Journal articles: 'Rape attitudes'

1

Johansson-Love, Jill, and James H. Geer. "Investigation of Attitude Change in a Rape Prevention Program." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 18, no. 1 (January 2003): 84–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260502238542.

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This study investigated the effect of previously held rape myth attitudes and the accessibility of those attitudes on attitude change produced by a videotape previously used in successful rape prevention programs. Participants were 151 volunteering undergraduate males at a large southern university. Analyses revealed that participants were consistent in their responding over time. These findings argued that the data were reliable. Consistent with previous research, it was found that a commercially available videotape designed to reduce rape myth attitudes was effective. Rape myth attitudes were lower at both the immediate and the subsequent (2 weeks) assessments. The variables of Attitude Accessibility and previously held Rape Myth Attitude Levels were hypothesized to be related to both attitude change and memory for the material designed to change attitudes. However, although rape myth attitudes were lowered, the effect was unrelated to previously held Rape Myth Attitude Level or Attitude Accessibility.

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LANIER, CYNTHIA A. "Rape-Accepting Attitudes." Violence Against Women 7, no. 8 (August 2001): 876–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10778010122182802.

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Lee, Joohee, Elizabeth C. Pomeroy, Seo-Koo Yoo, and Kurt T. Rheinboldt. "Attitudes Toward Rape." Violence Against Women 11, no. 2 (February 2005): 177–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801204271663.

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Larsen, Knud S., and Ed Long. "Attitudes toward rape." Journal of Sex Research 24, no. 1 (January 1988): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224498809551428.

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Marciniak, Liz M. "Adolescent Attitudes Toward Victim Precipitation of Rape." Violence and Victims 13, no. 3 (January 1998): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.13.3.287.

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Adolescents have high rates of rape victimization and offending compared to other age groups, yet few studies have examined predictors of rape-supportive attitudes among adolescents. Drawing from Burl’s (1980) study of rape myth acceptance among adults, this study tests a path analytic model of adolescent attitudes about victim precipitation of rape, using a sample of 1393 cases from the National Youth Survey (NYS) (Elliott, Ageton, Huizinga, Knowles, & Cantor, 1983). LISREL (Jöreskeg & Sörbom, 1988) estimation procedures are applied. Results show direct effects of sociocultural influences on an individual’s level of rape myth acceptance, but demonstrate some interesting gender differences. Findings also reveal indirect effects of age, race, and socioeconomic status on attitudes toward rape, which operate through traditional gender role stereotyping. Educating young adolescents about the nature of rape and the rights and roles of women are logical points of intervention to decrease acceptance of rape myths that target the victim.

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Egan, Rachel, and Janet Clare Wilson. "Rape Victims' Attitudes to Rape Myth Acceptance." Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 19, no. 3 (June 2012): 345–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2011.585128.

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Boakye, Kofi E. "Attitudes Toward Rape and Victims of Rape." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 24, no. 10 (February 27, 2009): 1633–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260509331493.

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Sierra, Juan Carlos, Pablo Santos-Iglesias, Ricardo Gutiérrez-Quintanilla, María Paz Bermúdez, and Gualberto Buela-Casal. "Factors Associated with Rape-Supportive Attitudes: Sociodemographic Variables, Aggressive Personality, and Sexist Attitudes." Spanish journal of psychology 13, no. 1 (May 2010): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600003784.

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The objectives of this study were to determine the influence of various sociodemographic variables and estimate the impact of additional psychological factors (aggressive personality traits and the sexual double standard) on rape-supportive attitudes. A sample of 700 men and 800 women from El Salvador aged between 18 and 40 years completed the Social Desirability Scale, the Double Standard Scale, the Aggression Questionnaire, the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 and the Rape-Supportive Attitude Scale. Results show gender-based and age-based differences in rape-supportive attitudes, as well as an interaction between gender and age. They also highlight the importance of the sexual double standard and aggressive personality traits in explaining such attitudes.

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Jermsittiparsert, Kittisak, and Paranee Kasemsukphaisit. "Bangkok Men’s Attitudes towards Marital Rape." Review of European Studies 8, no. 1 (February 13, 2016): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v8n1p185.

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This research aims (i) to explore Bangkok men’s understandings of section 276 of the criminal code; (ii) to examine the attitudes on marital rape as perceived by men in Bangkok and to conduct a comparative study on the observed attitudes using various demographic assessment factors, namely, age, marital status, occupation, and income level; (iii) to investigate the correlations between the level of understandings of the relevant law and the attitudes of men living in Bangkok on marital rape by employing quantitative research method, with the use of questionaries that would collect data from 280 research subjects. The data analysis is carried out using frequency, mean, percentage, one-way analysis of variance, least significant difference (LSD), and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient analysis with significance level 0.5.The research findings indicates that the subjects possess the least understandings of section 276 of the criminal code ( = .15) and contain average level of attitudes with respect to the issue of marital rape ( = 3.19). When examining with different assessment factors, it is found that the subjects bare an attitude of cognition at low level ( = 2.22), of feelings at average level ( = 3.36), and of action tendency at considerable level ( = 3.98). Results from the comparative analysis on different levels of attitudes over the issue of marital rape, using different demographic assessment factors, reveal that the difference in income generates different level of attitudes whereas the differences in age, marital status and occupation bare relatively similar level of attitudes. Lastly, no correlation is found when looking at the outcome of the correlation analysis between level of understandings and attitudes perceived.

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Basile, Kathleen C. "Attitudes Toward Wife Rape: Effects of Social Background and Victim Status." Violence and Victims 17, no. 3 (June 2002): 341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.17.3.341.33659.

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The current literature on wife rape is minimal compared to the published research in areas such as wife battering or date rape, and most of the existent work on attitudes toward wife rape is dated and/or focuses on limited samples (i.e., college populations). Using data from a nationally representative telephone survey, this study examined national attitudes toward wife rape using the following measures: perceptions of the occurrence of wife rape, perceptions of the frequency of wife rape, and perceptions of three rape scenarios. Respondent sex, education, age, race, and female victim status were predictors. Findings reveal that older, non-white respondents were less likely to believe wife rape occurs. Males and the more educated were less likely to believe it occurs frequently. Older and less educated respondents were less likely to believe forced sex scenarios between a husband and wife constitute wife rape. Among women, non-victims of forced sex were significantly less likely than current victims to believe that wife rape occurs.

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Durán, Mercedes, Jesús L. Megías, and Miguel Moya. "Male Peer Support to Hostile Sexist Attitudes Influences Rape Proclivity." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 14 (January 12, 2016): 2180–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515624212.

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Sexual assault affects a large proportion of women in the world. Although most rapes are committed by one man, the act itself may be influenced by many (e.g., the peer group). Hostile sexism (HS) has repeatedly been associated with men’s rape proclivity, but the influence exerted by the HS of the peer group on rape proclivity has not been investigated. In this study, we explored the impact of perceived male peer support to HS on participants’ rape proclivity. A sample of Spanish undergraduate students from a university in the south of Spain ( N = 134) completed the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory. Immediately afterwards, they received feedback on the supposed sexist responses of a peer group (high vs. low in HS); we kept the benevolent sexism (BS) of the peer group at medium levels. Next, we assessed participants’ rape proclivity using acquaintance rape scenarios. Results showed an interaction between participants’ own levels of HS and information about the HS of the peer group. Men high in HS reported higher rape proclivity in the high-HS peer-group condition than in the low-HS peer-group condition. By contrast, information on the peer group did not affect self-reported rape proclivity of men low in HS. Results also corroborated the relationship between participants’ levels of HS and rape proclivity, and expanded the literature by revealing an unexpected influence of participants’ BS on rape proclivity.

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Rumney, Philip N. S., and Charnelle van der Bijl. "Rape, Attitudes, and Law Enforcement in South Africa." New Criminal Law Review 13, no. 4 (2010): 826–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2010.13.4.826.

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This article examines the nature of social attitudes toward adult rape in South Africa and the ways in which they may influence the response of criminal justice professionals to cases of rape. Tis article draws on a small study of law students who completed a questionnaire that sought to examine specific beliefs regarding rape victims and their behavior during and following rape. Te questionnaire examines issues that do not appear to have been explored within attitude surveys thus far in South Africa. Te findings from this survey, along with the wider research literature on attitudes toward rape, suggest that rape myths and stereotypes are widespread in South African society and that they are also shared by some criminal justice professionals. Te article also notes some encouraging trends in South Africa. In particular, the judiciary has shown clear disapproval of the institutional failure to protect victims of rape and sexual assault. Te judiciary has also explicitly rejected myths pertaining to the behavior of rape victims, which will be discussed in this article. Although these trends are encouraging, there remains a clear need to address the problem of rape myths and stereotypes both in the general population and within the criminal justice system.

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Gari, Aikaterini, George Georgouleas, Artemis Giotsa, and Eleni Anna Stathopoulou. "Greek students’ attitudes toward rape." Psychology: the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society 16, no. 2 (October 15, 2020): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.23809.

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Literature on sexual harassment and violence against women describes a variety of myths and stereotypes regarding partial or total responsibility of rape victims and their “enjoyment” of sexual violence. Rape stigma and rape myths are aspects of generalized attitudes toward victims of rape and rapists, while it seems that sexual violence remains a taboo in today’s western societies. This study explores Greek university students’ attitudes towards rape. A questionnaire created for the purpose of this study was administered to 950 Greek students at the University of Athens and at the University of Ioannina, divided into three groups: a group of students from the Faculty of Law, a group from Departments orientated to Humanistic and Social Sciences and a group of students from other Faculties and Departments of Applied Sciences. Factor analysis revealed four factors: “Rape victim’s responsibility”, “Defining the concept of rape”, “Rape motivation” and “Rapist’s characteristics”. In line with previous research findings, the results indicated that women were less accepting of conservative attitudestowards rape than men; they also seemed to reject attitudes of “blaming the victim” more, and to hold negative views of rapists. Additionally, the results showed that students of rural origin retain more conservative attitudes with respect to the victim’s responsibility and the rapist’s characteristics than students of urban origin. Finally, students in Law Departments seemed to have accepted more moderate attitudes than the other two groups of students; they mostly disagree with conservative attitudes regarding victim’s responsibilities along with the Social Science students, but they agree more with Applied Sciences students in defining rape.

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Williams, LaVerne McQuiller, Judy L. Porter, Jason D. Scott, Tony R. Smith, and Taylor V. Vogt. "Investigating the Risk of Date Rape by Auditory Status." Violence and Victims 32, no. 6 (2017): 1044–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-16-00052.

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This exploratory study examines the impact of auditory status, gender, and prior sexual victimization on attitudes and behaviors related to date rape among undergraduate college students (n = 3,352) at a private university in the northeast. An abbreviated version of the College Date Rape Attitude and Behavior Survey (Lanier & Elliot, 1997) and the Sexual Experiences Survey (Koss, Gidycz, & Wisniewski, 1987) were employed. Findings indicated that Deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) students were more likely to experience negative sexual experiences than hearing students. No differences were found in rape-supportive attitudes by auditory status. The analysis also found that DHH students were more likely to engage in sexual behaviors that increase the risk of date rape than were hearing students. Finally, significant differences were found regarding gender and prior sexual victimization on rape attitudes and behaviors. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

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Nagel, Barbara, Hisako Matsuo, Kevin P. McIntyre, and Nancy Morrison. "Attitudes Toward Victims of Rape." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 20, no. 6 (June 2005): 725–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260505276072.

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16

Cowan, Gloria, and Robin R. Campbell. "Rape causal attitudes among adolescents." Journal of Sex Research 32, no. 2 (January 1995): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224499509551784.

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17

Brinson, Susan L. "TV Rape: Television's Communication of Cultural Attitudes toward Rape." Women's Studies in Communication 12, no. 2 (October 1989): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07491409.1989.11089734.

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18

Anderson, Michelle J. "Diminishing the Legal Impact of Negative Social Attitudes Toward Acquaintance Rape Victims." New Criminal Law Review 13, no. 4 (2010): 644–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2010.13.4.644.

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Rape law often condemns females who are not chaste and excuses males who act with sexual entitlement. Rape law has been a significant site for the valorization of female chastity and constraint, on the one hand, and male prowess and freedom, on the other. It continues to reflect the sexism of a culture resistant to ceding male control over sexuality. Legal reform of rape law over the past forty years has greatly helped those who experience stranger rape that includes violence extrinsic to the rape itself. However, this generation of reform did not sufficiently help those whose experiences are more common: those raped by acquaintances without extrinsic violence. To tackle this larger problem, the law must undergo another generation of renewal, one that works affirmatively to diminish the legal impact of negative social attitudes toward acquaintance rape victims. Tis article proposes a range of legal reforms to that end.

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19

Hall, Eleanor R., Judith A. Howard, and Sherrie L. Boezio. "Tolerance of Rape: A Sexist or Antisocial Attitude?" Psychology of Women Quarterly 10, no. 2 (June 1986): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1986.tb00739.x.

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A prison sample and a community control group were used to develop a scale of Rape Attitudes (tolerance of rape) and to validate a modified version of the Gough Socialization Scale. A university student sample and an adolescent sample completed the Rape Attitudes scale and a scale of attitudes toward heterosexual relationships. Males in the adolescent sample also completed the modified Cough Socialization Scale. For both university students and adolescents, and for both males and females, tolerance of rape was associated with sexist attitudes toward heterosexual relationships. For the male adolescents, tolerance of rape and sexist attitudes were associated with antisocial, delinquent personality tendencies. The relationship between tolerance of rape and sexist attitudes was stronger than the relationship between tolerance of rape and an antisocial personality.

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DULL, R. THOMAS, and DAVID J. GIACOPASSI. "Demographic Correlates of Sexual and Dating Attitudes." Criminal Justice and Behavior 14, no. 2 (June 1987): 175–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854887014002004.

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A probabilistic sample of 449 students from a major university completed the sexual and dating attitudes survey. The responses to the survey questions were compared among the demographic groups of sex, race, age, and religiosity through the use of a test of association and a corresponding test of significance. In addition, two scales were created by examining the attitudinal items through a principal component factor analysis process. The study found that attitudes relating to sex, dating, and date rape are strongly related to gender, with males significantly more likely to hold attitudes condoning aggressive sexual behavior. Implications of these findings were discussed, as were possible solutions to the epidemic level of date rape.

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Strain, Megan L., Jericho M. Hockett, and Donald A. Saucier. "Precursors to Rape: Pressuring Behaviors and Rape Proclivity." Violence and Victims 30, no. 2 (2015): 322–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00051.

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We developed measures assessing personal and normative attitudes toward two types of behaviors that are symptomatic of rape culture. We conceptualize sexual violence as existing on a continuum and argue that two types of behaviors may be potential antecedents to (and consequences of) sexual violence: attempts to pressure, which mimic the power dynamics of rape in a less aggressive fashion, and benevolent dating behaviors, which are accepted dating scripts in which men initiate action. We examined individuals’ acceptance of these behaviors in relation to their attitudes toward rape victims and among men to rape proclivity. This initial work suggests that these constructs and measures may be useful to investigate in future research.

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Hetu, Vibha. "Reflections on the society’s reaction towards rape victims in Delhi City." Temida 17, no. 3 (2014): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem1403003h.

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In general, most people display stronger beliefs in ?aggravated rape? or ?real rape?; including victims of such rape cases who often identify themselves as ?rape victims? than the victims of ?simple rape?, where none of the aggravating circumstances are present. Despite myths to the contrary these ?simple rape? cases in fact make up the majority of cases. This article considers the implications of ?real rape? and demonstrates how notions about what a ?typical rape? should be, in the form of rape myths, directly impact on societal attitudes towards rape victims and how the media continue to reinforce and perpetuate the notion of real rape through their selective reporting of ?serial rape?, ?stranger rape? or especially ?violent rapes?.

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Rimmer, Beth, and Philip Birch. "Exploring factors affecting attitudes towards rape survivors: the role of sexuality and religiosity." Journal of Forensic Practice 21, no. 2 (May 13, 2019): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfp-01-2019-0004.

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Purpose Contemporaneously, the crime of rape has experienced an increase in reporting. The majority of rape survivors continue to experience, however, extensive victimisation due to biased attitudes held by many people and organisations within the general population. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach In a quantitative study with a sample of 176 participants, this research aimed to explore sexuality and religiosity as factors that affect attitudes towards survivors of rape. Findings Results indicated that negative attitudes towards rape survivors could be predicted by rape myth acceptance. While the sexuality of the victim affected attitudes towards rape survivors and negative attitudes towards survivors were also found to be predicted by high religiosity scores, analyses concluded that both males and females perceived gay male victims with more negative attitudes in comparison to lesbian rape survivors. Male participants demonstrated, overall, more negative attitudes towards rape survivors than their female counterparts. In sum, sexuality and religiosity were concluded to be crucial factors in explaining blame attributions. Practical implications This study indicates: (1) the effect of social correlates other than gender on rape myths; (2) the effect sexuality has on the perception of rape myths; and (3) the effect religiosity has on the perception of rape myths. This study also reveals implications for the reporting, prosecution and conviction of rape cases that may be subject to bias and discrimination due to victim characteristics other than gender. Originality/value Attitudes towards rape survivors based on social correlates other than gender have received little attention within existing literature and research. This paper adds to this discussion by considering the affects of sexuality and religiosity which have implications for the reporting of such a crime.

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Tavrow, Paula, Mellissa Withers, Albert Obbuyi, Vidalyne Omollo, and Elizabeth Wu. "Rape Myth Attitudes in Rural Kenya." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 28, no. 10 (January 8, 2013): 2156–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260512471086.

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Gölge, Z. Belma, M. Fatih Yavuz, Selin Müderrisoglu, and M. Sunay Yavuz. "Turkish University Students' Attitudes Toward Rape." Sex Roles 49, no. 11/12 (December 2003): 653–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:sers.0000003135.30077.a4.

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Williams, Forster, and Petrak. "Rape attitudes amongst British medical students." Medical Education 33, no. 1 (January 1999): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2923.1999.00296.x.

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Canan, Sasha N., Kristen N. Jozkowski, and Brandon L. Crawford. "Sexual Assault Supportive Attitudes: Rape Myth Acceptance and Token Resistance in Greek and Non-Greek College Students From Two University Samples in the United States." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 22 (March 3, 2016): 3502–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516636064.

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Colleges are rape-prone cultures with high rates of sexual victimization. Fraternities’ and sororities’ relationships with sexual assault are consistent themes in literature focusing on sexual violence among college students. Previous research suggests that fraternity men are more likely to endorse rape-supportive attitudes compared with non-Greek men or sorority women. The present study examines rape-supportive attitudes as well as rape and sexual assault victimization in college students with a focus on gender and Greek-life (i.e., involvement in fraternities or sororities) status variables. College students ( N = 1,002) completed a survey including the Token Resistance to Sex Scale (TRSS), Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale–Short Form (IRMA-S), and items related to past experiences of nonconsensual sex. Two regression models tested predictors of token resistance and rape myth acceptance. Chi-square analyses tested between-group differences of experiencing rape and sexual assault. Gender ( p < .001), Greek status ( p < .001), and race/ethnicity ( p < .001) were predictors for TRSS scores. For IRMA scores, gender ( p < .001), Greek status ( p < .001), and race/ethnicity variables ( p < .001) were also significant. Interaction terms revealed that Greek men had higher token resistance and rape myth acceptance than any other group. Chi-square analyses indicate women more frequently report experiences of rape (χ2 = 25.57, df = 1, p < .001) and sexual assault (χ2 = 31.75, df = 1, p < .001). Men report high rates (40.8%) of experiencing sexual assault “because refusing was useless.” No differences of victimization rates were found between Greeks and non-Greeks. Gender and sexual scripting theory can help explain gender differences in attitudes and experiences. Greater endorsement of rape myth acceptance and token resistance by Greeks, who influence college party culture, could be contributing to a culture conducive to rape. Findings demonstrate a continued need for interventions focused on shifting sociocultural dynamics (e.g., traditional roles and sexual scripting) on college campuses.

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Anderson, Linda A., and Susan C. Whiston. "Sexual Assault Education Programs: A Meta-Analytic Examination of Their Effectiveness." Psychology of Women Quarterly 29, no. 4 (December 2005): 374–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00237.x.

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Meta-analyses of the effectiveness of college sexual assault education programs on seven outcome measure categories were conducted using 69 studies that involved 102 treatment interventions and 18,172 participants. Five of the outcome categories had significant average effect sizes (i.e., rape attitudes, rape-related attitudes, rape knowledge, behavioral intent, and incidence of sexual assault), while the outcome areas of rape empathy and rape awareness behaviors did not have average effect sizes that differed from zero. A significant finding of this study is that longer interventions are more effective than brief interventions in altering both rape attitudes and rape-related attitudes. Moderator analyses also suggest that the content of programming, type of presenter, gender of the audience, and type of audience may also be associated with greater program effectiveness. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

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Saucier, Donald A., Megan L. Strain, Jericho M. Hockett, and Jessica L. McManus. "Stereotypic Beliefs About Masculine Honor Are Associated With Perceptions of Rape and Women Who Have Been Raped." Social Psychology 46, no. 4 (August 2015): 228–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000240.

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Abstract. Masculine honor consists of stereotypic beliefs about male behavior, including the belief that men’s aggression is appropriate, justifiable, and necessary in response to provocation, especially provocation that insults or threatens one’s manhood, family, or romantic partner. We conducted two studies examining the relationships between stereotypic masculine honor beliefs and perceptions of rape. Masculine honor beliefs generally were associated with both negative attitudes toward rape and negative attitudes toward women who have been raped. Further, different components of masculine honor beliefs correlated differently with various rape perceptions. These outcomes illustrate the complexity of the stereotypic beliefs about appropriate male behavior that comprise masculine honor, and which emphasize men’s responsibility to both take care of others and demonstrate interpersonal dominance.

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Koon-Magnin, Sarah, Stacy Hoskins Haynes, and R. Barry Ruback. "Condemnation of Statutory Rape Based on Respondent Race, Perpetrator Race, and Victim Race." Violence and Victims 34, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 414–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-16-00217.

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Race impacts perceptions of crimes, perpetrators, and victims. Although statutory rape generally receives little empirical or media attention, it has important implications for victims and offenders across the United States and appears to be enforced in a haphazard way. This study used a between-subjects experimental survey design at two universities (n = 1,370) to assess the impact of respondent race, perpetrator race, and victim race on attitudes toward statutory rape. Results of a repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that respondents viewed both White victims and their perpetrators as bad, blameworthy, deserving of punishment, harmed, and likely to commit crime in the future, judgments suggesting that the respondents take this sexual activity seriously. In contrast, analyses revealed that respondents were significantly less concerned about Black victims than White victims. Consistent with the liberation hypothesis, these differences in attitudes may contribute to the law being enforced inconsistently, providing differential access to justice based on a variable that is not legally relevant.

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Javaid, Aliraza. "Male Rape Myths: Understanding and Explaining Social Attitudes Surrounding Male Rape." Masculinities & Social Change 4, no. 3 (October 21, 2015): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/mcs.2015.1579.

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This paper provides a critical review of the literature surrounding male rape, aimed at exploring how male rape myths shape society’s responses and attitudes to male victims of rape and integrates the literature from a theory driven perspective. In doing so, this theoretical paper reveals information relating to the barriers to recognition of male rape. These barriers are male rape myths that prevent male rape victims from coming forward and seeking the support that they merit. There has been a lack of research on male rape myths, although some research has documented such myths to be present in practice. These myths could be harmful because they may influence societies’ opinions of male rape victims, so this could affect the treatment and responses toward such victims. To understand and explain such myths so some attempt can be made at eradicating them, this paper will explore common male rape myths that seem to be prevalent in Western society. This paper will examine male rape myths in the areas of media, incarcerated settings, and the wider community, focusing on England and Wales, UK. This is important to do to recognise which myths are harmful and are facilitating the under-reporting of male rape. This paper will help raise awareness of male rape myths and not only attempt to tackle them, but also encourage male rape victims to come forward to report and seek the help that they merit. It will also address the gaps in the literature and areas ripe for research, so further empirical research can be conducted on male rape, highlighting ideas for future research and providing guidance in areas most needed in research on male rape.

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Nunes, Kevin L., Chantal A. Hermann, Kristen White, Cathrine Pettersen, and Kurt Bumby. "Attitude May Be Everything, But Is Everything an Attitude? Cognitive Distortions May Not Be Evaluations of Rape." Sexual Abuse 30, no. 1 (January 18, 2016): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063215625489.

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Cognitive distortions are often referred to as attitudes toward rape in theory, research, and clinical practice pertaining to sexual aggression. In the social-psychological literature, however, attitudes are typically defined as evaluations; thus, in this context, attitudes toward rape are considered evaluations of rape (e.g., rape is negative vs. positive). The purpose of the current study was to explore whether a widely used measure of cognitive distortions (RAPE Scale; Bumby, 1996) assesses evaluation of rape, and, if not, whether evaluation of rape and the cognitions assessed by the RAPE Scale are independently associated with sexually aggressive behavior. Participants (660 male undergraduate students) completed the RAPE Scale as well as measures of evaluation of rape and sexually aggressive behavior. An exploratory factor analysis revealed that the RAPE Scale items formed a correlated but distinct factor from the Evaluation of Rape Scale items. Regression analyses indicated that the Evaluation of Rape Scale and the RAPE Scale had small to moderate independent associations with self-report measures of sexually aggressive behavior. Our results suggest that evaluation of rape may be distinct from cognitive distortions regarding rape, and both evaluation and cognitive distortions may be relevant for understanding sexual violence.

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Duff, Simon, and Amy Tostevin. "Effects of gender, rape myth acceptance, and perpetrator occupation on perceptions of rape." Journal of Criminal Psychology 5, no. 4 (November 2, 2015): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcp-12-2014-0019.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of gender-stereotypical beliefs and associated factors (gender, level of rape myth acceptance (RMA), and occupation) on public attitudes towards rape victims with the aim of establishing whether participant and perpetrator characteristics have effects on individuals’ attitudes towards rape victims. With regards to participants, gender, age, occupation, and the extent to which an individual endorses rape myths were investigated. The authors also considered whether participants’ attitudes were influenced by the occupation of a rapist as described in a vignette looking at occupations deemed to be stereotypically male or female. Design/methodology/approach – In total, 185 individuals participated in the study and were randomly assigned to one of three conditions based on the rapist’s occupation (stereotypically male occupation, gender-neutral occupation or stereotypically female occupation). Participants completed an online survey consisting of a RMA questionnaire, read a short vignette depicting a rape scenario (where they were also informed of the perpetrator’s occupation) and completed a further questionnaire on their attitudes towards rape victims. Results were examined by regression. Findings – The results indicate that both participant occupation and level of RMA significantly contributed to attitudes towards rape victims, however, a statistically significant effect for rapist occupation was not found. Originality/value – Findings are discussed in terms of implications for individuals working within services supporting victims of rape and the potential consequences of holding stereotypical beliefs for rape victims and perpetrators. It is important that research identifies those factors that might bias decision making in the legal system and thus impact upon outcomes for victims and offenders.

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BOERINGER, SCOT B. "Associations of Rape-Supportive Attitudes with Fraternal and Athletic Participation." Violence Against Women 5, no. 1 (January 1999): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10778019922181167.

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Rape-supportive attitudes are examined among a sample of university athletes, fraternity members, and controls. A sample of 477 males were recruited on a large southeastern university campus. Comparison of mean scores indicates that fraternity men reported significantly greater agreement with five statements supportive of rape and adversarial gender beliefs than did controls. Athletes reported significantly greater agreement with 14 rape-supportive statements than did controls. The control group reported significantly greater agreement with two rape-supportive statements than did athletes. Results are examined in light of research connecting sexual violence and rape-supportive attitudes.

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Rich, Karen, and Patrick Seffrin. "Police Interviews of Sexual Assault Reporters: Do Attitudes Matter?" Violence and Victims 27, no. 2 (2012): 263–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.27.2.263.

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Sexual assault is underreported in the United States. Survivors are often reluctant to make police reports for various reasons; one is fear of revictimization by criminal justice professionals. Conversely, police officers often lack skills for interviewing crime victims. Posttraumatic stress reactions among victims can exacerbate the problem. Although some victims prefer female interviewers, it is not known whether they are more skilled. A sample of 429 police officers completed a written survey testing their rape myth acceptance and knowledge of how to interview rape reporters. A significant relationship between rape myth acceptance and interviewing skill was discovered. Although officer gender was related to interviewing skill, the effect was mediated by rape myth acceptance. Specific officer behaviors related to high rape myth acceptance were identified. Implications for selection of police to conduct victim interviews were discussed.

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BEST, CONNIE L., BONNIE S. DANSKY, and DEAN G. KILPATRICK. "Medical Students' Attitudes About Female Rape Victims." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 7, no. 2 (June 1992): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088626092007002004.

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Gilmartin-Zena, Pat. "Gender Differences in Students' Attitudes toward Rape." Sociological Focus 21, no. 4 (October 1988): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00380237.1988.10570526.

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Talbot, Kimberly K., Karen S. Neill, and Linda L. Rankin. "Rape-accepting attitudes of university undergraduate students." Journal of Forensic Nursing 6, no. 4 (December 2010): 170–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-3938.2010.01085.x.

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Gotovac, Sandra, and Shelagh Towson. "Perceptions of Sexual Assault Victims/Survivors: The Influence of Sexual History and Body Weight." Violence and Victims 30, no. 1 (2015): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-12-00168.

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The intersection between a woman’s body weight and sexual history and the victim blaming attitudes of future health care providers was investigated. University undergraduate students (N = 91) enrolled in programs associated with the provision of health care read 1 of 4 patient files of a woman reporting a rape as well as 2 distracter files. Results showed that, for overweight rape victims/survivors, study participants’ antifat attitudes were correlated with victim blaming attitudes. Male participants held the attacker significantly less responsible than did female participants if the victim/survivor had several previous sexual partners. Findings suggest that body weight should be considered as a contributing factor in attitudes toward rape victims/survivors, and the gender of the health care provider can be a factor in the post-assault treatment of overweight rape victims/survivors.

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Fischer, Gloria J. "Cognitive Predictors of Not-Guilty Verdicts in a Simulated Acquaintance Rape Trial." Psychological Reports 68, no. 3_suppl (June 1991): 1199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1991.68.3c.1199.

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Cognitive predictors, such as relatively accepting attitudes toward forcible date rape, helped identify self-reported sexually coercive college students and were expected to help identify students voting not guilty in a simulated acquaintance rape trial. To test this hypothesis college students self-administered in random order (1) an anonymous sex survey measuring attitudes toward forcible date rape, attitudes toward women, sexual experience, including victimization, sexual permissiveness, and sexual knowledge and (2) a trial survey based on a simulated acquaintance rape trial. Only gender and cognitive variables from the trial (e.g., being male, tending to blame the victim, and uncertainty about one's verdict) identified not guilty verdicts above chance expectancy. Thus, the hypothesis that the cognitive predictors measured here would help identify students voting not guilty in a simulated acquaintance rape trial was not supported.

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van der Bijl, Charnelle, and Philip N. S. Rumney. "Attitudes, Rape and Law Reform in South Africa." Journal of Criminal Law 73, no. 5 (October 2009): 414–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/jcla.2009.73.5.591.

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In the last decade South Africa has undergone an extensive process of sexual offence law reform. This process has attempted, amongst other things, to address deficiencies in the criminal justice response to rape and has also recognised some of the limits to the impact of legal reform. These limits are partly defined by rape supportive attitudes and myths that appear to influence decision-making at all points in the criminal justice process. In South Africa, and many other jurisdictions, evidence suggests that police, prosecutorial and judicial decision-making is influenced, in part, by a range of social attitudes that misconstrue sexual violence, as well as serve to undermine the credibility of complainants. This article examines the impact of myths, social definitions of rape on rape law reform in South Africa and the points at which these reforms are likely to be undermined by social attitudes and what potentially might be done to address this problem.

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McDonel, Elizabeth C., and Richard M. McFall. "Construct Validity of Two Heterosocial Perception Skill Measures for Assessing Rape Proclivity." Violence and Victims 6, no. 1 (January 1991): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.6.1.17.

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Rape-supportive attitudes and self-reported rape proclivity (using a measure by Malamuth, Haber, & Feshbach, 1980) were negatively correlated with decoding accuracy of women’s negative cues (measured by the TRAC-D; McDonel, McFall, Schlundt, & Levenson, 1985) in an unselected sample of male college students. Better decoders of negative female cues on the TRAC-D, as well as subjects expressing fewer rape-supportive beliefs and less rape proclivity, were more conservative in their estimates of a man’s justification in continuing to make sexual advances in the face of a woman’s negative cues on the Heterosocial Perception Survey (HPS; McDonel, 1986). Ability to decode men’s interpersonal cues was not correlated with responses on the HPS or rape attitude and proclivity measures, suggesting that specific rather than global decoding deficits were useful predictors of rape correlates. These results support the construct validity of the two social perception measures, the TRAC-D, and the HPS, as measures of rape proclivity.

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Eigenberg, Helen. "Male Rape: An Empirical Examination of Correctional Officers' Attitudes Toward Rape in Prison." Prison Journal 69, no. 2 (October 1989): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003288558906900207.

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Franiuk, Renae, Jennifer L. Seefelt, and Joseph A. Vandello. "Prevalence of Rape Myths in Headlines and Their Effects on Attitudes Toward Rape." Sex Roles 58, no. 11-12 (April 4, 2008): 790–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9372-4.

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Sullivan, Barbara. "Rape, Prostitution and Consent." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 40, no. 2 (August 2007): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/acri.40.2.127.

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Sex workers are particularly vulnerable to sexual assault. However, until recently, there were significant barriers to the prosecution of those who raped sex workers. Prostitutes were seen as ‘commonly’ available to men, as always consenting to sex and thus as incapable of being raped. This article examines 51 judgments — from the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and New Zealand — where evidence of prostitution was presented between 1829 and 2004. It demonstrates an important change in the 1980s and 1990s when, for the first time, men began to be prosecuted and convicted for raping sex workers.This change was partly due to rape law reform, but also to feminist activism and broader changes in social attitudes to rape. The article argues that sex workers have recently been ‘re-made’ in law as women vulnerable to rape, as individuals able to give and withhold sexual consent. This development needs to be taken seriously so that law and policy addressed to the sex industry works to enlarge (not reduce or constrain) the making of prostitutes as subjects with consensual capacity. This necessarily involves attention to more legal rights for prostitutes, as workers, and calls into question the conceptualisation of prostitution as always involving rape.

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Steinmetz, Sarah E., Matt J. Gray, and Elizabeth M. Raymond. "Reducing Rape-Related Attitudes Utilizing a Cognitive Dissonance Paradigm." Violence Against Women 25, no. 14 (February 7, 2019): 1739–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801218824999.

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This study used a cognitive dissonance mechanism that required college students to write essays dispelling previously endorsed rape myth beliefs. Results indicate that participants in the cognitive dissonance condition reported less rape myth endorsement at a 2-week follow-up than the control group. Effect sizes were large. The cognitive dissonance condition also led to more sustained internal motivation to respond in a nonsexist manner and earlier identification of sexually coercive behavior. Counter-attitudinal advocacy appears to result in sustained decreases in endorsement of rape-supportive attitudes, which could lead to safer communities for women by altering beliefs predictive of sexual assault perpetration.

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LeMaire, Kelly L., Debra L. Oswald, and Brenda L. Russell. "Labeling Sexual Victimization Experiences: The Role of Sexism, Rape Myth Acceptance, and Tolerance for Sexual Harassment." Violence and Victims 31, no. 2 (2016): 332–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00148.

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This study investigated whether attitudinal variables, such as benevolent and hostile sexism toward men and women, female rape myth acceptance, and tolerance of sexual harassment are related to women labeling their sexual assault experiences as rape. In a sample of 276 female college students, 71 (25.7%) reported at least one experience that met the operational definition of rape, although only 46.5% of those women labeled the experience “rape.” Benevolent sexism, tolerance of sexual harassment, and rape myth acceptance, but not hostile sexism, significantly predicted labeling of previous sexual assault experiences by the victims. Specifically, those with more benevolent sexist attitudes toward both men and women, greater rape myth acceptance, and more tolerant attitudes of sexual harassment were less likely to label their past sexual assault experience as rape. The results are discussed for their clinical and theoretical implications.

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Oh, Euna, and Helen Neville. "Development and Validation of the Korean Rape Myth Acceptance Scale." Counseling Psychologist 32, no. 2 (March 2004): 301–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000003261351.

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The purpose of this investigation was to develop a culturally relevant rape myth acceptance scale for Koreans. Three studies on the Korean Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (KRMAS) with approximately 1,000 observations provide initial validity and reliability. Specifically, results from exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses support four subscales: myths about rape survivors, rape perpetrators, the impact of rape, and rape as spontaneous. The KRMAS was validated with student and community samples and a factorial invariance analysis provided evidence for the factor structure across men and women. The KRMAS total score was positively related to the Attitudes Toward Sex Role Scale–Korean and the Acceptance of Violence Scale, indicating that greater endorsement of rape myth acceptance was related to greater levels of attitudes toward traditional sex roles and violence against women. Implications of the findings and future research directions are provided.

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Nunes, Kevin L., and Cathrine Pettersen. "Competitive Disadvantage Makes Attitudes towards Rape Less Negative." Evolutionary Psychology 9, no. 4 (October 2011): 147470491100900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147470491100900403.

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Farmer, G. Lawrence, and Sarah McMahon. "Scale for the Identification of Acquaintance Rape Attitudes." Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 11, no. 3-4 (October 12, 2005): 213–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j137v11n03_11.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Rape attitudes'

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