive attitudes. This study aimed to bridge that gap by using original survey data from undergraduate students at a large public university. Analyses indicate sex education has an inconsistent impact on rape myth acceptance; additionally, seeking sexual health information online was found to significantly lower endorsement of rape myths. Study outcomes suggest that further research is needed to explore the relationship between sex education curricula and rape supportive attitudes.
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Westacott, Anna. "Uppmärksammandet av sexuellt våld mot män i Kongo : En analys ur ett genus- och manlighetspespektiv." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-4751.
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Sexuellt våld förekommande i konfliktområden drabbar så väl kvinnor som män. Dock råder en situation då de drabbade männen faller i skuggorna i nyhetsrapporteringen och de drabbade kvinnornas röster ljuder starkare. Syftet med uppstasen är att undersöka nyhetsrapporteringen i sex olika internationella nyhetsmedier för att utreda hur det sexuella våldet mot män i Demokratiska Republiken Kongo framställs. Undersökningen har en teoretisk ansats i ett genusperspektiv kopplat till manlighet. Det analytiska ramverket som valts att användas är en kvalitativ textanalys.Sexual violence occurring in areas of conflict affects as well women as men. However, there is a situation where the affected men fall in the shadows and the affected women's voices sounds stronger threw the crowd. The purpose of the paper, is to investigate news reporting in six different international newsmedia to investigate how sexual violence against men in the Democratic Republic of Congo reflects abused men. The survey has a theoretical approach from a gender perspective linked to masculinity. The analytical framework chosen is a qualitative text analysis.
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Sagrillo, Scarpati Arielle. "The role of culture and morality on men's acceptance of sexual aggression myths and perpetration of rape in Brazil and the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Kent, 2018. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/66698/.
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The understanding of sexual violence perpetration is complex and calls for a multifactorial approach, as this behaviour seems to be the final product of an intricate arrangement of individual, social and contextual elements (Ward & Beech, 2006; Ward & Beech, 2008; Ward & Casey, 2010; Ward & Gannon, 2006). In addition, due to ethical constraints, this phenomenon cannot be investigated via realistic analogous studies in the context of the laboratory, making it hard for researchers to unveil the factors which are determinants for its occurrence. The primary goal of this thesis is to address this deficiency by discussing certain variables (sexism, moral values, rape myths and gender norms) that may serve to either legitimise types of sexually aggressive discourses and practices (and therefore increase the chances of its occurrence), or to condemn them (and thus lower those chances), exploring how it might affect men's likelihood to sexually offend (i.e., rape) women in two different countries. A series of six studies (of qualitative and quantitative nature) with adult men from one European (the U.K) and one Latin American (Brazil) culture were conducted. In line with expectations, overall results suggest that both social norms and morality play an important role in the way men understand sexual violence in both countries. More importantly, findings provide evidence of a strong relationship between individuals' use of moral disengagement strategies and their likelihood to perpetrate rape. Parallel to that, this piece of work offers researchers a new self-reported measure: the Moral Disengagement in Sexual Violence Scale (MDinSV). To conclude, this thesis presents a wider and more in-depth conceptualisation of the social-cognitive mechanisms that neutralise and justify sexually violent behaviour.
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Hashmi, Sidra. "‘Non-Ideal’ Victims: The Persistent Impact of Rape Myths on the Prosecution of Intimate Partner Sexual Violence Against Racialized Immigrant Women in Canada." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42737.
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Intimate Partner Sexual Violence (IPSV) is a global issue that impacts women of all social locations, but it disproportionately impacts racialized immigrant women. While there is a lack of literature on the topic of IPSV in general, there is a particular dearth of research on the prosecution of IPSV cases involving racialized immigrant women in Canada. There is little research on how these women are revictimized within the criminal justice system because of rape myths pertaining to IPSV, race, and citizenship. In this project, I aim to interrogate the legal rhetoric within judicial decisions regarding cases of IPSV involving racialized immigrant women. In so doing, I ask: How do judges conceptualize racialized immigrant women in cases of IPSV? How do these conceptualizations reproduce myths and stereotypes about these women who report IPSV?
I use Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis (FCDA) to mobilize law as a gendering and racializing practice in my analysis of eight summaries of judicial decisions of criminal and immigration proceedings pertaining to IPSV. Critical Race Theory (CRT) contributes to my theoretical framework to advance our understanding of law as a gendering and racializing practice. Through an abductive process, I find three discourses that dominate judicial decisions: ‘ideal’ victims resist sexual assault and do not delay in reporting; ‘ideal’ victims do not know or maintain ongoing contact with the accused; and judges excuse defendants of sexual assault due to the beliefs that male sexuality is uncontrollable, and women pursue false allegations. These rape myths normalize violence against women of colour and immigrant women by reinforcing the view that they are ‘non-ideal’ victims.
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Fernstedt, Nora, and Ayla Karlsson. ""Hopplöst läge" : En kvalitativ studie över rapporteringen om sexualbrott på musikfestivaler sommaren 2016." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för medier och journalistik (MJ), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-59752.
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This study aimed to examine how swedish tabloid press covered the sex crimes at music festivals that occurred in Sweden during the summer of 2016. The aim was also to examine if and how the press reproduces or opposes stereotypes and myths about sexual crime. The question examined was: How does swedish tabloid press portray victims, perpetrators, the festivals and sex crime? To approach this we made a critical discourse analysis on 13 articles from the swedish newspapers Aftonbladet and Expressen, written during the time of the events. We found that there were many different and contradictory discourses about the sex crimes in our case. The victim was presented as innocent and without blame but there was also a discourse telling that women have a responsibility in making sure not to become a victim of sexual assault, by behaving and dressing right. The perpetrator was described as deviant and evil men, but also as men driven by lust not knowing what they were doing. They were also distant and indistinct in the text, which shifted the blame to the organizers of the festivals and to the police. Sex crime was overall presented as a serious phenomena. It was also presented as a new phenomena, both on the festivals and in the society. The crimes were presented as a problem isolated to festivals but also as a broader social problem. The festivals were described as unsafe places but also as safe places that had been soiled by the sex crimes.
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Johansson, Moa, and Sanna Keller. "Våltäktsmyter i förändring: Bilder av våldtäktsoffer i nyhetsmedia." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-24696.
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Föreliggande uppsats är en kvalitativ innehållsanalys om sexuellt våld i nyhetsmedia. Syftet med uppsatsen är att belysa hur nyhetsmedia konstruera bilder av kvinnor och män som har varit utsatta för, vad de valda dagstidningarna, rubricerar som våldtäkt samt att undersöka hur begreppet våldtäkt används i de utvalda artiklarna. Urval och empiri består 21 artiklar från fyra valda dagstidningar: Aftonbladet, Expressen, Dagens Nyheter och Svenska Dagbladet. Uppsatsen genomsyras av tre teoretiska perspektiv: socialkonstruktivism, viktimisering och dagordningsteorin. Uppsatsens centrala resultat är att våldtäktsmyter om både våldtäktsoffer och våldtäkter är utbredda på olika sätt i samhället. Både uttalanden som bekräftar såväl som motsäger våldtäktsmyter återfinns i artiklarna. Resultatet är spretigt och visar att sexuellt våld är ett tämligen komplext och svårfattligt begrepp samt ämne. Det har uppdagats att våldtäktsoffer konstrueras på olika sätt i artiklarna men att bekräftande av våldtäktsmyter inte är dominerande. Därav är den mest betydelsefulla slutsatsen av uppsatsen att resultatet pekar på en positiv förändring av hur offer för sexuella övergrepp och/eller våldtäkter framställs i nyhetsmedia.This study is a qualitative content analysis about sexual violence in news media. The study aims to illustrate how news media construct portrayals of women and men that have been victims of, what the selected newspapers define as rape. The study also intended to analyse how the term rape is used in the selected articles. The empirical data consist of 21 articles, selected from four Swedish newspapers: Aftonbladet, Expressen, Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet. Three theore-tical perspectives have been used throughout the study: social constructivism, victimology and agenda theory. The results has shown that society's perception regarding rape victims and rape are influenced by well known rape myths. Both confirmative as contradictory comments connected to rape myths are to be found in the articles. The results has no given patterns, which shows the complexity and obscurity in the subject of sexual violence. In addition, the results have displayed that rape victims are constructed in different ways in the articles. Our conclusion is that it seems to be a positive progress in development about how victims of sexual assaults and/or rape are portrayed in news media.
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Granath, Emma, and Evelina Martelin. "Hon bad om det -En kritisk diskursanalys om hur våldtäkter porträtteras i svensk nyhetsmedia." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-92437.
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The purpose of this study is to clarify whether there are rape myths in Swedish news media’s reports of rapes. The news media chosen to be analyzed are Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter (DN), which are two of Sweden’s biggest newspapers. The articles are selected from Mediearkivet, the keywords used to find relevant newspaper articles are rape and sexual crimes. We have used a qualitative text analysis based on critical discourse analysis. The results are presented using the concept of Christie’s Ideal Victim and rape myths combined. The concept of ideal victim means that certain victims meet criteria that justify them as victims. Rape myths are stereotypes about victims, rapists and rapes. It is considered important to investigate whether it appears in Swedish newspapers due to the power of the news media's influence on public perceptions and the lack of research on Swedish newspapers. The newspaper articles have been analyzed using an analysis scheme based on previous research and the current theories. The results of the study shows that the prevalence of rape myths in the news media differs depending on the characteristics of the victim.Studiens syfte var att undersöka om svenska nyhetsmedier är med och bidrar till ett reproducerande av våldtäktsmyter genom sitt sätt att skriva och på grund av deras makt i samhället. För att besvara syftet har en kvalitativ textanalys genomförts med utgångspunkt i kritisk diskursanalys. Vårt empiriska material är tidningsartiklar som handlar om våldtäkter, offer och gärningsmän. Resultaten presenteras med hjälp av Christies begrepp idealoffer, vilket är en teori som innebär att det finns vissa kriterier som kännetecknar ett idealt offer, och begreppet våldtäktsmyter som innebär stereotyper om våldtäktsoffer, våldtäktsmän och våldtäkter, dessa begrepp kombineras i en kritisk diskursanalys. På grund av nyhetsmedias makt att kunna påverka allmänhetens uppfattningar samt bristen av svensk forskning på området, ansågs det högst relevant och viktigt att undersöka förekomsten av våldtäktsmyter i svensk nyhetsmedia. Sökorden som använts för att få fram relevanta tidningsartiklar att granska är våldtäkter och sexualbrott, som sökts på i Mediearkivet. De har sedan analyserats med hjälp av ett analysschema baserat på tidigare forskning samt de aktuella teorierna. Studiens resultat visar att förekomsten av våldtäktsmyter i nyhetsmedia skiljer sig åt beroende på vilken typ av offer det handlar om.
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Nipper, Melissa H. "Divergent Discourse: A Case Study Analyzing the Effects of Campus Communication About Sexual Assault." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3017.
Full textAbstract:
This research analyzes campus discourse at a university in south central Appalachia in an effort to highlight the role of communication in the prevention of sexual assault and its powerful effects on communities and individuals. Using a critical feminist lens, this qualitative case study identifies the communication goals, interpretations, and strategies of two important speech communities who participate in sexual assault discourse on college campuses—campus professionals who communicate about the issue of sexual assault (issue managers) and sexual assault survivors whose identity is shaped by sexual assault (identity managers). While both groups talk about the problem, the parties diverge on the core function of sexual assault communication. Findings from these speech communities suggest the need for targeted efforts to decimate rape myths on university campuses, as well as the necessity to create safe spaces for survivors to report and talk about sexual assault and form solidarity with other survivors.
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Benvenuto, Rebecca, and Sara Borg. "Offer eller förövare? -En multimodal kritisk diskursanalys av representationerna av anklagelserna och de socialaaktörerna i Uppdrag Gransknings avsnitt “#metoo och Fredrik Virtanen”." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-72125.
Full textAbstract:
Som följd av mediernas felaktiga publiceringar av anklagelser mot Fredrik Virtanen under metoo-hösten 2017, gjorde Uppdrag granskning ett program där de granskade mediernaspubliceringar, som mötte stor kritik. Kritiken väckte vårt forskningsintresse för att genomföradenna studie. Syftet är att studera Uppdrag gransknings program “#metoo och FredrikVirtanen” med metoden MCDA för att ta reda på hur anklagelserna och de sociala aktörernablir representerade. Studiens vetenskapliga perspektiv grundas i genusteorin med fokus på hurkvinnor blir representerade vid sexualbrott. Tidigare forskning visar hur rape myths kommertill uttryck vid nyhetsrapportering av sexualbrott och det använder vi sedan för att sätta vårtresultat i relation till. Vi har utformat två frågeställningar för att reda på hurrepresentationerna i avsnittet ser ut. I analysen finner vi tecken på en orättvis representationav de sociala aktörerna. Däremot visar vårt resultat att Uppdrag granskning inte gör sigskyldiga till reproduktion av rape myths.
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Carlsson, Lisa, and Elin Persson. "Våldtäktsmyter : En undersökning om studenters attityder kring våldtäktsmyter." Thesis, Örebro University, Department of Behavioural, Social and Legal Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-4913.
Full textAbstract:
Våldtäkt är ett stort samhällsproblem, med över 3000 anmälda våldtäkter i Sverige 2007. Definitionen av våldtäkt är en tolkningsfråga som påverkas av moraliska synsätt. Denna syn
bygger på historiska, religiösa och kulturella faktorer och kring dem kretsar ett antal vedertagna myter. Sverige är känt för att ha kommit långt på väg mot ett jämställt samhälle, vilket skulle kunna innebära att svenskar har lägre acceptans för dessa myter. Få studier om våldtäktsmyter har gjorts i Sverige. För att granska ämnet närmare genomfördes en kvantitativ
studie med syfte att undersöka studenters attityder gentemot myter kring våldtäkt i en heterosexuell kontext. Detta genom att studera om samband förelåg mellan studenternas kön
och acceptans av dessa myter och utifrån teoretiska ramar analysera resultatet. Undersökningen utfördes med hjälp av en amerikansk framtagen mätskala, designad för just våldtäktsmyter, IRMA-skalan. Materialet analyseras sedan med hjälp av socialkonstruktivistiska angreppssätt, där bl.a. genus, hegemonisk maskulinitet, pornografi, könsroller, samt medias skildring och vinkling av våldtäktsproblematiken.
Den slutsats som kunnat dras av föreliggande studie var att svenska studenter generellt hade låg acceptans av våldtäktsmyter. Dock kunde könsskillnader skönjas, där kvinnor tenderade att ha lägre acceptans för myterna än männen.
Rape is a severe societal problem, with over 3000 police reports in Sweden in 2007. Defining rape is a question of interpretation, influenced by moral views, which are based on historical, religious and cultural ideas, surrounded by a few accepted myths. Sweden’s well-known for its progress concerning gender equality, which could be an indicator of low rape myth acceptance. There are few Swedish studies about rape myths. To
explore the subject closer, a quantitative study was carried through, with the aim to examine attitudes of university students, in relation to rape myths in a heterosexual context. This by examining whether a connection between the sex of the students and their acceptance of rape myths was found. The results were then analyzed through a theoretical frame. Using an
American measuring instrument, the IRMA-scale, the examination was carried out. The material was analyzed through a social constructivist perspective, where gender, hegemonic masculinity, pornography, gender roles and the media was used to explain the problems of rape. The conclusion of this study was that Swedish students had generally low rape myth acceptance. However, gender differences were discovered. Female respondents tended to have lower acceptance of the myths compared to the male.
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Weir, Charissa. "Narratives and the Legal Game: Narrative Power Dynamics and Their Reproduction In the Sexual Assault Trial of R. v. Ghomeshi." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40518.
Full textAbstract:
Legal practice heavily depends on the construction and evaluation of narrative accounts. The ability to legitimately narrate a series of events is a source of power that is unequally distributed in the courtroom. Grounded by a detailed empirical analysis of the court transcripts from R. v. Ghomeshi (2016), this dissertation investigates the relations of power and taken-for-granted assumptions that condition struggles over narrative construction in the sexual assault trial. The project contributes to feminist critiques of sexual assault trials by mobilizing the work of Pierre Bourdieu, which has been largely overlooked in feminist socio-legal scholarship, and by showing how the concepts of narrative capital and what I term configurational power can help us examine narrative power structures. Briefly, narrative capital refers to the speaking positions and properties that bestow authority on one’s narrative practices. The term configurational power refers to the ability to legitimately organize a set of events and experiences into a narrative whole. Through consideration of the conditions and premises that structure who can narrate, in what manner and with what legitimacy, we can better understand the factors contributing to the discrediting of certain testimonies in the courtroom.
Analysing the court transcripts revealed several techniques through which the lawyers exercised configurational power and narrative domination over the complainants during the trial: disconnecting and interrupting the complainants’ accounts; highlighting the complainants’ position as unknowing characters; configuring inconsistencies in their accounts; and controlling the narrative ending. Unequal distributions of configurational power constituted a relation of domination that existed as self-evidently legitimate, a form of domination that Bourdieu refers to as symbolic violence. The standards of legal impartiality, autonomy, and objectivity, as well as cultural stock stories about sexual assault and law’s taken-for-granted view of reliable memory, were enacted in the courtroom narrative practices and contributed to the reproduction of this symbolic violence. The unequal relations of narrative capital and configurational power in the courtroom limited the complainants’ ability to narrate their victimization and allowed the defence lawyers to create narrative twists during cross-examination that framed the complainants as manipulative women and upended their claims of victimhood. Through this dissertation, I critically analyze the relations of domination that both condition and were reproduced in the courtroom practices of narrative telling and interpretation.